605:
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a huge problem for its inhabitants as few houses were added to
Glasgow's housing stock to accommodate the influx of immigrants from all over Scotland, other areas of Britain and Europe. Eleven percent of Glasgow's housing stock was vacant due to speculation and few new houses were built as landlords benefited from renting out overcrowded and increasingly dilapidated flats. As Highlanders and Irish migrants came to Glasgow, the city's population increased by 65,000 people between 1912 and 1915 while only 1,500 new housing units were built. Glaswegian activists had demanded legislation and the building of municipal housing as early as 1885, when the
440:
406:. Tenants refused to pay the latest increase in rents and staged mass demonstrations against evictions, resulting in violent confrontations. With the start of the First World War local young men left Glasgow to serve in the army overseas, and the first violent protest in the Govan district took place in April to resist the eviction of a soldier's family. As evictions were repeatedly attempted with support from the police, women attacked the factors and the sheriffs' men.
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414:. By November, 20,000 tenants were on rent strike as violent resistance against evictions continued. Trade unions threatened factory strikes if evictions supported by the police continued and following demonstrations on 17 November, legal action against rent strikers was halted. State Secretary of Scotland
357:
At the turn of the twentieth century the
Clydeside area in Glasgow experienced rapid industrial and population growth during which time Glasgow became Scotland's largest city, Its population grew from almost 200,000 in 1851 to over 1,000,000 in 1921. Despite this exponential growth, housing remained
560:
There remains a debate on the left, over whether the Red
Clydeside movement constituted a revolutionary opportunity for the working-class, though on the face of it, it would appear that the revolutionary potential of the Clydeside working-class has been exaggerated. Firstly, except Maclean, none of
471:
The
Sheriff of Lanarkshire, who had earlier checked that troops would be available if he needed them, called for military aid. Mainly Scottish and mainly veteran troops were sent from bases elsewhere in Scotland, and one battalion was sent up from the north of England. Claims that the troops were
463:
was raised in the centre of the crowd, this had in reality happened on Monday 27 January. The failure of the tram drivers to join the strike had led to growing hostility, and some of the strikers tried to block the tram traffic in the Square. Police attempts to clear the way led to violence and a
74:
Some newspapers of the time used the term "Red
Clydeside" to refer, largely derisively, to the groundswell of popular and political radicalism that had erupted in Scotland. A confluence of charismatic individuals, organised movements and socio-political forces led to Red Clydeside, which had its
362:
noted the housing crisis. The
Scottish Housing Council organised in 1900 and under pressure from trade unions the Housing Letting and Rating Act 1911 was passed. The act introduced letting by month, previously workers with unstable jobs had been forced to put up a year's rent payment. But as
409:
In early summer 1915, the rent strikers were supported by mass demonstrations and by August, the rent strikers had found widespread support in
Glasgow. Rent strikes spread from heavily industrialised areas of the city to artisanal areas and slum areas. Strikes ignited in Partick, Parkhead,
577:. Moreover, the massive demand for men to fight in the war meant that few Glaswegian families escaped personal loss of some kind. To undermine the war effort was to risk alienating the working-class, which many labour leaders were unwilling to do-–apart from Maxton, Gallacher and Maclean.
217:
was opposed to conscription and, although there were anti-war and anti-conscription campaigns in organisations such as the WIL being organised and run by middle-class women, few working-class women were involved in
Scotland. Frustration on her part on their lack of representation,
561:
the labour leaders developed a class analysis of the war, nor did they seriously consider threatening the power and authority of the state. Furthermore, it was the behaviour of those conducting the war, not the war itself that provoked opposition within the labour movement. The
115:
in March–April 1911, ceasing to work in solidarity with 12 female colleagues protesting against work process reorganisation. This reorganisation involved an increase in workload and a decrease in wages. Following the end of the strike, Singer fired 400 workers, including
587:
MP claimed that, whilst the leaders of the rally were not seeking revolution, in hindsight they should have been. He claimed that they should have marched to the
Maryhill Barracks and tried to persuade the troops stationed there to come out on the protesters' side.
410:
Pollokshaws, Pollok, Cowcaddens, Kelvingrove, Ibrox, Govanhill, St Rollox, Townhead, Springburn, Maryhill, Fairfield, Blackfriars, and
Woodside. In October 1915, 15,000 tenants were on rent strike and a demonstration led by women converged on
450:
The left-wing activities continued after the end of the war. The campaign for a 40-hour week, with improved conditions for the workers, occupied the exertions of organised labour. On 31 January 1919, a massive rally, organised by the
326:. As a further indicator of their success, a mass demonstration was organised by the WPC on Sunday 8 July 1917, in which processions marched to the sound of music and the flying of banners from two sides of the city to the famous
373:
organised the Scottish Federation of Tenants' Associations in 1913 to fight against rent increases and championed public housing. In 1914 the Independent Labour Party Housing Committee and the Women's Labour League formed the
186:, which forbade engineers leaving the company they were employed in. The CWC met with government leaders, but no agreement could be reached and consequently both Gallacher and Kirkwood were arrested under the terms of the
135:
Labour unrest, in particular by women and unskilled labourers, greatly increased between 1910 and 1914 in Clydeside, with four times more days on strike than between 1900 and 1910. During these four years preceding
595:
were put in jail for their activities that day, Shinwell also being charged with an inflammatory speech the week before in James Watt Street in the city's docks, in an episode that later erupted into a race riot.
472:
sent by the government, as well as claims that Scottish troops were locked in their barracks during the incident, are part of the extensive mythology surrounding the event. It was only fourteen months since the
459:
in the city centre of Glasgow. Although it has been claimed that as many as 90,000 people were present, contemporary sources suggest 20-25,000. Once again, although it is claimed that the
222:
organised a grassroots meeting called 'The Great Women's Peace Conference' involving socialist-minded women in June 1916. From this meeting, and alongside her fellow Rent Striker
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were viewed as having a dissident left-wing character. Many of them, most notably Maxton and Wheatley, were great critics of the first and second Labour governments, elected in
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was still in progress in January 1919. The troops started arriving at 10 pm that evening, after the violence was over. Six tanks arrived from Dorset on Monday, 3 February.
330:
in the centre of the city. As the two streams of Crusaders approached the green they merged into a huge colourful and noisy demonstration of around 14,000 participants.
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687:
419:
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Jenkinson, Jacqueline. "Black Sailors on Red Clydeside: rioting, reactionary trade unionism and conflicting notions of ‘Britishness’ following the First World War,"
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In March 2018, to mark International Women's Day, a bronze sculpture of Barbour was unveiled in Govan, Glasgow portraying Barbour leading a line of strikers.
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contains nine songs about the movement, particularly the anti-war protests and the rent strike. The Red Clydeside movement was also featured in
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the Glasgow Women's Housing Association became the driving force behind the rent strike that started in May 1915 in the industrialised area of
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they began to extend their reach. By 1917, street meetings were regularly being held all around the districts of Glasgow and beyond, including
238:. As intended, the organisation initially attracted working-class women in Govan to activism, and with open air meetings throughout Glasgow,
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This period in Glasgow's colourful past remains a significant landmark for those on the political left in Scotland. The story of the
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The trade union leaders, who had organised the meeting, were arrested. Most were acquitted, although both Gallacher and
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has been historically dominant in Glasgow where they held the vast majority of parlimentary seats until SNP gains in
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1230:"'Churchill rolled the tanks into the crowd': mythology and reality in the military deployment to Glasgow in 1919"
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Griffin, Paul. "Diverse political identities within a working class presence: Revisiting Red Clydeside."
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was read, and attacks were made on strike leader David Kirkwood as he exited the City Chambers.
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Dawson, Alan. "Red Clydeside: a digital history of the labour movement in Glasgow 1910-1932".
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The Search for Negotiated Peace: Women's Activism and Citizen Diplomacy in World War I
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The Search for Negotiated Peace: Women's Activism and Citizen Diplomacy in World War I
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Ewan, Elizabeth; Innes, Sue; Reynolds, Siân; Pipes, Rose, eds. (2006). "Rae, Jane".
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By the time that the Peace Crusade disbanded it had become a UK-wide organisation.
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activity also took place outside the workplace and on the streets in general. The
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one of the women activists, and all strike leaders and purported members of the
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The City and the Grassroots: A Cross-Cultural Theory of Urban Social Movements
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The City and the Grassroots: A Cross-cultural Theory of Urban Social Movements
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The City and the Grassroots: A Cross-Cultural Theory of Urban Social Movements
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The ensuing 1922 general election saw the rise of Labour in the Clyde valley.
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asked the Cabinet to freeze all rents at pre-war levels and in December, the
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its treasurer. The CWC led the campaign against the coalition governments of
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called himself and the SNP member of Parliament for Govan at the time,
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To mobilise the workers of Clydeside against the First World War, the
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tanks and government soldiers deployed to the city on 31 January 1919
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Red Scotland! The Rise and Fall of the Radical Left, c. 1872 to 1932
935:"Boarding and lodging practices in early twentieth-century Scotland"
771:
Red Scotland! The Rise and Fall of the Radical Left, c. 1872 to 1932
522:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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landlords increased rents protests by tenants became more frequent.
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era still impacts upon the politics of the area today. Ever since,
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Militant Workers: Labour and class conflict on the Clyde 1900–1950
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members). They included Maxton, Wheatley, Shinwell, Kirkwood,
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The Clydesiders: A Left Wing Struggle for Parliamentary Power.
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Tanks on the Streets? The Battle of George Square Glasgow 1919
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The Clydesiders: A Left Wing Struggle for Parliamentary Power
1305:
Left in the Centre: The Independent Labour Party 1893–1940.
814:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 295–296.
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has been known for political and industrial militancy. The
1352:
Melling, Joseph. "Whatever Happened to Red Clydeside?'"
981:"House Letting and Rating (Scotland) Act 1911 (Hansard)"
128:, who later went on to become the first chairman of the
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Manifesto of 1918 makes this very clear in calling for
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from where they held all seats (with the exception of
1418:
Information resources on the history of Red Clydeside
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grew as delegations of organised labour replaced the
1370:
Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2011
1279:(Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1987) p30.
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were both jailed for their anti-war propagandizing.
87:, although the area had a long history of political
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694:between 2017-2019) until their return to Labour in
71:in Britain as a whole, and Scotland in particular.
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1009:. University of California Press. pp. 28–29.
620:as the political formation most popular among the
1335:(Edinburgh University Press, 2007). Pp. 230.
360:Royal Commission on Housing and the Working Class
47:, and areas around the city, on the banks of the
1058:"Jessie Stephen: Working Class Movement Library"
420:Rents and Mortgage Interest Restriction Act 1915
27:Era of political radicalism in Glasgow, Scotland
111:sewing machines factory, in Clydebank, went on
1104:. University of California Press. p. 29.
144:rose from 129,000 in 1909 to 230,000 in 1914.
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1366:Walker, Graham. "Maxton, James (1885–1946)",
812:The Biographical Dictionary of Scottish Women
575:Justice for our Soldiers and their Dependants
8:
1665:United Kingdom home front during World War I
1212:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1188:Heren, Louise & Barclay, Gordon (2023).
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705:can still be politically motivating. At the
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1072:"Remembering the Rent Strikes: guest post"
1409:(extended version of book by John Couzin)
906:Patterson, David S. (10 September 2012).
853:Patterson, David S. (10 September 2012).
538:Learn how and when to remove this message
1368:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,
1310:Duncan, Robert and McIvor, Arthur, eds.
1135:. Lawrence and Wishart. pp. 52–58.
682:of 1971 offers a pertinent example. The
140:, membership of those affiliated to the
1413:Libcom.org/history – Red Clydeside page
1321:(4th ed. London: Lawrence and Wishart).
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797:"Red Clydeside: The Singer strike 1911"
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1354:International Review of Social History
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1319:Revolt on the Clyde: An Autobiography
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93:Society of the Friends of the People
1363:London: Hutchinson & Co., 1965.
773:(Edinburgh University Press, 2007).
376:Glasgow Women's Housing Association
122:Industrial Workers of Great Britain
1036:. University of California Press.
107:The 11,000 workers at the largest
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1455:Scotland in the twentieth century
1340:Twentieth Century British History
624:. This manifested itself at the
230:(WPC) arose in November 1916 in
190:and jailed for their activities.
1630:History of the Labour Party (UK)
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707:1989 Glasgow Central by-election
680:Upper Clyde Shipbuilders Work In
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130:Communist Party of Great Britain
1314:(Edinburgh: John Donald, 1992)
1400:Archive images and information
885:www.firstworldwarglasgow.co.uk
142:Scottish Trades Union Congress
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1680:Far-left politics in Scotland
1645:Political history of Scotland
1589:History of the United Kingdom
1541:Scottish Covenant Association
1317:Gallacher, William. (1978) .
1192:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword.
786:(Hutchinson & Co., 1965).
632:were elected to serve in the
464:series of baton charges. The
1650:British trade unions history
1640:Economic history of Scotland
1349:(Edinburgh: J. Donald, 1983)
435:1919 Battle of George Square
1347:The legend of Red Clydeside
1227:Barclay, Gordon J. (2019).
583:, who would later become a
518:the claims made and adding
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881:"Glasgow's Peace Movement"
432:
378:. Under the leadership of
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1359:Middlemas, Robert Keith.
1100:Castells, Manuel (1983).
1030:Castells, Manuel (1983).
1005:Castells, Manuel (1983).
951:10.1017/S0268416016000084
721:; the "new Clydesiders".
184:Munitions of War Act 1915
18:Glasgow rent strikes 1915
1675:20th century in Scotland
1655:Trade unions in Scotland
1307:London: Longman's, 1966.
1076:Govan's Hidden Histories
782:Robert Keith Middlemas,
638:Independent Labour Party
563:Independent Labour Party
343:1915 Glasgow rent strike
205:Independent Labour Party
188:Defence of the Realm Act
164:Clyde Workers' Committee
83:'s participation in the
1392:Organized labour portal
933:Meek, Jeff (May 2016).
842:Glasgow Digital Library
711:Scottish National Party
484:A revolutionary moment?
422:received royal assent.
371:British Socialist Party
166:(CWC) was formed, with
132:between 1920 and 1922.
1247:10.3366/scot.2019.0264
1161:statuesforequality.com
838:The Singer strike 1911
628:, when several of the
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1615:Communism in Scotland
1342:(2008) 19#1 pp 29-60.
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626:1922 general election
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571:A Living Wage for all
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103:1911 strike at Singer
1670:Protests in Scotland
1625:History of socialism
1573:Scottish Renaissance
1558:Highland Land League
1548:The Edinburgh School
1356:(1990) 35#1 pp 3–32.
600:"Reds" in Parliament
416:Thomas McKinnon Wood
37:political radicalism
1660:Politics of Glasgow
1331:Kenefick, William.
1328:65 (2018): 123–133.
1326:Political Geography
1133:Revolt on the Clyde
1635:History of Glasgow
1129:Gallacher, William
769:William Kenefick,
692:Glasgow North East
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503:possibly contains
474:Russian Revolution
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429:The 40 Hour Strike
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180:David Lloyd George
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91:going back to the
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1303:Dowse, Robert E.
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1043:978-0-520-05617-6
1016:978-0-520-05617-6
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866:978-1-135-89860-1
651:According to the
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1536:Devolution
1510:Literature
1480:Demography
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