582:(PARI). APDA was created in response to recommendations of a group of international scientists who gathered in 2007 to discuss how to best preserve astronomical plates (see the Osborn and Robbins reference listed under Further reading). The discussions revealed that some observatories no longer could maintain their plate collections and needed a place to archive them. APDA is dedicated to housing and cataloging unwanted plates, with the goal to eventually catalog the plates and create a database of images that can be accessed via the Internet by the global community of scientists, researchers, and students. APDA now has a collection of more than 404,000 photographic images from over 40 observatories that are housed in a secure building with environmental control. The facility possesses several plate scanners, including two high-precision ones, GAMMA I and GAMMA II, built for NASA and the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) and used by a team under the leadership of the late Barry Lasker to develop the Guide Star Catalog and Digitized Sky Survey that are used to guide and direct the
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522:, which requires a recording medium with a large surface area and a submicroscopic level of resolution that currently (2014) available electronic image sensors cannot provide. In the realm of traditional photography, a small number of historical process enthusiasts make their own wet or dry plates from raw materials and use them in vintage large-format cameras.
36:
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expensive to produce than glass. Quality was eventually improved, manufacturing costs came down, and most amateurs gladly abandoned plates for films. After large-format high quality cut films for professional photographers were introduced in the late 1910s, the use of plates for ordinary photography of any kind became increasingly rare.
396:, which provided a more rigid, stable and flatter plane compared to plastic films. Beginning in the 1970s, high-contrast, fine grain emulsions coated on thicker plastic films manufactured by Kodak, Ilford and DuPont replaced glass plates. These films have largely been replaced by digital imaging technologies.
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Preservation of photographic plates is a particular need in astronomy, where changes often occur slowly and the plates represent irreplaceable records of the sky and astronomical objects that extend back over 100 years. The method of digitization of astronomical plates enables free and easy access to
173:
Glass plate photographic material largely faded from the consumer market in the early years of the 20th century, as more convenient and less fragile films were increasingly adopted. However, photographic plates were reportedly still being used by one photography business in London until the 1970s,
498:
The earliest flexible films of the late 1880s were sold for amateur use in medium-format cameras. The plastic was not of very high optical quality and tended to curl and otherwise not provide as desirably flat a support surface as a sheet of glass. Initially, a transparent plastic base was more
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holds an extensive collection of photographic plates. In 1955, wet plate negatives measuring 4 feet 6 inches (1.37 m) × 3 feet 2 inches (0.97 m) were reported to have been discovered in 1951 as part of the
517:
The manufacture of photographic plates has been discontinued by Kodak, Agfa and other widely known traditional makers. Eastern
European sources have subsequently catered to the minimal remaining demand, practically all of it for use in
560:
and formed the "Shore Tower" panorama of Sydney
Harbour. Albumen contact prints made from these negatives are in the holdings of the Holtermann Collection, the negatives are listed among the current holdings of the Collection.
327:
Glass-backed plates, rather than film, were generally used in astronomy because they do not shrink or deform noticeably in the development process or under environmental changes. Several important applications of
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Glass plates were far superior to film for research-quality imaging because they were stable and less likely to bend or distort, especially in large-format frames for wide-field imaging. Early plates used the wet
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and prevent their valuable historical information from being lost. The emulsion on the plate can deteriorate. In addition, the glass plate medium is fragile and prone to cracking if not stored correctly.
506:(CCDs), which also provide outstanding dimensional stability. CCD cameras have several advantages over glass plates, including high efficiency, linear light response, and simplified image acquisition and
348:
and other manufacturers discontinued production of most kinds of plates as the market for them dwindled between 1980 and 2000, terminating most remaining astronomical use, including for sky surveys.
123:, typically thinner than common window glass. They were heavily used in the late 19th century and declined through the 20th. They were still used in some communities until the late 20th century.
742:
Girard, Terrence M.; Dinescu, Dana I.; Van Altena, William F.; Platais, Imants; Monet, David G.; López, Carlos E. (2004). "The
Southern Proper Motion Program. III. A Near-Complete Catalog to
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has a large collection of both wet and dry plate photographic negatives, dating from 1855 through 1900, over 7,500 of which have been digitized from the period 1861 to 1865. The
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community as late as the 1990s. Workshops on the use of glass plate photography as an alternative medium or for artistic use are still being conducted.
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The persistent use of plates in astronomical and other scientific applications started to decline in the early 1980s as they were gradually replaced by
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1249:"Treasure Hunting in Astronomical Plate Archives." (Proceedings of the international Workshop held at Sonneberg Observatory, March 4 to 6, 1999.)
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in the 1930s and 1940s, first in physics laboratories, then by commercial manufacturers, enabled the discovery and measurement of both the
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were scanned and cataloged. Another example of an astronomical plate archive is the
Astronomical Photographic Data Archive (APDA) at the
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those unique astronomical data and it is one of the most popular approaches to preserve them. This approach was applied at the
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of most photographic plates, which has forced modern survey cameras to use large CCD arrays to obtain the same coverage.
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Many solar system objects were discovered by using photographic plates, superseding earlier visual methods. Discovery of
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Gillett, Martine; Garnier, Chantal; Flieder, Francoise (1986). "Glass plate negatives. Preservation and restoration".
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1263:"Preserving Astronomy's Photographic Legacy: Current State and the Future of North American Astronomical Plates."
372:, by using photographic plates to measure the intensity of the rays. Development of particle detection optimised
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and by one in
Bradford called the Belle Vue Studio that closed in 1975. They were in wide use by the professional
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556:. These purportedly were the largest glass negatives discovered at that time. These images were taken in 1875 by
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Pisgah
Astronomical Research Institute Astronomical Photographic Data Archive (PARI APDA)(Archive from Aug 2012)
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510:. However, even the largest CCD formats (e.g., 8192 × 8192 pixels) still do not have the detecting area and
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Fan, G. Y.; Ellisman, M. H. (1 October 2000). "Digital imaging in transmission electron microscopy".
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597:. Metadata is available via a searchable database, while a portion of the plates has been digitized.
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170:. It took photographs on glass plates measuring 8 feet (2.4 m) × 4.5 feet (1.4 m).
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Pisgah
Astronomical Research Institute (PARI) Astronomical Photographic Data Archive (APDA)
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was one of the first to study the absorption, in various materials, of the rays produced in
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1117:"Three glass plate negatives of Sydney Harbour from the Holtermann residence, St. Leonards"
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applications, although they have been largely replaced with reusable and computer readable
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586:. APDA's networked storage system can store and analyze more than 100 terabytes of data.
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Mimosa
Panchroma-Studio-Antihalo Panchromatic glass plates, 9 x 12cm, Mimosa A.-G. Dresden
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The sensitivity of certain types of photographic plates to ionizing radiation (usually
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Video demonstration of collodion wet plate preparation and photographic image creation
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Photographic emulsions were originally coated on thin glass plates for imaging with
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Biological electron microscopy : theory, techniques, and troubleshooting
669:"Harrow Photos – History of the Hills & Saunders Photographic Collection"
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1143:"Processing of Digital Plates 1.2m of Baldone Observatory Schmidt Telescope"
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Image resulting from a glass plate negative showing Devil's
Cascade in 1900.
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637:"The Largest Photograph in the World of the Handsomest Train in the World"
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by carefully examining a bulge in Pluto's image on a photographic plate.
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nicknamed "The
Mammoth" weighing 1,400 pounds (640 kg) was built by
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Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, Vol. 410 (2009),
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254:) of the 1950s, the follow-up POSS-II survey of the 1990s, and the UK
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2010:
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699:"Belle Vue Studio - Photo Archive - Bradford Museums & Galleries"
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713:"Charon Discovery Image – Galleries – NASA Solar System Exploration"
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improved to the point where it could outmatch photographic results.
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136:. The wet plate process was replaced late in the 19th century by
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828:(2nd ed.). New York, NY: Kluwer Academic. p. 194.
1021:"Australia's Holtermann collection of wet plate negatives"
246:
were taken using photographic plates, including the first
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Photographic plates were also an important tool in early
111:
as a capture medium in photography. The light-sensitive
1064:"Panorama of Sydney and the Harbour, New South Wales"
1247:
Peter Kroll, Constanze La Dous, Hans-Jürgen Bräuer:
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A historical collection of photographic plates from
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The Sonneberg Plates Archiv (Sonneberg Observatory)
1028:Journal of Photography of the George Eastman House
530:Several institutions have established archives to
1333:Information on creation of wet-plate photographs
1251:Verlag Herri Deutsch, Frankfurt am Main (1999),
574:where about 22,000 glass and film plates of the
1221:"Carnegie Observatories Plate Archive Database"
1141:Ilgmars Eglitis and Vitaly Andruk (June 2017).
968:"Civil War Glass Negatives and Related Prints"
943:"Civil War Glass Negatives and Related Prints"
308:was discovered using photographic plates in a
1353:
1015:
1013:
822:Dykstra, Michael J.; Reuss, Laura E. (2003).
642:. Chicago & Alton Railway. Archived from
8:
1299:The Harvard College Observatory Plate Stacks
2905:Conservation and restoration of photographs
466:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
288:using photographic plates was pioneered by
2632:Comparison of digital and film photography
1360:
1346:
1338:
1121:State Library of New South Wales Catalogue
2857:Photographs considered the most important
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759:
486:Learn how and when to remove this message
316:was discovered 48 years later in 1978 by
300:discovered using photographic plates was
162:in 1899, specifically to photograph "The
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60:of all important aspects of the article.
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580:Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute
56:Please consider expanding the lead to
1328:Course on field wet-plate photography
7:
1034:(3): 6–8. March 1955. Archived from
464:adding citations to reliable sources
2852:Museums devoted to one photographer
1277:https://www.pari.edu/research/adpa/
799:Herz, A.J.; Lock, W.O. (May 1966).
2394:Timeline of photography technology
1197:"Plate Archive Search Tool (PAST)"
25:
972:United States Library of Congress
572:Baldone Astrophysical Observatory
2955:
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2944:
870:10.1046/j.1365-2818.2000.00737.x
436:
292:beginning with his discovery of
34:
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340:, continued using plates until
48:may be too short to adequately
1225:plates.obs.carnegiescience.edu
1068:Art Gallery of New South Wales
58:provide an accessible overview
1:
2444:Painted photography backdrops
2376:Golden triangle (composition)
1656:35 mm equivalent focal length
1096:National Gallery of Australia
717:NASA Solar System Exploration
420:detectors and other types of
532:preserve photographic plates
27:Target medium in photography
2154:Intentional camera movement
1314:Capturing Oregon's Frontier
1261:Wayne Osborn, Lee Robbins:
360:, as they are blackened by
168:Chicago & Alton Railway
3024:
2847:Most expensive photographs
2199:Multi-exposure HDR capture
1318:Oregon Public Broadcasting
2940:
334:astronomical spectroscopy
84:photographic plates, 1880
2781:Digital image processing
1316:Documentary produced by
947:U.S. Library of Congress
921:10.1515/rest.1986.7.2.49
748:The Astronomical Journal
2889:Photography periodicals
2449:Photography and the law
1168:10.1515/astro-2017-0002
3008:Monochrome photography
2801:Gelatin silver process
1825:Science of photography
1810:Photographic processes
1788:Perspective distortion
1289:Carnegie Observatories
1201:Carnegie Observatories
595:Carnegie Observatories
591:Mt. Wilson observatory
584:Hubble Space Telescope
504:charge-coupled devices
318:U.S. Naval Observatory
151:
101:
93:
85:
2993:X-ray instrumentation
2983:Photography equipment
2254:Schlieren photography
1798:Photographic printing
1721:Exposure compensation
1089:"Holtermann panorama"
997:George Eastman Museum
858:Journal of Microscopy
554:Holtermann Collection
549:George Eastman Museum
166:" train owned by the
149:
99:
91:
80:
2043:Straight photography
1681:Chromatic aberration
593:is available at the
460:improve this section
408:) is also useful in
394:electron microscopes
296:in 1891. The first
244:astronomical surveys
2915:photographic plates
2590:Digital photography
1773:Hyperfocal distance
1686:Circle of confusion
1159:2017OAst...26....1N
1041:on 9 September 2015
801:"Nuclear Emulsions"
770:2004AJ....127.3060G
565:Scientific archives
545:Library of Congress
539:Historical archives
388:Electron microscopy
358:high-energy physics
248:Palomar Observatory
183:
105:Photographic plates
2988:Particle detectors
2409:Autochrome Lumière
2404:Analog photography
2229:Pigeon photography
2023:Social documentary
1502:discontinued films
723:on 30 January 2016
649:on 7 February 2016
543:The United States
362:ionizing radiation
181:
160:George R. Lawrence
152:
102:
94:
86:
2970:
2969:
2761:Collodion process
2697:Chromogenic print
2684:Color photography
2194:Multiple exposure
2169:Lo-fi photography
1701:Color temperature
1271:978-1-58381-700-1
617:Photographic film
576:Schmidt Telescope
496:
495:
488:
374:nuclear emulsions
370:radioactive decay
366:Ernest Rutherford
298:natural satellite
230:
229:
134:collodion process
109:photographic film
75:
74:
16:(Redirected from
3015:
2959:
2958:
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2947:
2821:Print permanence
2766:Cross processing
2724:CMYK color model
2709:Color management
2662:Foveon X3 sensor
2657:Three-CCD camera
2301:Miniature faking
2259:Sabattier effect
1876:Astrophotography
1731:Zebra patterning
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761:astro-ph/0402411
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719:. Archived from
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679:on 17 April 2009
675:. Archived from
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414:material science
330:astrophotography
322:James W. Christy
310:blink comparator
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119:was coated on a
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2729:RGB color model
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2346:Diagonal method
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1981:Photojournalism
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1676:Black-and-white
1644:
1623:Slide projector
1618:Movie projector
1497:available films
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1242:Further reading
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410:medical imaging
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342:digital imaging
271:Harvard College
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233:Scientific uses
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2129:Hand-colouring
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1820:Red-eye effect
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1726:Exposure value
1723:
1718:
1713:
1711:Depth of focus
1708:
1706:Depth of field
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1296:
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1284:
1283:External links
1281:
1280:
1279:
1273:
1259:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1212:
1188:
1174:
1147:Open Astronomy
1133:
1108:
1080:
1052:
1009:
993:"Conservation"
984:
959:
934:
899:
864:(Pt 1): 1–13.
848:
835:978-0306477492
834:
814:
791:
778:10.1086/383545
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389:
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279:variable stars
265:. A number of
239:
236:
234:
231:
228:
227:
226:216mm × 165mm
224:
221:
217:
216:
215:120mm × 165mm
213:
210:
206:
205:
202:
199:
198:Quarter-plate
195:
194:
191:
188:
128:
125:
100:Negative plate
73:
72:
66:September 2019
52:the key points
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
18:Glass negative
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13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3020:
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2875:
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2868:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2862:Photographers
2860:
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2754:
2752:
2751:Bleach bypass
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2738:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2719:primary color
2717:
2715:
2712:
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2710:
2707:
2705:
2704:Reversal film
2702:
2698:
2695:
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2690:
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2669:Image sharing
2667:
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2429:Daguerreotype
2427:
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2274:Stopping down
2272:
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2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
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2240:
2239:Rephotography
2237:
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2227:
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2174:Long-exposure
2172:
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1871:Architectural
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1830:Shutter speed
1828:
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1783:Metering mode
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1696:Color balance
1694:
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1687:
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1664:
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1661:Angle of view
1659:
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1608:Manufacturers
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749:
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738:
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673:Harrow School
670:
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450:
445:This section
443:
439:
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427:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
399:
397:
395:
387:
385:
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379:
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371:
367:
363:
359:
351:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:minor planets
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
267:observatories
264:
260:
257:
253:
249:
245:
237:
232:
225:
222:
219:
218:
214:
211:
208:
207:
204:83mm × 108mm
203:
200:
197:
196:
192:
189:
186:
185:
179:
177:
171:
169:
165:
164:Alton Limited
161:
157:
148:
144:
142:
139:
135:
126:
124:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
98:
90:
83:
79:
69:
59:
53:
51:
46:
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2927:Polaroid art
2816:K-14 process
2811:Instant film
2806:Gum printing
2756:C-41 process
2741:Photographic
2642:Image sensor
2637:Film scanner
2453:
2291:Sun printing
2224:Print toning
2016:space selfie
1986:Pictorialism
1916:Ethnographic
1896:Conservation
1768:Guide number
1763:Focal length
1262:
1248:
1228:. Retrieved
1224:
1215:
1204:. Retrieved
1200:
1191:
1177:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1124:. Retrieved
1120:
1111:
1099:. Retrieved
1095:
1083:
1071:. Retrieved
1067:
1043:. Retrieved
1036:the original
1031:
1027:
1000:. Retrieved
996:
987:
975:. Retrieved
971:
962:
950:. Retrieved
946:
937:
915:(2): 49–80.
912:
908:
902:
861:
857:
851:
839:. Retrieved
824:
817:
808:
805:CERN Courier
804:
794:
751:
747:
743:
737:
725:. Retrieved
721:the original
716:
707:
693:
681:. Retrieved
677:the original
672:
663:
651:. Retrieved
644:the original
631:
588:
568:
542:
529:
526:Preservation
516:
501:
497:
482:
473:
458:Please help
446:
403:
391:
355:
332:, including
326:
283:
269:, including
263:declinations
261:of southern
250:Sky Survey (
242:Many famous
241:
223:6½ × 8½ in.
212:4¾ × 6½ in.
201:3¼ × 4¼ in.
176:astronomical
172:
153:
130:
120:
117:silver salts
104:
103:
63:
47:
45:lead section
3003:Radiography
2932:Stereoscopy
2791:E-6 process
2786:Dye coupler
2714:color space
2627:Digiscoping
2620:camera back
2535:Philippines
2464:Visual arts
2454:Glass plate
2439:Heliography
2338:Composition
2313:Ultraviolet
2269:Stereoscopy
2264:Slow motion
2249:Scanography
2164:Kite aerial
2109:Contre-jour
2001:Post-mortem
1991:Pornography
1971:Neues Sehen
1906:Documentary
1840:Zone System
1815:Reciprocity
1741:Film format
1671:Backscatter
1649:Terminology
1519:beauty dish
1423:rangefinder
1388:light-field
1369:Photography
1304:APDA @ PARI
1153:(1): 7–17.
909:Restaurator
754:(5): 3060.
418:image plate
320:astronomer
312:; its moon
220:Full-plate
209:Half-plate
156:view camera
121:glass plate
2977:Categories
2922:Lomography
2743:processing
2692:Print film
2608:comparison
2575:Uzbekistan
2525:Luxembourg
2485:Bangladesh
2434:Dufaycolor
2414:Box camera
2371:Simplicity
2328:Zoom burst
2323:Xerography
2318:Vignetting
2308:Time-lapse
2296:Tilt–shift
2189:Mordançage
2179:Luminogram
2144:Holography
2139:High-speed
2119:Fill flash
2104:Burst mode
2082:Techniques
2063:Vernacular
2058:Underwater
2053:Toy camera
2033:Still life
1961:Monochrome
1951:High-speed
1901:Cloudscape
1891:Conceptual
1793:Photograph
1778:Lens flare
1758:Film speed
1640:Zone plate
1586:wide-angle
1571:long-focus
1230:2021-01-07
1206:2020-12-16
841:21 January
727:21 January
683:8 February
653:30 January
623:References
520:holography
512:resolution
508:processing
338:astrometry
304:in 1898.
294:323 Brucia
141:dry plates
2867:Norwegian
2831:Stop bath
2776:Developer
2771:Cyanotype
2399:Ambrotype
2361:Lead room
2284:Slit-scan
2219:Photogram
2214:Panoramic
2124:Fireworks
1956:Landscape
1601:telephoto
1549:reflector
1544:monolight
1539:lens hood
1524:cucoloris
1465:safelight
1376:Equipment
878:0022-2720
746:= 17.5".
612:Film base
476:July 2019
447:does not
275:Sonneberg
238:Astronomy
187:Known as
107:preceded
50:summarize
2951:Category
2647:CMOS APS
2545:Slovenia
2473:Regional
2419:Calotype
2356:Headroom
2234:Redscale
2149:Infrared
2099:Brenizer
2073:Wildlife
1996:Portrait
1941:Forensic
1931:Fine-art
1866:Aircraft
1856:Abstract
1736:F-number
1716:Exposure
1691:Clipping
1666:Aperture
1534:hot shoe
1460:enlarger
1455:Darkroom
1101:24 March
1073:24 March
1045:23 March
1002:23 March
929:93161043
886:11012823
811:: 83–87.
786:15153001
601:See also
378:pi-meson
290:Max Wolf
190:Imperial
113:emulsion
2962:Outline
2898:Related
2580:Vietnam
2565:Ukraine
2500:Denmark
2480:Albania
2459:Tintype
2386:History
2351:Framing
2244:Rollout
2209:Panning
2159:Kirlian
2068:Wedding
1946:Glamour
1926:Fashion
1911:Eclipse
1881:Banquet
1803:Albumen
1613:Monopod
1591:fisheye
1559:softbox
1413:pinhole
1403:instant
1393:digital
1155:Bibcode
1126:7 April
977:6 April
952:6 April
894:2034467
766:Bibcode
468:removed
453:sources
428:Decline
382:K-meson
352:Physics
256:Schmidt
193:Metric
138:gelatin
127:History
2960:
2949:
2877:street
2872:Polish
2560:Turkey
2555:Taiwan
2540:Serbia
2530:Norway
2505:Greece
2490:Canada
2089:Afocal
2048:Street
2028:Sports
2011:Selfie
1966:Nature
1921:Erotic
1886:Candid
1861:Aerial
1849:Genres
1751:medium
1628:Tripod
1596:swivel
1509:Filter
1487:holder
1482:format
1383:Camera
1269:
1255:
1183:"ADPA"
927:
892:
884:
876:
832:
784:
607:Camera
406:X-rays
314:Charon
302:Phoebe
259:survey
182:Sizes
2882:women
2840:Lists
2796:Fixer
2674:Pixel
2603:D-SLR
2550:Sudan
2520:Korea
2515:Japan
2510:India
2495:China
2279:Strip
2204:Night
2184:Macro
2094:Bokeh
2038:Stock
2006:Ruins
1746:large
1576:prime
1554:snoot
1514:Flash
1492:stock
1433:still
1418:press
1408:phone
1398:field
1092:(PDF)
1039:(PDF)
1024:(PDF)
925:S2CID
890:S2CID
782:S2CID
756:arXiv
647:(PDF)
640:(PDF)
346:Kodak
306:Pluto
143:.
2910:film
2615:MILC
2114:ETTR
1976:Nude
1936:Fire
1835:Sync
1633:head
1581:zoom
1566:Lens
1529:gobo
1477:base
1472:Film
1448:view
1267:ISBN
1253:ISBN
1128:2016
1103:2016
1075:2016
1047:2016
1004:2016
979:2016
954:2016
882:PMID
874:ISSN
843:2016
830:ISBN
729:2016
685:2016
655:2016
451:any
449:cite
412:and
380:and
336:and
273:and
252:POSS
82:AGFA
2652:CCD
1443:toy
1438:TLR
1428:SLR
1163:doi
917:doi
866:doi
862:200
774:doi
752:127
462:by
115:of
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1199:.
1161:.
1151:26
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