582:(PARI). APDA was created in response to recommendations of a group of international scientists who gathered in 2007 to discuss how to best preserve astronomical plates (see the Osborn and Robbins reference listed under Further reading). The discussions revealed that some observatories no longer could maintain their plate collections and needed a place to archive them. APDA is dedicated to housing and cataloging unwanted plates, with the goal to eventually catalog the plates and create a database of images that can be accessed via the Internet by the global community of scientists, researchers, and students. APDA now has a collection of more than 404,000 photographic images from over 40 observatories that are housed in a secure building with environmental control. The facility possesses several plate scanners, including two high-precision ones, GAMMA I and GAMMA II, built for NASA and the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) and used by a team under the leadership of the late Barry Lasker to develop the Guide Star Catalog and Digitized Sky Survey that are used to guide and direct the
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522:, which requires a recording medium with a large surface area and a submicroscopic level of resolution that currently (2014) available electronic image sensors cannot provide. In the realm of traditional photography, a small number of historical process enthusiasts make their own wet or dry plates from raw materials and use them in vintage large-format cameras.
36:
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expensive to produce than glass. Quality was eventually improved, manufacturing costs came down, and most amateurs gladly abandoned plates for films. After large-format high quality cut films for professional photographers were introduced in the late 1910s, the use of plates for ordinary photography of any kind became increasingly rare.
396:, which provided a more rigid, stable and flatter plane compared to plastic films. Beginning in the 1970s, high-contrast, fine grain emulsions coated on thicker plastic films manufactured by Kodak, Ilford and DuPont replaced glass plates. These films have largely been replaced by digital imaging technologies.
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Preservation of photographic plates is a particular need in astronomy, where changes often occur slowly and the plates represent irreplaceable records of the sky and astronomical objects that extend back over 100 years. The method of digitization of astronomical plates enables free and easy access to
173:
Glass plate photographic material largely faded from the consumer market in the early years of the 20th century, as more convenient and less fragile films were increasingly adopted. However, photographic plates were reportedly still being used by one photography business in London until the 1970s,
498:
The earliest flexible films of the late 1880s were sold for amateur use in medium-format cameras. The plastic was not of very high optical quality and tended to curl and otherwise not provide as desirably flat a support surface as a sheet of glass. Initially, a transparent plastic base was more
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holds an extensive collection of photographic plates. In 1955, wet plate negatives measuring 4 feet 6 inches (1.37 m) × 3 feet 2 inches (0.97 m) were reported to have been discovered in 1951 as part of the
517:
The manufacture of photographic plates has been discontinued by Kodak, Agfa and other widely known traditional makers. Eastern
European sources have subsequently catered to the minimal remaining demand, practically all of it for use in
560:
and formed the "Shore Tower" panorama of Sydney
Harbour. Albumen contact prints made from these negatives are in the holdings of the Holtermann Collection, the negatives are listed among the current holdings of the Collection.
327:
Glass-backed plates, rather than film, were generally used in astronomy because they do not shrink or deform noticeably in the development process or under environmental changes. Several important applications of
131:
Glass plates were far superior to film for research-quality imaging because they were stable and less likely to bend or distort, especially in large-format frames for wide-field imaging. Early plates used the wet
251:
534:
and prevent their valuable historical information from being lost. The emulsion on the plate can deteriorate. In addition, the glass plate medium is fragile and prone to cracking if not stored correctly.
506:(CCDs), which also provide outstanding dimensional stability. CCD cameras have several advantages over glass plates, including high efficiency, linear light response, and simplified image acquisition and
348:
and other manufacturers discontinued production of most kinds of plates as the market for them dwindled between 1980 and 2000, terminating most remaining astronomical use, including for sky surveys.
123:, typically thinner than common window glass. They were heavily used in the late 19th century and declined through the 20th. They were still used in some communities until the late 20th century.
742:
Girard, Terrence M.; Dinescu, Dana I.; Van Altena, William F.; Platais, Imants; Monet, David G.; López, Carlos E. (2004). "The
Southern Proper Motion Program. III. A Near-Complete Catalog to
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has a large collection of both wet and dry plate photographic negatives, dating from 1855 through 1900, over 7,500 of which have been digitized from the period 1861 to 1865. The
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community as late as the 1990s. Workshops on the use of glass plate photography as an alternative medium or for artistic use are still being conducted.
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502:
The persistent use of plates in astronomical and other scientific applications started to decline in the early 1980s as they were gradually replaced by
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1249:"Treasure Hunting in Astronomical Plate Archives." (Proceedings of the international Workshop held at Sonneberg Observatory, March 4 to 6, 1999.)
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in the 1930s and 1940s, first in physics laboratories, then by commercial manufacturers, enabled the discovery and measurement of both the
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were scanned and cataloged. Another example of an astronomical plate archive is the
Astronomical Photographic Data Archive (APDA) at the
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those unique astronomical data and it is one of the most popular approaches to preserve them. This approach was applied at the
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of most photographic plates, which has forced modern survey cameras to use large CCD arrays to obtain the same coverage.
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Many solar system objects were discovered by using photographic plates, superseding earlier visual methods. Discovery of
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Gillett, Martine; Garnier, Chantal; Flieder, Francoise (1986). "Glass plate negatives. Preservation and restoration".
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1263:"Preserving Astronomy's Photographic Legacy: Current State and the Future of North American Astronomical Plates."
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372:, by using photographic plates to measure the intensity of the rays. Development of particle detection optimised
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and by one in
Bradford called the Belle Vue Studio that closed in 1975. They were in wide use by the professional
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556:. These purportedly were the largest glass negatives discovered at that time. These images were taken in 1875 by
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Pisgah
Astronomical Research Institute Astronomical Photographic Data Archive (PARI APDA)(Archive from Aug 2012)
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510:. However, even the largest CCD formats (e.g., 8192 × 8192 pixels) still do not have the detecting area and
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Fan, G. Y.; Ellisman, M. H. (1 October 2000). "Digital imaging in transmission electron microscopy".
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597:. Metadata is available via a searchable database, while a portion of the plates has been digitized.
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170:. It took photographs on glass plates measuring 8 feet (2.4 m) × 4.5 feet (1.4 m).
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Pisgah
Astronomical Research Institute (PARI) Astronomical Photographic Data Archive (APDA)
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was one of the first to study the absorption, in various materials, of the rays produced in
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1117:"Three glass plate negatives of Sydney Harbour from the Holtermann residence, St. Leonards"
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applications, although they have been largely replaced with reusable and computer readable
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Mimosa
Panchroma-Studio-Antihalo Panchromatic glass plates, 9 x 12cm, Mimosa A.-G. Dresden
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The sensitivity of certain types of photographic plates to ionizing radiation (usually
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Video demonstration of collodion wet plate preparation and photographic image creation
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Photographic emulsions were originally coated on thin glass plates for imaging with
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Biological electron microscopy : theory, techniques, and troubleshooting
669:"Harrow Photos – History of the Hills & Saunders Photographic Collection"
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1143:"Processing of Digital Plates 1.2m of Baldone Observatory Schmidt Telescope"
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Image resulting from a glass plate negative showing Devil's
Cascade in 1900.
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637:"The Largest Photograph in the World of the Handsomest Train in the World"
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by carefully examining a bulge in Pluto's image on a photographic plate.
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nicknamed "The
Mammoth" weighing 1,400 pounds (640 kg) was built by
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Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, Vol. 410 (2009),
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254:) of the 1950s, the follow-up POSS-II survey of the 1990s, and the UK
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2015:
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800:
699:"Belle Vue Studio - Photo Archive - Bradford Museums & Galleries"
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713:"Charon Discovery Image – Galleries – NASA Solar System Exploration"
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improved to the point where it could outmatch photographic results.
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136:. The wet plate process was replaced late in the 19th century by
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29:
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828:(2nd ed.). New York, NY: Kluwer Academic. p. 194.
1021:"Australia's Holtermann collection of wet plate negatives"
246:
were taken using photographic plates, including the first
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Photographic plates were also an important tool in early
111:
as a capture medium in photography. The light-sensitive
1064:"Panorama of Sydney and the Harbour, New South Wales"
1247:
Peter Kroll, Constanze La Dous, Hans-Jürgen Bräuer:
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A historical collection of photographic plates from
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The Sonneberg Plates Archiv (Sonneberg Observatory)
1028:Journal of Photography of the George Eastman House
530:Several institutions have established archives to
1333:Information on creation of wet-plate photographs
1251:Verlag Herri Deutsch, Frankfurt am Main (1999),
574:where about 22,000 glass and film plates of the
1221:"Carnegie Observatories Plate Archive Database"
1141:Ilgmars Eglitis and Vitaly Andruk (June 2017).
968:"Civil War Glass Negatives and Related Prints"
943:"Civil War Glass Negatives and Related Prints"
308:was discovered using photographic plates in a
1353:
1015:
1013:
822:Dykstra, Michael J.; Reuss, Laura E. (2003).
642:. Chicago & Alton Railway. Archived from
8:
1299:The Harvard College Observatory Plate Stacks
2905:Conservation and restoration of photographs
466:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
288:using photographic plates was pioneered by
2642:Comparison of digital and film photography
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1338:
1121:State Library of New South Wales Catalogue
2862:Photographs considered the most important
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759:
486:Learn how and when to remove this message
316:was discovered 48 years later in 1978 by
300:discovered using photographic plates was
162:in 1899, specifically to photograph "The
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60:of all important aspects of the article.
628:
580:Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute
56:Please consider expanding the lead to
1328:Course on field wet-plate photography
7:
1034:(3): 6–8. March 1955. Archived from
464:adding citations to reliable sources
2857:Museums devoted to one photographer
1277:https://www.pari.edu/research/adpa/
799:Herz, A.J.; Lock, W.O. (May 1966).
2404:Timeline of photography technology
1197:"Plate Archive Search Tool (PAST)"
25:
972:United States Library of Congress
572:Baldone Astrophysical Observatory
2955:
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2944:
870:10.1046/j.1365-2818.2000.00737.x
436:
292:beginning with his discovery of
34:
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340:, continued using plates until
48:may be too short to adequately
1225:plates.obs.carnegiescience.edu
1068:Art Gallery of New South Wales
58:provide an accessible overview
1:
2454:Painted photography backdrops
2386:Golden triangle (composition)
1661:35 mm equivalent focal length
1096:National Gallery of Australia
717:NASA Solar System Exploration
420:detectors and other types of
532:preserve photographic plates
27:Target medium in photography
2164:Intentional camera movement
1314:Capturing Oregon's Frontier
1261:Wayne Osborn, Lee Robbins:
360:, as they are blackened by
168:Chicago & Alton Railway
3024:
2852:Most expensive photographs
2209:Multi-exposure HDR capture
1318:Oregon Public Broadcasting
2940:
334:astronomical spectroscopy
84:photographic plates, 1880
2786:Digital image processing
1316:Documentary produced by
947:U.S. Library of Congress
921:10.1515/rest.1986.7.2.49
748:The Astronomical Journal
2459:Photography and the law
1168:10.1515/astro-2017-0002
3008:Monochrome photography
2806:Gelatin silver process
1830:Science of photography
1815:Photographic processes
1793:Perspective distortion
1289:Carnegie Observatories
1201:Carnegie Observatories
595:Carnegie Observatories
591:Mt. Wilson observatory
584:Hubble Space Telescope
504:charge-coupled devices
318:U.S. Naval Observatory
151:
101:
93:
85:
2993:X-ray instrumentation
2983:Photography equipment
2264:Schlieren photography
1803:Photographic printing
1726:Exposure compensation
1089:"Holtermann panorama"
997:George Eastman Museum
858:Journal of Microscopy
554:Holtermann Collection
549:George Eastman Museum
166:" train owned by the
149:
99:
91:
80:
2048:Straight photography
1686:Chromatic aberration
593:is available at the
460:improve this section
408:) is also useful in
394:electron microscopes
296:in 1891. The first
244:astronomical surveys
2915:photographic plates
2600:Digital photography
1778:Hyperfocal distance
1691:Circle of confusion
1159:2017OAst...26....1N
1041:on 9 September 2015
801:"Nuclear Emulsions"
770:2004AJ....127.3060G
565:Scientific archives
545:Library of Congress
539:Historical archives
388:Electron microscopy
358:high-energy physics
248:Palomar Observatory
183:
105:Photographic plates
2988:Particle detectors
2419:Autochrome Lumière
2414:Analog photography
2239:Pigeon photography
2028:Social documentary
1507:discontinued films
723:on 30 January 2016
649:on 7 February 2016
543:The United States
362:ionizing radiation
181:
160:George R. Lawrence
152:
102:
94:
86:
2970:
2969:
2771:Collodion process
2707:Chromogenic print
2694:Color photography
2204:Multiple exposure
2179:Lo-fi photography
1706:Color temperature
1271:978-1-58381-700-1
617:Photographic film
576:Schmidt Telescope
496:
495:
488:
374:nuclear emulsions
370:radioactive decay
366:Ernest Rutherford
298:natural satellite
230:
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134:collodion process
109:photographic film
75:
74:
16:(Redirected from
3015:
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2958:
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2947:
2826:Print permanence
2776:Cross processing
2734:CMYK color model
2719:Color management
2672:Foveon X3 sensor
2667:Three-CCD camera
2311:Miniature faking
2269:Sabattier effect
1881:Astrophotography
1736:Zebra patterning
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761:astro-ph/0402411
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719:. Archived from
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679:on 17 April 2009
675:. Archived from
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414:material science
330:astrophotography
322:James W. Christy
310:blink comparator
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119:was coated on a
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2739:RGB color model
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2356:Diagonal method
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1986:Photojournalism
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1681:Black-and-white
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1628:Slide projector
1623:Movie projector
1502:available films
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410:medical imaging
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342:digital imaging
271:Harvard College
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233:Scientific uses
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2376:Rule of thirds
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2144:Harris shutter
2141:
2139:Hand-colouring
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2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
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1968:
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1948:
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1825:Red-eye effect
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1753:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1731:Exposure value
1728:
1723:
1718:
1716:Depth of focus
1713:
1711:Depth of field
1708:
1703:
1698:
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1306:
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1296:
1291:
1284:
1283:External links
1281:
1280:
1279:
1273:
1259:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1212:
1188:
1174:
1147:Open Astronomy
1133:
1108:
1080:
1052:
1009:
993:"Conservation"
984:
959:
934:
899:
864:(Pt 1): 1–13.
848:
835:978-0306477492
834:
814:
791:
778:10.1086/383545
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389:
386:
353:
350:
279:variable stars
265:. A number of
239:
236:
234:
231:
228:
227:
226:216mm × 165mm
224:
221:
217:
216:
215:120mm × 165mm
213:
210:
206:
205:
202:
199:
198:Quarter-plate
195:
194:
191:
188:
128:
125:
100:Negative plate
73:
72:
66:September 2019
52:the key points
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3020:
3009:
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2896:
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2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2867:Photographers
2865:
2863:
2860:
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2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2761:Bleach bypass
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2748:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2729:primary color
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2714:Reversal film
2712:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2700:
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2697:
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2691:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2679:Image sharing
2677:
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2580:United States
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2439:Daguerreotype
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2299:
2295:
2292:
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2284:Stopping down
2282:
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2277:
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2255:
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2249:Rephotography
2247:
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2184:Long-exposure
2182:
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2009:
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1876:Architectural
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1835:Shutter speed
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1788:Metering mode
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1701:Color balance
1699:
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1669:
1667:
1666:Angle of view
1664:
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1613:Manufacturers
1611:
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673:Harrow School
670:
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629:
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455:
454:
450:
445:This section
443:
439:
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433:
427:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
399:
397:
395:
387:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
351:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:minor planets
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
267:observatories
264:
260:
257:
253:
249:
245:
237:
232:
225:
222:
219:
218:
214:
211:
208:
207:
204:83mm × 108mm
203:
200:
197:
196:
192:
189:
186:
185:
179:
177:
171:
169:
165:
164:Alton Limited
161:
157:
148:
144:
142:
139:
135:
126:
124:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
98:
90:
83:
79:
69:
59:
53:
51:
46:
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2927:Polaroid art
2821:K-14 process
2816:Instant film
2811:Gum printing
2766:C-41 process
2751:Photographic
2652:Image sensor
2647:Film scanner
2463:
2301:Sun printing
2234:Print toning
2021:space selfie
1991:Pictorialism
1921:Ethnographic
1901:Conservation
1773:Guide number
1768:Focal length
1262:
1248:
1228:. Retrieved
1224:
1215:
1204:. Retrieved
1200:
1191:
1177:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1124:. Retrieved
1120:
1111:
1099:. Retrieved
1095:
1083:
1071:. Retrieved
1067:
1043:. Retrieved
1036:the original
1031:
1027:
1000:. Retrieved
996:
987:
975:. Retrieved
971:
962:
950:. Retrieved
946:
937:
915:(2): 49–80.
912:
908:
902:
861:
857:
851:
839:. Retrieved
824:
817:
808:
805:CERN Courier
804:
794:
751:
747:
743:
737:
725:. Retrieved
721:the original
716:
707:
693:
681:. Retrieved
677:the original
672:
663:
651:. Retrieved
644:the original
631:
588:
568:
542:
529:
526:Preservation
516:
501:
497:
482:
473:
458:Please help
446:
403:
391:
355:
332:, including
326:
283:
269:, including
263:declinations
261:of southern
250:Sky Survey (
242:Many famous
241:
223:6½ × 8½ in.
212:4¾ × 6½ in.
201:3¼ × 4¼ in.
176:astronomical
172:
153:
130:
120:
117:silver salts
104:
103:
63:
47:
45:lead section
3003:Radiography
2932:Stereoscopy
2796:E-6 process
2791:Dye coupler
2724:color space
2637:Digiscoping
2630:camera back
2545:Philippines
2474:Visual arts
2464:Glass plate
2449:Heliography
2348:Composition
2323:Ultraviolet
2279:Stereoscopy
2274:Slow motion
2259:Scanography
2174:Kite aerial
2114:Contre-jour
2006:Post-mortem
1996:Pornography
1976:Neues Sehen
1911:Documentary
1845:Zone System
1820:Reciprocity
1746:Film format
1676:Backscatter
1654:Terminology
1524:beauty dish
1423:rangefinder
1388:light-field
1369:Photography
1304:APDA @ PARI
1153:(1): 7–17.
909:Restaurator
754:(5): 3060.
418:image plate
320:astronomer
312:; its moon
220:Full-plate
209:Half-plate
156:view camera
121:glass plate
18:Glass plate
2977:Categories
2922:Lomography
2753:processing
2702:Print film
2618:comparison
2585:Uzbekistan
2535:Luxembourg
2495:Bangladesh
2444:Dufaycolor
2424:Box camera
2381:Simplicity
2338:Zoom burst
2333:Xerography
2328:Vignetting
2318:Time-lapse
2306:Tilt–shift
2199:Mordançage
2189:Luminogram
2154:Holography
2149:High-speed
2129:Fill flash
2109:Burst mode
2087:Techniques
2068:Vernacular
2063:Underwater
2058:Toy camera
2038:Still life
1966:Monochrome
1956:High-speed
1906:Cloudscape
1896:Conceptual
1798:Photograph
1783:Lens flare
1763:Film speed
1645:Zone plate
1591:wide-angle
1576:long-focus
1230:2021-01-07
1206:2020-12-16
841:21 January
727:21 January
683:8 February
653:30 January
623:References
520:holography
512:resolution
508:processing
338:astrometry
304:in 1898.
294:323 Brucia
141:dry plates
2872:Norwegian
2836:Stop bath
2781:Developer
2409:Ambrotype
2371:Lead room
2294:Slit-scan
2229:Photogram
2224:Panoramic
2134:Fireworks
2119:Cyanotype
1961:Landscape
1606:telephoto
1554:reflector
1549:monolight
1544:lens hood
1529:cucoloris
1465:safelight
1376:Equipment
878:0022-2720
746:= 17.5".
612:Film base
476:July 2019
447:does not
275:Sonneberg
238:Astronomy
187:Known as
107:preceded
50:summarize
2951:Category
2657:CMOS APS
2555:Slovenia
2483:Regional
2429:Calotype
2366:Headroom
2244:Redscale
2159:Infrared
2104:Brenizer
2078:Wildlife
2001:Portrait
1946:Forensic
1936:Fine-art
1871:Aircraft
1861:Abstract
1741:F-number
1721:Exposure
1696:Clipping
1671:Aperture
1539:hot shoe
1460:enlarger
1455:Darkroom
1101:24 March
1073:24 March
1045:23 March
1002:23 March
929:93161043
886:11012823
811:: 83–87.
786:15153001
601:See also
378:pi-meson
290:Max Wolf
190:Imperial
113:emulsion
2962:Outline
2898:Related
2590:Vietnam
2575:Ukraine
2510:Denmark
2490:Albania
2469:Tintype
2396:History
2361:Framing
2254:Rollout
2219:Panning
2169:Kirlian
2073:Wedding
1951:Glamour
1931:Fashion
1916:Eclipse
1886:Banquet
1808:Albumen
1618:Monopod
1596:fisheye
1564:softbox
1413:pinhole
1403:instant
1393:digital
1155:Bibcode
1126:7 April
977:6 April
952:6 April
894:2034467
766:Bibcode
468:removed
453:sources
428:Decline
382:K-meson
352:Physics
256:Schmidt
193:Metric
138:gelatin
127:History
2960:
2949:
2882:street
2877:Polish
2570:Turkey
2565:Taiwan
2550:Serbia
2540:Norway
2515:Greece
2500:Canada
2094:Afocal
2053:Street
2033:Sports
2016:Selfie
1971:Nature
1926:Erotic
1891:Candid
1866:Aerial
1854:Genres
1756:medium
1633:Tripod
1601:swivel
1514:Filter
1492:holder
1487:format
1383:Camera
1269:
1255:
1183:"ADPA"
927:
892:
884:
876:
832:
784:
607:Camera
406:X-rays
314:Charon
302:Phoebe
259:survey
182:Sizes
2887:women
2845:Lists
2801:Fixer
2684:Pixel
2613:D-SLR
2560:Sudan
2530:Korea
2525:Japan
2520:India
2505:China
2289:Strip
2214:Night
2194:Macro
2099:Bokeh
2043:Stock
2011:Ruins
1751:large
1581:prime
1559:snoot
1519:Flash
1497:stock
1472:Drone
1433:still
1418:press
1408:phone
1398:field
1092:(PDF)
1039:(PDF)
1024:(PDF)
925:S2CID
890:S2CID
782:S2CID
756:arXiv
647:(PDF)
640:(PDF)
346:Kodak
306:Pluto
143:.
2910:film
2625:MILC
2124:ETTR
1981:Nude
1941:Fire
1840:Sync
1638:head
1586:zoom
1571:Lens
1534:gobo
1482:base
1477:Film
1448:view
1267:ISBN
1253:ISBN
1128:2016
1103:2016
1075:2016
1047:2016
1004:2016
979:2016
954:2016
882:PMID
874:ISSN
843:2016
830:ISBN
729:2016
685:2016
655:2016
451:any
449:cite
412:and
380:and
336:and
273:and
252:POSS
82:AGFA
2662:CCD
1443:toy
1438:TLR
1428:SLR
1163:doi
917:doi
866:doi
862:200
774:doi
752:127
462:by
115:of
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1199:.
1161:.
1151:26
1149:.
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1119:.
1094:.
1066:.
1055:^
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1012:^
995:.
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154:A
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