403:
underwrite, or deal in any security except as specifically permitted by
Section 16, such a bank could affiliate with a company so long as that company was not "engaged principally" in such activities. Starting in 1987, the Federal Reserve Board interpreted this to mean a member bank could affiliate with a securities firm so long as that firm was not "engaged principally" in securities activities prohibited for a bank by Section 16. By the time the GLBA repealed the Glass–Steagall affiliation restrictions, the Federal Reserve Board had interpreted this "loophole" in those restrictions to mean a banking company (
4833:
4853:
4843:
342:, President Roosevelt supported the Glass–Steagall provisions separating commercial and investment banking, and Representative Steagall included those provisions in his House bill that differed from Senator Glass's Senate bill primarily in its deposit insurance provisions. Steagall insisted on protecting small banks while Glass felt that small banks were the weakness to U.S. banking.
255:
197:, and especially commercial bank affiliates, to engage in an expanding list and volume of securities activities. Congressional efforts to "repeal the Glass–Steagall Act", referring to those four provisions (and then usually to only the two provisions that restricted affiliations between commercial banks and securities firms), culminated in the 1999
497:
year anniversary of its repeal was marked by numerous sources explaining that the GLBA had not significantly changed the market structure of the banking and securities industries. More significant changes had occurred during the 1990s when commercial banking firms had gained a significant role in securities markets through "Section 20 affiliates".
326:
the 1933 Banking Act. On June 16, 1933, President
Roosevelt signed the bill into law. Glass originally introduced his banking reform bill in January 1932. It received extensive critiques and comments from bankers, economists, and the Federal Reserve Board. It passed the House on February 16, 1932, the Senate on February 19, 1932, and
442:
courts and that permitted banks and their affiliates to engage in an increasing variety of securities activities. Starting in the 1960s, banks and non-banks developed financial products that blurred the distinction between banking and securities products, as they increasingly competed with each other.
418:
By defining commercial banks as banks that take in deposits and make loans and investment banks as banks that underwrite and deal with securities the Glass–Steagall act explained the separation of banks by stating that commercial banks could not deal with securities and investment banks could not own
394:
There were several "loopholes" that regulators and financial firms were able to exploit during the lifetime of Glass–Steagall restrictions. Aside from the
Section 21 prohibition on securities firms taking deposits, neither savings and loans nor state-chartered banks that did not belong to the Federal
337:
The final Glass–Steagall provisions contained in the 1933 Banking Act reduced from five years to one year the period in which commercial banks were required to eliminate such affiliations. Although the deposit insurance provisions of the 1933 Banking Act were very controversial, and drew veto threats
504:
Without formal and defensible protection as detailed in the Glass-Steagall Act, investment companies felt at liberty to move toward unscrupulous investment tactics that had occurred prior to 2009 involving sub-prime mortgages. Thus a cultural shift was certainly in order after its repeal regardless
325:
Between 1930 and 1932, Senator Carter Glass (D-VA) introduced several versions of a bill (known in each version as the Glass bill) to regulate or prohibit the combination of commercial and investment banking and to establish other reforms (except deposit insurance) similar to the final provisions of
433:
It was not until 1933 that the separation of commercial banking and investment banking was considered controversial. There was a belief that the separation would lead to a healthier financial system. As time passed, however, the separation became so controversial that in 1935, Senator Glass himself
353:
This source states that
Senator Glass proposed many versions of his bill to Congress known as the Glass Bills in the two years prior to the Glass–Steagall Act being passed. It also includes how the deposit insurance provisions of the bill were very controversial at the time, which almost led to the
349:
as important in leading to the Act, particularly its Glass–Steagall provisions, becoming law. While supporters of the Glass–Steagall separation of commercial and investment banking cite the Pecora
Investigation as supporting that separation, Glass–Steagall critics have argued that the evidence from
500:
The perception is that the Glass-Steagall Act created a sense of accountability among investors within the financial management industry, encouraging them to (in effect) shy away from ultra-risky transactions that could lead to financial meltdown. It provided litigators validation involving cases
496:
At the time of the repeal, most commentators believed it would be harmless. Because the
Federal Reserve's interpretations of the act had already weakened restrictions previously in place, commentators did not find much significance in the repeal, especially of sections 20 and 32. Instead, the five
445:
Separately, starting in the 1980s, Congress debated bills to repeal Glass–Steagall's affiliation provisions (Sections 20 and 32). Some believe that major U.S. financial sector firms established a favorable view of deregulation in
American political circles, and in using its political influence in
357:
The previous Glass Bills before the final revision all had similar goals and brought up the same objectives, which were to separate commercial from investment banking, bring more banking activities under
Federal Reserve supervision, and to allow branch banking. In May 1933, Steagall's addition of
531:
proposals that would sharply reduce the permitted activities of commercial banks - institutions that provide capital liquidity to investment management firms to shore up over-inflated market valuation of securities (whether debt or equity). Reconciliation of over-committed funds is possible by
441:
issued aggressive interpretations of Glass–Steagall to permit national banks to engage in certain securities activities. Although most of these interpretations were overturned by court decisions, by the late 1970s, bank regulators began issuing Glass–Steagall interpretations that were upheld by
402:
While permitting affiliations between securities firms and companies other than
Federal Reserve member banks, Glass–Steagall distinguished between what a Federal Reserve member bank could do directly and what an affiliate could do. Whereas a Federal Reserve member bank could not buy, sell,
705:
It is true that the Glass-Steagall law is no longer appropriate to the economy in which we lived. It worked pretty well for the industrial economy, which was highly organized, much more centralized and much more nationalized than the one in which we operate today. But the world is very
482:, for instance, argued that "hen repeal of Glass-Steagall brought investment and commercial banks together, the investment-bank culture came out on top", and banks which had previously been managed conservatively turned to riskier investments to increase their returns. Another laureate,
390:
The law gave banks one year after the law was passed on June 16, 1933, to decide whether they would be a commercial bank or an investment bank. Only 10 percent of a commercial bank's income could stem from securities. One exception to this rule was that commercial banks could underwrite
1588:
Attachment I to
Testimony of Chairman Alan Greenspan before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, U.S. Senate, June 17, 1998, Summaries of Prior Financial Modernization Legislation Considered and Passed by the Senate Banking Committee Since
358:
allowing state-chartered banks to receive federal deposit insurance and shortening the time in which banks needed to eliminate securities affiliates to one year was known as the driving force of what helped the Glass–Steagall act to be signed into law.
2515:
2490:
419:
commercial banks or have close connections with them. With the exception of commercial banks being allowed to underwrite government-issued bonds, commercial banks could only have 10 percent of their income come from securities.
1978:
4479:
4497:
4512:
3940:
Public Law 73-66, 73d Congress, H.R. 5661: an Act to Provide for the Safer and More Effective Use of the Assets of Banks, to Regulate Interbank Control, to Prevent the Undue Diversion of Funds into Speculative
446:
Congress to overturn key provisions of Glass-Steagall and to dismantle other major provisions of statutes and regulations that govern financial firms and the risks they may take. In 1999 Congress passed the
2357:
Prepared Testimony of the Honorable Arthur Levitt, Jr., Chairman, Securities and Exchange Commission, Senate Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs Committee, Hearing on H.R. 10-"The Financial Services Act of
4542:
1124:
4325:
4537:
520:
235:
argued that the effect of the repeal was "indirect": "hen repeal of Glass-Steagall brought investment and commercial banks together, the investment-bank culture came out on top". Economists at the
4502:
4484:
2097:"An International Perspective on Domestic Banking Reform: Could the European Union's Second Banking Directive Revolutionize the Way the United States Regulates Its Own Financial Services Industry?"
4701:
4686:
2021:
399:
and securities firms took advantage of these loopholes starting in the 1960s to create products and affiliated companies that chipped away at commercial banks' deposit and lending businesses.
505:
of the loopholes that existed prior. Although the magnitude may be questionable, the repeal of the Glass-Steagall Act is considered a factor in the global financial crisis revealed in 2008.
514:
1521:
4711:
1945:
836:
4912:
3033:
Examination of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act Five Years after its Passage, Hearing before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, July 13, 2004
2001:
2966:
4741:
489:
Other commentators believed that these banking changes had no effect, and the financial crisis would have happened the same way if the regulations had still been in force.
4907:
4897:
4363:
4318:
523:. Both in the United States and elsewhere around the world, banking reforms have been proposed that refer to Glass–Steagall principles. These proposals include issues of "
176:
The separation of commercial and investment banking prevented securities firms and investment banks from taking deposits and commercial Federal Reserve member banks from:
2131:
4489:
3435:"The Origins of Federal Deposit Insurance, chapter 5 in The Regulated Economy: A Historical Approach to Political Economy, edited by Claudia Golden and Gary D. Libecap"
4917:
3057:
3021:
2043:
125:
4813:
4726:
4887:
4751:
4721:
749:
4836:
4311:
3066:
Vietor, Richard (1987), "Chapter 2: Regulation-Defined Financial Markets: Fragmentation and Integration in Financial Services", in Hayes, Samuel L. Jr. (ed.),
1199:
920:
Herring, E. Pendleton, "American Government and Politics: First Session of the Seventy-second Congress." American Political Science Review 25, no. 5, 846-874.
4527:
3306:
Wilmarth, Arthur E. Jr. (2008), "Did Universal Banks Play a Significant Roe in the U.S. Economy's Boom-and-Bust Cycle of 1921-33? A Preliminary Assessment",
1137:
269:
4902:
4892:
1904:
Report to the Honorable Edward J. Markey, Chairman, Subcommitteeon Telecommunications and Finance, Committee on Energy and Commerce,Houseof Representatives
555:
4691:
3535:
3285:
Wilmarth, Arthur E. Jr. (2002), "The Transformation of the U.S. Financial Services Industry, 1975-2000: Competition, Consolidation and Increased Risks",
1474:
3244:
2305:
2738:
4522:
4388:
2606:
475:
438:
228:
474:, some commentators argued that the repeal of Sections 20 and 32 had played an important role in leading to the housing bubble and financial crisis.
4696:
3625:
3355:
Barth, James R.; Brumbaugh, R. Dan Jr. & Wilcox, James A. (2000), "Policy Watch: The Repeal of Glass–Steagall and the Advent of Broad Banking",
1920:
1720:
The Financial Crisis Inquiry Report, Final Report of the National Commission on the Causes of the Financial and Economic Crisis in the United States
675:
334:
eight days later. The Senate passed a version of the Glass bill that would have required commercial banks to eliminate their securities affiliates.
246:, have argued that the activities linked to the financial crisis were not prohibited (or, in most cases, even regulated) by the Glass–Steagall Act.
465:
366:
The Glass–Steagall separation of commercial and investment banking was in four sections of the 1933 Banking Act (sections 16, 20, 21, and 32). The
4756:
4178:
4082:
1557:"Orders Issued Under Section 4 of the Bank Holding Company Act, Citicorp, J.P. Morgan & Co., Incorporated, Bankers Trust New York Corporation"
284:
3115:
3092:
1536:
1556:
273:
4087:
3894:
3155:
565:
428:
4624:
4378:
4358:
4077:
3795:
3771:
3752:
3661:
3576:
3512:
3493:
3470:
3423:
3388:
Blass, Asher A.; Grossman, Richard S. (1998), "Who Needs Glass–Steagall? Evidence From Israel's Bank Share Crisis and the Great Depression",
3315:
3081:
2919:
2786:"The New Operating Standards for Section 20 Subsidiaries: The Federal Reserve Board's Prudent March Towards Financial Services Modernization"
2774:
2714:
2695:
2676:
2595:
2574:
2553:
2479:
2411:
2389:
2218:
2197:
2174:
1825:
1781:
1676:
1658:
1491:
1412:
1291:
1268:
223:
Some commentators have stated that the GLBA's repeal of the affiliation restrictions of the Glass–Steagall Act was an important cause of the
2785:
2280:
2023:
Citigroup to Congress: never mind! (some reflections on the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act prompted by Citigroup's exit from insurance underwriting)
1836:
519:
Following the financial crisis of 2007–2008, legislators unsuccessfully tried to reinstate Glass–Steagall Sections 20 and 32 as part of the
4882:
4383:
4348:
4334:
4192:
4168:
1958:
1517:
3675:
2997:
Report of the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, to accompany H.R. 10, together with Additional Views
2355:
493:, for instance, noted that "it was not investment banking activities, such as underwriting and dealing in securities, that did them in".
370:
clarified the 1933 legislation and resolved inconsistencies in it. Together, they prevented commercial Federal Reserve member banks from:
434:
attempted to "repeal" the prohibition on direct bank underwriting by permitting a limited amount of bank underwriting of corporate debt.
1714:
1174:
1028:
4746:
4655:
4373:
3973:
851:
395:
Reserve System were restricted by Glass–Steagall. Glass–Steagall also did not prevent securities firms from owning such institutions.
471:
224:
4736:
2975:
2612:
2633:
3823:
White, Eugene Nelson (1986), "Before the Glass–Steagall Act: An analysis of the investment banking activities of national banks",
4716:
4634:
4107:
4097:
3945:
3825:
3357:
2933:
1861:
1236:
Barth, James R.; Brumbaugh, R. Dan Jr.; Wilcox, James A. (2000), "The Repeal of Glass–Steagall and the Advent of Broad Banking",
280:
265:
3930:
2422:
1320:"Permissible Securities Activities of Commercial Banks Under the Glass–Steagall Act (GSA) and the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA)"
1319:
1092:
4517:
4213:
4208:
4016:
448:
198:
111:
327:
296:
162:
39:
4368:
4188:
3922:
2446:
1495:
1373:
1016:
810:
2096:
2052:
307:
of Virginia (who by 1932 had served in the House and the Senate, and as the Secretary of the Treasury); and Representative
4877:
4665:
4158:
4112:
2862:
2491:"Why Congress Must Amend Glass–Steagall: Recent Trends in Breaching the Wall Separating Commercial and Investment Banking"
718:
118:
486:, contended that the repealing of the act "was indeed a mistake"; however, it was not the cause of the financial crisis.
4803:
4706:
4609:
Credit by Banks and Persons Other Than Brokers or Dealers for the Purpose of Purchasing or Carrying Margin Stock (Reg U)
4580:
4570:
4565:
4474:
4464:
4173:
4102:
1435:
1375:
The Volcker Rule in the New Financial Regulation Law (Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010)
1133:
545:
396:
240:
3522:
Firzli, M. Nicolas (January 2010), "Bank Regulation and Financial Orthodoxy: the Lessons from the Glass–Steagall Act",
3094:
Statement before the Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit, United States House of Representatives
757:
4731:
4660:
4122:
4117:
4047:
4042:
2707:
The Hellhound of Wall Street: How Ferdinand Pecora's Investigation of the Great Crash Forever Changed American Finance
2073:"Industrial Loan Companies/Banks and the Separation of Banking and Commerce: Legislative and Regulatory Perspectives"
2888:"Thoughts on Designing Credible Policies after Financial Modernization: Addressing too big to fail and moral hazard"
1718:
4670:
4629:
4469:
4353:
4163:
4142:
4072:
4067:
4057:
4052:
2306:"Statutory Obsolescence and the Judicial Process: The Revisionist Role of the Courts in Federal Banking Regulation"
1628:"Bank Holding Company Supervision Manual: "Permissible Activities by Board Order (Section 4(c)(8) of the BHC Act)""
676:"Money, power, and Wall Street: Transcript, Part 4, (quoted as "The Glass–Steagall law is no longer appropriate—")"
3590:(1994), "Is the Glass–Steagall Act Justified? A Study of the U.S. Experience with Universal Banking Before 1933",
4459:
4198:
1979:"The Long and Bumpy Road to Glass–Steagall Reform: A Historical and Evolutionary Analysis of Banking Legislation"
1052:
501:
against such sub-prime investment instruments on behalf of their clients who were impacted by such injustices.
339:
48:
3219:
1792:
4441:
4436:
4218:
3592:
3220:"The Expansion of State Bank Powers, the Federal Response, and the Case for Preserving the Dual Banking System"
2136:
1564:
570:
3899:
3547:
3524:
452:, also known as the Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999, to repeal them. Eight days later, President
4787:
4532:
4203:
4132:
4011:
3031:
2887:
2616:
1605:
4137:
3966:
2941:
2634:"From Gramm-Leach-Bliley to Dodd-Frank: The Unfulfilled Promise of Section 23A of the Federal Reserve Act"
1422:
788:
236:
3268:
Wilmarth, Arthur E. Jr. (2001), "How Should We Respond to the Growing Risks of Financial Conglomerates",
2739:"The Convergence of Commercial and Investment Banking: New Directions in the Financial Services Industry"
1586:
876:
4234:
4127:
4032:
3117:
Statement before the Committee on Banking and Financial Services, United States House of Representatives
2995:
1954:
1756:
213:
84:
656:
Wilmarth 2002, pp. 220 and 222. Macey 2000, pp. 691-692 and 716-718. Lockner and Hansche 2000, p. 37.
201:(GLBA), which repealed the two provisions restricting affiliations between banks and securities firms.
3785:
1261:
The Separation of Commercial and Investment Banking: The Glass–Steagall Act Revisited and Reconsidered
4808:
4782:
4639:
4619:
4507:
4449:
4406:
4292:
4254:
4062:
3928:
1987 Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Jackson Hole Symposium on Restructuring the Financial System
3121:
3098:
1687:
550:
412:
258:
209:
99:
1627:
1451:
4416:
3846:
3781:
3170:
2310:
367:
292:
143:
31:
4852:
4842:
2258:(2010b), "Can a return to Glass–Steagall provide financial stability in the US financial system",
984:
4575:
4001:
3601:
3565:"Chapter 1: The Regulation of Financial Institutions: A Historical Perspective on Current Issues"
3376:
3206:
2965:
United States Securities and Exchange Commission, Office of Legislative Affairs (June 24, 1994),
2826:
2335:
2327:
387:
Conversely, Glass–Steagall prevented securities firms and investment banks from taking deposits.
300:
151:
2767:
Banking, Politics and Global Finance: American Commercial Banks and Regulatory Change, 1980-1990
2072:
3702:
2362:
2210:
Jimmy Stewart is Dead: Ending the World's Ongoing Financial Plaque with Limited Purpose Banking
2166:
2158:
1154:
4411:
4287:
3959:
3875:
3854:
3791:
3767:
3748:
3729:
3657:
3572:
3508:
3489:
3466:
3419:
3342:
3321:
3311:
3294:
3273:
3142:
3077:
3051:
3015:
2915:
2770:
2710:
2691:
2672:
2591:
2570:
2549:
2475:
2407:
2385:
2271:
2267:
2214:
2193:
2170:
1821:
1777:
1749:
Are Universal Banks Better Underwriters? Evidence From the Last Days of the Glass–Steagall Act
1672:
1654:
1408:
1306:
1287:
1264:
1100:
1012:
490:
350:
the Pecora Investigation did not support the separation of commercial and investment banking.
346:
308:
276:
193:
Starting in the early 1960s, federal banking regulators' interpretations of the Act permitted
170:
79:
3879:
3809:
3325:
3298:
3277:
3120:, The Committee on Financial Services, United States House of Representatives, archived from
3097:, The Committee on Financial Services, United States House of Representatives, archived from
2994:
United States Senate, Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs (September 18, 1998),
4454:
4426:
4274:
4269:
3996:
3834:
3721:
3694:
3671:
3397:
3366:
3198:
3073:
3067:
2818:
2319:
1993:
1245:
1077:
1032:
320:
194:
155:
94:
2233:"No Going Back: Why We Can Not Restore Glass–Steagall's Segregation of Banking and Finance"
536:(Federal Deposit Insurance Company) - hence further increasing the federal budget deficit.
4846:
4818:
4244:
4239:
4183:
3934:
3805:
3409:
2929:
2669:
Reform of the Federal Reserve System in the Early 1930s: The Politics of Money and Banking
1426:
783:
479:
232:
147:
3908:
Full text of the Glass–Steagall Act followed by New York Federal Reserve Bank Explanation
2866:
2723:
Perkins, Edwin J. (1971), "The Divorce of Commercial and Investment Banking: A History",
837:"The Subprime Crisis—A Test Match For The Bankers: Glass–Steagall vs. Gramm-Leach-Bliley"
3507:, New Directions in Modern Economics, Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,
2648:
2163:
Deregulating Wall Street: Commercial Bank Penetration of the Corporate Securities Market
204:
By that time, many commentators argued Glass–Steagall was already "dead". Most notably,
27:
Four provisions of the Banking Act of 1933, separating commercial and investment banking
4303:
4264:
3814:
3742:
3615:
3587:
3564:
3413:
3401:
2400:
2379:
2186:
1941:
1402:
1280:
1064:
528:
331:
216:'s then existing interpretation of the Glass–Steagall Act. In November 1999, President
158:
describes the entire law, including the legislative history of the provisions covered.
3866:
Wilmarth, Arthur E. Jr. (2007), "Walmart and the Separation of Banking and Commerce",
2946:
1876:
1607:
Report to the Congress on Financial Holding Companies under the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act
4871:
4249:
3927:
3907:
3838:
3483:
2585:
2564:
2339:
2208:
1330:
947:
Patrick 1993, pp. 168-172. Burns 1974, pp. 41-42 and 79. Kennedy 1973, pp. 212-219.
700:
665:
Simpson Thacher 1998, pp. 1-6. Lockner and Hansche 2000, p. 37. Macey 2000, p. 718.
575:
560:
1818:
Why Bank Regulation Failed : Designing a Bank Regulatory Strategy for the 1990s
4856:
4600:
4421:
3645:
3479:
2539:
1350:"The "Volcker Rule": Proposals to Limit "Speculative" Proprietary Trading by Banks"
580:
483:
453:
304:
261:
243:
217:
166:
1922:
Testimony before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, U.S. Senate
1793:"Regulatory Growing Pains: A Perspective on Bank Regulation in a Deregulatory Age"
1747:
1501:
1475:"The Commercial Banking-Related Activities of Investment Banks and Other Nonbanks"
1382:
1078:"Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999, commonly called Gramm-Leach-Bliley"
938:
Patrick 1993, pp. 172-174. Kelly III 1985, p. 54, fn. 171. Perkins 1971, p. 524.
17:
2232:
1746:
Focarelli, Dario; Marques-Ibanez, David; Pozzolo, Alberto Franco (January 2011),
4777:
4772:
4037:
4006:
3676:"How Big a Problem is Too Big to Fail? A Review of Gary Stern and Ron Feldman's
3613:
Lewis, Toby (January 22, 2010), "New Glass–Steagall Will Shake Private Equity",
3310:, vol. 4, Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, pp. 559–645,
2839:
2543:
877:"FRB: Speech--Bernanke, Monetary Policy and the Housing Bubble--January 3, 2010"
524:
3744:
Universal Banking in the United States: What could we gain? What could we lose?
3030:
United States Senate, Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs (2004),
726:
3787:
Money, Power, and the People: The American Struggle to Make Banking Democratic
2907:
2255:
2228:
1060:
1056:
189:
affiliating (or sharing employees) with companies involved in such activities.
165:, the common name comes from the names of the Congressional sponsors, Senator
2840:"Of Firewalls and Subsidiaries: The Right Stuff for Expanded Bank Activities"
1303:
A Guide to the Capital Markets Activities of Banks and Bank Holding Companies
1104:
723:
The University of California, Santa Barbara – The American Presidency Project
383:
affiliating (or sharing employees) with companies involved in such activities
4259:
3146:
1997:
1310:
1160:
404:
2130:
Kavanaugh, Barbara; Boemio, Thomas R. & Edwards, Gerald A. Jr. (1992),
1604:
Federal Reserve Board and U.S. Department of the Treasury (November 2003),
254:
3939:
3912:
3858:
3728:, Reprints of Economics Classics, New York: A.M. Kelley (published 1966),
3724:(1939), "Wall Street Under Oath: The Story of Our Modern Money Changers",
3434:
1896:
1349:
1200:"The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999: A Bridge Too Far? Or Not Far Enough?"
811:"The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999: A Bridge Too Far? Or Not Far Enough?"
3982:
3917:
3698:
3485:
Universal Banking: International Comparisons and Theoretical Perspectives
3371:
2111:
1727:
1250:
408:
205:
3245:"Too Good to Be True - The Unfulfilled Promises behind Big Bank Mergers"
4480:
Financial Institutions Regulatory and Interest Rate Control Act of 1978
3605:
3380:
3210:
2830:
2331:
62:
3895:
History of Glass-Steagall Act from Organization of American Historians
3726:(reprint of 1939 edition pubslished by Simon &Schuster, New York )
3505:
Does Financial Deregulation Work? A Critique of Free Market Approaches
1282:
The American Banking Community and New Deal Banking Reforms, 1933-1935
1061:"13 Bankers: The Wall Street Takeover and the Next Financial Meltdown"
4601:
Prohibition Against the Paying of Interest on Demand Deposits (Reg Q)
3139:
The Comptroller and the Transformation of American Banking, 1960-1990
2279:
Kurucza, Robert M.; Ballen, Robert G.; McTaggert, Timothy R. (1988),
1897:"Bank Powers: Issues Related to the Repeal of the Glass–Steagall Act"
1688:"Orphan of Invention: Why the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act was unnecessary"
902:
Mester, Loretta J. "Optimal industrial structure in banking." (2005).
697:
Transcript of Clinton remarks at Financial Modernization bill signing
220:
publicly declared "the Glass–Steagall law is no longer appropriate".
3202:
2822:
2323:
311:
of Alabama, who had served in the House for the preceding 17 years.
212:, one of the largest U.S. securities firms, was permitted under the
3569:
Financial Services: The Changing Institutions and Government Policy
3851:
The Banking Situation: American Post-War Problems and Developments
3189:
Willis, H. Parker (1935), "The Banking Act of 1933 in Operation",
974:
Bentson 1990, pp. 47-89. Cleveland and Huertas 1985, pp. 172-187.
253:
3626:"Repealing Glass–Steagall: The Past Points the Way to the Future"
3733:
985:"Banking Act of 1933 (Glass-Steagall) | Federal Reserve History"
911:
Kennedy 1973, pp. 50-53 and 203-204. Perkins 1971, pp. 497-505.
533:
4307:
3955:
634:
Reinicke 1995, pp. 104-105. Greenspan 1987, pp. 3 and 15-22.
4613:
Transactions Between Member Banks and Their Affiliates (Reg W)
3536:"The Great Debate-What will become of financial modernization"
2447:"The Business of Banking: Before and After Gramm-Leach-Bliley"
683:
1653:(4th ed.), New York: Wolters Kluwer Law & Business,
411:) could acquire one of the world's largest securities firms (
2516:"Understanding the Issues Raised by Financial Modernization"
1428:
Financial Modernization: The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, Summary
183:
investing in non-investment grade securities for themselves;
3951:
377:
investing in non-investment grade securities for themselves
2159:"Chapter 2: Legislative History of the Glass–Steagall Act"
2868:
Federal Reserve Approves Merger of Travelers and Citicorp
2242:, Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, pp. 1–17
1175:"Bill Clinton on the banking crisis, McCain, and Hillary"
956:
Kennedy 1973, pp. 103-128 and 204-205. Burns 1974, p 78.
680:
April 24 and May 1, 2012; encore performance July 3, 2012
521:
Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act
186:
underwriting or distributing non-governmental securities;
4576:
Reserve Requirements for Depository Institutions (Reg D)
2423:"Financial Services Modernization and Corporate Finance"
1772:
Friedman, Milton; Schwartz, Anna Jacobson (1971-11-21),
1522:"Recent Developments: Financial Services Reform Enacted"
380:
underwriting or distributing non-governmental securities
4635:
Availability of Funds and Collection of Checks (Reg CC)
3764:
Universal Banking: Financial System Design Reconsidered
2809:
Rodkey, Robert G. (1934), "Banking Reform by Statute",
2769:, Aldershot, England: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,
3900:
On the systematic dismemberment of the Act from PBS's
3442:
Journal of Comparative Business and Capital Market Law
2746:
Journal of Comparative Business and Capital Market Law
1497:
The First Fifty Years: A History of the FDIC 1933-1983
30:
This article is about four specific provisions of the
4562:
Extensions of Credit by Federal Reserve Banks (Reg A)
1401:
Cleveland, Harold van B.; Huertas, Thomas F. (1985),
1126:
Gramm-Leach-Bliley Did Not Cause the Financial Crisis
1029:"Banking Act of 1933, commonly called Glass-Steagall"
515:
Glass–Steagall in post-financial crisis reform debate
180:
dealing in non-governmental securities for customers;
38:. For the earlier piece of economic legislation, see
3630:
Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia Business Review
2421:
Lockner, Robert; Hansche, Heather (March 22, 2000),
2042:
Independent Commission on Banking (September 2011),
1009:
Money, Banking, Financial Markets & Institutions
374:
dealing in non-governmental securities for customers
4796:
4765:
4679:
4648:
4551:
4397:
4341:
4227:
4151:
4025:
3989:
3418:, Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute,
4364:Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council
3072:, Boston: Harvard Business School Press, pp.
2892:The Region-The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis
2399:
2185:
1774:A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960
1279:
844:University of Pennsylvania Journal of Business Law
777:
775:
647:Macey 2000, p. 716. Wilmarth 2002, p. 219, fn. 5.
4597:Privacy of Consumer Financial Information (Reg P)
3308:Current Development in Monetary and Financial Law
3156:"The Volcker Rule and Evolving Financial Markets"
2914:, Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press,
2406:, Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press,
2384:, Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press,
1671:(3d ed.), New York: Juris Publishing, Inc.,
1348:Carpenter, David H.; Murphy, M. Maureen (2010b),
1318:Carpenter, David H.; Murphy, M. Maureen (2010a),
719:"Statement on Signing the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act"
3948:details legislative debate when passing the bill
3463:U.S. Bank Deregulation in Historical Perspective
3433:Calomiris, Charles W.; White, Eugene N. (1994),
3141:, Washington D.C.: Comptroller of the Currency,
2514:Mattingly, J. Virgil; Fallon, Keiran J. (1998),
1093:"Democrats, Republicans and Wall Street Tycoons"
4814:History of central banking in the United States
2838:Shull, Bernard; White, Lawrence J. (May 1998),
2281:"Securities and Investment Activities of Banks"
2192:, Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky,
1776:, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press,
142:describes four provisions of the United States
4625:Unfair or Deceptive Acts or Practices (Reg AA)
3762:Saunders, Anthony; Walter, Ingo, eds. (1997),
3249:Stanford Journal of Law, Business, and Finance
2690:, New York: Arno Press Inc. (published 1975),
750:"The Alarming Parallels Between 1929 and 2007"
4319:
3967:
3678:Too Big to Fail: The Hazards of Bank Bailouts
2912:Too Big To Fail: The Hazards of Bank Bailouts
1862:"The Consumerization of Financial Regulation"
1450:D'Artista, Jane W.; Schlesinger, Tom (1993),
287:), the co-sponsors of the Glass–Steagall Act.
119:
8:
4585:Limitations on Interbank Liabilities (Reg F)
4078:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
3056:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3020:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2737:Pitt, Harvey L.; Williams, Julie L. (1983),
2165:, New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp.
2104:American University International Law Review
362:Separating commercial and investment banking
4913:Separation of investment and retail banking
2608:The Glass Steagall Act and the Volcker Rule
2474:(2d ed.), New York: Aspen Publishers,
1986:American Journal of Economics and Sociology
1928:, Statements and Speeches of Alan Greenspan
1837:"Universal Banking and Financial Stability"
1407:, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,
604:, pp. 1 and 5. Wilmarth 1990, p. 1161.
556:Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000
4326:
4312:
4304:
3974:
3960:
3952:
3810:"Elders of Wall St. Favor More Regulation"
3766:, Chicago: Irwin Professional Publishing,
3415:The Ongoing Revolution in American Banking
2398:Litan, Robert E.; Rauch, Jonathan (1998),
1895:General Accounting Office (January 1988),
1667:Felsenfeld, Carl; Glass, David L. (2011),
898:
896:
126:
112:
44:
4908:Financial regulation in the United States
4898:United States federal banking legislation
4523:Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act
4389:Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
4184:National Bituminous Coal Conservation Act
3571:, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall,
3370:
3270:Public Law and Legal Theory Working Paper
2688:The Security Affiliates of National Banks
1249:
1011:(Boston: Cengage Learning, 2020), 306-8.
439:Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
4588:International Banking Operations (Reg K)
4494:Competitive Equality Banking Act of 1987
3946:The Southeast Missourian, March 10, 1933
3790:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
3741:Saunders, Anthony; Walter, Ingo (1994),
3465:, New York: Cambridge University Press,
2132:"Asset-Backed Commercial Paper Programs"
1459:Economic Policy Institute Briefing Paper
1372:Chapman and Cutler LLP (July 23, 2010),
784:"Joseph E. Stiglitz on capitalist fools"
4918:History of banking in the United States
4083:Federal Emergency Relief Administration
3853:, New York: Columbia University Press,
3534:Hambley, Winthrop P. (September 1999),
1669:Banking Regulation in the United States
1173:Bartiromo, Maria (September 23, 2008),
782:Stiglitz, Joseph E. (9 December 2008).
591:
54:
47:
4616:Borrowers of Securities Credit (Reg X)
3091:Volcker, Paul A. (February 25, 1997),
3049:
3013:
2968:Timeline of Bank Securities Activities
2671:, New York: Garland Publishing, Inc.,
597:
595:
345:Many accounts of the Act identify the
4888:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
4605:Credit by Brokers and Dealers (Reg T)
4379:Financial Stability Oversight Council
4359:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
3747:, New York: Oxford University Press,
3488:, Oxford; New York: Clarendon Press,
2402:American Finance for the 21st Century
2080:Congressional Research Service Report
1841:Brooklyn Journal of International Law
1492:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
1357:Congressional Research Service Report
1327:Congressional Research Service Report
1263:, New York: Oxford University Press,
7:
4528:Emergency Economic Stabilization Act
4384:National Credit Union Administration
4349:Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
4335:Bank regulation in the United States
4204:Rural Electrification Administration
4169:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
2847:Journal of Banking Law (Forthcoming)
2354:Levitt, Arthur Jr. (June 25, 1998),
1919:Greenspan, Alan (December 1, 1987),
1518:Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia
622:
601:
527:" commercial banking operations and
4159:Works Progress Administration (WPA)
3349:, New York: D. Van Nostrand Company
2095:Jeannot, Jennifer Manville (1999),
1869:Washington University Law Quarterly
1715:Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission
748:Kuttner, Robert (October 2, 2007),
725:. November 12, 1999. Archived from
635:
509:Post-financial crisis reform debate
466:Glass–Steagall: Aftermath of repeal
4903:Repealed United States legislation
4893:Legal history of the United States
4374:Federal Reserve Board of Governors
3402:10.1111/j.1465-7287.1998.tb00511.x
2548:, New York: Weybright and Talley,
354:rejection of the bill once again.
25:
4446:Interest Rate Control Act of 1966
4118:Public Works Administration (PWA)
4088:Frazier–Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act
4048:Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
3287:University of Illinois Law Review
3114:Volcker, Paul A. (May 14, 1997),
2613:Institute for Local Self-Reliance
2590:, New York: Truman Talley Books,
2184:Kennedy, Susan Estabrook (1973),
1329:, no. R41181, archived from
1286:, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press,
566:Decline of the Glass–Steagall Act
429:Decline of the Glass–Steagall Act
229:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics
4851:
4841:
4832:
4831:
4581:Electronic Fund Transfer (Reg E)
4571:Home Mortgage Disclosure (Reg C)
4566:Equal Credit Opportunity (Reg B)
4143:Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
4108:National Recovery Administration
4098:National Industrial Recovery Act
3826:Explorations in Economic History
3358:Journal of Economic Perspectives
3347:Economics and the Public Welfare
3243:Wilmarth, Arthur E. Jr. (1995),
3218:Wilmarth, Arthur E. Jr. (1990),
2790:North Carolina Banking Institute
2587:The Bankers: The Next Generation
2520:North Carolina Banking Institute
2051:, pp. 1–354, archived from
1529:Banking Legislation & Policy
1238:Journal of Economic Perspectives
4630:Community Reinvestment (Reg BB)
4214:United States Housing Authority
3567:, in Benston, George J. (ed.),
2974:, pp. 1–35, archived from
2686:Peach, William Nelson (1941) ,
2213:, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
2207:Kotlikoff, Laurence J. (2010),
2029:, Washington, D.C.: Venable LLP
1179:Bloomberg Businessweek Magazine
1156:Who Caused the Economic Crisis?
4369:Federal Housing Finance Agency
4189:National Labor Relations Board
4179:Judicial Procedures Reform Act
3687:Journal of Economic Literature
3461:Calomiris, Charles W. (2000),
3154:Whitehead, Charles K. (2011),
2863:Simpson Thacher & Bartlett
2765:Reinicke, Wolfgang H. (1995),
2647:(5): 1683–1769, archived from
2451:The Journal of Corporation Law
2304:Langevoort, Daniel C. (1987),
2110:(6): 1716–1760, archived from
1906:, GAO/GGD-88-37, pp. 1–75
1651:Securities Activities of Banks
1585:Federal Reserve Board (1998),
1555:Federal Reserve Board (1987),
1301:Capatides, Michael G. (1992),
1136:, January 2010, archived from
850:(4): 1092–1134, archived from
1:
4113:National Youth Administration
3918:Pecora Investigation hearings
3656:, Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe,
2784:Rodelli, R. Nicholas (1998),
2157:Kelly III, Edward J. (1985),
2045:Final Report, Recommendations
1977:Hendrickson, Jill M. (2001),
1452:"The Parallel Banking System"
1305:, New York: Bowne & Co.,
1207:Suffolk University Law Review
989:www.federalreservehistory.org
818:Suffolk University Law Review
472:financial crisis of 2007–2008
225:financial crisis of 2007–2008
4804:Banking in the United States
4475:Electronic Fund Transfer Act
4465:Home Mortgage Disclosure Act
4174:Farm Security Administration
3839:10.1016/0014-4983(86)90018-5
3390:Contemporary Economic Policy
3039:, Government Printing Office
3003:, Government Printing Office
2071:Jackson, William D. (2005),
1875:(2): 287–318, archived from
1755:, ECB Working Paper Series,
1436:American Bankers Association
1134:American Bankers Association
1091:Krugman, Paul (2015-10-16).
546:American International Group
4883:73rd United States Congress
4661:Federal savings association
4490:Depository Institutions Act
4123:Public Works of Art Project
4043:Agricultural Adjustment Act
3913:Glass Subcommittee hearings
3624:Mester, Loretta J. (1996),
3586:Kroszner, Randall S. &
3163:Harvard Business Law Review
2709:, New York: Penguin Press,
2705:Perino, Michael A. (2010),
2470:Malloy, Michael P. (2011),
2445:Macey, Jonathan R. (2000),
2240:Public Policy Brief No. 107
2188:'The Banking Crisis of 1933
1259:Benston, George J. (1990),
1198:White, Lawrence J. (2010),
809:White, Lawrence J. (2010),
34:, which is also called the
4934:
4470:Community Reinvestment Act
4354:Farm Credit Administration
4164:Federal Project Number One
4073:Farm Credit Administration
4068:Homeowners Refinancing Act
4053:Civil Works Administration
3169:(1): 39–73, archived from
3069:Wall Street and Regulation
2910:; Feldman, Ron J. (2004),
2894:(September): 2–4 and 24–29
2865:LLP (September 30, 1998),
2632:Omarova, Saule T. (2011),
2605:New Rules Project (2012),
2489:Markey, Edward J. (1990),
2472:Banking Law and Regulation
1820:, New York: Quorum Books,
835:Markham, Jerry W. (2010),
512:
463:
426:
318:
297:Glass–Steagall Act of 1932
163:Glass–Steagall Act of 1932
140:Glass–Steagall legislation
90:Glass–Steagall legislation
40:Glass–Steagall Act of 1932
29:
4827:
4640:Truth in Savings (Reg DD)
4594:Loans to Insiders (Reg O)
4460:Fair Credit Reporting Act
4283:
4199:Rural Electrification Act
3137:White, Eugene N. (1992),
2641:North Carolina Law Review
2427:Commercial Lending Review
2378:Litan, Robert E. (1987),
2161:, in Walter, Ingo (ed.),
1686:Fisher, Keith R. (2001),
391:government-issued bonds.
340:Franklin Delano Roosevelt
291:The sponsors of both the
208:'s 1998 affiliation with
49:Wall Street crash of 1929
4620:Truth in Lending (Reg Z)
4591:Consumer Leasing (Reg M)
4442:Bank Holding Company Act
4437:Federal Credit Union Act
4407:Independent Treasury Act
4219:Fair Labor Standards Act
3849:; Chapman, John (1934),
3593:American Economic Review
3563:Huertas, Thomas (1983),
3546:(2): 1–3, archived from
3525:Revue Analyse Financière
2667:Patrick, Sue C. (1993),
2569:, New York: E.P Dutton,
2137:Federal Reserve Bulletin
1953:, Washington, D.C.: The
1565:Federal Reserve Bulletin
1535:(4): 1–4, archived from
1473:Eaton, David M. (1995),
1278:Burns, Helen M. (1974),
929:Kennedy 1973, pp. 72-73.
571:Subprime mortgage crisis
476:Economics Nobel Memorial
4788:Thrift Financial Report
4133:Railroad Retirement Act
4012:American Liberty League
3923:FDIC History: 1933-1983
3503:Coggins, Bruce (1998),
2020:Heyward, Peter (2005),
1998:10.1111/1536-7150.00126
1626:Federal Reserve Board,
1423:Covington & Burling
4518:Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act
3868:Connecticut Law Review
3693:(December): 988–1004,
2584:Mayer, Martin (1997),
2563:Mayer, Martin (1984),
2495:New England Law Review
1860:Garten, Helen (1999),
1835:Garten, Helen (1993),
1816:Garten, Helen (1991),
1791:Garten, Helen (1989),
1649:Fein, Melanie (2011),
881:www.federalreserve.gov
613:Wilmarth 2008, p. 560.
449:Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act
288:
199:Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act
4649:Types of bank charter
4235:Franklin D. Roosevelt
4128:Reciprocal Tariff Act
4033:Emergency Banking Act
3808:(February 16, 2010),
3540:Community Investments
2381:What Should Banks Do?
1955:Brookings Institution
1757:European Central Bank
1425:(November 12, 1999),
1163:.org, October 1, 2008
754:The American Prospect
703:, November 12, 1999,
532:filing claims to the
257:
214:Federal Reserve Board
154:banking. The article
85:Smithsonian Agreement
4878:1933 in American law
4809:Fair debt collection
4783:CAMELS rating system
4508:Truth in Savings Act
4485:Monetary Control Act
4450:Truth in Lending Act
4255:Henry Morgenthau Jr.
4103:National Housing Act
4063:Executive Order 6102
3847:Willis, Henry Parker
3782:Shaw, Christopher W.
3699:10.1257/jel.44.4.988
3672:Mishkin, Frederic S.
3372:10.1257/jep.14.2.191
2886:Stern, Gary (2000),
2260:PSL Quarterly Review
1964:on February 17, 2012
1251:10.1257/jep.14.2.191
1213:(4): 938 and 943–946
824:(4): 938 and 943–946
699:, Washington, D.C.:
551:Arthur H. Vandenberg
456:signed it into law.
413:Salomon Smith Barney
347:Pecora Investigation
210:Salomon Smith Barney
100:Bretton Woods system
4417:Federal Reserve Act
4342:Federal authorities
3191:Columbia Law Review
3124:on October 17, 2012
3101:on October 17, 2012
2945:: 2, archived from
2930:Stiglitz, Joseph E.
2811:Michigan Law Review
2725:Banking Law Journal
2654:on October 30, 2012
2311:Michigan Law Review
2285:The Business Lawyer
2117:on October 19, 2012
2007:on October 19, 2012
1733:on January 12, 2012
1404:Citibank, 1812-1970
760:on October 19, 2011
756:: 2, archived from
729:on February 7, 2016
460:Aftermath of repeal
368:Banking Act of 1935
315:Legislative history
293:Banking Act of 1933
169:and Representative
144:Banking Act of 1933
32:Banking Act of 1933
4432:Glass–Steagall Act
4093:Glass–Steagall Act
4058:Communications Act
4002:New Deal Coalition
3933:2012-08-04 at the
3708:on August 21, 2014
3588:Rajan, Raghuram G.
3528:(in French): 49–52
3343:Anderson, Benjamin
3224:Fordham Law Review
2934:"Capitalist Fools"
2566:'The Money Bazaars
2082:, no. RL32767
1944:(April 15, 2010),
1797:Fordham Law Review
1635:2011 update (July)
1097:The New York Times
437:In the 1960s, the
423:Decline and repeal
301:southern Democrats
289:
36:Glass–Steagall Act
18:Glass-Steagall Act
4865:
4864:
4680:State authorities
4555:Board regulations
4513:Riegle-Neal IBBEA
4412:National Bank Act
4301:
4300:
3990:Causes and legacy
3797:978-0-2266-3633-7
3773:978-0-7863-0466-0
3754:978-0-19-508069-8
3722:Pecora, Ferdinand
3663:978-0-873-32213-3
3578:978-0-13-316513-5
3514:978-1-85898-638-8
3495:978-0-19-877506-5
3472:978-0-521-58362-6
3425:978-0-8447-3654-9
3317:978-1-58906-507-9
3083:978-0-87584-183-0
2981:on August 4, 2012
2921:978-0-8157-8152-3
2776:978-1-85898-176-5
2716:978-1-59420-272-8
2697:978-0-405-06984-0
2678:978-0-8153-0970-3
2597:978-0-525-93865-1
2576:978-0-525-24221-5
2555:978-0-679-40010-3
2481:978-1-4548-0107-8
2413:978-0-8157-5288-2
2391:978-0-8157-5270-7
2220:978-0-470-58155-1
2199:978-0-8131-1285-5
2176:978-0-471-81713-0
2058:on March 18, 2012
1827:978-0-89930-580-6
1783:978-0-691-00354-2
1695:Oregon Law Review
1678:978-1-57823-263-5
1660:978-0-7355-1860-5
1542:on August 4, 2012
1479:Emory Law Journal
1414:978-0-674-13175-0
1388:on August 4, 2012
1359:, no. R41298
1336:on August 4, 2012
1293:978-0-8371-6362-8
1270:978-0-19-520830-6
857:on August 4, 2012
491:Lawrence J. White
309:Henry B. Steagall
277:Henry B. Steagall
171:Henry B. Steagall
136:
135:
80:Pecora Commission
16:(Redirected from
4925:
4855:
4845:
4835:
4834:
4610:
4553:Federal Reserve
4455:Bank Secrecy Act
4427:1933 Banking Act
4328:
4321:
4314:
4305:
4275:Robert F. Wagner
4270:Francis Townsend
3997:Great Depression
3976:
3969:
3962:
3953:
3882:
3874:(4): 1539–1622,
3861:
3841:
3818:
3806:Uchitelle, Louis
3800:
3776:
3757:
3736:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3707:
3701:, archived from
3684:
3666:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3619:
3608:
3581:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3550:on April 3, 2011
3529:
3517:
3498:
3475:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3439:
3428:
3410:Burns, Arthur F.
3404:
3383:
3374:
3350:
3328:
3301:
3280:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3213:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3176:on July 10, 2012
3175:
3160:
3149:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3086:
3061:
3055:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3038:
3025:
3019:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3002:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2980:
2973:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2951:
2938:
2932:(January 2009),
2924:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2873:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2844:
2833:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2779:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2743:
2732:
2719:
2700:
2681:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2653:
2638:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2619:on March 6, 2012
2615:, archived from
2600:
2579:
2558:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2484:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2416:
2405:
2394:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2361:, archived from
2349:
2348:
2346:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2274:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2237:
2223:
2202:
2191:
2179:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2116:
2101:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2077:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2057:
2050:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2028:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2006:
2000:, archived from
1983:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1963:
1957:, archived from
1952:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1927:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1901:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1881:
1866:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1830:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1786:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1754:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1732:
1726:, archived from
1725:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1692:
1681:
1663:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1632:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1612:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1561:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1541:
1526:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1500:, archived from
1486:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1456:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1433:
1417:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1387:
1381:, archived from
1380:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1354:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1335:
1324:
1313:
1296:
1285:
1273:
1254:
1253:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1204:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1142:
1131:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1068:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1031:. Archived from
1025:
1019:
1007:Michael Brandl,
1005:
999:
998:
996:
995:
981:
975:
972:
966:
963:
957:
954:
948:
945:
939:
936:
930:
927:
921:
918:
912:
909:
903:
900:
891:
890:
888:
887:
873:
867:
865:
864:
862:
856:
841:
832:
831:
829:
815:
806:
800:
799:
797:
796:
779:
770:
768:
767:
765:
745:
739:
738:
736:
734:
715:
709:
708:
694:
692:
690:
672:
666:
663:
657:
654:
648:
645:
639:
632:
626:
620:
614:
611:
605:
599:
332:President Hoover
321:1933 Banking Act
195:commercial banks
156:1933 Banking Act
128:
121:
114:
95:1933 Banking Act
45:
21:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4922:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4861:
4847:Business portal
4823:
4819:Wildcat banking
4792:
4761:
4675:
4644:
4608:
4556:
4554:
4547:
4533:Credit CARD Act
4399:
4393:
4337:
4332:
4302:
4297:
4279:
4245:Frances Perkins
4240:Harold L. Ickes
4223:
4209:Social Security
4152:Second New Deal
4147:
4021:
3985:
3980:
3935:Wayback Machine
3891:
3886:
3865:
3845:
3822:
3804:
3798:
3780:
3774:
3761:
3755:
3740:
3720:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3682:
3670:
3664:
3644:
3635:
3633:
3623:
3612:
3585:
3579:
3562:
3553:
3551:
3533:
3521:
3515:
3502:
3496:
3478:
3473:
3460:
3451:
3449:
3437:
3432:
3426:
3408:
3387:
3354:
3341:
3337:
3335:Further reading
3332:
3318:
3305:
3284:
3267:
3258:
3256:
3242:
3233:
3231:
3217:
3203:10.2307/1115748
3188:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3158:
3153:
3136:
3127:
3125:
3113:
3104:
3102:
3090:
3084:
3065:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3012:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2993:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2955:
2953:
2952:on May 21, 2016
2949:
2936:
2928:
2922:
2906:
2897:
2895:
2885:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2861:
2852:
2850:
2842:
2837:
2823:10.2307/1280817
2808:
2799:
2797:
2783:
2777:
2764:
2755:
2753:
2741:
2736:
2722:
2717:
2704:
2698:
2685:
2679:
2666:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2636:
2631:
2622:
2620:
2604:
2598:
2583:
2577:
2562:
2556:
2538:
2529:
2527:
2513:
2504:
2502:
2488:
2482:
2469:
2460:
2458:
2444:
2436:
2434:
2420:
2414:
2397:
2392:
2377:
2368:
2366:
2353:
2344:
2342:
2324:10.2307/1288728
2303:
2294:
2292:
2278:
2254:
2245:
2243:
2235:
2227:
2221:
2206:
2200:
2183:
2177:
2156:
2147:
2145:
2129:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2099:
2094:
2085:
2083:
2075:
2070:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2010:
2008:
2004:
1981:
1976:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1950:
1942:Greenspan, Alan
1940:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1909:
1907:
1899:
1894:
1885:
1883:
1882:on June 7, 2010
1879:
1864:
1859:
1850:
1848:
1834:
1828:
1815:
1806:
1804:
1790:
1784:
1771:
1762:
1760:
1759:, pp. 1–34
1752:
1745:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1713:
1704:
1702:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1666:
1661:
1648:
1639:
1637:
1630:
1625:
1616:
1614:
1613:, pp. 1–43
1610:
1603:
1594:
1592:
1584:
1575:
1573:
1559:
1554:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1524:
1516:
1507:
1505:
1490:
1472:
1464:
1462:
1454:
1449:
1440:
1438:
1431:
1421:
1415:
1400:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1362:
1360:
1352:
1347:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1322:
1317:
1300:
1294:
1277:
1271:
1258:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1183:
1181:
1172:
1166:
1164:
1153:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1109:
1107:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1067:, 2010), p. 133
1051:
1047:
1038:
1036:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1006:
1002:
993:
991:
983:
982:
978:
973:
969:
964:
960:
955:
951:
946:
942:
937:
933:
928:
924:
919:
915:
910:
906:
901:
894:
885:
883:
875:
874:
870:
860:
858:
854:
839:
834:
827:
825:
813:
808:
807:
803:
794:
792:
781:
780:
773:
763:
761:
747:
746:
742:
732:
730:
717:
716:
712:
695:
688:
686:
674:
673:
669:
664:
660:
655:
651:
646:
642:
633:
629:
621:
617:
612:
608:
600:
593:
589:
542:
517:
511:
480:Joseph Stiglitz
468:
462:
431:
425:
364:
338:from President
328:signed into law
323:
317:
252:
237:Federal Reserve
233:Joseph Stiglitz
132:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4931:
4929:
4921:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4870:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4849:
4839:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4800:
4798:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4614:
4611:
4606:
4603:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4589:
4586:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4559:
4557:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4403:
4401:
4398:Major federal
4395:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4345:
4343:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4323:
4316:
4308:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4265:Herbert Hoover
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4138:Securities Act
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3943:
3937:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3897:
3890:
3889:External links
3887:
3885:
3884:
3863:
3843:
3820:
3815:New York Times
3802:
3796:
3778:
3772:
3759:
3753:
3738:
3718:
3668:
3662:
3642:
3621:
3616:Financial News
3610:
3600:(4): 810–832,
3583:
3577:
3560:
3531:
3519:
3513:
3500:
3494:
3476:
3471:
3458:
3430:
3424:
3406:
3396:(2): 185–196,
3385:
3365:(2): 191–204,
3352:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3316:
3303:
3293:(2): 215–476,
3282:
3265:
3240:
3230:(6): 1133–1256
3215:
3197:(5): 697–724,
3186:
3151:
3134:
3111:
3088:
3082:
3063:
3027:
2991:
2962:
2926:
2920:
2908:Stern, Gary J.
2904:
2883:
2859:
2835:
2817:(7): 881–908,
2806:
2781:
2775:
2762:
2734:
2720:
2715:
2702:
2696:
2683:
2677:
2664:
2629:
2602:
2596:
2581:
2575:
2560:
2554:
2536:
2511:
2486:
2480:
2467:
2442:
2418:
2412:
2395:
2390:
2375:
2351:
2318:(4): 672–733,
2301:
2291:(3): 1107–1121
2276:
2266:(252): 37–73,
2252:
2225:
2219:
2204:
2198:
2181:
2175:
2154:
2127:
2092:
2068:
2039:
2017:
1992:(4): 849–879,
1974:
1938:
1916:
1892:
1857:
1832:
1826:
1813:
1788:
1782:
1769:
1743:
1711:
1701:(4): 1301–1421
1683:
1677:
1664:
1659:
1646:
1623:
1601:
1582:
1552:
1514:
1488:
1485:(3): 1187–1226
1470:
1447:
1419:
1413:
1398:
1369:
1345:
1315:
1298:
1292:
1275:
1269:
1256:
1244:(2): 191–204,
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1190:
1116:
1083:
1069:
1065:Pantheon Books
1045:
1020:
1000:
976:
967:
958:
949:
940:
931:
922:
913:
904:
892:
868:
801:
771:
740:
710:
667:
658:
649:
640:
627:
615:
606:
590:
588:
585:
584:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
541:
538:
529:narrow banking
513:Main article:
510:
507:
464:Main article:
461:
458:
427:Main article:
424:
421:
407:, as owner of
385:
384:
381:
378:
375:
363:
360:
319:Main article:
316:
313:
251:
248:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
134:
133:
131:
130:
123:
116:
108:
105:
104:
103:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
74:
73:
72:
71:
68:
65:
57:
56:
52:
51:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4930:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4838:
4830:
4829:
4826:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4717:New Hampshire
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4678:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4666:National bank
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4647:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4590:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4550:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4396:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4329:
4324:
4322:
4317:
4315:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4250:Harry Hopkins
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3977:
3972:
3970:
3965:
3963:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3827:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3765:
3760:
3756:
3750:
3746:
3745:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3681:
3679:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3659:
3655:
3654:Happen Again?
3651:
3647:
3646:Minsky, Hyman
3643:
3632:(July/August)
3631:
3627:
3622:
3618:
3617:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3561:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3526:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3506:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3480:Canals, Jordi
3477:
3474:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3447:
3443:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3359:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3112:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3089:
3085:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3064:
3059:
3053:
3035:
3034:
3028:
3023:
3017:
2999:
2998:
2992:
2977:
2970:
2969:
2963:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2848:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2751:
2747:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2718:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2635:
2630:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2540:Mayer, Martin
2537:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2404:
2403:
2396:
2393:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2376:
2365:on 2012-09-17
2364:
2360:
2359:
2352:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2241:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2190:
2189:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2093:
2081:
2074:
2069:
2054:
2047:
2046:
2040:
2025:
2024:
2018:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1975:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1924:
1923:
1917:
1905:
1898:
1893:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1858:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1758:
1751:
1750:
1744:
1729:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1662:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1636:
1629:
1624:
1609:
1608:
1602:
1591:
1590:
1583:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1558:
1553:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1504:on 2012-02-24
1503:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1460:
1453:
1448:
1437:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1399:
1384:
1377:
1376:
1370:
1358:
1351:
1346:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1191:
1180:
1176:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1143:on 2012-08-04
1139:
1135:
1128:
1127:
1120:
1117:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1084:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1063:, (New York:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1053:Simon Johnson
1049:
1046:
1035:on 2015-04-28
1034:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1004:
1001:
990:
986:
980:
977:
971:
968:
962:
959:
953:
950:
944:
941:
935:
932:
926:
923:
917:
914:
908:
905:
899:
897:
893:
882:
878:
872:
869:
853:
849:
845:
838:
823:
819:
812:
805:
802:
791:
790:
785:
778:
776:
772:
759:
755:
751:
744:
741:
728:
724:
720:
714:
711:
707:
702:
701:U.S. Newswire
698:
685:
681:
677:
671:
668:
662:
659:
653:
650:
644:
641:
637:
631:
628:
624:
619:
616:
610:
607:
603:
598:
596:
592:
586:
582:
579:
577:
576:Systemic risk
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
561:Corporate law
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
543:
539:
537:
535:
530:
526:
522:
516:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
492:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
467:
459:
457:
455:
451:
450:
443:
440:
435:
430:
422:
420:
416:
414:
410:
406:
400:
398:
392:
388:
382:
379:
376:
373:
372:
371:
369:
361:
359:
355:
351:
348:
343:
341:
335:
333:
329:
322:
314:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
286:
282:
278:
275:
271:
267:
263:
260:
256:
249:
247:
245:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
177:
174:
172:
168:
164:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
129:
124:
122:
117:
115:
110:
109:
107:
106:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
77:
76:
75:
69:
66:
64:
61:
60:
59:
58:
53:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4857:Banks portal
4797:Other topics
4747:Pennsylvania
4656:Credit union
4431:
4422:McFadden Act
4092:
3901:
3871:
3867:
3850:
3833:(1): 33–55,
3830:
3824:
3813:
3786:
3763:
3743:
3725:
3712:February 25,
3710:, retrieved
3703:the original
3690:
3686:
3677:
3653:
3649:
3636:February 25,
3634:, retrieved
3629:
3614:
3597:
3591:
3568:
3554:February 16,
3552:, retrieved
3548:the original
3543:
3539:
3523:
3504:
3484:
3462:
3452:February 27,
3450:, retrieved
3448:(2): 137–193
3445:
3441:
3414:
3393:
3389:
3362:
3356:
3346:
3307:
3290:
3286:
3272:(34): 1–89,
3269:
3259:February 25,
3257:, retrieved
3252:
3248:
3234:February 25,
3232:, retrieved
3227:
3223:
3194:
3190:
3180:February 19,
3178:, retrieved
3171:the original
3166:
3162:
3138:
3128:February 25,
3126:, retrieved
3122:the original
3116:
3105:February 25,
3103:, retrieved
3099:the original
3093:
3068:
3043:February 25,
3041:, retrieved
3032:
3007:February 25,
3005:, retrieved
2996:
2985:February 11,
2983:, retrieved
2976:the original
2967:
2956:February 20,
2954:, retrieved
2947:the original
2940:
2911:
2898:February 25,
2896:, retrieved
2891:
2877:February 25,
2875:, retrieved
2867:
2853:February 13,
2851:, retrieved
2846:
2814:
2810:
2800:February 14,
2798:, retrieved
2793:
2789:
2766:
2756:February 25,
2754:, retrieved
2752:(2): 137–193
2749:
2745:
2731:(6): 483–528
2728:
2724:
2706:
2687:
2668:
2658:February 25,
2656:, retrieved
2649:the original
2644:
2640:
2621:, retrieved
2617:the original
2607:
2586:
2565:
2544:
2530:February 25,
2528:, retrieved
2523:
2519:
2505:February 25,
2503:, retrieved
2501:(2): 457–475
2498:
2494:
2471:
2461:February 25,
2459:, retrieved
2457:(4): 691–722
2454:
2450:
2437:February 24,
2435:, retrieved
2430:
2426:
2401:
2380:
2369:February 24,
2367:, retrieved
2363:the original
2356:
2345:February 12,
2343:, retrieved
2315:
2309:
2295:February 25,
2293:, retrieved
2288:
2284:
2263:
2259:
2246:February 11,
2244:, retrieved
2239:
2209:
2187:
2162:
2146:, retrieved
2144:(2): 107–116
2141:
2135:
2121:February 12,
2119:, retrieved
2112:the original
2107:
2103:
2086:February 11,
2084:, retrieved
2079:
2062:February 24,
2060:, retrieved
2053:the original
2044:
2033:February 16,
2031:, retrieved
2022:
2011:February 24,
2009:, retrieved
2002:the original
1989:
1985:
1968:February 19,
1966:, retrieved
1959:the original
1946:
1930:, retrieved
1921:
1910:February 24,
1908:, retrieved
1903:
1886:February 24,
1884:, retrieved
1877:the original
1872:
1868:
1851:February 25,
1849:, retrieved
1847:(1): 159–195
1844:
1840:
1817:
1807:February 24,
1805:, retrieved
1803:(4): 501–577
1800:
1796:
1773:
1763:February 25,
1761:, retrieved
1748:
1737:February 24,
1735:, retrieved
1728:the original
1719:
1705:February 24,
1703:, retrieved
1698:
1694:
1668:
1650:
1640:February 24,
1638:, retrieved
1634:
1617:February 24,
1615:, retrieved
1606:
1595:February 24,
1593:, retrieved
1587:
1574:, retrieved
1572:(6): 473–508
1569:
1563:
1546:February 24,
1544:, retrieved
1537:the original
1532:
1528:
1508:February 24,
1506:, retrieved
1502:the original
1496:
1482:
1478:
1465:February 24,
1463:, retrieved
1458:
1441:February 24,
1439:, retrieved
1427:
1403:
1392:February 19,
1390:, retrieved
1383:the original
1374:
1363:February 10,
1361:, retrieved
1356:
1340:February 10,
1338:, retrieved
1331:the original
1326:
1302:
1281:
1260:
1241:
1237:
1217:February 20,
1215:, retrieved
1210:
1206:
1193:
1182:, retrieved
1178:
1167:February 20,
1165:, retrieved
1155:
1145:, retrieved
1138:the original
1125:
1119:
1108:. Retrieved
1096:
1086:
1072:
1048:
1037:. Retrieved
1033:the original
1023:
1008:
1003:
992:. Retrieved
988:
979:
970:
961:
952:
943:
934:
925:
916:
907:
884:. Retrieved
880:
871:
861:February 20,
859:, retrieved
852:the original
847:
843:
828:February 20,
826:, retrieved
821:
817:
804:
793:. Retrieved
787:
764:February 20,
762:, retrieved
758:the original
753:
743:
731:. Retrieved
727:the original
722:
713:
704:
696:
687:. Retrieved
679:
670:
661:
652:
643:
630:
625:, p. 10
618:
609:
581:Volcker rule
518:
503:
499:
495:
488:
484:Paul Krugman
469:
454:Bill Clinton
447:
444:
436:
432:
417:
401:
393:
389:
386:
365:
356:
352:
344:
336:
324:
305:Carter Glass
290:
262:Carter Glass
244:Ben Bernanke
222:
218:Bill Clinton
203:
192:
175:
167:Carter Glass
161:As with the
160:
139:
137:
89:
35:
4778:CAEL Rating
4773:Call report
4400:legislation
4228:Individuals
4038:Economy Act
4007:Brain Trust
2942:Vanity Fair
2623:February 9,
2545:The Bankers
2256:Kregel, Jan
2229:Kregel, Jan
2148:October 16,
1932:October 16,
1576:October 16,
1184:October 11,
965:Perino 2010
789:Vanity Fair
525:ringfencing
146:separating
55:Foundations
4872:Categories
4722:New Jersey
4687:California
4671:State bank
4538:Dodd–Frank
3941:Operations
2433:(2): 36–42
1947:The Crisis
1461:(37): 1–45
1229:References
1110:2016-09-11
1057:James Kwak
1039:2014-03-20
1017:1337904821
994:2021-10-01
886:2016-09-11
795:2016-09-11
706:different.
689:October 8,
470:After the
303:: Senator
239:, such as
152:investment
148:commercial
4752:Tennessee
4260:Huey Long
4017:Criticism
3902:Frontline
3255:(1): 1–88
2796:: 311–344
2340:158660439
2231:(2010a),
1161:FactCheck
1105:0362-4331
623:CRS 2010a
602:CRS 2010a
478:laureate
405:Citigroup
231:laureate
4837:Category
4757:Virginia
4737:Oklahoma
4727:New York
4712:Michigan
4707:Maryland
4702:Illinois
4692:Colorado
4288:Category
4026:New Deal
3983:New Deal
3931:Archived
3784:(2019),
3734:68-20529
3674:(2006),
3648:(1982),
3482:(1997),
3412:(1988),
3345:(1949),
3147:27088818
3052:citation
3016:citation
2542:(1974),
1717:(2011),
1520:(1999),
1494:(1983),
1311:28542600
1147:July 13,
733:April 6,
636:FRB 1998
540:See also
409:Citibank
397:S&Ls
295:and the
250:Sponsors
241:Chairman
206:Citibank
4697:Florida
4543:EGRRCPA
4293:Commons
3606:2118032
3381:2647102
3211:1115748
2831:1280817
2526:: 25–69
2332:1288728
2272:1810803
63:Banking
4742:Oregon
4503:FDICIA
4498:FIRREA
3880:984103
3878:
3859:742920
3857:
3794:
3770:
3751:
3732:
3660:
3604:
3575:
3511:
3492:
3469:
3422:
3379:
3326:838267
3324:
3314:
3299:315345
3297:
3278:291859
3276:
3209:
3145:
3080:
2918:
2849:: 1–17
2829:
2773:
2713:
2694:
2675:
2594:
2573:
2552:
2478:
2410:
2388:
2338:
2330:
2270:
2217:
2196:
2173:
1824:
1780:
1675:
1657:
1411:
1309:
1290:
1267:
1103:
1015:
285:Ala.-3
272:) and
4766:Terms
3706:(PDF)
3683:(PDF)
3602:JSTOR
3438:(PDF)
3377:JSTOR
3207:JSTOR
3174:(PDF)
3159:(PDF)
3037:(PDF)
3001:(PDF)
2979:(PDF)
2972:(PDF)
2950:(PDF)
2937:(PDF)
2872:(PDF)
2843:(PDF)
2827:JSTOR
2742:(PDF)
2652:(PDF)
2637:(PDF)
2358:1998"
2336:S2CID
2328:JSTOR
2236:(PDF)
2167:41–65
2115:(PDF)
2100:(PDF)
2076:(PDF)
2056:(PDF)
2049:(PDF)
2027:(PDF)
2005:(PDF)
1982:(PDF)
1962:(PDF)
1951:(PDF)
1926:(PDF)
1900:(PDF)
1880:(PDF)
1865:(PDF)
1753:(PDF)
1731:(PDF)
1724:(PDF)
1691:(PDF)
1631:(PDF)
1611:(PDF)
1560:(PDF)
1540:(PDF)
1525:(PDF)
1455:(PDF)
1432:(PDF)
1386:(PDF)
1379:(PDF)
1353:(PDF)
1334:(PDF)
1323:(PDF)
1203:(PDF)
1141:(PDF)
1130:(PDF)
855:(PDF)
840:(PDF)
814:(PDF)
587:Notes
299:were
70:Graft
67:Grift
4732:Ohio
3876:SSRN
3855:OCLC
3792:ISBN
3768:ISBN
3749:ISBN
3730:LCCN
3714:2012
3658:ISBN
3650:Can
3638:2012
3573:ISBN
3556:2012
3509:ISBN
3490:ISBN
3467:ISBN
3454:2012
3420:ISBN
3322:SSRN
3312:ISBN
3295:SSRN
3291:2002
3274:SSRN
3261:2012
3236:2012
3182:2012
3143:OCLC
3130:2012
3107:2012
3078:ISBN
3074:7–62
3058:link
3045:2012
3022:link
3009:2012
2987:2012
2958:2012
2916:ISBN
2900:2012
2879:2012
2855:2012
2802:2012
2771:ISBN
2758:2012
2711:ISBN
2692:ISBN
2673:ISBN
2660:2012
2625:2012
2592:ISBN
2571:ISBN
2550:ISBN
2532:2012
2507:2012
2476:ISBN
2463:2012
2439:2012
2408:ISBN
2386:ISBN
2371:2012
2347:2012
2297:2012
2268:SSRN
2248:2012
2215:ISBN
2194:ISBN
2171:ISBN
2150:2014
2123:2012
2088:2012
2064:2012
2035:2012
2013:2012
1970:2012
1934:2014
1912:2012
1888:2012
1853:2012
1822:ISBN
1809:2012
1778:ISBN
1765:2012
1739:2012
1707:2012
1673:ISBN
1655:ISBN
1642:2012
1619:2012
1597:2012
1589:1984
1578:2014
1548:2012
1510:2012
1467:2012
1443:2012
1409:ISBN
1394:2012
1365:2012
1342:2012
1307:OCLC
1288:ISBN
1265:ISBN
1219:2012
1186:2012
1169:2012
1149:2012
1101:ISSN
1055:and
1013:ISBN
863:2012
830:2012
766:2012
735:2017
691:2012
534:FDIC
274:Rep.
259:Sen.
150:and
138:The
4193:Act
3835:doi
3695:doi
3398:doi
3367:doi
3199:doi
2819:doi
2320:doi
1994:doi
1246:doi
1152:.
684:PBS
415:).
330:by
270:Va.
4874::
3872:39
3870:,
3831:23
3829:,
3812:,
3691:44
3689:,
3685:,
3652:It
3628:,
3598:84
3596:,
3544:11
3542:,
3538:,
3444:,
3440:,
3394:16
3392:,
3375:,
3363:14
3361:,
3320:,
3289:,
3251:,
3247:,
3228:58
3226:,
3222:,
3205:,
3195:35
3193:,
3165:,
3161:,
3076:,
3054:}}
3050:{{
3018:}}
3014:{{
2939:,
2890:,
2845:,
2825:,
2815:32
2813:,
2792:,
2788:,
2748:,
2744:,
2729:88
2727:,
2645:89
2643:,
2639:,
2611:,
2522:,
2518:,
2499:25
2497:,
2493:,
2455:25
2453:,
2449:,
2431:15
2429:,
2425:,
2334:,
2326:,
2316:85
2314:,
2308:,
2289:43
2287:,
2283:,
2264:63
2262:,
2238:,
2169:,
2142:78
2140:,
2134:,
2108:14
2106:,
2102:,
2078:,
1990:60
1988:,
1984:,
1902:,
1873:77
1871:,
1867:,
1845:19
1843:,
1839:,
1801:57
1799:,
1795:,
1699:80
1697:,
1693:,
1633:,
1570:73
1568:,
1562:,
1533:18
1531:,
1527:,
1483:44
1481:,
1477:,
1457:,
1434:,
1355:,
1325:,
1242:14
1240:,
1211:43
1209:,
1205:,
1177:,
1159:,
1132:,
1099:.
1095:.
1059:,
987:.
895:^
879:.
848:12
846:,
842:,
833:.
822:43
820:,
816:,
786:.
774:^
752:,
721:.
682:.
678:.
594:^
227:.
173:.
4327:e
4320:t
4313:v
4195:)
4191:(
3975:e
3968:t
3961:v
3883:.
3862:.
3842:.
3837::
3819:.
3801:.
3777:.
3758:.
3737:.
3717:.
3697::
3680:"
3667:.
3641:.
3620:.
3609:.
3582:.
3559:.
3530:.
3518:.
3499:.
3457:.
3446:5
3429:.
3405:.
3400::
3384:.
3369::
3351:.
3329:.
3302:.
3281:.
3264:.
3253:2
3239:.
3214:.
3201::
3185:.
3167:1
3150:.
3133:.
3110:.
3087:.
3062:.
3060:)
3026:.
3024:)
2990:.
2961:.
2925:.
2903:.
2882:.
2858:.
2834:.
2821::
2805:.
2794:2
2780:.
2761:.
2750:5
2733:.
2701:.
2682:.
2663:.
2628:.
2601:.
2580:.
2559:.
2535:.
2524:2
2510:.
2485:.
2466:.
2417:.
2374:.
2350:.
2322::
2300:.
2275:.
2251:.
2224:.
2203:.
2180:.
2153:.
2126:.
2091:.
2067:.
2038:.
2016:.
1996::
1973:.
1937:.
1915:.
1891:.
1856:.
1831:.
1812:.
1787:.
1768:.
1742:.
1710:.
1682:.
1645:.
1622:.
1600:.
1581:.
1551:.
1513:.
1487:.
1446:.
1418:.
1397:.
1368:.
1314:.
1297:.
1274:.
1255:.
1248::
1222:.
1113:.
1080:.
1042:.
997:.
889:.
866:.
798:.
769:.
737:.
693:.
638:.
283:–
281:D
279:(
268:–
266:D
264:(
127:e
120:t
113:v
42:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.