Eel life history - Knowledge (XXG)

235:. It is applied to an intermediary stage in the eel's complex life history between the leptocephalus stage and the juvenile (elver) stage. Glass eels are defined as "all developmental stages from completion of leptocephalus metamorphosis until full pigmentation". Once the glass eels arrive at coastal areas, they migrate up rivers and streams, overcoming various natural and man-made challenges — sometimes by piling up their bodies by the tens of thousands to climb over obstacles — and they reach even the smallest of creeks. At this stage in their growth they are small enough to benefit from 1922: 2611: 2053: 2604: 151: 2597: 548:. Traditional eel aquaculture operations rely on wild-caught elvers, but experimental hormone treatments in Japan have led to artificially spawned eels. Eggs from these treated eels have a diameter of about 1 mm, and each female can produce up to 10 million eggs. However, these treated eels may not solve the eel crisis. Scientists are struggling to get eels to 159: 2063: 462: 31: 171: 83:, who wrote the earliest known inquiry into the natural history of eels. He speculated that they were born of "earth worms", which he believed were formed of mud, growing from the "guts of wet soil" rather than through sexual reproduction. Many centuries passed before scientists were able to demonstrate that such 254:. For 10 to 14 years they mature, growing to a length of 60 to 80 cm. The eels can propel themselves over wet grass and dig through wet sand to reach upstream headwaters and ponds, thus colonizing the continent. During this stage they are called yellow eels because of their golden pigmentation. 510:

have sold in Hong Kong for as much as $ 5,000 to $ 6,000 a kilogram at times when $ 1,000 would buy the same amount of American glass eels at their catching sites. Such a kilogram, consisting of 5000 glass eels, may bring at least $ 60,000 and as much as $ 150,000 after they leave an Asian fish farm.

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Nelson, Joseph S., Edwin J. Crossman, Héctor Espinosa-Pérez, Lloyd T. Findley, Carter R. Gilbert, Robert N. Lea, & James D. Williams, (2004). Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico, Sixth Edition. American Fisheries Society Special Publication, no. 29.

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Tesch — like Schmidt — kept trying to persuade sponsors to provide more funding for expeditions. His proposal was to release 50 silver eels from Danish waters, with transmitters that would detach from the eels each second day, float up toward the surface, and broadcast their position, depth, and

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when the batteries ran out According to Schmidt, a travel speed in the ocean of 15 km per day can be assumed, so a silver eel would need around 140 to 150 days to reach the Sargasso Sea from Scotland and about 165 to 175 days when leaving from the English Channel.

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across the Atlantic Ocean from the Sargasso Sea, and grow to 75–90 mm within one to three years, before they reach the coasts of Europe. Marine eels of the order Anguilliformes also have a leptocephalus stage, and likely pass through a stage similar to the anguillid

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Nigrelli, R.F. (1959). Longevity of fishes in captivity, with special reference to those kept in the New York Aquarium. pp. 212–230. G.E.W. Wolstehnolmen & M. O'Connor Ciba Foundation Colloquium on Ageing: the life span of animals. Vol. 5., Churchill,

518:, England, for centuries, but for about 200 years, from the sixteenth to eighteenth century, the practice was outlawed by act of Parliament. The restriction was removed in 1873 and in 1908 a collection point and holding station for the catch was established at 1413:

Claro, Rodolfo, & Lynne R. Parenti (2001). Chapter 2: The Marine Ichthyofauna of Cuba. Claro, Rodolfo, Kenyon C. Lindeman, & L.R. Parenti, Ecology of the Marine Fishes of Cuba. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, DC, USA. pp. 21–57.

427:) have an interesting migratory pattern: It takes them on a long journey from their spawning grounds in the Indian Ocean north of Madagascar to high up in some of the Southern African river systems and then back again to the ocean off Madagascar. 257:

In July, some mature individuals migrate back towards the sea, sometimes crossing wet grasslands at night to reach rivers that lead to the sea. Eel migrations out of their freshwater growth habitats from various parts of Europe, or through the

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demand for eels could not be met for the first time ever, and dealers from Asia bought all they could. The traditional European stocking programs could not compete any longer: each week, the price for a kilogram of glass eel went up another

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of the American eel exit the Gulf Stream earlier than the European eel and begin migrating into the estuaries along the east coast of North America between February and late April at an age around one year and a length around 60 mm.

334:. First it was believed European and American eels were the same species due to their similar appearance and behavior, but they differ in chromosome count and various molecular genetic markers, and in the number of vertebrae, 1409:

Claro, R. (1994). Characterísticas generales de la ictiofauna. pp. 55–70. R. Claro Ecología de los peces marinos de Cuba. Instituto de Oceanología Academia de Ciencias de Cuba and Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana

142:. (He also observed that salt water was necessary to support the maturation process.) Although the connection between larval eels and adult eels is now well understood, the name leptocephalus is still used for larval eel. 277:

remain poorly understood. By the time they leave Europe, their gut dissolves, making feeding impossible, so they have to rely on stored energy alone. The external features undergo other dramatic changes, as well: the

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Eschmeyer, William N., (1998). Catalog of Fishes. Special Publication of the Center for Biodiversity Research and Information, no. 1, vol 1–3. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco, California, USA. 2905.

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Erdman, D.S. (1984). Exotic fishes in Puerto Rico. pp. 162–176. W.R. Courtney, Jr. & J.R. Stauffer, Jr. Distribution, biology and management of exotic fishes. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore,

590:), most likely due to uncontrolled aquaculture eel shipments. In Europe, eel populations are already from 30% to 100% infected with the nematode. Recently, this parasite was shown to inhibit the function of the 219:, or even find ready-to-spawn adult eels, he deduced the following about the life history of the eel, based on the size distribution of the leptocephali he collected: The larvae of European eels travel with the 62:

of the eel was long a mystery. Of particular interest has been the search for the spawning grounds for the various species of eels, and identifying the population impacts of different stages of the life cycle.

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For unknown reasons, beginning in the mid-1980s, glass eel arrival in the spring dropped drastically—in Germany to 10% and in France to 14% of their previous levels—from even conservative estimates. Data from

1515:. (1980). A List of Common and Scientific Names of Fishes from the United States and Canada, Fourth Edition. American Fisheries Society Special Publication, no. 12. American Fisheries Society. Bethesda, MD. 1522:. 1980. A List of Common and Scientific Names of Fishes from the United States and Canada, Fourth Edition. American Fisheries Society Special Publication, no. 12. American Fisheries Society. Bethesda, MD. 306:

temperature to satellite receivers. He also suggested that countries on the western side of the Atlantic could perform a similar release experiment at the same time. In December 2018 researchers in the

453:) that then drift along large oceanic currents back to New Zealand. This drifting is thought to take up to 15 months. There have been no recorded captures of either the eggs or larvae of longfin eels. 1525:

Smith, C.L. (1997). National Audubon Society field guide to tropical marine fishes of the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, Florida, the Bahamas, and Bermuda. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York, NY.

203:. He noted that all the leptocephali he found were very similar, and hypothesized that they all must have descended from a common ancestor. He also observed that the farther out to sea in the 231:

Eels in this so-called "recruitment" developmental stage are known as glass eels because of the transparency of their bodies. The term typically refers to a transparent eel of the family

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life cycle, that is: at different stages of development migrating between inland waterways and the deep ocean. Because fishermen never caught anything they recognized as young eels, the

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30. Even before the 1997 generation hit the coasts of Europe, dealers from China alone placed advance orders for more than 250,000 kg, some bidding more than $ 1,100 per kg. Asian

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In New Jersey, over 2000 licenses for glass eel catch were issued and reports of 38 kg per night and fisherman have been made, although the average catch is closer to 1 kg.

605:(living in fresh water but spawning in the sea), dams and other river obstructions can block their ability to reach inland feeding grounds. Since the 1970s, an increasing number of 1565: 101:

Larval eels — transparent, leaflike two-inch (five-cm) creatures of the open ocean — were not generally recognized as eels until 1893; instead, they were thought to be a separate

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dissected hundreds of eels in search of the male sex organs. He had to concede failure in his first major published research paper, and turned to other issues in frustration.

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organ. As open ocean voyagers, eels need the carrying capacity of the swimbladder (which makes up 3–6% of the eel's body weight) to cross the ocean on stored energy alone.

522:, Gloucestershire. Initially the crop was sold for human consumption but, as infrastructure for live transport improved, the glass eels were exported throughout Europe for 848: 449:

in an unknown manner, but probably in deep tropical water. The mature eels then die, their eggs floating to the surface to hatch into very flat leaf-like larvae (called

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Fish, M.P. & W.H. Mowbray (1970). Sounds of Western North Atlantic fishes. A reference file of biological underwater sounds. The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, MD.

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alone, more than 100 million kg were consumed in 1996. As the European eels become less available, worldwide interest in American eels has increased dramatically.

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pattern which makes them difficult to see by predators during their long open-ocean migration. These migrating eels are typically called "silver eels" or "big eyes".

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Lim, P., Meunier, F.J., Keith, P. & Noël, P.Y. (2002). Atlas des poissons et des crustacés d'eau douce de la Martinique. Patrimoines Naturels, 51: Paris: MNHN.

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Wenner, C.A. (1978). Anguillidae. W. Fischer FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. West Atlantic (Fishing Area 31). volume 1. FAO, Rome, IT.

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Kenny, J.S. (1995). Views from the Bridge: A memoir on the freshwater fishes of Trinidad. Julian S. Kenny, Maracas, St. Joseph, Trinidad, & Tobago.

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Banks, R.C., R.W. McDiarmid, A.L. Gardner, & W.C. Starnes (2003). Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada.

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start to enlarge, the eye pigments change for optimal vision in dim blue clear ocean light, and the sides of their bodies turn silvery, to create a

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Food and Agriculture Organization (1992). FAO yearbook 1990. Fishery statistics. Catches and landings. FAO Fish. Ser. (38). FAO Stat. Ser. 70:(105)

702:(1874); see Ursula Reidel-Schrewe "Freud's Début in the Sciences" in: Sander L. Gilman, Jutta Birmele, Jay Geller, Valerie D Greenberg (eds.), 1400:

Bussing, W.A. (1998). Peces de las aguas continentales de Costa Rica . 2nd ed. San José Costa Rica: Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica.

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Böhlke, J.E. & C.C.G. Chaplin (1993). Fishes of the Bahamas and adjacent tropical waters. 2nd edition. University of Texas Press, Austin.

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Aprahamian, Miran; Wood, Peter (February 2021). "Estimation of glass eel ( Anguilla anguilla ) exploitation in the Severn Estuary, England".

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Murdy, Edward O., Ray S. Birdsong, & John A. Musick 1997. Fishes of Chesapeake Bay. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, DC, USA.

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Chow, S.; Kurogi, H.; Mochioka, N.; Kaji, S.; Okazaki, M.; Tsukamoto, K. (2009). "Discovery of mature freshwater eels in the open ocean".

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Page, L.M. & B.M. Burr (1991). A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.

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Ogden, J.C., J.A. Yntema, & I. Clavijo (1975). An annotated list of the fishes of St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. Spec. Publ. No. 3.

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and released them into the Atlantic Ocean. Tracking demonstrated that the fishes' journey to the Sargasso took a further year, or more.

1346:"Histopathological changes in the swimbladder wall of the European eel Anguilla anguilla due to infections with Anguillicola crassus" 265:

Details of the adults' migration across 6,000 km (3,700 mi) open ocean journey back to their spawning grounds north of the

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conducted many expeditions with high-tech instrumentation to follow eel migration, first down the Baltic, then along the coasts of

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Robins, C.R. & G.C. Ray (1986). A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, MA

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coast—the furthest point on the migration route identified in previous experiments) fitted 26 large female European eels with

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Greenfield, D.W & J.E Thomerson (1997). Fishes of the continental waters of Belize. University Press of Florida, Florida.

688:] (in German). Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. 315: 537:

imported more than $ 50 million worth of eels in 2002. In Europe, 25 million kg are consumed each year, but in

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International Game Fish Association (1991). World record game fishes. International Game Fish Association, Florida, USA.

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at the end of their lives, making a journey of thousands of kilometres from New Zealand to their spawning grounds near

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Food and Agriculture Organization (1997). Aquaculture production statistics 1986–1995. FAO Fish. Circ. 815, Rev. 9.

1921: 2066: 1583: 1155: 215:, where he caught the smallest eel-larvae that had ever been seen. Although Schmidt did not directly observe eel 94:

located an eel's ovaries and demonstrated that eels are a kind of fish. In 1876, as a young student in Austria,

2785: 2664: 2425: 1603: 411: 129: 845:"Ancient mystery of European eel migration unravelled to help combat decline of critically endangered species" 582:) appeared in European eel populations in the early 1980s. Since 1995, it also appeared in the United States ( 544:

New high-tech eel aquaculture plants are appearing in Asia, with possible effects on the native Japanese eel,

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In fresh water they develop pigmentation, turn into elvers (young eels), and feed on creatures such as small

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Piper, R. (2007). Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals, Greenwood Press.

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microscope. As soon as more funding becomes available, it will be possible to log into the system via a

382:. and their leptocephali are then transported to the west to East Asia by the North Equatorial Current. 59: 691: 345:

The spawning grounds for the two species are in an overlapping area of the southern Sargasso Sea, with

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Jessop, B.M. (1987). Migrating American eels in Nova Scotia. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 116: pp. 161–170.

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Glass eels at the transition between ocean and fresh water; the skin is still transparent and the red

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Observations on the configuration and finer structure of the lobed organs in eels described as testes

570: 375: 200: 871:"First direct evidence of adult European eels migrating to their breeding place in the Sargasso Sea" 658: 2711: 1596: 405: 262:

in the Danish straits, have been the basis of traditional fisheries with characteristic trapnets.

91: 663:(in Latin). Vol. 6. De Bononiensi Scientiarum et Artium Instituto atque Academia Commentarii. 2759: 2739: 1229: 978: 943: 423: 391: 681:

Beobachtungen über Gestaltung und feineren Bau der als Hoden beschriebenen Lappenorgane des Aals

2596: 2077: 1867: 1478: 1466: 1431: 1415: 1375: 1367: 1326: 1308: 935: 804: 353:. This was confirmed in 2023. After spawning in the Sargasso Sea and moving to the west, the 298: 139: 36: 1488:

Nielsen, J.G. and E. Bertelsen (1992). Fisk i grønlandske farvande. Atuakkiorfik, Nuuk. 65 s.

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Strong concerns exist that the European eel population might be devastated by a new threat:

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he went, the smaller the leptocephali were. In a 1922 expedition, he sailed as far as the

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In June and August 2008, Japanese scientists discovered and caught matured adult eels of

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Robins, Richard C., Reeve M. Bailey, Carl E. Bond, James R. Brooker, Ernest A. Lachner,

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Fisheries and aquaculture : towards sustainable aquatic living resources management

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have been constructed in North America and Europe to help the fish bypass obstructions.

2704: 2679: 2582: 2567: 2295: 2255: 2190: 2118: 1789: 1649: 1321: 1278: 1005: 897: 638: 602: 587: 283: 204: 192: 110: 51: 765: 2780: 2774: 2694: 2572: 2562: 2344: 2339: 2267: 2240: 2185: 2056: 2011: 1696: 1233: 870: 695: 675: 523: 491: 450: 134: 95: 982: 191:, beginning in 1904, led a series of expeditions into the Mediterranean Sea and the 2642: 2632: 2536: 2359: 2285: 2127: 1955: 1950: 1904: 1880: 1851: 1805: 1781: 1680: 947: 553: 515: 507: 367: 354: 327: 208: 150: 72: 1140: 1119: 1303: 785:

Tesh F.W. 2003. The eel, third edition. Published by Blackwell Science. 408 pages

703: 679: 2699: 2652: 2637: 2619: 2322: 2290: 2202: 2165: 1996: 1965: 1888: 1859: 1843: 1824: 1709: 1655: 595: 591: 557: 527: 274: 232: 220: 117: 55: 1579:

U.K Glass Eels — a large commercial firm's website, with history and fact pages

887: 2647: 2541: 2528: 2435: 2006: 1991: 1940: 1765: 1752: 1725: 1643: 974: 823: 633: 613: 606: 446: 445:. Their eggs (of which each female eel produces between 1 and 20 million) are 259: 243: 1403:

Butsch, R.S. (1939). A list of Barbadian fishes. J. B.M.H.S. 7(1): pp. 17–31.

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discovered the truth when he kept leptocephali alive in a laboratory tank in

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Chisnall, B. L.; Jellyman, D. J.; Bonnett, M. L.; Sykes, J. R. (2002).

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meaning "thin- or flat-head"). In 1886, however, the French zoologist

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The Maine Eel and Elver Fishery, Maine Department of Marine Resources

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Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals

800: 616:, an ongoing project monitors the glass eel migration with an online 498: 311: 307: 294: 251: 930: 913: 199:) to investigate eels. The expeditions were largely financed by the 170: 2513: 2463: 2448: 2397: 2250: 2225: 2145: 2017: 1945: 1277:

Schneebauer, Gabriel; Dirks, Ron P.; Pelster, Bernd (2017-08-17).

719:"Was dachten Nazis über den Aal? | Archiv – Berliner Zeitung" 583: 538: 519: 487: 476: 460: 442: 297:

and England, but finally the transmitter signals were lost at the

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Distribution and size of leptocephali larvae of the American eel,

29: 374:, has also been found. Their breeding site is to the west of the 79:) is the one most familiar to Western scientists, beginning with 2627: 2443: 2382: 2245: 2155: 1033:"Vertical migrations may control maturation in migrating female 998:"African freshwater eels – new tools in environmental education" 247: 163: 2081: 1592: 503: 132:

confirmed the finding when he observed the transformation of a

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The demand for adult eels has continued to grow, as of 2003.

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Tesch, F.-W. (2003) The eel. Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK.

1120:"Spatial and temporal variability in length of glass eels ( 1106:

New Zealand freshwater fishes: a natural history and guide

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Wallace, Karen (1993) Think of an Eel, Walker Books, UK.

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coasts showed similar declines, although not as drastic.

1588: 1252:"In Japan, Captive Breeding May Help Save the Wild Eel" 1511:, Carl E. Bond, James R. Brooker, Ernest A. Lachner, 1477:

American Fisheries Society. Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

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New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research

1026: 1024: 1022: 578:. This parasite from East Asia (the original host is 1156:"Demand for Baby Eels Brings High Prices and Limits" 2618: 2555: 2527: 2479: 2434: 2406: 2373: 2266: 2201: 2126: 2117: 1979: 1933: 1879: 1836: 1817: 1764: 1745: 1708: 1689: 1673: 1664: 403:

Southern Africa's four species of freshwater eels (

849:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs 869:Wright, R.M.; Piper, A.T.; Aarestrup, K. (2023). 514:Glass eels have been harvested for food from the 560:which is difficult to recreate in aquaculture. 526:natural waterways and to the Far East for eel 2093: 1604: 8: 166:and the heart are visible; length about 8 cm 1100: 1098: 326:Another Atlantic eel species is known: the 2123: 2100: 2086: 2078: 1930: 1670: 1611: 1597: 1589: 1344:Würtz, J.; Taraschewski, H. (2000-01-14). 552:without environmental cues. Additionally, 228:, but they are rarely seen in the ocean. 124:until they matured into eels, and in 1896 1361: 1320: 1302: 1139: 1078:"Tagging along when longfins go spawning" 1060: 929: 896: 886: 721:(in German). Berlinonline.de. 2004-10-20 1245: 1243: 912:Tsukamoto, Katsumi (23 February 2006). 700:Ueber die Reproductions-Organe der Aale 649: 310:, (about 1,400 km (870 mi) west of the 1108:(Rev. ed.). Auckland: Heinemann-Reed. 7: 2062: 1574:ICES report about eel stock collapse 1031:Jellyman, D.; Tsukamoto, K. (2010). 743:(in German). Wno.org. Archived from 349:apparently being more westward than 694:. Freud's study was in response to 154:Leptocephalus larva of an ocean eel 914:"Spawning of eels near a seamount" 239:in order to climb vertical walls. 25: 174:Juvenile eels, length about 25 cm 2609: 2602: 2595: 2061: 2052: 2051: 1920: 1258:. Yale School of the Environment 1214:Fisheries Management and Ecology 741:"Der Aal im Nationalsozialismus" 1552:The Maine Eel and Elver Fishery 622:Longterm Ecological Observatory 378:(14–17°N, 142–143°E), near the 146:Search for the spawning grounds 46:are any of several long, thin, 1041:Marine Ecology Progress Series 138:into a round glass eel in the 1: 1350:Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 1141:10.1080/00288330.2002.9517073 795:Safran, Patrick, ed. (2009). 1304:10.1371/journal.pone.0183128 1158:. 2000-12-03. Archived from 768:(in German). Kulturkurier.de 708:, NYU Press, 1995, pp. 1–22. 1390:Sources and further reading 766:"Sigmund Freud und der Aal" 418:A. bengalensis labiata 395:in the West Mariana Ridge. 289:German fisheries biologist 2807: 996:Jim Cambray (April 2004). 888:10.1038/s41598-022-19248-8 556:(larva) require a diet of 107:Leptocephalus brevirostris 2735: 2593: 2047: 1929: 1918: 1626: 975:10.1007/s12562-008-0017-5 657:Mundine, Carolus (1783). 457:Decline of the glass eels 366:The spawning area of the 1104:McDowall, R. M. (1990). 465:Glass eel on the online 436:New Zealand longfin eels 431:New Zealand longfin eels 338:counting 110 to 119 and 130:Giovanni Battista Grassi 1196:Salmon Fishery Act 1873 799:. Vol. 3. Oxford: 705:Reading Freud's Reading 412:A. bicolor bicolor 291:Friedrich Wilhelm Tesch 1085:Water & Atmosphere 1035:Anguilla dieffenbachii 574:, a foreign parasitic 482: 474: 175: 167: 155: 85:spontaneous generation 40: 2745:World fish production 2108:Principal commercial 1180:Fish (No. 2) Act 1533 1124:spp.) in New Zealand" 1076:Jellyman, D. (2006). 601:Because the eels are 480: 464: 399:Southern African eels 173: 161: 153: 90:In 1777, the Italian 33: 1870:(Bobtail snipe eels) 1666:Families by suborder 1507:Robins, Richard C., 1256:Yale Environment 360 1162:on December 24, 2002 747:on December 17, 2011 571:Anguillicola crassus 201:Carlsberg Foundation 67:Past studies of eels 1566:Fishbase entry for 1558:Fishbase entry for 1295:2017PLoSO..1283128S 1053:2010MEPS..404..241J 660:De Angillae Ovariis 2760:Fisheries glossary 2750:Commercial species 2740:Commercial fishing 2128:Large pelagic fish 1697:Synaphobranchidae 1690:Synaphobranchoidei 875:Scientific Reports 483: 475: 469:microscope at the 406:A. mossambica 176: 168: 156: 41: 2768: 2767: 2665:Freshwater prawns 2591: 2590: 2075: 2074: 2043: 2042: 1916: 1915: 1908: 1900: 1892: 1891:(Freshwater eels) 1871: 1863: 1855: 1852:Saccopharyngidae 1847: 1837:Saccopharyngoidei 1828: 1809: 1801: 1793: 1785: 1777: 1756: 1737: 1729: 1721: 1718:Heterenchelyidae 1700: 1568:Anguilla rostrata 1560:Anguilla anguilla 1363:10.3354/dao039121 1226:10.1111/fme.12455 1200:36 & 37 Vict. 1062:10.3354/meps08468 1002:Science in Africa 963:Fisheries Science 810:978-1-84826-560-8 424:A. marmorata 392:A. marmorata 372:Anguilla japonica 332:Anguilla rostrata 299:continental shelf 140:Mediterranean Sea 77:Anguilla anguilla 37:Anguilla rostrata 16:(Redirected from 2798: 2613: 2606: 2599: 2181:southern bluefin 2171:Atlantic bluefin 2124: 2102: 2095: 2088: 2079: 2065: 2064: 2055: 2054: 2029:Sina and the Eel 1987:Eel life history 1931: 1924: 1906: 1898: 1890: 1869: 1861: 1853: 1845: 1844:Eurypharyngidae 1827:(Spaghetti eels) 1826: 1807: 1799: 1798:Nettastomatidae 1791: 1783: 1775: 1754: 1735: 1727: 1719: 1699:(Cutthroat eels) 1698: 1674:Protanguilloidei 1671: 1667: 1613: 1606: 1599: 1590: 1384: 1383: 1365: 1341: 1335: 1334: 1324: 1306: 1274: 1268: 1267: 1265: 1263: 1250:Bird, Winifred. 1247: 1238: 1237: 1209: 1203: 1193: 1187: 1177: 1171: 1170: 1168: 1167: 1152: 1146: 1145: 1143: 1115: 1109: 1102: 1093: 1092: 1082: 1073: 1067: 1066: 1064: 1028: 1017: 1016: 1014: 1013: 1004:. Archived from 993: 987: 986: 958: 952: 951: 933: 909: 903: 902: 900: 890: 866: 860: 859: 857: 855: 841: 835: 821: 815: 814: 792: 786: 783: 777: 776: 774: 773: 762: 756: 755: 753: 752: 736: 730: 729: 727: 726: 715: 709: 689: 672: 666: 664: 654: 387:A. japonica 197:Dana expeditions 189:Johannes Schmidt 87:does not occur. 21: 2806: 2805: 2801: 2800: 2799: 2797: 2796: 2795: 2786:Commercial fish 2771: 2770: 2769: 2764: 2731: 2670:Gilt-head bream 2614: 2608: 2607: 2601: 2600: 2587: 2578:Lobster fishing 2551: 2523: 2475: 2430: 2408:Other wild fish 2402: 2375:Freshwater fish 2369: 2262: 2197: 2176:Pacific bluefin 2113: 2106: 2076: 2071: 2039: 1975: 1925: 1912: 1907:(Sawtooth eels) 1905:Serrivomeridae 1875: 1832: 1813: 1800:(Duckbill eels) 1790:Muraenesocidae 1784:(Longneck eels) 1760: 1741: 1704: 1685: 1681:Protanguillidae 1665: 1660: 1622: 1617: 1584:Projekt eelBASE 1554:, archived copy 1543: 1538: 1537: 1509:Reeve M. Bailey 1392: 1387: 1343: 1342: 1338: 1289:(8): e0183128. 1276: 1275: 1271: 1261: 1259: 1249: 1248: 1241: 1211: 1210: 1206: 1194: 1190: 1178: 1174: 1165: 1163: 1154: 1153: 1149: 1117: 1116: 1112: 1103: 1096: 1080: 1075: 1074: 1070: 1030: 1029: 1020: 1011: 1009: 995: 994: 990: 960: 959: 955: 931:10.1038/439929a 911: 910: 906: 868: 867: 863: 853: 851: 843: 842: 838: 832:Greenwood Press 822: 818: 811: 794: 793: 789: 784: 780: 771: 769: 764: 763: 759: 750: 748: 738: 737: 733: 724: 722: 717: 716: 712: 674: 673: 669: 656: 655: 651: 647: 630: 566: 564:Threats to eels 550:sexual maturity 459: 439:breed only once 433: 401: 380:Mariana Islands 376:Suruga seamount 364: 324: 237:surface tension 181: 148: 69: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2804: 2802: 2794: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2773: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2763: 2762: 2757: 2755:Fishing topics 2752: 2747: 2742: 2736: 2733: 2732: 2730: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2708: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2656: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2624: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2586: 2585: 2583:Shrimp fishery 2580: 2575: 2570: 2568:Crab fisheries 2565: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2552: 2550: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2533: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2485: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2473: 2468: 2467: 2466: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2440: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2429: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2412: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2401: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2379: 2377: 2371: 2370: 2368: 2367: 2362: 2360:Smelt-whitings 2357: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2331: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2300: 2299: 2298: 2296:Alaska pollock 2293: 2288: 2278: 2272: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2261: 2260: 2259: 2258: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2207: 2205: 2199: 2198: 2196: 2195: 2194: 2193: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2132: 2130: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2112:species groups 2107: 2105: 2104: 2097: 2090: 2082: 2073: 2072: 2070: 2069: 2059: 2048: 2045: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2038: 2037: 2032: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1983: 1981: 1980:Related topics 1977: 1976: 1974: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1937: 1935: 1927: 1926: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1911: 1910: 1902: 1897:Nemichthyidae 1894: 1885: 1883: 1877: 1876: 1874: 1873: 1865: 1860:Monognathidae 1857: 1849: 1846:(Pelican eels) 1840: 1838: 1834: 1833: 1831: 1830: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1814: 1812: 1811: 1803: 1795: 1792:(Pike congers) 1787: 1782:Derichthyidae 1779: 1770: 1768: 1762: 1761: 1759: 1758: 1755:(False morays) 1749: 1747: 1743: 1742: 1740: 1739: 1731: 1726:Myrocongridae 1723: 1714: 1712: 1706: 1705: 1703: 1702: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1686: 1684: 1683: 1677: 1675: 1668: 1662: 1661: 1659: 1658: 1652: 1650:Actinopterygii 1646: 1640: 1634: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1618: 1616: 1615: 1608: 1601: 1593: 1587: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1563: 1555: 1549: 1542: 1541:External links 1539: 1536: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1516: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1489: 1486: 1474: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1427: 1423: 1411: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1394: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1385: 1356:(2): 121–134. 1336: 1269: 1239: 1204: 1188: 1172: 1147: 1110: 1094: 1068: 1018: 988: 953: 904: 861: 836: 816: 809: 803:. p. 76. 787: 778: 757: 731: 710: 676:Freud, Sigmund 667: 648: 646: 643: 642: 641: 639:Fish migration 636: 629: 626: 588:South Carolina 565: 562: 492:North American 458: 455: 432: 429: 400: 397: 363: 360: 323: 320: 316:satellite tags 284:countershading 205:Atlantic Ocean 193:North Atlantic 180: 177: 147: 144: 68: 65: 54:. They have a 52:Anguilliformes 27:Eel life cycle 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2803: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2778: 2776: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2737: 2734: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2687: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2630: 2629: 2626: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2605: 2598: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2573:Krill fishery 2571: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2563:Cod fisheries 2561: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2537:Sea cucumbers 2535: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2478: 2472: 2469: 2465: 2462: 2461: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2345:Orange roughy 2343: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2305: 2304: 2301: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2268:Demersal fish 2265: 2257: 2254: 2253: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2158: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2103: 2098: 2096: 2091: 2089: 2084: 2083: 2080: 2068: 2060: 2058: 2050: 2049: 2046: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2030: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2012:Leptocephalus 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1923: 1909: 1903: 1901: 1895: 1893: 1887: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1872: 1866: 1864: 1858: 1856: 1854:(Gulper eels) 1850: 1848: 1842: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1829: 1823: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1810: 1806:Ophichthidae 1804: 1802: 1796: 1794: 1788: 1786: 1780: 1778: 1772: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1757: 1751: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1738: 1732: 1730: 1724: 1722: 1716: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1701: 1695: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1682: 1679: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1669: 1663: 1657: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1614: 1609: 1607: 1602: 1600: 1595: 1594: 1591: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1569: 1564: 1562: 1561: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1540: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1483:1-888569-61-1 1480: 1475: 1472: 1471:1-56098-638-7 1468: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1436:0-940228-47-5 1433: 1428: 1424: 1421: 1420:1-56098-985-8 1417: 1412: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1389: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1340: 1337: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1273: 1270: 1257: 1253: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1208: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1176: 1173: 1161: 1157: 1151: 1148: 1142: 1137: 1134:(1): 89–104. 1133: 1129: 1125: 1123: 1114: 1111: 1107: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1090: 1086: 1079: 1072: 1069: 1063: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1036: 1027: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1008:on 2013-03-17 1007: 1003: 999: 992: 989: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 957: 954: 949: 945: 941: 937: 932: 927: 924:(7079): 929. 923: 919: 915: 908: 905: 899: 894: 889: 884: 880: 876: 872: 865: 862: 850: 846: 840: 837: 833: 829: 825: 820: 817: 812: 806: 802: 798: 791: 788: 782: 779: 767: 761: 758: 746: 742: 735: 732: 720: 714: 711: 707: 706: 701: 697: 696:Szymon Syrski 693: 687: 683: 682: 677: 671: 668: 662: 661: 653: 650: 644: 640: 637: 635: 632: 631: 627: 625: 623: 619: 615: 610: 608: 604: 599: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 572: 563: 561: 559: 555: 551: 547: 542: 540: 536: 531: 529: 525: 521: 517: 512: 509: 505: 500: 495: 493: 489: 479: 472: 468: 463: 456: 454: 452: 451:leptocephalus 448: 444: 440: 437: 430: 428: 426: 425: 420: 419: 414: 413: 408: 407: 398: 396: 394: 393: 388: 383: 381: 377: 373: 369: 361: 359: 356: 352: 348: 343: 341: 337: 333: 329: 321: 319: 317: 313: 309: 303: 300: 296: 292: 287: 285: 281: 276: 272: 268: 263: 261: 255: 253: 249: 245: 240: 238: 234: 229: 227: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 178: 172: 165: 160: 152: 145: 143: 141: 137: 136: 135:Leptocephalus 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 114:leptocephalus 112: 108: 104: 99: 97: 96:Sigmund Freud 93: 92:Carlo Mondini 88: 86: 82: 78: 74: 66: 64: 61: 57: 53: 50:of the order 49: 45: 39: 38: 32: 19: 2695:salmon trout 2027: 2023:Eel cuddling 1986: 1956:Jellied eels 1899:(Snipe eels) 1889:Anguillidae 1881:Anguilloidei 1825:Moringuidae 1818:Moringuoidei 1808:(Snake eels) 1736:(Moray eels) 1654:Superorder: 1567: 1559: 1519: 1512: 1353: 1349: 1339: 1286: 1282: 1272: 1260:. Retrieved 1255: 1220:(1): 65–75. 1217: 1213: 1207: 1191: 1175: 1164:. Retrieved 1160:the original 1150: 1131: 1127: 1121: 1113: 1105: 1088: 1084: 1071: 1044: 1040: 1034: 1010:. Retrieved 1006:the original 1001: 991: 966: 962: 956: 921: 917: 907: 878: 874: 864: 852:. Retrieved 839: 827: 819: 796: 790: 781: 770:. Retrieved 760: 749:. Retrieved 745:the original 734: 723:. Retrieved 713: 704: 699: 685: 680: 670: 659: 652: 624:(LEO) site. 617: 611: 600: 579: 569: 567: 554:leptocephali 545: 543: 532: 516:River Severn 513: 496: 484: 466: 434: 422: 416: 410: 404: 402: 390: 386: 384: 371: 368:Japanese eel 365: 362:Japanese eel 355:leptocephali 350: 346: 344: 342:103 to 110. 339: 335: 331: 328:American eel 325: 322:American eel 304: 288: 264: 256: 241: 230: 209:Sargasso Sea 182: 179:European eel 133: 113: 106: 100: 89: 76: 73:European eel 70: 42: 35: 2791:Ichthyology 2529:Echinoderms 2436:Crustaceans 2203:Forage fish 1997:Ely Eel Day 1966:Eel noodles 1868:Cyematidae 1753:Chlopsidae 1746:Chlopsoidei 1734:Muraenidae 1728:(Thin eels) 1710:Muraenoidei 1656:Elopomorpha 1642:Subphylum: 1091:(1): 24–25. 1047:: 241–247. 969:: 257–259. 824:Piper, Ross 607:eel ladders 603:catadromous 596:hydrostatic 592:swimbladder 580:A. japonica 558:marine snow 546:A. japonica 528:aquaculture 351:A. anguilla 347:A. rostrata 340:A. rostrata 336:A. anguilla 275:Puerto Rico 244:crustaceans 233:Anguillidae 221:Gulf Stream 211:, south of 118:Yves Delage 56:catadromous 48:bony fishes 2775:Categories 2542:Sea urchin 2007:Glass eels 1992:Eel ladder 1941:Eel (food) 1774:Congridae 1766:Congroidei 1720:(Mud eels) 1644:Vertebrata 1166:2012-01-04 1012:2013-03-29 854:15 October 772:2013-07-16 751:2012-01-04 725:2013-07-16 645:References 634:Eel ladder 614:New Jersey 490:and other 447:fertilized 260:Baltic Sea 226:glass eels 187:professor 128:zoologist 109:(from the 60:life cycle 2556:Fisheries 2421:Whitebait 2365:Toothfish 2191:yellowfin 2151:Swordfish 1862:(Onejaws) 1776:(Congers) 1630:Kingdom: 1372:0177-5103 1313:1932-6203 1234:225134755 1184:25 Hen. 8 690:Vol. 75, 497:In 1997, 481:Glass eel 81:Aristotle 18:Glass eel 2712:Scallops 2690:Atlantic 2509:Scallops 2481:Molluscs 2388:Sturgeon 2355:Rockfish 2308:flounder 2303:Flatfish 2286:Atlantic 2256:european 2236:Sardines 2231:Menhaden 2186:skipjack 2161:albacore 2136:Mackerel 2057:Category 2014:(larvae) 1961:Kabayaki 1638:Chordata 1636:Phylum: 1632:Animalia 1380:10715817 1331:28817599 1283:PLOS ONE 1262:28 April 1122:Anguilla 983:39090269 940:16495988 826:(2007), 698:'s book 678:(1877). 665:6:406–18 628:See also 576:nematode 524:stocking 499:European 267:Antilles 217:spawning 2727:Tilapia 2717:Seaweed 2705:chinook 2680:Oysters 2675:Mussels 2660:Catfish 2643:crucian 2633:bighead 2547:more... 2519:more... 2504:Oysters 2499:Octopus 2494:Mussels 2489:Abalone 2471:more... 2454:Lobster 2426:more... 2393:Tilapia 2350:Pollock 2335:Haddock 2313:halibut 2291:Pacific 2276:Catfish 2221:Herring 2216:Capelin 2211:Anchovy 2110:fishery 2067:Commons 2035:Sniggle 2002:Eel pot 1951:Eel pie 1934:As food 1648:Class: 1492:London. 1322:5560681 1291:Bibcode 1186:. c. 7) 1049:Bibcode 948:4346565 898:9562336 618:in situ 535:Germany 473:project 467:in situ 312:Iberian 252:insects 213:Bermuda 126:Italian 122:Roscoff 103:species 2722:Shrimp 2685:Salmon 2653:silver 2638:common 2620:Farmed 2464:Prawns 2459:Shrimp 2340:Mullet 2328:turbot 2318:plaice 2166:bigeye 2141:Salmon 1971:Unadon 1481: 1469: 1434: 1418: 1378: 1370: 1329: 1319: 1311: 1232: 1202:c. 71) 981: 946: 938: 918:Nature 895: 807: 801:UNESCO 692:p. 419 508:elvers 421:, and 308:Azores 295:Norway 273:, and 250:, and 185:Danish 2648:grass 2514:Squid 2449:Krill 2398:Trout 2251:Sprat 2241:Saury 2226:Ilish 2146:Shark 2018:Abaia 1946:Anago 1520:et al 1513:et al 1230:S2CID 1081:(PDF) 979:S2CID 944:S2CID 684:[ 594:as a 584:Texas 539:Japan 520:Epney 488:Maine 443:Tonga 271:Haiti 248:worms 195:(the 164:gills 111:Greek 2781:Eels 2700:coho 2628:Carp 2444:Crab 2383:Carp 2323:sole 2246:Shad 2156:Tuna 2119:Wild 1620:Eels 1479:ISBN 1467:ISBN 1432:ISBN 1426:USA. 1416:ISBN 1410:Roo. 1376:PMID 1368:ISSN 1327:PMID 1309:ISSN 1264:2021 936:PMID 856:2022 805:ISBN 739:FH. 586:and 504:US$ 389:and 280:eyes 183:The 71:The 44:Eels 2416:Eel 2281:Cod 1358:doi 1317:PMC 1299:doi 1222:doi 1136:doi 1057:doi 1045:404 971:doi 926:doi 922:439 893:PMC 883:doi 612:In 471:LEO 2777:: 1374:. 1366:. 1354:39 1352:. 1348:. 1325:. 1315:. 1307:. 1297:. 1287:12 1285:. 1281:. 1254:. 1242:^ 1228:. 1218:28 1216:. 1132:36 1130:. 1126:. 1097:^ 1089:14 1087:. 1083:. 1055:. 1043:. 1039:. 1021:^ 1000:. 977:. 967:75 965:. 942:. 934:. 920:. 916:. 891:. 881:. 879:12 877:. 873:. 847:. 830:, 530:. 415:, 409:, 370:, 330:, 269:, 246:, 105:, 2101:e 2094:t 2087:v 1612:e 1605:t 1598:v 1485:. 1473:. 1438:. 1422:. 1382:. 1360:: 1333:. 1301:: 1293:: 1266:. 1236:. 1224:: 1198:( 1182:( 1169:. 1144:. 1138:: 1065:. 1059:: 1051:: 1037:" 1015:. 985:. 973:: 950:. 928:: 901:. 885:: 858:. 834:. 813:. 775:. 754:. 728:. 75:( 20:)

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