1144:
1772:
222:
1059:
2023:
760:
789:
1071:
1236:
875:
314:
58:
44:
334:
1135:, which has the same number of body segments and appendages in all copepods. The copepodid larva has two pairs of unsegmented swimming appendages, and an unsegmented "hind-body" comprising the thorax and the abdomen. There are typically five copepodid stages, but parasitic copepods may stop after a single copepodid stage. Once the gonads develop, there are no further moults.
234:
268:
published a paper "On the
Metamorphoses of the Crustacea, and on Zoea, exposing their singular structure and demonstrating they are not, as has been supposed, a peculiar Genus but the Larva of Crustacea!!" However his work was not believed due to crayfish not undergoing metamorphosis. This
1020:, but glaucothoe larvae up to 20 mm (0.79 in) are known, and were once thought to represent animals which had failed to develop correctly. Like the preceding stages, the glaucothoe is symmetrical, and although the glaucothoe begins as a free-swimming form, it often acquires a
102:
Many crustacean larvae were not immediately recognised as larvae when they were discovered, and were described as new genera and species. The names of these genera have become generalised to cover specific larval stages across wide groups of crustaceans, such as
930:
in 1817. They are flattened and transparent, with long legs and eyes on long eyestalks. After passing through 8–10 phyllosoma stages, the larva undergoes "the most profound transformation at a single moult in the
Decapoda", when it develops into the so-called
400:). The nauplius is also the stage at which a simple, unpaired eye is present. The eye is known for that reason as the "naupliar eye", and is often absent in later developmental stages, although it is retained into the adult form in some groups, such as the
1091:
are similar to those of the
Anomura, which led many scientists to place dromiacean crabs in the Anomura, rather than with the other crabs. Apart from the Dromiacea, all crabs share a similar and distinctive larval form. The crab zoea has a slender, curved
687:
94:
often bear little resemblance to the adult, and there are still cases where it is not known what larvae will grow into what adults. This is especially true of crustaceans which live as benthic adults (on the sea bed), more-so than where the larvae are
456:, also found exclusively in the Malacostraca, is characterised by the use of abdominal appendages (pleopods) for propulsion. The post-larva is usually similar to the adult form, and many names have been erected for this stage in different groups.
1463:
Stefan
Koenemann; Jørgen Olesen; Frederike Alwes; Thomas Iliffe; Mario Hoenemann; Petra Ungerer; Carsten Wolff; Gerhard Scholtz (2009). "The post-embryonic development of Remipedia (Crustacea)—additional results and new insights".
1100:, but its most striking features are the long rostral and dorsal spines, sometimes augmented by further, lateral spines. These spines can be many times longer than the body of the larva. Crab prezoea larvae have been found
815:(lecithotrophy). In species with normal development, eggs are roughly 1% of the size of the adult; in species with abbreviated development, and therefore more yolk in the eggs, the eggs may reach 1/9 of the adult's size.
755:
stages, segments with pairs of swimmerets are added, beginning at the frontmost segments, with each new pair only becoming functional at the next moult. After the final furcilia stage, the krill resembles the adult.
803:, all decapod crustaceans brood their eggs on the female's pleopods. This has resulted in development in decapod crustaceans being generally abbreviated. There are at most nine larval stages in decapods, as in
1695:"First records of fossil sergestid decapods and fossil brachyuran crab larvae (Arthropoda, Crustacea), with remarks on some supposed palaemonid fossils, from the Santana Formation (Aptian-Albian, NE Brazil)"
157:
into an immature form, which broadly resembles the adult, and after further moults, the adult form is finally reached. Some crustaceans continue to moult as adults, while for others, the development of
153:. This egg hatches into a pre-larva or pre-zoea. Through a series of moults, the young animal then passes through various zoea stages, followed by a megalopa or post-larva. This is followed by
2621:
711:
The life cycle of krill is relatively well understood, although there are minor variations in detail from species to species. After hatching, the larvae go through several stages called
2641:
264:
occurred in crustaceans, with conflicting observations presented, based on different species, some of which went through a metamorphosis, and some of which did not. In 1828
1426:
Alberto Addis; Francesca Biagi; Antonello Floris; Emiliana Puddu; Marcella
Carcupino (2007). "Larval development of Lightiella magdalenina (Crustacea, Cephalocarida)".
1784:
The salmon louse
Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Copepoda: Caligidae) life cycle has only two chalimus stages. LA Hamre, C Eichner, CMA Caipang, ST Dalvin…, PLOS One, 2013
1717:
Venmathi Maran, Balu Alagar; Moon, Seong Yong; Ohtsuka, Susumu; Oh, Sung-Yong; Soh, Ho Young; Myoung, Jung-Goo; Iglikowska, Anna; Boxshall, Geoffrey Allan (2013).
2631:
199:
have a distinctive nauplius larva with its complex body structure, but the adult form lacks many organs due to extreme adaptation to its parasitic life style.
78:
may pass through a number of larval and immature stages between hatching from their eggs and reaching their adult form. Each of the stages is separated by a
863:
cells, rather than around 19. The larvae show abbreviated development, and hatch with a full complement of adult appendages with the exceptions of the
1635:
2037:
1799:
and
Lepeophtheirus salmonis from Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. AW Pike, K Mackenzie, A Rowand, Pathogens of wild and farmed fish: sea lice, 1993
2561:
1952:
260:
hatching in 1699. Despite this, and other observations over the following decades, there was controversy among scientists about whether or not
313:
557:
stages, and two juvenile stages, with each of the first six stages adding two trunk segments, and the last four segments being added singly.
269:
controversy persisted until the 1840s, and the first descriptions of a complete series of larval forms were not published until the 1870s (
1576:"First fossil stomatopod larva (Arthropoda: Crustacea) and a new way of documenting Solnhofen fossils (Upper Jurassic, Southern Germany)"
396:. This larval stage has various lifestyles; some are benthic while others are swimmers, some are feeding while others are non-feeders (
1916:
1344:
165:
Any organs which are absent from the adults do not generally appear in the larvae, although there are a few exceptions, such as the
1663:
1540:
1509:
393:
421:
2626:
1811:
2551:
2062:
1671:
1466:
1370:
1002:
have two or three larval stages, in which the rostrum and the posterior spine on the carapace are "enormously long".
610:
stage, which is similar in appearance to the adult. The lack of a free-swimming larval form has led to high rates of
254:
was the first person to observe the difference between larval crustaceans and the adults when he watched the eggs of
2541:
2042:
2007:
1143:
2596:
1702:
1633:
G. Scholtz; S. Richter (1995). "Phylogenetic systematics of the reptantian
Decapoda (Crustacea, Malacostraca)".
2258:
2130:
2117:
1428:
369:
2536:
2516:
1982:
963:
549:
251:
1771:
2546:
2398:
1909:
1149:
680:
578:
1575:
2591:
2418:
2361:
2096:
1962:
1254:
893:
836:
782:
291:
265:
221:
1795:
631:
2662:
2343:
2143:
2047:
2012:
1583:
927:
808:
655:
457:
175:
1389:
1359:
2586:
2521:
2288:
2277:
2154:
2137:
1016:
1011:
860:
765:
677:
270:
2022:
1852:
1828:
1491:
1445:
1241:
692:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2293:
2212:
2057:
1977:
1902:
1881:
1760:
1548:
1483:
1340:
1213:
1058:
991:
883:
831:
759:
542:
389:
278:
1032:, always carries a shell when the immature animal comes ashore, but this is discarded later.
2403:
2327:
2201:
2148:
2087:
1871:
1861:
1820:
1750:
1742:
1644:
1615:
1475:
1437:
1109:
800:
793:
380:) is characterised by consisting of only three head segments, which are covered by a single
282:
274:
34:
2667:
2531:
2408:
2234:
2218:
2206:
1947:
1513:
1249:
1039:
1021:
905:
509:
256:
206:
150:
126:
65:
1676:
2601:
2332:
2247:
2123:
1876:
1847:
1755:
1718:
1619:
1188:
999:
951:
674:
570:
397:
1552:
1172:(plural chalimi) is a stage of development of a copepod parasite of fish, such as the
788:
2656:
2611:
2581:
2466:
2461:
2188:
2165:
2102:
2072:
2067:
1308:
1209:
987:
974:
943:
939:
913:
909:
888:
879:
748:
627:
545:
501:
497:
261:
154:
146:
142:
130:
111:. Other terms described forms which are only found in particular groups, such as the
1495:
1449:
384:. The posterior body, when present, is unsegmented. Each head segment has a pair of
2606:
2501:
2428:
2383:
2355:
2252:
2228:
2077:
2002:
1972:
1967:
1957:
1832:
1517:
1173:
1112:
1070:
1025:
586:
577:
rather than using external food sources. This characteristic, which is shared with
530:
437:
350:
286:
196:
166:
1848:"Zoological detective stories: the case of the facetotectan crustacean life cycle"
1235:
874:
2571:
2556:
2506:
2371:
2195:
1992:
1987:
1942:
1414:
1321:
1201:
1003:
959:
955:
686:
643:
489:
116:
83:
1746:
1694:
1415:
Branchiopoda (Anostraca, Notostraca, Laevicaudata, Spinicaudata, Cyclestherida)
1312:
614:
in isopods, but has also allowed them to colonise the land, in the form of the
2456:
2393:
2322:
2314:
2112:
2107:
2052:
1824:
1479:
1441:
1231:
1221:
977:
918:
850:
401:
346:
321:
121:
91:
57:
43:
1809:
E. A. Ponomarenko (2006). "Facetotecta – unsolved riddle of marine biology".
2526:
2511:
2451:
2433:
2413:
2388:
2349:
2337:
2177:
1116:
1088:
615:
589:(krill) has been used to suggest a link between Remipedia and Malacostraca.
566:
385:
333:
192:
170:
1885:
1764:
1648:
1487:
990:
pass through four, or occasionally five, larval states, which have a long
942:
can be divided into two groups on the basis of their larvae. According to
17:
2576:
2282:
2241:
2223:
1997:
1934:
1925:
1217:
1044:
995:
973:, there is considerable variation in the number of larval stages. In the
901:
853:
812:
769:
611:
582:
574:
473:
381:
96:
1662:
Sammy De Grave; N. Dean
Pentcheff; Shane T. Ahyong; et al. (2009).
2636:
2566:
2443:
2182:
1128:
1105:
1093:
1006:
pass through around four larval stages. The post-larva is known as the
970:
947:
868:
844:
601:
465:
373:
211:
184:
180:
79:
2298:
2269:
1664:"A classification of living and fossil genera of decapod crustaceans"
1339:(1 ed.). New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 116–118.
1101:
1097:
864:
856:
819:
670:
481:
441:
405:
341:
27:
Crustacean larval and immature stages between hatching and adult form
1866:
1603:
233:
1608:
Transactions of the
Linnean Society of London. 2nd Series: Zoology
1142:
982:
916:) are unlike any other crustacean larvae. The larvae are known as
873:
804:
787:
772:: such large eggs are often indicative of abbreviated development.
758:
731:
stages, each of which is sub-divided into several sub-stages. The
706:
685:
606:
159:
87:
638:
larvae, with five pairs of thoracic appendages, and develop into
2616:
1084:
1048:
1014:
in 1830. The glaucothoe is 3 millimetres (0.12 in) long in
962:. This split corresponds with the division later confirmed with
740:
553:, the young experience 15 stages following the nauplius, termed
425:
188:
1898:
1371:
Key for the identification of crustacean nauplii - Academia.edu
781:"Puerulus" redirects here. For the genus of whip lobsters, see
141:
At its most complete, a crustacean's life cycle begins with an
1208:, is only known from its larvae. They were first described by
935:
stage, which is an immature form resembling the adult animal.
735:
stage is exclusive to the so-called "sac-spawners". Until the
1793:
Ultrastructure of the frontal filament in chalimus larvae of
1693:
John G. Maisey & Maria da Gloria P. de Carvalho (1995).
847:, there are three larval stages, all similar in appearance.
1894:
533:, the offspring hatch as a nauplius or metanauplius larva.
1360:
Crustaceamorpha: Metamorphosis and Larvae - UCMP Berkeley
1131:
have six naupliar stages, followed by a stage called the
807:, and both decapod nauplii and krill nauplii often lack
1574:
Joachim T. Haug; Carolin Haug; Manfred Ehrlich (2008).
424:
in 1802 for an animal now known to be the larva of a
349:), showing a persistent naupliar eye between the two
998:; the first post-larva closely resembles the adult.
954:, while the "anomuran group" comprises the families
859:
differ from those of other crustaceans in having 40
2494:
2442:
2370:
2313:
2268:
2164:
2086:
2030:
1932:
986:, the young hatch from the eggs in the adult form.
444:appendages for swimming and a large dorsal spine.
372:in 1785 for animals now known to be the larvae of
1165:Scale bars: A–D = 0.025 mm; E = 0.2 mm.
834:, but which was later recognised as the larva of
404:. Some crustacean groups lack this larval type,
946:, the "homarine group" comprises the families
1910:
673:stomatopod larva has been discovered, in the
8:
1719:"The caligid life cycle: new evidence from
1390:"Crustaceamorpha: Metamorphosis and Larvae"
2376:
2170:
1917:
1903:
1895:
1604:"XI. Biscayan Plankton. Part XI.-Decapoda"
938:The members of the traditional infraorder
642:larvae, where the pleopods appear. In the
1875:
1865:
1754:
1636:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
811:and survive on nutrients supplied in the
696:hatching, emerging backwards from the egg
597:Amphipod hatchlings resemble the adults.
86:is shed to allow the animal to grow. The
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
247:History of the study of crustacean larva
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1265:
1186:Burmeister, 1834 is also a synonym for
1163:E, habitus of putative female, dorsal.
799:Apart from the prawns of the suborder
707:Krill § Life history and behavior
739:stage, the larvae are reliant on the
630:are poorly known. In the superfamily
440:, is characterised by the use of the
325:nauplius, showing cephalic appendages
7:
1216:, assuming them to be the larvae of
994:, and a spine on either side of the
1153:Gusev, 1951 (Copepoda, Caligidae):
1675:. Suppl. 21: 1–109. Archived from
1620:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1907.tb00072.x
1396:. UC Museum of Paleontology (UCMP)
1212:in 1887, and named "y-nauplia" by
604:crustaceans hatch directly into a
464:in 1813 for a post-larval crab; a
25:
1812:Russian Journal of Marine Biology
191:. In a more extreme example, the
149:, but may instead be produced by
2021:
1770:
1234:
1220:. The adults are presumed to be
1083:Although they are classified as
1069:
1057:
332:
312:
232:
220:
56:
42:
1467:Development Genes and Evolution
1335:Nicolson, Adam (2021). "Crab".
1210:Christian Andreas Victor Hensen
763:Eggs being brooded by a female
376:. The nauplius stage (plural:
368:was published posthumously by
1:
1953:High lipid content microalgae
747:stage, they begin to feed on
626:The larvae of many groups of
422:Louis Augustin Guillaume Bosc
99:, and thereby easily caught.
436:), only found in members of
2552:Fish diseases and parasites
2063:Photosynthetic picoplankton
1672:Raffles Bulletin of Zoology
1539:S. T. Ahyong; J. K. Lowry.
1314:Larvae of decapod crustacea
1157:B, leg 3 (other specimen);
520:Larvae of crustacean groups
420:was initially described by
2684:
2542:Dimethylsulfoniopropionate
2043:Heterotrophic picoplankton
1510:"The Biology of Amphipods"
878:A phyllosoma larva of the
780:
704:
428:. The zoea stage (plural:
2597:Marine primary production
2379:
2173:
2019:
1825:10.1134/S1063074006070017
1723:reconciles the cycles of
1703:American Museum Novitates
1602:Kemp, Stanley W. (1907).
1480:10.1007/s00427-009-0273-0
1442:10.1007/s00227-007-0735-8
1010:, after a genus named by
162:signals the final moult.
2517:Algal nutrient solutions
2259:Thalassiosira pseudonana
2131:Flavobacterium columnare
2118:Enteric redmouth disease
1846:Gerhard Scholtz (2008).
1747:10.1051/parasite/2013015
1200:The single genus in the
2537:Diel vertical migration
2053:Microphyte (microalgae)
2038:Eukaryotic picoplankton
1983:Paradox of the plankton
1541:"Stomatopoda: Families"
1178:Lepeophtheirus salmonis
964:molecular phylogenetics
743:reserves, but from the
650:larva develops into an
512:post-larva is called a
504:post-larva is called a
492:post-larva is called a
484:post-larva is called a
476:post-larva is called a
468:post-larva is called a
252:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
2399:Gelatinous zooplankton
1731:(Copepoda: Caligidae)"
1721:Lepeophtheirus elegans
1649:10.1006/zjls.1995.0011
1337:Life Between the Tides
1166:
1150:Lepeophtheirus elegans
897:
867:and the first pair of
796:
773:
697:
681:lithographic limestone
634:, the larvae hatch as
550:Lightiella magdalenina
2592:Marine microorganisms
2362:Velvet (fish disease)
2097:Aeromonas salmonicida
1963:Marine microorganisms
1520:on September 18, 2010
1255:Marine larval ecology
1146:
894:Kunstformen der Natur
877:
837:Acanthephyra purpurea
791:
783:Puerulus (crustacean)
762:
689:
370:Otto Friedrich Müller
339:Close-up of an adult
292:Palaemonetes vulgaris
266:John Vaughan Thompson
2344:Pfiesteria piscicida
2144:Marine bacteriophage
2048:Marine microplankton
1819:(Suppl. 1): S1–S10.
1555:on December 14, 2010
928:William Elford Leach
826:, after the species
579:malacostracan groups
458:William Elford Leach
390:antennules, antennae
82:, in which the hard
2587:Ocean acidification
2522:Artificial seawater
2289:Coscinodiscophyceae
2155:Streptococcus iniae
2138:Pelagibacter ubique
1017:Pagurus longicarpus
1012:Henri Milne-Edwards
766:Orconectes obscurus
408:being one example.
271:Sidney Irving Smith
145:, which is usually
1853:Journal of Biology
1242:Crustaceans portal
1224:of other animals.
1167:
1147:First chalimus of
1139:Parasitic copepods
922:, after the genus
900:The larvae of the
898:
828:Acanthephyra parva
818:The post-larva of
797:
774:
733:pseudometanauplius
717:pseudometanauplius
698:
693:Euphausia pacifica
460:erected the genus
452:The post-larva or
319:Ventral view of a
306:Anatomy of nauplii
2650:
2649:
2490:
2489:
2477:Siphonostomatoida
2472:Poecilostomatoida
2424:Crustacean larvae
2328:Choanoflagellates
2309:
2308:
2299:Bacillariophyceae
2294:Fragilariophyceae
2213:Emiliania huxleyi
2058:Nanophytoplankton
1978:Milky seas effect
1796:Caligus elongatus
1549:Australian Museum
1394:ucmp.berkeley.edu
1324:. pp. 1–306.
1214:Hans Jacob Hansen
1161:D, caudal ramus;
884:Palinurus elephas
662:develops into an
279:Georg Ossian Sars
173:in the larvae of
33:Larval and adult
16:(Redirected from
2675:
2404:Hunting copepods
2377:
2202:Chaetocerotaceae
2171:
2088:Bacterioplankton
2025:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1879:
1869:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1806:
1800:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1768:
1758:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1699:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1668:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1580:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1551:. Archived from
1536:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1516:. Archived from
1506:
1500:
1499:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1423:
1417:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1386:
1373:
1368:
1362:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1319:
1305:
1244:
1239:
1238:
1192:Nordmann, 1832.
1110:Early Cretaceous
1108:contents of the
1087:, the larvae of
1073:
1061:
1024:to live in; the
906:slipper lobsters
801:Dendrobranchiata
794:European lobster
792:Zoea larva of a
654:larva, while in
632:Lysiosquilloidea
546:horseshoe shrimp
336:
316:
283:European lobster
275:American lobster
236:
224:
127:slipper lobsters
60:
46:
21:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2577:Marine mucilage
2532:Biological pump
2486:
2438:
2409:Ichthyoplankton
2366:
2333:Dinoflagellates
2305:
2264:
2235:Nannochloropsis
2219:Eustigmatophyte
2207:Coccolithophore
2160:
2082:
2026:
2017:
1948:CLAW hypothesis
1928:
1923:
1893:
1867:10.1186/jbiol77
1845:
1844:
1840:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1697:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1679:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1584:Palaeodiversity
1578:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1558:
1556:
1545:World Crustacea
1538:
1537:
1533:
1523:
1521:
1514:Museum Victoria
1508:
1507:
1503:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1376:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1317:
1307:
1306:
1267:
1263:
1250:Ichthyoplankton
1240:
1233:
1230:
1198:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1141:
1126:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1053:
1052:
1040:Carcinus maenas
1022:gastropod shell
1000:Porcelain crabs
786:
779:
709:
703:
656:Gonodactyloidea
624:
595:
563:
539:
527:
522:
510:slipper lobster
450:
414:
364:The genus name
362:
357:
356:
355:
354:
353:
337:
328:
327:
326:
317:
308:
307:
301:
249:
244:
243:
242:
241:
240:
237:
229:
228:
225:
216:
215:
151:parthenogenesis
139:
73:
72:
71:
70:
69:
66:Penaeus monodon
61:
52:
51:
50:
47:
38:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2681:
2679:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2655:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2602:Pseudoplankton
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2498:
2496:
2495:Related topics
2492:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2448:
2446:
2444:Copepod orders
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2352:
2347:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2319:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2280:
2274:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2255:
2250:
2248:Prasinophyceae
2245:
2238:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2124:Flavobacterium
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2092:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1937:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1899:
1892:
1891:
1838:
1801:
1786:
1777:
1729:Lepeophtheirus
1709:
1685:
1682:on 2011-06-06.
1654:
1643:(3): 289–328.
1625:
1614:(8): 205–217.
1594:
1566:
1531:
1501:
1474:(3): 131–145.
1455:
1436:(3): 733–744.
1429:Marine Biology
1418:
1407:
1374:
1363:
1352:
1345:
1327:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1229:
1226:
1197:
1194:
1189:Lepeophtheirus
1140:
1137:
1125:
1122:
1075:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1034:
988:Squat lobsters
975:South American
952:Callianassidae
914:furry lobsters
910:spiny lobsters
843:In the marine
832:Henri Coutière
778:
775:
705:Main article:
702:
699:
690:A nauplius of
675:Upper Jurassic
623:
620:
594:
591:
571:lecithotrophic
565:The larvae of
562:
559:
538:
535:
526:
523:
521:
518:
502:furry lobsters
449:
446:
413:
410:
398:lecithotrophic
361:
358:
338:
331:
330:
329:
318:
311:
310:
309:
305:
304:
303:
302:
300:
297:
289:on the shrimp
248:
245:
238:
231:
230:
226:
219:
218:
217:
204:
203:
202:
201:
169:of the fourth
138:
135:
131:spiny lobsters
62:
55:
54:
53:
49:Nauplius larva
48:
41:
40:
39:
32:
31:
30:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2680:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2612:Tychoplankton
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2582:Microbial mat
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2467:Monstrilloida
2465:
2463:
2462:Harpacticoida
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2419:Marine larvae
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2270:Diatom orders
2267:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2189:Bacteriastrum
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2166:Phytoplankton
2163:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2103:Cyanobacteria
2101:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2073:Picoeukaryote
2071:
2069:
2068:Picobiliphyte
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1790:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1713:
1710:
1706:(3132): 1–20.
1705:
1704:
1696:
1689:
1686:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1665:
1658:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1577:
1570:
1567:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1532:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1459:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1411:
1408:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1356:
1353:
1348:
1346:9780374251437
1342:
1338:
1331:
1328:
1323:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1309:Robert Gurney
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1152:
1151:
1145:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1096:and a forked
1095:
1090:
1086:
1072:
1060:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
984:
979:
976:
972:
967:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
944:Robert Gurney
941:
940:Thalassinidea
936:
934:
929:
925:
921:
920:
915:
911:
907:
903:
896:
895:
890:
889:Ernst Haeckel
886:
885:
881:
880:spiny lobster
876:
872:
870:
866:
862:
861:ectoteloblast
858:
855:
852:
848:
846:
841:
839:
838:
833:
830:described by
829:
825:
821:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
795:
790:
784:
776:
771:
768:
767:
761:
757:
754:
751:. During the
750:
749:phytoplankton
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
708:
700:
695:
694:
688:
684:
682:
679:
676:
672:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
628:mantis shrimp
621:
619:
617:
613:
609:
608:
603:
598:
592:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
560:
558:
556:
552:
551:
547:
544:
543:Mediterranean
537:Cephalocarida
536:
534:
532:
524:
519:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:spiny lobster
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
447:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
411:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
359:
352:
351:compound eyes
348:
344:
343:
335:
324:
323:
315:
299:Larval stages
298:
296:
294:
293:
288:
285:in 1875, and
284:
280:
276:
272:
267:
263:
262:metamorphosis
259:
258:
253:
246:
235:
223:
213:
209:
208:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
163:
161:
156:
155:metamorphosis
152:
148:
144:
136:
134:
132:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
110:
106:
100:
98:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
68:
67:
59:
45:
36:
19:
2607:Stromatolite
2502:Aeroplankton
2429:Salmon louse
2423:
2384:Chaetognatha
2356:Symbiodinium
2354:
2342:
2257:
2253:Raphidophyte
2240:
2233:
2229:Stramenopile
2211:
2194:
2187:
2153:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2095:
2078:Picoplankton
2003:Spring bloom
1973:Mycoplankton
1968:Meroplankton
1958:Holoplankton
1857:
1851:
1841:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1794:
1789:
1780:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1712:
1701:
1688:
1677:the original
1670:
1657:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1588:
1582:
1569:
1557:. Retrieved
1553:the original
1544:
1534:
1522:. Retrieved
1518:the original
1504:
1471:
1465:
1458:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1410:
1398:. Retrieved
1393:
1366:
1355:
1336:
1330:
1313:
1206:Hansenocaris
1205:
1199:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1174:salmon louse
1169:
1168:
1148:
1132:
1127:
1115:
1082:
1038:
1030:Birgus latro
1029:
1026:coconut crab
1015:
1007:
1004:Hermit crabs
981:
968:
937:
932:
923:
917:
899:
892:
882:
849:
842:
835:
827:
823:
817:
798:
764:
752:
744:
737:metanauplius
736:
732:
728:
724:
721:metanauplius
720:
716:
712:
710:
691:
668:
663:
659:
651:
647:
639:
635:
625:
605:
599:
596:
593:Malacostraca
587:Euphausiacea
581:such as the
573:, consuming
564:
555:metanaupliar
554:
548:
540:
531:Branchiopoda
528:
525:Branchiopoda
513:
505:
493:
485:
477:
469:
461:
453:
451:
438:Malacostraca
433:
429:
417:
415:
377:
365:
363:
340:
320:
290:
287:Walter Faxon
255:
250:
205:
197:Rhizocephala
174:
164:
140:
120:
117:hermit crabs
112:
108:
104:
101:
75:
74:
64:
2663:Crustaceans
2572:Manta trawl
2557:Heterotroph
2507:Algaculture
2372:Zooplankton
2315:Flagellates
2196:Chaetoceros
2149:SAR11 clade
2008:Thin layers
1993:Planktology
1988:Planktivore
1943:Algal bloom
1322:Ray Society
1202:Facetotecta
1196:Facetotecta
960:Upogebiidae
956:Laomediidae
926:erected by
745:calyptopsis
725:calyptopsis
644:Squilloidea
622:Stomatopoda
490:hermit crab
183:in certain
179:, and some
92:crustaceans
84:exoskeleton
76:Crustaceans
2657:Categories
2567:Macroalgae
2527:Autotrophs
2457:Cyclopoida
2394:Ctenophora
2323:Brevetoxin
2113:Cyanotoxin
2108:Cyanobiont
1591:: 103–109.
1320:. London:
1261:References
1159:C, leg 4;
1155:A, leg 3;
1102:fossilised
1008:glaucothoe
978:freshwater
969:Among the
924:Phyllosoma
919:phyllosoma
851:Freshwater
822:is called
809:mouthparts
660:pseudozoea
648:pseudozoea
494:glaucothoe
470:copepodite
448:Post-larva
416:The genus
402:Notostraca
386:appendages
347:Notostraca
322:Tetraclita
295:in 1879).
195:and other
147:fertilised
137:Life cycle
122:phyllosoma
113:glaucothoe
97:planktonic
18:Glaucothoe
2512:Algal mat
2452:Calanoida
2434:Sea louse
2414:Jellyfish
2389:Ciguatera
2350:Saxitoxin
2338:Flagellum
2287:Classes:
2278:Centrales
2178:Auxospore
1860:(5): 16.
1400:22 August
1222:parasites
1218:barnacles
1133:copepodid
1117:Tharrhias
1113:bony fish
1089:Dromiacea
1049:Brachyura
678:Solnhofen
669:A single
664:erichthus
640:erichthus
567:remipedes
561:Remipedia
454:Megalopae
394:mandibles
277:in 1873;
193:Sacculina
171:pereiopod
119:, or the
2283:Pennales
2242:Navicula
2224:Frustule
1998:Red tide
1935:plankton
1926:Plankton
1886:18598383
1765:23647664
1735:Parasite
1496:11575617
1488:19184096
1450:85246439
1311:(1942).
1228:See also
1184:Chalimus
1170:Chalimus
1129:Copepods
1124:Copepoda
1076:Juvenile
1045:Decapoda
996:carapace
933:puerulus
902:Achelata
869:pleopods
854:crayfish
845:lobsters
813:egg yolk
777:Decapoda
770:crayfish
753:furcilia
729:furcilia
713:nauplius
636:antizoea
616:woodlice
612:endemism
583:Decapoda
575:egg yolk
506:puerulus
474:barnacle
462:Megalopa
442:thoracic
382:carapace
374:copepods
366:Nauplius
360:Nauplius
227:Nauplius
212:Copepoda
181:pleopods
109:nauplius
2637:MOCNESS
2547:f-ratio
2482:More...
2183:Axodine
2031:By size
2013:More...
1877:2447532
1833:2943845
1756:3718518
1725:Caligus
1559:June 6,
1524:June 7,
1106:stomach
1104:in the
1094:abdomen
992:rostrum
971:Anomura
948:Axiidae
887:, from
865:uropods
857:embryos
541:In the
529:In the
466:copepod
406:isopods
378:nauplii
281:on the
273:on the
257:Cyclops
207:Cyclops
185:Anomura
176:Lucifer
167:vestige
2668:Larvae
2632:AusCPR
2622:C-MORE
1933:About
1884:
1874:
1831:
1763:
1753:
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1494:
1486:
1448:
1343:
1098:telson
980:genus
820:shrimp
671:fossil
602:isopod
600:Young
508:and a
482:shrimp
478:cypris
392:, and
388:; the
342:Triops
160:gonads
88:larvae
63:Adult
35:prawns
1829:S2CID
1698:(PDF)
1680:(PDF)
1667:(PDF)
1579:(PDF)
1492:S2CID
1446:S2CID
1318:(PDF)
1085:crabs
983:Aegla
824:parva
805:krill
701:Krill
652:alima
607:manca
514:nisto
486:parva
434:zoeae
430:zoeas
239:Adult
189:crabs
80:moult
2642:SCAR
2617:Zoid
2562:HNLC
1882:PMID
1761:PMID
1727:and
1561:2010
1526:2010
1484:PMID
1402:2022
1341:ISBN
1064:Zoea
958:and
950:and
912:and
741:yolk
727:and
658:, a
646:, a
585:and
569:are
496:; a
488:; a
480:; a
472:; a
426:crab
418:Zoea
412:Zoea
187:and
129:and
107:and
105:zoea
2627:CPR
1872:PMC
1862:doi
1821:doi
1751:PMC
1743:doi
1645:doi
1641:113
1616:doi
1476:doi
1472:219
1438:doi
1434:152
1180:).
891:'s
432:or
143:egg
125:of
115:of
90:of
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