478:, the Democratic Party won control of the White House and both chambers of Congress. The party's platform stated strong opposition to the Aldrich Plan. The platform also called for a systematic revision of banking laws in ways that would provide relief from financial panics, unemployment and business depression, and would protect the public from the "domination by what is known as the Money Trust." The final plan, however, was quite similar to the Aldrich Plan, with a few revisions. Sen. Carter Glass made these revisions, although the main premise of the Aldrich Plan was in there. Changes in the Banking and Currency System of the United States]. House Report No. 69, 63rd Congress to accompany H.R. 7837, submitted to the full House by
1114:
based on protectionist sentiment; a central bank would serve a handful of financiers at the expense of small producers, businesses, farmers and consumers, and could destabilize the economy through speculation and inflation. This created even further controversy over who would select the decision-makers in charge of the
Federal Reserve. Proponents argued that a strong banking system could provide enough credit for a growing economy and avoid economic depressions. Other critical views included the belief that the bill gave too much power to the federal government after the senate revised the bill to create 12 board members who were each appointed by the president.
565:
38:
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the US monetary system, manage the government's revenues and payments, and provide credit to both the public and private sectors. On the other hand, Jefferson was deeply suspicious of a central bank because, he argued, it would undermine democracy. Jefferson and
Southern members of congress also believed that a strong central financial institution would serve commercial interests of the north at the expense of Southern-based agriculture interests whose credit was provided by local banks during the post-revolutionary war era.
335:
non-interest bearing reserves with their respective reserve banks. Since 1980, all depository institutions have been required to set aside reserves with the
Federal Reserve. Such institutions are entitled to certain Federal Reserve services. State chartered banks were given the option of becoming members of the Federal Reserve System and in the case of the exercise of such option were to be subject to supervision, in part, by the Federal Reserve System. Member banks became entitled to have access to discounted loans at the
908:
959:, this established a central bank that included in a three-part expansion of federal fiscal and monetary power (including federal mint and excise taxes). Attempts were made to extend this bank's charter, but they would fail before the charters expiration in 1811. This led to the creation of the Second Bank of the United States. In 1816, the U.S. Congress chartered this Second bank for a twenty-year period to create irredeemable currency with which to pay for the costs of the
327:, and each had various branches, a board of directors, and district boundaries. The Federal Reserve Board, consisting of seven members, was created as the governing body of the Fed. Each member is appointed by the U.S. president and confirmed by the U.S. Senate. In 1935, the Board was renamed and restructured. Also created as part of the Federal Reserve System was a 12-member Federal Advisory Committee and a single new United States currency, the
331:. The Federal Reserve Act created a national currency and a monetary system that could respond effectively to the stresses in the banking system and create a stable financial system. With the goal of creating a national monetary system and financial stability, the Federal Reserve Act also provided many other functions and financial services for the economy, such as check clearing and collection for all members of the Federal Reserve.
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963:. The creation of congressionally authorized irredeemable currency by the Second Bank of the United States opened the door to the possibility of taxation by inflation. Congress did not want state-chartered banks as competition in the inflation of currency. The charter for the Second Bank would expire in 1836, leaving the U.S. without a central bank for nearly eighty years.
1011:'s influence. Wilson convinced Bryan's supporters that the plan met their demands for an elastic currency because Federal Reserve notes would be obligations of the government. The bill passed the House in September 1913, but it faced stronger opposition in the Senate. After Wilson convinced just enough Democrats to defeat an amendment put forth by bank president
214:
1032:
relaxation de facto allowed less gold backing for each dollar note, and enabled the currency in circulation to more than double from $ 465m to $ 1247m just from June to
December 1917. This reform has been argued to have been necessary to finance the expected $ 2 billion dollar cost of participating in the war for a year. Price inflation followed.
1069:(FOMC), which consists of the seven members of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and five representatives from the Federal Reserve Banks. The FOMC is required to meet at least four times a year (in practice, the FOMC usually meets eight times) and has the power to direct all open-market operations of the Federal Reserve banks.
1081:
to require the Board and the FOMC "to promote effectively the goals of maximum employment, stable prices, and moderate long-term interest rates." The
Chairman was also required to appear before Congress at semi-annual hearings to report on the conduct of monetary policy, on economic development, and
982:
had put forward a plan to establish a central banking system that would issue currency and provide oversight and loans to the nation's banks. However, many progressives distrusted the plan due to the degree of influence bankers would have over the central banking system. Relying heavily on the advice
415:
would come into office, and wished to end the current central bank during his presidency. Under the premise that the bank favored a small economic and political elite at the expense of the public majority, the Second Bank became private after its charter expired in 1836, and would undergo liquidation
379:
had opposing views regarding whether or not the US could benefit from a
European-style national financial institution. Hamilton was in favor of building a strong centralized political and economic institution to solve the country's financial problem. He argued that a central bank could bring order to
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The
Federal Reserve Act originally granted a twenty-year charter to the Federal Reserve Banks: "To have succession for a period of twenty years from its organization unless it is sooner dissolved by an Act of Congress, or unless its franchise becomes forfeited by some violation of law.". This clause
450:
The Plan called for the establishment of a
National Reserve Association with 15 regional district branches and 46 geographically dispersed directors primarily from the banking profession. The Reserve Association would make emergency loans to member banks, print money, and act as the fiscal agent for
384:
was established in 1791 chartered for a period of twenty years. The US government was the largest shareholder of the bank. Despite its shareholder status, the government was not permitted to participate in management of the bank. The bank accepted deposits, issued bank notes, and provided short-term
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of private banks (also called a private banking cartel) established to protect powerful financial interests, fears of inflation, high government deficits, and whether the
Federal Reserve's actions increased the severity of the Great Depression in the 1930s (and/or the severity or frequency of other
1933:
1113:
Throughout the history of the United States, there has been an enduring economic and political debate regarding the costs and benefits of central banking. Since the inception of a central bank in the United States, there were multiple opposing views to this type of economic system. Opposition was
1091:
inelastic currency. Creating the
Federal Reserve gave the Federal Reserve control to regulate inflation, even though the government control over such powers would eventually lead to decisions that were controversial. Some of the most prominent implications include the internationalization of the
410:
the second bank of the United States was blamed for overextending credit in a land boom, and would tighten up credit policies following the panic. The Second bank was unpopular among the western and southern state-chartered banks, and constitutionality of a national bank was questioned. President
334:
With the passing of the Federal Reserve Act, Congress required that all nationally chartered banks become members of the Federal Reserve System. These banks were required to purchase specified non-transferable stock in their regional Federal Reserve banks, and to set aside a stipulated amount of
1090:
The passing of the Federal Reserve act of 1913 carried implications both domestically and internationally for the United States economic system. The absence of a central banking structure in the U.S. previous to this act left a financial essence that was characterized by immobile reserves and
427:, some Americans became persuaded that the country needed some sort of banking and currency reform that would, when threatened by financial panics, provide a ready reserve of liquid assets, and furthermore allow for currency and credit to expand and contract seasonally within the U.S. economy.
1031:
In June 1917 Congress passed major amendments to the Act in order to enable monetary expansion to cover the expected costs of World War I, which the US had just entered in April. The amendments allowed a more flexible definition of the gold backing the dollar currency in circulation. This
970:, there was general agreement among leaders in both parties of the necessity to create some sort of central banking system to provide coordination during financial emergencies. Most leaders also sought currency reform, as they believed that the roughly $ 3.8 billion in coins and
458:
Since the Aldrich Plan gave too little power to the government, there was strong opposition to it from rural and western states because of fears that it would become a tool of bankers, specifically the Money Trust of New York City. Indeed, from May 1912 through January 1913 the
1095:, the impact from the perception of the Central Bank structure as a public good by creating a system of financial stability (Parthemos 19-28), and the Impact of the Federal Reserve in response to economic panics. The Federal Reserve Act also permitted national banks to make
482:, from the House Committee on Banking and Currency, September 9, 1913. A discussion of the deficiencies of the then current banking system as well as those in the Aldrich Plan and quotations from the 1912 Democratic platform are laid out in this report, pages 3–11.
1041:
was amended on February 25, 1927: "To have succession after the approval of this Act until dissolved by Act of Congress or until forfeiture of franchise for violation of law." The success of this amendment is notable, as in 1933, the US was in the throes of the
1122:, states: "The Congress shall have power To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures"), whether the structure of the federal reserve is transparent enough, whether the Federal Reserve is a public
1919:
438:
in 1908. Included in a report of the Commission, submitted to Congress on January 9, 1912, were recommendations and draft legislation with 59 sections, for proposed changes in U.S. banking and currency laws. The proposed legislation was known as the
1233:. January 9, 1912, letter from the Secretary of the Commission and a draft bill to incorporate the National Reserve Association of the United States, and for other purposes. Sen. Doc. No. 243. 62nd Congress. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1912.
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the U.S. government. State and nationally chartered banks would have the option of subscribing to specified stock in their local association branch. It is generally believed that the outline of the Plan had been formulated in a secret meeting on
48:
An Act to provide for the establishment of Federal reserve banks, to furnish an elastic currency, to afford means of rediscounting commercial paper, to establish a more effective supervision of banking in the United States, and for other
1314:– Investigations of Financial and Monetary Conditions in the United States under House Resolutions Nos. 429 and 504 before a subcommittee of the House Committee on Banking and Currency. 27 Parts. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1913.
1117:
Preceding the creation of the Federal Reserve, no U.S. central banking systems lasted for more than 25 years. Some of the questions raised include: whether Congress has the Constitutional power to delegate its power to coin money
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and conservative Republicans like Aldrich. He declared that the banking system must be "public not private, must be vested in the government itself so that the banks must be the instruments, not the masters, of business."
3512:
1153:"The First Bank of the United States (1791-1811) < A Brief History of Central Banking in the United States - Edward Flaherty < General < Essays < American History From Revolution To Reconstruction and beyond"
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After the War of 1812, economic instability necessitated the creation of a second national bank. Due to expanding money supply and lack of supervision, individual bank activity sparked high inflation. In 1816, a
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Richardson, Gary; Troost, William (2009). "Monetary Intervention Mitigated Banking Panics during the Great Depression: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from a Federal Reserve District Border, 1929–1933".
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The Federal Reserve Act was amended in major ways over time, e.g. to account for Hawaii and Alaska's admission to the Union, for restructuring of the Fed's districts, and to specify jurisdictions.
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that would have given private banks greater control over the central banking system, the Senate voted 54–34 to approve the Federal Reserve Act. Wilson signed the bill into law in December 1913.
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on the prospects for the future. The Federal Reserve Act has been amended by some 200 subsequent laws of Congress. It continues to be one of the principal banking laws of the United States.
1007:, but a controlling interest in the system was placed in a central board filled with presidential appointees. The system of twelve regional banks was designed with the goal of diminishing
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Attempts to reform currency and banking had been made in the United States prior to the introduction of H.R. 7837. The first major form of this type of legislation came through with the
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and public sentiment with regards to the Federal Reserve System and the banking community in general had significantly deteriorated. Given the political climate, including of
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The Federal Reserve Act created a system of private and public entities. There were to be at least eight and no more than twelve private regional Federal Reserve banks.
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of banknotes. The bank was very successful in financing the government and stimulating the economy. In spite of its successes, hostility against the bank did not fade.
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371:. The government was burdened with large wartime debts, and the new republic needed a strong financial institution to give the country a resilient financial footing.
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1946:
1942:
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938:
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315:. A later amendment requires the Federal Reserve "to promote effectively the goals of maximum employment, stable prices, and moderate long-term interest rates."
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questioned the bank's constitutionality. In 1811, the first bank of the United States failed to be renewed by one vote in both the House and the Senate.
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loans to the government. It also functioned as a clearinghouse for government debt. The bank could also regulate state-chartered banks to prevent
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Central banking has made various institutional appearances throughout the history of the United States. These institutions started with the
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1682:"Was the Federal Reserve Constrained by the Gold Standard During the Great Depression? Evidence from the 1932 Open Market Program"
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Broz, J. Lawrence (1999). "Origins of the Federal Reserve System: International Incentives and the Domestic Free Rider Problem".
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467:, held investigative hearings on the alleged Money Trust and its interlocking directorates. These hearings were chaired by Rep.
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Wicker, Elmus (2005). "The Great Debate on Banking Reform: Nelson Aldrich and the Origins of the Fed". Ohio University Press.
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Credit by Banks and Persons Other Than Brokers or Dealers for the Purpose of Purchasing or Carrying Margin Stock (Reg U)
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convinced many Americans of the need to establish a central banking system, which the country had lacked since the
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in their respective reserve banks, to a 6% annual dividend in their Federal Reserve stock, and to other services.
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37:
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280:, who favored government control over the central banking system. Wilson made the bill a top priority of his
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1331:
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510:
97:
1863:
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1988:
1630:
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842:
723:
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234:
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2050:
2010:
1972:
1280:
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did not provide an adequate money supply during financial panics. Under conservative Republican Senator
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domestic agenda, and he helped ensure that it passed both houses of Congress without major amendments.
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1265:, former secretary of the National Monetary Commission and then assistant secretary of the Treasury.
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1379:, Federal Reserve of Richmond Economic Review, Richmond, July 1987. Retrieved on 11 November 2013.
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1601:
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1258:
1230:
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336:
287:
The Federal Reserve Act created the Federal Reserve System, consisting of twelve regional
281:
256:
of the 1830s. After Democrats won unified control of Congress and the presidency in the
4029:
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230:
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1789:
1747:
1577:
1468:
The Federal Reserve Amendments of 1917: The Beginning of a Seasonal Note Issue Policy
1128:
1096:
1053:
legislation, it is uncertain whether the Federal Reserve System would have survived.
967:
452:
424:
407:
249:
242:
1857:
1825:
1615:"Crisis Before and After the Creation of the Fed" FRBSF Economic Letter, May 6, 2013
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1999:
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For nearly 80 years, the U.S. was without a central bank after the charter for the
292:
269:
261:
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175:
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112:
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143:
1907:
Historical documents related to the Federal Reserve Act and subsequent amendments
1845:
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crafted a compromise plan in which private banks would control twelve regional
17:
4622:
4379:
2590:
2133:
1702:
1595:
1395:
Money, Power, and the People: The American Struggle to Make Banking Democratic
455:
in November 1910, which Aldrich and other well connected financiers attended.
4334:
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2621:
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1078:
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was created with a charter of twenty years. Three years later, during the
3293:
2693:
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2176:
1906:
1311:
1299:
1050:
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crafted a central banking bill that occupied a middle ground between the
253:
120:
1370:"The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 in the Stream of U.S. Economic History"
1245:
Michael A. Whitehouse, 1989. In attendance at the meeting were Aldrich;
213:
3513:
Financial Institutions Regulatory and Interest Rate Control Act of 1978
3298:
1897:– An online publication from the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.
1882:
Paul Warburg's Crusade to Establish a Central Bank in the United States
1569:
1467:
1243:
Paul Warburg's Crusade to Establish a Central Bank in the United States
89:
423:
was allowed to expire. After various financial panics, particularly a
272:, which called for private control of the central banking system, and
3634:
Prohibition Against the Paying of Interest on Demand Deposits (Reg Q)
1852:
1502:"Federal Reserve Act | Title | FRASER | St. Louis Fed"
1123:
1763:"Monetary Policy in the Great Depression: What the Fed Did, and Why"
1739:
355:
banks of the United States, which were championed in large part by
4963:
295:, making loans and providing oversight to banks, and serving as a
212:
3900:
443:, named after the chairman of the Commission, Republican Senator
3904:
3340:
2484:
1915:
1662:
3646:
Transactions Between Member Banks and Their Affiliates (Reg W)
489:
367:
The American financial system was deeply fragmented after the
299:. To lead the Federal Reserve System, the act established the
206:
Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief and Consumer Protection Act
987:, Wilson sought a middle ground between progressives such as
27:
1913 United States law creating the Federal Reserve System
4848:
Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs
202:
Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act
3609:
Reserve Requirements for Depository Institutions (Reg D)
1864:
Text of Federal Reserve Act as laid out in the U.S. Code
1398:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 75–82.
1099:
for farm land, which had not been permitted previously.
3668:
Availability of Funds and Collection of Checks (Reg CC)
1903:, Law Librarians' Society of Washington, DC, Inc., 2009
1901:
The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 – A Legislative History
303:, members of which are appointed by the president. The
3595:
Extensions of Credit by Federal Reserve Banks (Reg A)
4948:
Woodrow Wilson and the Birth of the American Century
1476:
23:3, Part 1 (Aug., 1991), pp. 308-326. (On jstor]).
1190:
The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln
1065:, the Federal Reserve Act was amended to create the
885:
Princeton School of Public and International Affairs
5045:
4974:
4913:
4805:
4767:
4736:
4678:
4294:
4095:
3977:
3829:
3798:
3712:
3681:
3584:
3430:
3374:
3271:
3138:
3073:
2964:
2931:
Public–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets
2654:
2609:
2583:
2551:
2345:
2193:
2009:
1971:
1860:, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.
1594:, p. 14, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston (1999), at
195:
95:
76:
69:
64:
53:
44:
3397:Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council
1788:
1636:A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960
1077:On November 16, 1977, the Federal Reserve Act was
430:Some of this was chronicled in the reports of the
3630:Privacy of Consumer Financial Information (Reg P)
1822:Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era, 1910–1917
4834:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
3847:History of central banking in the United States
291:jointly responsible for managing the country's
4905:United States one-hundred-thousand-dollar bill
3658:Unfair or Deceptive Acts or Practices (Reg AA)
471:, a Democratic representative from Louisiana.
307:amended the Federal Reserve Act to create the
4895:Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation
3916:
3352:
3321:Personal consumption expenditures price index
2496:
1927:
932:
8:
3618:Limitations on Interbank Liabilities (Reg F)
1592:Historical Beginnings... The Federal Reserve
1261:, vice president of Banker's Trust Co.; and
1219:
1217:
30:
4583:U.S. Federal Board for Vocational Education
4448:National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
2920:2009 Supervisory Capital Assessment Program
2837:Federal Reserve v. Investment Co. Institute
1872:, including the signature of Woodrow Wilson
524:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4092:
3923:
3909:
3901:
3359:
3345:
3337:
2925:Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility
2503:
2489:
2481:
1934:
1920:
1912:
1224:Report of the National Monetary Commission
939:
925:
555:
233:on December 23, 1913. The law created the
160:Reported by the joint conference committee
5128:United States federal banking legislation
4557:United States Grain Standards Act of 1916
3556:Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act
3422:Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
544:Learn how and when to remove this message
4864:Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial
3621:International Banking Operations (Reg K)
3527:Competitive Equality Banking Act of 1987
1770:Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review
5058:Jefferson Literary and Debating Society
4023:Louis Brandeis Supreme Court nomination
1995:Maryland Tobacco Inspection Act of 1747
1858:Text of the current Federal Reserve Act
1144:
739:Louis Brandeis Supreme Court nomination
558:
465:House Committee on Banking and Currency
311:, which oversees the Federal Reserve's
5133:Real property law in the United States
4777:1910 New Jersey gubernatorial election
4187:American Commission to Negotiate Peace
3649:Borrowers of Securities Credit (Reg X)
2601:Monetary Policy Report to the Congress
1354:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1347:
1289:
1278:
434:(1909–1912), which was created by the
29:
4590:United States Railroad Administration
3638:Credit by Brokers and Dealers (Reg T)
3412:Financial Stability Oversight Council
3392:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
2894:Unfair or Deceptive Acts or Practices
1171:"The First Bank of the United States"
7:
4408:Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914
4122:Occupation of the Dominican Republic
3561:Emergency Economic Stabilization Act
3417:National Credit Union Administration
3382:Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
3368:Bank regulation in the United States
3309:Monetary policy of the United States
2888:Emergency Economic Stabilization Act
2845:Northeast Bancorp v. Federal Reserve
2818:Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act
1963:Monetary policy of the United States
1947:central banking in the United States
1641:National Bureau of Economic Research
1473:Journal of Money, Credit and Banking
714:United States occupation of Veracruz
522:adding citations to reliable sources
4792:1916 Democratic National Convention
4782:1912 Democratic National Convention
4686:Birthplace and Presidential Library
4481:Federal Employees' Compensation Act
4328:Board of Mediation and Conciliation
2596:Federal Reserve Statistical Release
2245:New York Clearing House Association
1888:The Federal Reserve System In Brief
1253:, president of National City Bank;
1188:Wilentz, Sean (17 September 2006).
623:28th President of the United States
382:The First Bank of the United States
4511:Fraudulent Advertising Act of 1916
4402:Emergency Internal Revenue Tax Act
3407:Federal Reserve Board of Governors
2882:Subprime mortgage crisis responses
2057:Article I of the U.S. Constitution
301:Federal Reserve Board of Governors
111:in the House as H.R. 7837 by
25:
4567:Wildlife Game Refuges Act of 1916
4522:National Park Service Organic Act
4420:Glacier National Park Act of 1914
4219:Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918
3967:President of Princeton University
3479:Interest Rate Control Act of 1966
2947:Commercial Paper Funding Facility
2900:Commercial Paper Funding Facility
1027:Monetary expansion in World War I
617:New Jersey gubernatorial election
612:President of Princeton University
229:and signed into law by President
5092:
5091:
4613:Acadia National Park Act of 1919
3884:
3874:
3865:
3864:
3614:Electronic Fund Transfer (Reg E)
3604:Home Mortgage Disclosure (Reg C)
3599:Equal Credit Opportunity (Reg B)
3284:Criticism of the Federal Reserve
2858:Expedited Funds Availability Act
2574:
2151:Second Bank of the United States
1876:The original Federal Reserve Act
1870:The original Federal Reserve Act
1791:The Presidency of Woodrow Wilson
1456:"Federal Reserve Act, Section 2"
1109:Criticism of the Federal Reserve
1093:U.S. Dollar as a global currency
912:
906:
563:
494:
421:Second Bank of the United States
397:Second Bank of the United States
260:, President Wilson, Congressman
36:
4797:1916 U.S. presidential election
4787:1912 U.S. presidential election
4713:Summer White House (Harlakenden
4167:Committee on Public Information
4128:Army Appropriations Act of 1916
4057:State of the Union Address 1913
3663:Community Reinvestment (Reg BB)
2752:U.S. Treasury Department Accord
2309:Compound interest treasury note
2094:First Bank of the United States
1884:by Michael A. Whitehouse, 1989.
1853:Statute Compilations collection
1613:Elias, Early and Jordá, Óscar.
1523:"Sixty-Ninth Congress Sess. II"
953:First Bank of the United States
4708:Princeton University president
4703:Boyhood home in South Carolina
3947:President of the United States
3402:Federal Housing Finance Agency
2954:Corner Post v. Federal Reserve
2906:Primary Dealer Credit Facility
2033:Continental currency banknotes
1795:. University Press of Kansas.
1787:Clements, Kendrick A. (1992).
1:
4996:(daughter, acting first lady)
4940:Backstairs at the White House
4858:Woodrow Wilson Junior College
4618:Grand Canyon Park Act of 1919
4425:Legislative Reference Service
4386:Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
4209:Selective Service Act of 1917
4192:Armistice of 11 November 1918
2543:Federal Open Market Committee
2401:Specie Payment Resumption Act
2146:Banking in the Jacksonian Era
1131:economic cycles, such as the
1067:Federal Open Market Committee
1057:Federal Open Market Committee
309:Federal Open Market Committee
5138:Presidency of Woodrow Wilson
4540:Rural Post Roads Act of 1916
4476:Federal Aid Road Act of 1916
3837:Banking in the United States
3508:Electronic Fund Transfer Act
3498:Home Mortgage Disclosure Act
2913:Bloomberg v. Federal Reserve
2812:Electronic Fund Transfer Act
2794:Home Mortgage Disclosure Act
2788:Equal Credit Opportunity Act
2676:National Monetary Commission
2463:National Monetary Commission
1727:Journal of Political Economy
980:National Monetary Commission
432:National Monetary Commission
142:on September 18, 1913 (
4750:When a Man Comes to Himself
4666:Mineral Leasing Act of 1920
4661:Merchant Marine Act of 1920
4551:Stock-Raising Homestead Act
4235:Wartime Measure Act of 1918
4133:Council of National Defense
3694:Federal savings association
3523:Depository Institutions Act
2439:Sherman Silver Purchase Act
2171:New York Safety Fund System
2045:U.S. Finance Superintendent
2021:Second Continental Congress
1690:Journal of Economic History
1427:Heckscher 1991, pp. 316-17.
1192:. W. W. Horton and Company.
1120:Article 1, Sec. 8, Clause 5
363:First Bank of United States
227:63rd United States Congress
174:on December 23, 1913 (
166:on December 22, 1913 (
152:on December 18, 1913 (
59:63rd United States Congress
5164:
4471:Cotton Futures Act of 1916
4466:Brush Disposal Act of 1916
4391:Cotton Futures Act of 1914
4304:Federal racial segregation
3503:Community Reinvestment Act
3387:Farm Credit Administration
3109:Vice Chair for Supervision
2806:Federal Reserve Reform Act
2800:Community Reinvestment Act
1810:Heckscher, August (1991).
1645:Princeton University Press
1550:International Organization
1106:
750:1916 presidential election
646:1912 presidential election
369:American Revolutionary War
5071:
4829:Woodrow Wilson Foundation
4629:Wheat Price Guarantee Act
4572:Flood Control Act of 1917
4442:Locomotive Inspection Act
4050:Woman Suffrage Procession
3938:
3860:
3673:Truth in Savings (Reg DD)
3627:Loans to Insiders (Reg O)
3493:Fair Credit Reporting Act
2824:International Banking Act
2572:
2566:Federal Reserve Bank Note
2518:
2347:2nd Industrial Revolution
2337:Public Credit Act of 1869
2223:Independent U.S. Treasury
2011:1st Industrial Revolution
1958:
1703:10.1017/S0022050706000064
1312:Money Trust Investigation
1257:, a J.P. Morgan partner;
875:Wilson and race relations
682:Woman Suffrage Procession
200:
104:
35:
5143:1913 in economic history
4984:(wife, 1885–1914, death)
4744:Congressional Government
4654:Federal Power Commission
4413:Federal Trade Commission
4246:Racial Equality Proposal
4224:National War Labor Board
3653:Truth in Lending (Reg Z)
3624:Consumer Leasing (Reg M)
3475:Bank Holding Company Act
3470:Federal Credit Union Act
3440:Independent Treasury Act
2758:Bank Holding Company Act
2262:Legal Tender Act of 1862
2075:U.S. Treasury Department
1487:Federal Reserve Bulletin
1445:Clements 1992, pp. 42–44
1418:Clements 1992, pp. 40–42
966:In the aftermath of the
788:Foreign policy 1917-1921
709:Federal Trade Commission
572:This article is part of
463:, a subcommittee of the
5063:Woodrow Wilson and race
4884:Woodrow Wilson Monument
4698:Boyhood home in Georgia
4603:War Revenue Act of 1917
4498:Federal Farm Loan Board
4431:Smith–Lever Act of 1914
4353:Rivers and Harbors Acts
4214:Immigration Act of 1918
4204:Immigration Act of 1917
4140:Philippine Autonomy Act
3821:Thrift Financial Report
2377:National Gold Bank Note
2332:Contraction Act of 1866
2081:U.S. Treasury Secretary
1631:Schwartz, Anna Jacobson
1562:10.1162/002081899550805
1504:. Fraser.stlouisfed.org
1208:Federal Reserve History
1061:In 1933, by way of the
995:Democratic Congressman
955:in 1791. Championed by
808:Against Austria-Hungary
719:Pancho Villa Expedition
325:Twelve were established
127:Committee consideration
5123:Federal Reserve System
4691:papers and manuscripts
4436:War Risk Insurance Act
4240:Paris Peace Conference
4035:1919 Nobel Peace Prize
4018:Supreme Court nominees
3958:Governor of New Jersey
3551:Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act
2876:Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act
2747:Employment Act of 1946
2512:Federal Reserve System
2088:U.S. Treasury security
1989:Tobacco Inspection Act
1288:Cite journal requires
1049:’s administration and
989:William Jennings Bryan
838:Paris Peace Conference
313:open market operations
278:William Jennings Bryan
235:Federal Reserve System
218:
164:agreed to by the House
162:on December 22, 1913;
5077:← William Howard Taft
5018:Joseph Ruggles Wilson
5006:Eleanor Wilson McAdoo
4890:Woodrow Wilson Bridge
4824:Woodrow Wilson Awards
4562:Warehouse Act of 1916
4528:National Park Service
4487:Federal Farm Loan Act
4454:Occupancy Permits Act
4199:Espionage Act of 1917
4110:Bryan–Chamorro Treaty
4013:Judicial appointments
3682:Types of bank charter
3304:Lender of last resort
2980:William P. G. Harding
2782:Smithsonian Agreement
2712:Emergency Banking Act
2538:Federal Reserve Banks
2432:Juilliard v. Greenman
2425:Refunding Certificate
2291:National banks system
2285:Interest bearing note
2164:McCulloch v. Maryland
2051:Bank of North America
2027:U.S. dollar banknotes
1973:Commercial Revolution
1866:, Cornell Law School.
1466:Raymond Fishe. 1991.
1047:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1005:Federal Reserve Banks
863:Judicial appointments
704:Clayton Antitrust Act
297:lender of last resort
289:Federal Reserve Banks
216:
5148:December 1913 events
5118:1913 in American law
4988:Edith Bolling Wilson
4840:The Wilson Quarterly
4723:Woodrow Wilson House
4641:Railroad Labor Board
4259:Treaty of Versailles
4230:Sedition Act of 1918
3842:Fair debt collection
3816:CAMELS rating system
3541:Truth in Savings Act
3518:Monetary Control Act
3483:Truth in Lending Act
2986:Daniel R. Crissinger
2870:FDIC Improvement Act
2770:Truth in Lending Act
2741:Bretton Woods system
2670:Aldrich–Vreeland Act
2561:Federal Reserve Note
2457:Aldrich–Vreeland Act
2372:Currency Act of 1870
2039:Bank of Pennsylvania
1848:) as amended in the
1529:. 1927. p. 1234
1436:Link 1954, pp. 43–53
1390:Shaw, Christopher W.
1133:late 2000s recession
895:Presidential Library
848:Treaty of Versailles
729:Daylight saving time
518:improve this section
436:Aldrich–Vreeland Act
404:second national bank
329:Federal Reserve Note
188:on December 23, 1913
123:) on August 29, 1913
5084:Warren G. Harding →
5032:(cousin, secretary)
5030:Helen Woodrow Bones
5000:Jessie Wilson Sayre
4932:Profiles in Courage
4900:U.S. Postage stamps
4608:Revenue Act of 1918
4535:Revenue Act of 1916
4341:Revenue Act of 1913
4309:Federal Reserve Act
4116:Occupation of Haiti
3450:Federal Reserve Act
3375:Federal authorities
2736:Banking Act of 1935
2682:Federal Reserve Act
2469:Federal Reserve Act
2391:Coinage Act of 1873
2365:Hepburn v. Griswold
2315:Coinage Act of 1864
2273:Fractional currency
2251:Coinage Act of 1857
2240:Coinage Act of 1853
2229:Coinage Act of 1849
2183:Coinage Act of 1834
2100:Coinage Act of 1792
1838:Federal Reserve Act
1761:Wheelock, David C.
1678:Romer, Christina D.
1204:"The Panic of 1907"
1063:Banking Act of 1933
978:'s leadership, the
818:American home front
793:Zimmermann telegram
699:Federal Reserve Act
607:South Carolina home
486:Legislative history
223:Federal Reserve Act
98:Legislative history
32:
31:Federal Reserve Act
4982:Ellen Axson Wilson
4951:(2002 documentary)
4493:Farm Credit System
4396:Cutter Service Act
4346:Federal income tax
4322:Newlands Labor Act
3465:Glass–Steagall Act
3139:Current presidents
3120:Christopher Waller
3010:Marriner S. Eccles
2724:Glass–Steagall Act
2634:Federal funds rate
2419:Silver certificate
2358:Legal Tender Cases
2297:National Bank Note
2279:National Bank Acts
2267:United States Note
2105:United States Mint
1893:2008-01-21 at the
1676:Hsieh, Chang Tai;
1600:2010-12-25 at the
1590:Roger T. Johnson,
1375:2012-10-19 at the
1368:Parthemos, James.
1251:Frank A. Vanderlip
1229:2010-06-09 at the
1013:Frank A. Vanderlip
957:Alexander Hamilton
425:severe one in 1907
373:Alexander Hamilton
357:Alexander Hamilton
266:Robert Latham Owen
225:was passed by the
219:
5105:
5104:
5012:Francis Sayre Jr.
4990:(wife, 1915–1924)
4943:(1979 miniseries)
4674:
4673:
4648:Federal Power Act
4285:Wilsonian Armenia
4272:League of Nations
4003:1917 inauguration
3998:1913 inauguration
3898:
3897:
3713:State authorities
3588:Board regulations
3546:Riegle-Neal IBBEA
3445:National Bank Act
3334:
3333:
3178:Loretta J. Mester
3168:Patrick T. Harker
3034:G. William Miller
3022:William M. Martin
2974:Charles S. Hamlin
2478:
2477:
2451:Gold Standard Act
2413:Bland–Allison Act
2407:Twenty-cent piece
2326:Three-cent nickel
2234:Three-cent silver
2111:U.S. dollar coins
1802:978-0-7006-0523-1
1454:Federal Reserve.
1036:Charter extension
949:
948:
853:League of Nations
833:Wilsonian Armenia
798:Thrasher incident
589:
588:
554:
553:
546:
447:of Rhode Island.
445:Nelson W. Aldrich
211:
210:
150:Passed the Senate
144:287–85, 5 Present
79:Statutes at Large
16:(Redirected from
5155:
5095:
5094:
4635:Esch–Cummins Act
4577:Smith–Hughes Act
4516:Keating–Owen Act
4093:
4045:Silent Sentinels
3970:
3961:
3950:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3902:
3888:
3878:
3868:
3867:
3643:
3586:Federal Reserve
3488:Bank Secrecy Act
3460:1933 Banking Act
3361:
3354:
3347:
3338:
3095:Philip Jefferson
3016:Thomas B. McCabe
2941:Durbin amendment
2730:Gold Reserve Act
2578:
2577:
2505:
2498:
2491:
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2303:Gold certificate
1936:
1929:
1922:
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1794:
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1758:
1752:
1751:
1734:(6): 1031–1073.
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1627:Friedman, Milton
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1527:Uscode.house.gov
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1255:Henry P. Davison
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1043:Great Depression
941:
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764:2nd inauguration
694:Silent Sentinels
677:Women's suffrage
665:1st inauguration
585:
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476:election of 1912
377:Thomas Jefferson
305:1933 Banking Act
196:Major amendments
140:Passed the House
100:
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4801:
4763:
4757:The New Freedom
4732:
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4315:Federal Reserve
4290:
4177:Fourteen Points
4172:Four Minute Men
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3880:Business portal
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3852:Wildcat banking
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3267:
3218:Alberto Musalem
3208:Austan Goolsbee
3140:
3134:
3115:Michelle Bowman
3076:
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3028:Arthur F. Burns
3004:Eugene R. Black
2960:
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2617:Discount window
2605:
2579:
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2474:
2349:
2341:
2217:Forstall System
2211:Wildcat banking
2197:
2189:
2123:1792 half disme
2013:
2005:
1983:Bills of credit
1975:
1967:
1954:
1943:Monetary policy
1940:
1895:Wayback Machine
1834:
1819:Link, Arthur S.
1814:. Easton Press.
1809:
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828:Fourteen Points
813:Against Germany
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689:The New Freedom
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217:Federal Reserve
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182:Signed into law
96:
84:ch. 6, 38
78:
54:Enacted by
28:
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18:Glass-Owen Bill
15:
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5042:
5040:
5039:
5036:William McAdoo
5033:
5027:
5021:
5015:
5009:
5003:
4997:
4991:
4985:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4967:(2022 musical)
4960:
4952:
4944:
4936:
4928:
4919:
4917:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4881:
4875:
4871:Woodrow Wilson
4867:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4815:
4813:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4773:
4771:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4753:
4747:
4740:
4738:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4632:
4626:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4548:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4519:
4513:
4508:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4484:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4457:
4451:
4445:
4439:
4433:
4428:
4422:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4405:
4399:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4330:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4306:
4300:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4125:
4119:
4113:
4107:
4101:
4099:
4097:Foreign policy
4090:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4040:19th Amendment
4037:
4032:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4010:
4008:Roosevelt desk
4005:
4000:
3995:
3989:
3987:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3962:
3951:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3932:Woodrow Wilson
3930:
3928:
3927:
3920:
3913:
3905:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3882:
3872:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3639:
3636:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3592:
3590:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3431:Major federal
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3341:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3255:
3245:
3235:
3225:
3215:
3205:
3198:Raphael Bostic
3195:
3185:
3175:
3165:
3155:
3144:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3130:Adriana Kugler
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3102:
3092:
3081:
3079:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3066:(2018–present)
3061:
3055:
3049:
3046:Alan Greenspan
3043:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2977:
2970:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2950:
2944:
2937:Dodd–Frank Act
2934:
2928:
2922:
2917:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2841:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2766:(1961–present)
2761:
2755:
2749:
2744:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2666:
2664:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2646:Primary dealer
2643:
2642:
2641:
2639:Overnight rate
2631:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2557:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2485:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2380:
2374:
2369:
2361:
2353:
2351:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2323:
2320:Two-cent piece
2317:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2299:(1863–c. 1930)
2294:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2259:
2253:
2248:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2201:
2199:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2160:
2154:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2090:(1789–present)
2085:
2084:
2083:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2017:
2015:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1997:
1992:
1986:
1985:(c. 1690–1750)
1979:
1977:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1898:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1833:
1832:External links
1830:
1829:
1828:
1816:
1812:Woodrow Wilson
1807:
1801:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1753:
1740:10.1086/649603
1716:
1697:(1): 140–176.
1668:
1653:
1618:
1606:
1583:
1540:
1514:
1493:
1478:
1459:
1447:
1438:
1429:
1420:
1411:
1405:978-0226636337
1404:
1381:
1361:
1316:
1304:
1290:|journal=
1267:
1235:
1213:
1195:
1180:
1162:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1107:Main article:
1104:
1101:
1097:mortgage loans
1087:
1084:
1074:
1071:
1058:
1055:
1037:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1020:
1017:
1001:Robert L. Owen
985:Louis Brandeis
976:Nelson Aldrich
947:
946:
944:
943:
936:
929:
921:
918:
917:
905:
903:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
871:
870:
858:
857:
856:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
803:Entry into war
800:
795:
790:
779:
778:
776:19th Amendment
773:
771:18th Amendment
767:
766:
760:
759:
758:
757:
744:
742:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
685:
684:
673:
672:
670:Foreign policy
667:
662:
656:
655:
654:
653:
640:
638:
637:
636:
635:
622:
620:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
591:
590:
587:
586:
581:Woodrow Wilson
574:a series about
570:
568:
552:
551:
502:
500:
493:
487:
484:
461:Pujo Committee
398:
395:
387:overproduction
364:
361:
344:
341:
320:
317:
264:, and Senator
258:1912 elections
241:system of the
231:Woodrow Wilson
209:
208:
198:
197:
193:
192:
190:
189:
186:Woodrow Wilson
179:
157:
147:
137:
135:Senate Banking
124:
105:
102:
101:
93:
92:
82:
74:
73:
71:
67:
66:
62:
61:
55:
51:
50:
46:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5160:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5098:
5090:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5074:
5073:
5070:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5044:
5037:
5034:
5031:
5028:
5026:(grandfather)
5025:
5022:
5019:
5016:
5013:
5010:
5007:
5004:
5001:
4998:
4995:
4992:
4989:
4986:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4966:
4965:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4937:
4935:(1965 series)
4934:
4933:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4912:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4879:
4878:Wilson Square
4876:
4873:
4872:
4868:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4804:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4766:
4760:
4758:
4754:
4751:
4748:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4735:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4633:
4630:
4627:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4597:
4596:USRA standard
4593:
4592:
4591:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4552:
4549:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4520:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4485:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4449:
4446:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4406:
4403:
4400:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4336:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4286:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4254:
4253:Pueblo speech
4251:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3980:
3976:
3968:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3933:
3926:
3921:
3919:
3914:
3912:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3871:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3750:New Hampshire
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3699:National bank
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3583:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3362:
3357:
3355:
3350:
3348:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3263:
3262:San Francisco
3259:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3228:Neel Kashkari
3226:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3188:Thomas Barkin
3186:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3158:John Williams
3156:
3153:
3149:
3148:Susan Collins
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:(by district)
3137:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3085:Jerome Powell
3083:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3072:
3065:
3064:Jerome Powell
3062:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2955:
2951:
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2926:
2923:
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2918:
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2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2852:Greenspan put
2850:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2629:Federal funds
2627:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:Federal funds
2608:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2501:
2499:
2494:
2492:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2445:Treasury Note
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2195:Civil War Era
2192:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2140:Treasury Note
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2001:
2000:Currency Acts
1998:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1793:
1792:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1720:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1654:0-691-04147-4
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1541:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1424:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1407:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1357:
1351:
1337:on 2011-09-27
1333:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1282:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1184:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1110:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1073:12 USC § 225a
1072:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1035:
1033:
1026:
1024:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
993:
990:
986:
981:
977:
973:
969:
968:Panic of 1907
964:
962:
958:
954:
942:
937:
935:
930:
928:
923:
922:
920:
919:
909:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
890:Wilson Center
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
869:
868:Supreme Court
866:
865:
864:
861:
860:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
823:Espionage Act
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
785:
784:
781:
780:
777:
774:
772:
769:
768:
765:
762:
761:
756:
753:
752:
751:
748:
747:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
724:Coalfield War
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
683:
680:
679:
678:
675:
674:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
657:
652:
649:
648:
647:
644:
643:
634:
631:
630:
629:
626:
625:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
594:
593:
592:
583:
569:
566:
562:
561:
557:
548:
545:
537:
527:
523:
519:
513:
512:
508:
503:This section
501:
497:
492:
491:
485:
483:
481:
477:
472:
470:
466:
462:
456:
454:
453:Jekyll Island
448:
446:
442:
437:
433:
428:
426:
422:
417:
414:
409:
408:panic of 1819
405:
396:
394:
392:
391:Jeffersonians
388:
383:
378:
374:
370:
362:
360:
358:
354:
350:
342:
340:
338:
332:
330:
326:
318:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
250:Panic of 1907
246:
244:
243:United States
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
215:
207:
203:
199:
194:
187:
184:by President
183:
180:
177:
173:
170:) and by the
169:
165:
161:
158:
155:
151:
148:
145:
141:
138:
136:
132:
131:House Banking
128:
125:
122:
118:
114:
110:
107:
106:
103:
99:
94:
91:
87:
83:
81:
75:
72:
68:
63:
60:
56:
52:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
5082:
5075:
5038:(son-in-law)
5024:James Wilson
4962:
4955:
4946:
4938:
4931:
4923:
4869:
4862:
4853:High schools
4838:
4819:Bibliography
4756:
4749:
4743:
4718:Shadow Lawn)
4308:
4105:Wilsonianism
3890:Banks portal
3830:Other topics
3780:Pennsylvania
3689:Credit union
3455:McFadden Act
3449:
3279:Central bank
3258:Mary C. Daly
3172:Philadelphia
3125:Lisa D. Cook
3105:Michael Barr
3058:Janet Yellen
3052:Ben Bernanke
3040:Paul Volcker
2998:Eugene Meyer
2992:Roy A. Young
2952:
2911:
2843:
2835:
2764:FOMC actions
2718:Regulation Q
2706:Regulation D
2681:
2468:
2430:
2382:
2363:
2356:
2281:(1863; 1864)
2205:Free banking
2162:
2157:Suffolk Bank
2063:Section VIII
2002:(1751; 1764)
1950:
1821:
1811:
1790:
1769:
1756:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1694:
1688:
1671:
1635:
1621:
1609:
1591:
1586:
1556:(1): 39–70.
1553:
1549:
1543:
1531:. Retrieved
1526:
1517:
1506:. Retrieved
1496:
1486:
1481:
1471:
1462:
1450:
1441:
1432:
1423:
1414:
1394:
1384:
1364:
1339:. Retrieved
1332:the original
1319:
1307:
1281:cite journal
1270:
1247:Paul Warburg
1238:
1207:
1198:
1189:
1183:
1174:
1165:
1156:
1147:
1116:
1112:
1089:
1076:
1060:
1039:
1030:
1022:
999:and Senator
997:Carter Glass
994:
965:
950:
900:Wilsonianism
880:Wilson House
698:
602:Boyhood home
540:
531:
516:Please help
504:
480:Carter Glass
473:
457:
449:
441:Aldrich Plan
429:
418:
400:
366:
346:
333:
322:
293:money supply
286:
274:progressives
270:Aldrich Plan
262:Carter Glass
247:
222:
220:
181:
171:
163:
159:
149:
139:
126:
113:Carter Glass
108:
4959:(2013 book)
4927:(1944 film)
4460:Adamson Act
4296:New Freedom
4244:1919–1920;
4182:The Inquiry
4150:1917–1918;
4146:World War I
4124:(1916–1924)
4118:(1915–1934)
3969:(1902–1910)
3960:(1911–1913)
3949:(1913–1921)
3811:CAEL Rating
3806:Call report
3433:legislation
3248:Lorie Logan
3242:Kansas City
3238:Jeff Schmid
3232:Minneapolis
3060:(2014–2018)
3054:(2006–2014)
3048:(1987–2006)
3042:(1979–1987)
3036:(1978–1979)
3030:(1970–1978)
3024:(1951–1970)
3018:(1948–1951)
3012:(1934–1948)
3006:(1933–1934)
3000:(1930–1933)
2994:(1927–1930)
2988:(1923–1927)
2982:(1916–1922)
2976:(1914–1916)
2949:(2020–2021)
2927:(2009–2010)
2908:(2008–2010)
2902:(2008–2010)
2884:(2007–2010)
2776:Nixon shock
2743:(1944–1971)
2688:Pittman Act
2678:(1909–1912)
2661:Antecedents
2465:(1909–1912)
2447:(1890–1891)
2427:(1879–1907)
2421:(1878–1964)
2409:(1875–1878)
2396:Free silver
2384:Knox v. Lee
2379:(1870–1875)
2350:(1870–1914)
2328:(1865–1889)
2322:(1864–1873)
2311:(1863–1864)
2305:(1863–1933)
2293:(1863–1913)
2287:(1863–1865)
2275:(1862–1876)
2269:(1862–1971)
2258:(1861–1862)
2256:Demand Note
2247:(1853–1863)
2236:(1851–1873)
2225:(1846–1913)
2219:(1842–1865)
2213:(1836–1865)
2207:(1836–1865)
2198:(1840–1870)
2179:, 1832–1836
2173:, 1829–1842
2159:, 1818–1858
2153:, 1816–1836
2142:(1812–1913)
2136:(1793–1857)
2130:(1793–1857)
2119:(1792–1873)
2107:(1792–1873)
2096:(1791–1811)
2079:1789–1913;
2061:1787–1788;
2053:(1781–1791)
2047:(1781–1785)
2041:(1780–1781)
2035:(1775–1779)
2023:(1776–1780)
2014:(1760–1840)
1976:(1607–1760)
1878:, and index
1781:Works cited
1300:book review
1009:Wall Street
961:War of 1812
783:World War I
745:Second term
734:Banana Wars
469:Arsene Pujo
282:New Freedom
5112:Categories
5014:(grandson)
5008:(daughter)
5002:(daughter)
4623:Red Summer
4380:Sabath Act
4162:home front
3993:Transition
3979:Presidency
3755:New Jersey
3720:California
3704:State bank
3571:Dodd–Frank
3099:Vice Chair
2700:Phelan Act
2591:Beige Book
2528:Vice Chair
2134:Large cent
1508:2022-07-04
1341:2009-08-20
1157:Let.rug.nl
1139:References
1103:Criticisms
1019:Amendments
755:Convention
660:Transition
651:Convention
641:First term
628:Presidency
597:Early life
534:April 2016
343:Background
109:Introduced
70:Public law
45:Long title
4810:memorials
4769:Elections
4728:Gravesite
4545:Smith Act
4335:Raker Act
4157:campaigns
3785:Tennessee
3326:Sahm rule
3289:Fed model
3222:St. Louis
3182:Cleveland
3077:governors
2864:FIRRE Act
2830:DIDMC Act
2708:(c. 1930)
2622:Bank rate
2553:Banknotes
2533:Governors
2128:Half cent
2117:Half dime
2068:Section X
1748:154627950
1578:155001158
1298:See also
1129:boom-bust
972:banknotes
505:does not
416:in 1841.
65:Citations
5097:Category
5020:(father)
4886:(Prague)
4880:(Warsaw)
4505:Flag Day
4265:Big Four
3984:timeline
3870:Category
3790:Virginia
3770:Oklahoma
3760:New York
3745:Michigan
3740:Maryland
3735:Illinois
3725:Colorado
3294:Fedspeak
3192:Richmond
3162:New York
2694:Edge Act
2177:Bank War
1951:pre–1913
1891:Archived
1680:(2006).
1633:(1963).
1598:Archived
1392:(2019).
1373:Archived
1350:cite web
1227:Archived
1051:New Deal
843:Big Four
633:Timeline
319:Overview
254:Bank War
49:purposes
5046:Related
4916:culture
4914:Popular
4278:charter
4030:Cabinet
3730:Florida
3576:EGRRCPA
3314:History
3299:Fed put
3272:Related
3212:Chicago
3202:Atlanta
3075:Current
2939:(2010;
2933:(2009–)
2656:History
2584:Reports
2113:(1792–)
2029:(1775–)
1846:details
1824:(1954)
1772:: 3–28.
1711:6337216
1663:63-7521
1570:2601371
1079:amended
526:removed
511:sources
474:In the
413:Jackson
4975:Family
4956:Wilson
4924:Wilson
4806:Legacy
4759:(1913)
4752:(1901)
4746:(1900)
4652:1920;
4639:1920;
4631:(1919)
4625:(1919)
4594:1917;
4581:1917;
4553:(1916)
4547:(1916)
4526:1916;
4518:(1916)
4507:(1916)
4491:1916;
4483:(1916)
4462:(1916)
4456:(1915)
4450:(1915)
4444:(1915)
4438:(1914)
4427:(1914)
4404:(1914)
4398:(1914)
4382:(1913)
4337:(1913)
4326:1913;
4313:1913;
4287:(1920)
4276:1920;
4263:1919;
4255:(1919)
4226:(1918)
4142:(1916)
4112:(1914)
3775:Oregon
3536:FDICIA
3531:FIRREA
3252:Dallas
3152:Boston
2966:Chairs
2957:(2024)
2916:(2009)
2896:(2008)
2890:(2008)
2878:(1999)
2872:(1991)
2866:(1989)
2860:(1987)
2854:(1987)
2848:(1985)
2840:(1981)
2832:(1980)
2826:(1978)
2820:(1978)
2814:(1978)
2808:(1977)
2802:(1977)
2796:(1975)
2790:(1974)
2784:(1971)
2778:(1971)
2772:(1968)
2760:(1956)
2754:(1951)
2732:(1934)
2726:(1933)
2720:(1933)
2714:(1933)
2702:(1920)
2696:(1919)
2690:(1918)
2684:(1913)
2672:(1908)
2471:(1913)
2459:(1908)
2453:(1900)
2441:(1890)
2435:(1884)
2415:(1878)
2403:(1875)
2387:(1871)
2368:(1870)
2167:, 1819
1991:(1730)
1826:online
1799:
1746:
1709:
1661:
1651:
1576:
1568:
1533:5 July
1402:
1175:eh.net
1124:Cartel
1086:Impact
353:Second
237:, the
172:Senate
168:298–60
88:
4964:Suffs
4737:Books
4152:entry
3965:13th
3799:Terms
3089:Chair
2523:Chair
1766:(PDF)
1744:S2CID
1707:S2CID
1685:(PDF)
1574:S2CID
1566:JSTOR
1335:(PDF)
1328:(PDF)
349:First
276:like
176:43–25
154:54–34
86:Stat.
4679:Life
4373:1916
4368:1915
4363:1914
4358:1913
4087:1920
4082:1918
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