Plan 9 from Bell Labs - Knowledge (XXG)

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very small range of supported hardware and the small, even compared to Plan 9, user base have also significantly slowed the adoption of those systems (...). In retrospect, Plan 9 was the only research distributed OS from that time which managed to attract developers and be used in commercial projects long enough to warrant its survival to this day.

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and mouse input. The program does not need to know if it is communicating directly with the operating system's device drivers, or with the window system; it only has to assume that its namespace is set up so that these special files provide the kind of input and accept the kind of messages that it expects.

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the environments they build are tightly coupled within the OS, making communication with external services difficult. Such systems suffer from the radical departure from the UNIX model, which also discourages portability of already existing software to the platform (...). The lack of developers, the

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Plan 9 demonstrated that an integral concept of Unix—that every system interface could be represented as a set of files—could be successfully implemented in a modern distributed system. Some features from Plan 9, like the UTF-8 character encoding of Unicode, have been implemented in other operating

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are connected to itself, hiding the actual device files to which it itself has access. The window system thus receives all input and output commands from the program and handles these appropriately, by sending output to the actual screen device and giving the currently focused program the keyboard

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t looks like Plan 9 failed simply because it fell short of being a compelling enough improvement on Unix to displace its ancestor. Compared to Plan 9, Unix creaks and clanks and has obvious rust spots, but it gets the job done well enough to hold its position. There is a lesson here for ambitious

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language and LuaJit virtual machine. It also replaces the Inferno per-platform hosted I/O with Node.js' libuv eventing and I/O for consistent, cross-platform hosting. It's a proof-of-concept that demonstrates that a distributed OS can be constructed from per-process namespaces and generic cloud

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protocol that provides for messages delivered between a server and a client. The protocol is used to refer to and communicate with processes, programs, and data, including both the user interface and the network. With the release of the 4th edition, it was modified and renamed 9P2000.

1472:. Sprite developer Brent Welch points out that the SunOS vnode architecture is limited compared to Plan 9's capabilities in that it does not support remote device access and remote inter-process communication cleanly, even though it could have, had the preexisting 504:. With source licenses costing $ 350, AT&T targeted the embedded systems market rather than the computer market at large. Ritchie commented that the developers did not expect to do "much displacement" given how established other operating systems had become. 1626:

Plan 9 proponents and developers claim that the problems hindering its adoption have been solved, that its original goals as a distributed system, development environment, and research platform have been met, and that it enjoys moderate but growing popularity.

706:, corresponding to what other operating systems call the file system; a single path name may refer to different resources for different processes. The potential complexity of this setup is controlled by a set of conventional locations for common resources. 1495:

Plan 9 constrains everything to look like a file. In most cases the real interface type comprises the protocol of messages that must be written to, and read from, a file descriptor. This is difficult to specify and document, and prohibits any automatic

1414:(X11) to Plan 9, although they do not ship X11 "because supporting it properly is too big a job". Some Linux binaries can be used with the help of a "linuxemu" (Linux emulator) application; however, it is still a work in progress. Vice versa, the 1451:

Within the operating systems research community, as well as the commercial Unix world, other attempts at achieving distributed computing and remote filesystem access were made concurrently with the Plan 9 design effort. These included the

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filesystems residing on physically distinct filesystems into a hierarchical namespace, but adds the possibility to mount a connection to a server program that speaks a standardized protocol and treat its services as part of the namespace.

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with some extensions and some other features left out). The compilers for this language were custom built with portability in mind; according to their author, they "compile quickly, load slowly, and produce medium quality object code".

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designed to work in distributed environments where the set of available resources is different at different points in time. Originally based on the third edition Plan 9 kernel, Plan B was moved into user space to run on current Plan 9

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In 1991, Plan 9's designers compared their system to other early nineties operating systems in terms of size, showing that the source code for a minimal ("working, albeit not very useful") version was less than one-fifth the size of a

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environments. After several years of development and internal use, Bell Labs shipped the operating system to universities in 1992. Three years later, Plan 9 was made available for commercial parties by AT&T via the book publisher

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for Plan 9, depending on metric, vs. 25530 lines). The complete kernel comprised 18000 lines of code. (According to a 2006 count, the kernel was then some 150,000 lines, but this was compared against more than 4.8 million in

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is a descendant of Plan 9, and shares many design concepts and even source code in the kernel, particularly around devices and the Styx/9P2000 protocol. Inferno shares with Plan 9 the Unix heritage from Bell Labs and the

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to the Plan 9 Foundation. Unofficial development for the system also continues on the 9front fork, where active contributors provide monthly builds and new functionality. So far, the 9front fork has provided the system

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The University of California, Berkeley, has been authorised by Alcatel-Lucent to release all Plan 9 software previously governed by the Lucent Public License, Version 1.02 under the GNU General Public License, Version

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Plan 9 replaced Unix as Bell Labs's primary platform for operating systems research. It explored several changes to the original Unix model that facilitate the use and programming of the system, notably in distributed

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protocols and is used to update existing installations. In addition to the official components of the OS included in the ISOs, Bell Labs also hosts a repository of externally developed applications and tools.

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behaves as the concatenation of the underlying directories (the order of concatenation can be controlled); if the constituent directories contain files having the same name, a listing of the union directory

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is an experimental OS derived from Plan 9. Its userland and modules are mostly derived from 9front, its build system from Harvey OS, and its kernel is a fork of the Plan9-9k 64-bit Plan9 kernel.

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The second idea (a message-oriented filesystem) means that processes can offer their services to other processes by providing virtual files that appear in the other processes' namespace. The

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Plan 9's distributed operation relies on the per-process namespaces as well, allowing client and server processes to communicate across machines in the way just outlined. For example, the

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Ballesteros, Francisco J.; Muzquiz, Gorka Guardiola; Algara, Katia Leal; Soriano, Enrique; de las Heras Quirós, Pedro; Castro, Eva M.; Leonardo, Andres; Arévalo, Sergio (February 2004).

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way to name a service. Binding a name to an object can only be done by giving an existing name for the object, in the same context as the new name. As such, interface references simply

674:, and they access CPU servers which handle computation-intensive processes. Permanent data storage is provided by additional network hosts acting as file servers and archival storage. 6643: 1410:, with some common extensions (the native Plan 9 C interfaces conform to neither standard). It also includes a POSIX-compatible shell. APE's authors claim to have used it to port the 558:

has moved on to later projects in recent years, development of the official Plan 9 system had stopped. On March 23, 2021, development resumed following the transfer of copyright from

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Plan 9 from Bell Labs was originally developed, starting in the late 1980s, by members of the Computing Science Research Center at Bell Labs, the same group that originally developed

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For example, the original window system, called 8½, exploited these possibilities as follows. Plan 9 represents the user interface on a terminal by means of three pseudo-files:

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implementations, although the developers of the BSD union mounting facility found the non-recursive merging of directories in Plan 9 "too restrictive for general purpose use".

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system calls) to access devices. Instead, Plan 9 device drivers implement their control interface as a file system, so that the hardware can be accessed by the ordinary file

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file systems. The last was designed at Bell Labs specifically for Plan 9 and provides snapshot storage capability. It can be used directly with a hard drive or backed with

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All programs that wish to provide services-as-files to other programs speak a unified protocol, called 9P. Compared to other systems, this reduces the number of custom

648:: distinguished by its stress on the 'Inner Light,' noted for simplicity of life, in particular for plainness of speech. Like the Quakers, Plan 9 does not proselytize. 1729:

is a fork of Plan 9. It was started to remedy a perceived lack of devoted development resources inside Bell Labs, and has accumulated various fixes and improvements.

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The distribution package for Plan 9 includes special compiler variants and programming languages, and provides a tailored set of libraries along with a windowing

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Though Plan 9 was supposed to be a further development of Unix concepts, compatibility with preexisting Unix software was never the goal for the project. Many

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directories and modifying the variable is discouraged, instead, adding additional commands should be done by binding several directories together as a single

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between multiple processes. Using a single UTF-8 encoding with characters for all cultures and regions eliminates the need for switching between code sets.

6828: 6636: 6303: 6137: 6110: 6090: 1631:, through its hosted capabilities, has been a vehicle for bringing Plan 9 technologies to other systems as a hosted part of heterogeneous computing grids. 6115: 1619:

Other factors that contributed to low adoption of Plan 9 include the lack of commercial backup, the low number of end-user applications, and the lack of

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and geographically separated computers function as a single system. In a typical Plan 9 installation, users work at terminals running the window system

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systems. Unix-like operating systems such as Linux have implemented 9P2000, Plan 9's protocol for accessing remote files, and have adopted features of

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One critique of the "everything is a file", communication-by-textual-message design of Plan 9 pointed out limitations of this paradigm compared to the

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When used together, these features allow for assembling a complex distributed computing environment by reusing the existing hierarchical name system.

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be passed between processes, much less across networks. Instead, communication has to rely on conventions, which are prone to error and do not scale.

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command starts a remote session on a computation server. The command exports part of its local namespace, including the user's terminal's devices (

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support and built-in game emulator, along with other features. Other recent Plan 9-inspired operating systems include Harvey OS and Jehanne OS.

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as head of the Computing Techniques Research Department. Over the years, many notable developers have contributed to the project, including

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9wm is an X window manager which attempts to emulate the Plan 9 window manager 8-1/2 as far as possible within the constraints imposed by X.

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file system is used. Network connections are controlled by reading and writing control messages to control files. Sub-directories such as

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Though interesting on their own, the design concepts of Plan 9 were supposed to be most useful when combined. For example, to implement a

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encoding in Plan 9. The entire system was converted to general use in 1992. UTF-8 preserves backwards compatibility with traditional

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Furthermore, the kernel can keep separate mount tables for each process, and can thus provide each process with its own file system

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Starting with the release of Fourth edition in April 2002, the full source code of Plan 9 from Bell Labs is freely available under

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virtual machine allows a slightly modified Plan 9 kernel to run as a user process in Linux, supporting unmodified Plan 9 programs.

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appears as a directory containing information and control files which can be manipulated by the ordinary file IO system calls.

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Traditional systems can work well for pervasive applications. A case study: Plan 9 from Bell Labs becomes ubiquitous

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A later retrospective comparison of Plan 9, Sprite and a third contemporary distributed research operating system,

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system architects: the most dangerous enemy of a better solution is an existing codebase that is just good enough.

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storage systems. However, Plan 9 has never approached Unix in popularity, and has been primarily a research tool:

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shell (the shell mainly used in Plan 9); however, rc's path environment variable conventionally only contains the

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at all, except for file errors at run time. (...) path name relative to a process' implicit root context is the

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Welch, Brent (1994). "A comparison of three distributed file system architectures: Vnode, Sprite, and Plan 9".

1884: 1807: 516: 460: 402: 3450: 710: 3861: 4591: 2634: 1681: 1666: 1180: 667: 435: 6498: 3798:[wmii] has a 9p filesystem interface and supports classic and tiling (acme-like) window management. 3479: 3156: 6813: 6610: 6345: 6308: 6207: 5736: 5639: 5417: 4625: 3959: 3755: 3707: 3124: 3065: 2996: 1829:– to release all Plan 9 software previously governed by the Lucent Public License, Version 1.02 under the 1799: 1654: 1574:

operating system programs surrounding the Linux kernel with the Plan 9 operating system programs. The 9wm

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The file system approach allows Plan 9 processes to be managed with simple file management tools such as

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was available in the first two editions, but was then dropped for maintenance reasons and replaced by a

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is an alternative distribution. It includes a set of patches based on the current Plan 9 distribution.

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Jurado, Álvaro; Fernández, Rafael; du Colombier, David; Minnich, Ron; Nyrhinen, Aki; Floren, John.

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Fourth Annual IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PERCOM'06)

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dropped commercial support for the project and in 2000, a third release was distributed under an

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single-board computer. The Harvey project attempts to replace the custom Plan 9 C compiler with

1203:. In the same manner, a distributed computing network can be composed with a union directory of 4035: 3384: 439:. The system continues to be used and developed by operating system researchers and hobbyists. 6518: 6365: 6045: 5910: 5731: 5632: 5498: 5070: 4476: 4182: 3821: 3576: 3519: 3509: 3388: 3380: 3306: 3199: 2921: 2905: 2408: 2066: 1586:

is also heavily influenced by Plan 9. In computer science research, Plan 9 has been used as a

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kernel, an amd64 cpu and terminal kernel, nupas, extra pc hardware support, IL and Ken's fs.

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By early 1996, the Plan 9 project had been "put on the back burner" by AT&T in favor of

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Hancock, Brian (2003). "Reinventing Unix: an introduction to the Plan 9 operating system".

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Ballesteros, Francisco J.; Guardiola, Gorka; Soriano, Enrique; Leal Algara, Katia (2005).

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As a benefit from the system's design, most tasks in Plan 9 can be accomplished by using

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server for Plan 9. It handles authentication on behalf of other programs such that both

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hierarchies from remote hosts, which allows interacting with them as if they are local.

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The first idea (a per-process name space) means that, unlike on most operating systems,

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license occurred in 2002. In early 2015, the final official release of Plan 9 occurred.

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as the central point of access to computing resources. It carries over Unix's idea of

6802: 6581: 6542: 6448: 6105: 6030: 5978: 5600: 5445: 5436: 5299: 5150: 5090: 5025: 4977: 4856: 4708: 4629: 4036:"The University of York Department of Biology install Vita Nuova's Inferno Data Grid" 3373: 3117: 2078: 1803: 1620: 1497: 1480: 1440: 1433: 808: 798: 543: 528: 266: 3278: 2363: 2333: 2303: 2273: 2243: 6423: 6380: 6293: 5834: 5267: 5262: 4951: 4816: 4703: 4490: 4460: 4445: 3866: 3545: 3515: 3025: 2988: 2814: 2763: 2495: 2207: 2178: 2105: 1662: 1542: 832: 786: 730: 484: 390: 2914:

Computer systems: theory, technology, and applications: a tribute to Roger Needham

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to the Plan 9 Foundation, and all previous releases have been relicensed to the

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system specific to Plan 9. The bulk of the system is written in a dialect of C (

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between the two processes. This way, Plan 9 generalizes the Unix notion of the

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concepts first developed there in the late 1960s. Since 2000, Plan 9 has been

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support (and now also a git implementation), and other programs. Plan 9 was

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Several projects work to extend Plan 9, including 9atom and 9front. These

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bind /arm/bin /bin bind -a /acme/bin/arm /bin bind -b /usr/alice/bin /bin

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for accessing the networking stack or networking hardware. Instead, the

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Operating systems research, networked environments, general-purpose use

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of Plan 9 share the names of Unix counterparts, but work differently.

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windowing system, in which the user can create new windows displaying

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which originated from the Computing Science Research Center (CSRC) at

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The separate process namespaces thus usually replace the notion of a

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Unlike most other operating systems, Plan 9 does not provide special

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is designed for many-core architectures and large-scale SMP systems.

4461:"Plan B: An Operating System for Ubiquitous Computing Environments" 3754:. Proc. 18th Int'l Parallel and Distributed Processing Symp. IEEE. 3227: 1688:

implements the Plan 9 Filesystem Protocol as a server and the host

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he foundations of the system are built on two ideas: a per-process

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is a fork of Plan9 aimed at multicore systems and cloud computing.

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Released by Lucent Technologies under a new free software license

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directory is union mounted before. When a file is requested from

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Ballesteros, F.J.; Soriano, E.; Leal, K.; Guardiola, G. (2006).

4392: 3646: 3572: 3487: 2494:(Press release). Lucent Technologies. 1995-07-18. Archived from 1976: 1583: 1547: 1415: 1287: 1233: 456: 361: 219: 6625: 5974: 5807: 5803: 5628: 5021: 4595: 4567:: Archived mirror of the original official Plan 9 Web site at 4538: 4232: 2835: 2492:"From the inventors of UNIX system comes Plan 9 from Bell Labs" 1747:

is an effort to get the Plan 9 code working with gcc and clang.

1167:(NAT) server, a union directory can be created, overlaying the 534:

A user and development community, including current and former

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elements to construct a single-system-image of arbitrary size.

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throughout the system. The initial Unicode implementation was

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Released by Lucent Technologies under an open source license

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Operating system distributions bootable from read-only media

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is a scripted derivative of Plan9/Inferno that replaces the

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augments the Plan 9 distribution with the addition of a 386

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Research distributed operating system developed at Bell Labs

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and implementation details need only be known to Factotum.

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Mirtchovski, Andrey; Simmonds, Rob; Minnich, Ron (2004).

2562:"AT&T Bell Labs ships Plan 9 OS for embedded systems" 745:, which can be used to perform textual input/output, and 471:, Dave Presotto and Phil Winterbottom, with support from 4008:"Rutgers University Libraries Install Inferno Data Grid" 1836:

On March 23, 2021, ownership of Plan 9 transferred from

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and software, including an improved version of the Upas

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are used as an interface to their respective protocols.

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A union directory can be created by using a sequence of

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personnel, produced minor daily releases in the form of

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programming language and DIS virtual machine with the

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metaphor is extended via a pervasive network-centric

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Comparison of open-source and closed-source software

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Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution

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Mullender, Sape J.; Jansen, Pierre G. (2004-02-26).

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Plan 9 allows the user to collect the files (called

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Glenda, the Plan 9 mascot in a space suit, drawn by

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Vx32: Lightweight, User-level Sandboxing on the x86

3256:Pendry, Jan-Simon; McKusick, Marshall Kirk (1995). 2899: 2897: 1000: 996: 992: 984: 749:, writing to which enacts graphics operations (see 702:(running programs) each have their own view of the 685:

and a simple message-oriented file system protocol.

338: 333: 319: 294: 276: 262: 249: 211: 201: 193: 171: 151: 116: 106: 98: 85: 70: 3811: 3372: 605:Released by Bell Labs for non-commercial purposes 4177:. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. 3842:"Glendix: Bringing the beauty of Plan 9 to Linux" 3736:(Ph.D.). University of Cambridge. pp. 22–23. 3730:The Structure of a Multi-Service Operating System 3221: 3219: 3146:"The Unix Spirit set Free: Plan 9 from Bell Labs" 1309:mechanism which allows system-wide hyperlinking. 1093:Plan 9 does not have specialised system calls or 65:, default user interface of Plan 9 from Bell Labs 4157:"What's new for WSL in Windows 10 version 1903?" 3980:"Vita Nuova Supplies Inferno Grid to Evotec OAI" 1062:Instead of having system calls specifically for 729:, removable media, etc.) and the possibility to 368:. The final official release was in early 2015. 3752:Plan 9—an integrated approach to grid computing 3119:The Unix Spirit set Free: Plan 9 from Bell Labs 1669:, to leverage modern development tools such as 1604: 1524: 1493: 1017:Plan 9's union directory architecture inspired 679: 642: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2017:Sat Jan 10 04:04:55 EST 2015 ... plan9.iso.bz2 713:process's input/output on such a file becomes 6637: 5986: 5819: 5640: 5033: 4607: 3745: 3743: 3557:Australian UNIX Systems User Group Newsletter 3228:"Union file systems: Implementations, part I" 2461: 2459: 2457: 2171:"Transfer of Plan 9 to the Plan 9 Foundation" 8: 6026:Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities 4513:"Plan 9 moves out from Lucent licence space" 2810:"New version of Plan 9 fork 9front released" 2583:"AT&T reveals plans for Java competitor" 2537:"The weird world of non-C operating systems" 2104:; Presotto, D.; Dorward, S.; Flandrena, B.; 1590:platform and as a vehicle for research into 1427:Comparison to contemporary operating systems 35: 3602:"Rio: Design of a Concurrent Window System" 3451:"Investigating the Plan 9 Operating System" 3180: 3178: 1199:an untrusted application or to implement a 1047:list contents of directory (ls, lc) command 983:in the shell. A path environment variable ( 6644: 6630: 6622: 6386: 5993: 5979: 5971: 5826: 5812: 5804: 5647: 5633: 5625: 5112: 5040: 5026: 5018: 4614: 4600: 4592: 2635:"Bell Labs Releases New Version of Plan 9" 519:. In the late 1990s, Bell Labs' new owner 327: 34: 4435: 4424:Journal of the Brazilian Computer Society 4161:Windows Command Line Tools For Developers 4116:"How to install Plan 9 on a Raspberry Pi" 3963: 3862:"Plan 9 From Gentoo: Plan 9 Meets Gentoo" 3759: 3711: 3251: 3249: 3069: 3000: 1439:without any device drivers (5899 or 4622 725:to provide access to peripheral devices ( 3051: 3049: 2995:. Proc. Spring 1991 EurOpen Conference. 2385: 2383: 2381: 1582:, the older windowing system of Plan 9; 1557:, a text editor from the Plan 9 project. 573: 4420:"Plan B: Boxes for networked resources" 3773: 3771: 3647:"APE – The ANSI/POSIX Environment" 3486:. Uses this. 2011-04-09. Archived from 1905: 1821:, was authorized by the current Plan 9 463:. The Plan 9 team was initially led by 6718:Cambridge Distributed Computing System 4180: 3296: 3286: 2906:"Real Time in a Real Operating System" 2733:"Plan 9 from Bell Labs in Cyberspace!" 2356:"Plan 9 Open Source License Agreement" 952:directory is then union mounted after 915:are not accessible through the union. 594:Released by Bell Labs to universities 271:Cambridge Distributed Computing System 157:Fourth Edition / January 10, 2015 3706:Annual Tech. Conf. pp. 293–306. 2598: 2596: 1195:hierarchy and filters can be used to 1127:To reduce the complexity of managing 653:—Sape J. Mullender, Pierre G. Jansen. 7: 6549:Microsoft Open Specification Promise 5607: 3323:"UNIX to Plan 9 command translation" 2886:. 9 fans. 1995-07-16. Archived from 2436:"Plan 9 Forked, Continues as 9front" 2236:"Lucent Public License Version 1.02" 1862:Free and open-source software portal 1327:Plan 9 supports the Kfs, Paq, Cwfs, 807:. 9P is a generic, medium-agnostic, 656:Real Time in a Real Operating System 405:without cursor addressing, although 6016:Alternative terms for free software 2517:(2nd ed.). Lucent Technologies 2055:Association for Computing Machinery 1794:1.02, which is considered to be an 1692:operating system acts as a client. 940:replacing the previous contents of 397:operating systems is replaced by a 6829:Distributed computing architecture 6356:Python Software Foundation License 3030:"The Use of Name Spaces in Plan 9" 2633:Loli-Queru, Eugenia (2002-04-29). 2581:Pontin, Jason (19 February 1996). 1819:University of California, Berkeley 1244:utilities in combination with the 817:application programming interfaces 644:Plan 9 from Bell Labs is like the 25: 6419:Definition of Free Cultural Works 6036:Free software project directories 2145:from the original on 14 June 2021 2043:Crawford, Diane (1999). "Forum". 1532:Mirtchovski, Simmonds and Minnich 1513:Roscoe; emphasis in the original. 1390:applications and can emulate the 1143:invented UTF-8, which became the 789:and a shared network filesystem. 451:Screenshot of Plan 9 installation 6782: 6781: 6606: 6605: 6595: 6056:Open-source software development 5766:The Unix Programming Environment 5606: 5595: 5594: 5001: 5000: 3028:; Trickey, H.; Winterbottom, P. 2785:"FQA 1 - Introduction To 9front" 2731:Weldon, Marcus (23 March 2021). 2395:"Plan 9: The Way the Future Was" 2108:; Trickey, H.; Winterbottom, P. 1854: 1598:. In commerce, Plan 9 underlies 1485:object-oriented operating system 847:Union directories and namespaces 666:, designed to make a network of 56: 41: 6839:Free software operating systems 6414:Debian Free Software Guidelines 6246:Free Software Movement of India 5593:indicate discontinued systems. 3696:Ford, Bryan; Cox, Russ (2008). 2918:Springer Science+Business Media 2560:Lee, Yvonne L. (24 July 1995). 2434:Robertson, James (2011-07-16). 1952:"Plan 9 Foundation: Activities" 1812:Debian Free Software Guidelines 1638:augment Plan 9 with additional 1361:concurrent programming language 1123:Comparison of Unicode encodings 527:. A fourth release under a new 4511:Sharwood, Simon (2014-02-14). 4259:"9FRONT.ORG THE PLAN FELL OFF" 4064:"9FRONT.ORG THE PLAN FELL OFF" 3226:Valerie, Aurora (2009-03-25). 3195:Los Alamos National Laboratory 2711:"Plan 9 — Additional Software" 360:in the mid-1980s and built on 76:Plan 9 Foundation, succeeding 1: 6653:Distributed operating systems 6404:Contributor License Agreement 6218:Open-source-software movement 6002:Free and open-source software 4083:Hayward, David (2013-05-09). 3635:Programmer's Manual, Volume 1 3449:Hudson, Andrew (2006-07-19). 3095:Programmer's Manual, Volume 1 1159:Combining the design concepts 6575:The Cathedral and the Bazaar 6429:The Free Software Definition 3480:"An interview with Russ Cox" 3418:; Presotto, D.; Quinlan, S. 2993:Plan 9, A Distributed System 1677:, and speed up development. 1248:(the default Plan 9 shell). 1175:directory tree with its own 1014:, but in a more secure way. 964:, it is first looked for in 664:distributed operating system 511:, intended to be a rival to 354:distributed operating system 6479:Mozilla software rebranding 6444:Permissive software license 5759:The Practice of Programming 5578:Windows Subsystem for Linux 3779:"window manager improved 2" 3375:CJKV information processing 3259:Union Mounts in 4.4BSD-Lite 2535:Proven, Liam (2022-03-29). 2400:The Art of UNIX Programming 2004:. Bell Labs. Archived from 1870:Alef (programming language) 1686:Windows Subsystem for Linux 1319:are Plan 9's text editors. 1307:inter-process communication 1220:List of Plan 9 applications 1165:network address translation 715:inter-process communication 328:Other derivatives and forks 137:; 29 years ago 123:; 32 years ago 6885: 6834:Embedded operating systems 6484:Proprietary device drivers 6434:The Open Source Definition 3116:Pereira, Uriel M. (2006). 2509:McIlroy, Doug (Mar 1995). 1932:"Glenda, the Plan 9 Bunny" 1880:Inferno (operating system) 1460:architecture developed at 1217: 1116: 1055: 1032:Special virtual filesystem 796: 677:Its designers state that, 6854:PowerPC operating systems 6777: 6591: 6569:Source-available software 6469:Digital rights management 5586: 5572:Windows Services for UNIX 5527:Microsoft POSIX subsystem 5066: 4996: 4187:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4145:. USENIX ATC BOF session. 2961:10.1108/07378830310509772 2908:. In Herbert, Andrew J.; 2046:Communications of the ACM 1398:(APE) that implements an 1392:Berkeley socket interface 55: 40: 6864:X86-64 operating systems 6564:Shared Source Initiative 6361:Shared Source Initiative 6314:Free Software Foundation 6251:Free Software Foundation 6101:Configuration management 3893:"The 9wm Window Manager" 3810:Torvalds, Linus (1999). 3727:Roscoe, Timothy (1995). 3511:Open source software law 1885:Redox (operating system) 1808:Free Software Foundation 1187:hierarchy from a remote 567:drivers, Audio drivers, 403:graphical user interface 18:Glenda, the Plan 9 Bunny 6499:SCO/Linux controversies 5932:Associated institutions 3371:Lunde, Ken (Jan 1999). 2110:"Plan 9 from Bell Labs" 1914:"Plan 9 from Bell Labs" 1682:Windows 10 version 1903 1181:virtual private network 1149:null-terminated strings 1045:Listing processes with 956:, and Alice's personal 436:Plan 9 from Outer Space 6859:MIPS operating systems 6399:Comparison of licenses 6208:Free software movement 4626:command-line interface 4473:10.1109/PERCOM.2006.43 2204:akaros.cs.berkeley.edu 1817:In February 2014, the 1800:Open Source Initiative 1655:version control system 1617: 1568:Plan 9 from User Space 1558: 1535: 1516: 1396:ANSI/POSIX Environment 1381:command-line utilities 1283: 1066:, Plan 9 provides the 1053: 987:) still exists in the 972:, and then finally in 928:In the example above, 805:programming interfaces 696: 650: 461:C programming language 452: 420:is a reference to the 6869:X86 operating systems 6819:ARM operating systems 6809:Plan 9 from Bell Labs 6692:Plan 9 from Bell Labs 6474:License proliferation 5868:Programming languages 5854:Plan 9 from Bell Labs 5684:Programming languages 5670:Plan 9 from Bell Labs 5566:UserLAnd Technologies 3678:. Lucent Technologies 3653:. Lucent Technologies 3426:. Lucent Technologies 3414:Cox, R.; Grosse, E.; 3329:. Lucent Technologies 3280:Rc — The Plan 9 Shell 3185:Minnich, Ron (2005). 2955:(4). MCB UP: 471–76. 2692:. Lucent Technologies 2667:. Lucent Technologies 2116:. Lucent Technologies 2063:10.1145/310930.310939 1792:Lucent Public License 1696:Derivatives and forks 1545: 1277: 1218:Further information: 1117:Further information: 1044: 911:exists, the files in 450: 418:Plan 9 from Bell Labs 371:Under Plan 9, UNIX's 350:Plan 9 from Bell Labs 159:; 9 years ago 36:Plan 9 from Bell Labs 6559:Open-source hardware 6494:Proprietary software 6489:Proprietary firmware 6190:Formerly open-source 6185:Formerly proprietary 6051:Open-source software 5561:UNIX System Services 5060:compatibility layers 4924:Software development 4467:. pp. 126–135. 4163:. February 16, 2019. 3420:"Security in Plan 9" 2686:"Staying up to date" 1810:, and it passes the 1592:ubiquitous computing 1483:interfaces of Sun's 1343:Software development 1137:ISO/IEC 10646-1:1993 374:everything is a file 366:free and open-source 6824:Computing platforms 6439:Open-source license 6041:Gratis versus libre 5288:Other distributions 4569:plan9.bell-labs.com 4543:plan9foundation.org 4381:. 26 November 2020. 4347:. 21 November 2020. 4333:. 17 November 2021. 3930:Lucent Technologies 3508:Dixon, Rod (2004). 2991:; Trickey, Howard. 2910:Spärck Jones, Karen 2661:"How to contribute" 2541:www.theregister.com 2360:plan9.bell-labs.com 2330:plan9.bell-labs.com 2300:plan9.bell-labs.com 2276:on 18 December 2002 2270:plan9.bell-labs.com 2240:plan9.bell-labs.com 2210:on 13 February 2014 2030:"GPLv2 source code" 1956:plan9foundation.org 1928:Lucent Technologies 1875:Rendezvous (Plan 9) 1796:open-source license 1474:UNIX domain sockets 1456:and the associated 1454:Network File System 1386:Plan 9 can support 1214:Software for Plan 9 1129:character encodings 628:Plan 9 4th edition 602:Plan 9 2nd edition 591:Plan 9 1st edition 525:open-source license 521:Lucent Technologies 37: 4574:2021-05-24 at the 4539:"Plan9 Foundation" 4437:10.1007/BF03192352 4367:. 14 January 2022. 3550:"A new C Compiler" 2336:on 26 October 2000 2306:on 6 December 2000 1559: 1375:Unix compatibility 1284: 1270:Graphical programs 1070:file system. Each 1064:process management 1054: 936:, the contents of 899:only if it exists 453: 6849:Software projects 6796: 6795: 6619: 6618: 6519:Trusted Computing 6509:Software security 6457: 6456: 6138:Operating systems 6046:Long-term support 5968: 5967: 5842:Operating systems 5801: 5800: 5663:Operating systems 5622: 5621: 5472: 5471: 5056:operating systems 5015: 5014: 4587:Plan 9 Foundation 4041:(Press release). 4013:(Press release). 3985:(Press release). 3672:"Linux emulation" 3645:Trickey, Howard. 3548:(February 1992). 3525:978-1-58053-719-3 3394:978-1-56592-224-2 3277:Duff, Tom. "18". 3058:Computing Systems 2927:978-0-387-20170-2 2757:Sharwood, Simon. 2366:on 16 August 2000 2246:on 3 October 2003 2169:Sorace, Anthony. 1026:union file system 879:are unioned into 635: 634: 491:and Bruce Ellis. 489:Bjarne Stroustrup 413:, is text-based. 347: 346: 16:(Redirected from 6876: 6785: 6784: 6646: 6639: 6632: 6623: 6609: 6608: 6599: 6504:Software patents 6387: 6299:Creative Commons 6158:Web applications 5995: 5988: 5981: 5972: 5828: 5821: 5814: 5805: 5649: 5642: 5635: 5626: 5610: 5609: 5598: 5597: 5113: 5042: 5035: 5028: 5019: 5004: 5003: 4744:User environment 4616: 4609: 4602: 4593: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4549: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4525: 4508: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4439: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4389: 4383: 4382: 4375: 4369: 4368: 4355: 4349: 4348: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4327: 4321: 4320: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4255: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4229: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4209:. 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Archived from 3150: 3140: 3138: 3137: 3128: 3113: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3082: 3076: 3075: 3073: 3053: 3044: 3043: 3041: 3040: 3024:; Presotto, D.; 3018: 3007: 3006: 3004: 2983:Presotto, Dave; 2980: 2965: 2964: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2935: 2934: 2901: 2892: 2891: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2871: 2870: 2864:jehanne.h--k.it/ 2856: 2850: 2849: 2847: 2846: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2823: 2822: 2805: 2799: 2798: 2796: 2795: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2772: 2771: 2754: 2748: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2719: 2718: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2698: 2697: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2673: 2672: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2648: 2647: 2630: 2619: 2618: 2616: 2615: 2608:History-Computer 2600: 2591: 2590: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2548: 2547: 2532: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2522: 2506: 2500: 2499: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2479: 2478: 2469:. Archived from 2463: 2452: 2451: 2449: 2448: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2422: 2421: 2391:Raymond, Eric S. 2387: 2376: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2362:. Archived from 2352: 2346: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2332:. 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Archived from 2166: 2155: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2135:"Plan 9 License" 2131: 2125: 2124: 2122: 2121: 2098: 2083: 2082: 2040: 2034: 2033: 2026: 2020: 2019: 2014: 2013: 2002:"plan9checksums" 1998: 1992: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1973: 1967: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1948: 1942: 1941: 1939: 1938: 1924: 1918: 1917: 1910: 1864: 1859: 1858: 1857: 1823:copyright holder 1640:hardware drivers 1615: 1578:was inspired by 1553:was inspired by 1551:X window manager 1533: 1514: 1462:Sun Microsystems 1206: 1194: 1186: 1178: 1174: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1069: 1052: 1002: 998: 994: 986: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 943: 939: 935: 931: 921: 914: 910: 904: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 821:Berkeley sockets 784: 780: 776: 772: 764: 760: 756: 748: 744: 740: 694: 658: 613:Plan 9 3rd ed. ( 574: 513:Sun Microsystems 399:windowing system 393:at the heart of 383:cursor-addressed 343: 340: 334:Official website 315:2000: Plan 9 OSL 194:Marketing target 189: 186: 184: 182: 180: 167: 165: 160: 147: 146:(general public) 145: 143: 138: 133: 132:(universities) / 131: 129: 124: 81: 60: 45: 38: 32:Operating system 21: 6884: 6883: 6879: 6878: 6877: 6875: 6874: 6873: 6799: 6798: 6797: 6792: 6773: 6757: 6701: 6655: 6650: 6620: 6615: 6587: 6554:Open-core model 6529: 6523: 6453: 6391: 6385: 6255: 6232: 6194: 6077: 6070: 6004: 5999: 5969: 5964: 5948: 5927: 5884: 5863: 5837: 5832: 5802: 5797: 5771: 5746: 5710: 5679: 5658: 5653: 5623: 5618: 5582: 5479: 5468: 5371: 5292: 5227: 5107: 5100: 5062: 5046: 5016: 5011: 4992: 4961: 4918: 4902: 4874: 4851: 4765:Text processing 4760: 4739: 4718: 4632: 4620: 4576:Wayback Machine 4561: 4556: 4547: 4545: 4537: 4536: 4532: 4523: 4521: 4510: 4509: 4505: 4495: 4493: 4483: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4417: 4416: 4412: 4402: 4400: 4391: 4390: 4386: 4377: 4376: 4372: 4357: 4356: 4352: 4343: 4342: 4338: 4329: 4328: 4324: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4281:www.9legacy.org 4275: 4274: 4270: 4257: 4256: 4252: 4242: 4240: 4231: 4230: 4226: 4216: 4214: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4155: 4154: 4150: 4142: 4135: 4134: 4130: 4121: 4119: 4114: 4113: 4109: 4100: 4098: 4097:on June 7, 2013 4082: 4081: 4077: 4068: 4066: 4062: 4061: 4057: 4048: 4046: 4038: 4034: 4033: 4029: 4020: 4018: 4010: 4006: 4005: 4001: 3992: 3990: 3982: 3978: 3977: 3973: 3965:10.1.1.109.8131 3953: 3952: 3948: 3939: 3937: 3918: 3917: 3913: 3901: 3899: 3891: 3890: 3886: 3877: 3875: 3860: 3859: 3855: 3846: 3844: 3840: 3839: 3835: 3828: 3809: 3808: 3804: 3792: 3790: 3777: 3776: 3769: 3749: 3748: 3741: 3733: 3726: 3725: 3721: 3713:10.1.1.212.9353 3695: 3694: 3690: 3681: 3679: 3670: 3669: 3665: 3656: 3654: 3644: 3643: 3639: 3625: 3624: 3623: 3619: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3599: 3598: 3594: 3585: 3583: 3552: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3518:. p. 213. 3507: 3506: 3502: 3493: 3491: 3478: 3477: 3470: 3461: 3459: 3448: 3447: 3438: 3429: 3427: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3370: 3369: 3365: 3356: 3354: 3352:"UTF-8 History" 3346: 3345: 3341: 3332: 3330: 3321: 3320: 3313: 3295: 3285: 3276: 3275: 3271: 3262:. Proc. Winter 3255: 3254: 3247: 3238: 3236: 3225: 3224: 3217: 3208: 3206: 3202: 3189: 3184: 3183: 3176: 3165: 3163: 3159: 3148: 3143: 3135: 3133: 3122: 3115: 3114: 3099: 3085: 3084: 3083: 3079: 3055: 3054: 3047: 3038: 3036: 3020: 3019: 3010: 2982: 2981: 2968: 2949:Library Hi Tech 2946: 2945: 2941: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2920:. p. 211. 2903: 2902: 2895: 2882: 2881: 2877: 2868: 2866: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2844: 2842: 2834: 2833: 2829: 2820: 2818: 2807: 2806: 2802: 2793: 2791: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2769: 2767: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2741: 2739: 2737:Nokia Bell Labs 2730: 2729: 2725: 2716: 2714: 2709: 2708: 2704: 2695: 2693: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2670: 2668: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2645: 2643: 2632: 2631: 2622: 2613: 2611: 2602: 2601: 2594: 2580: 2579: 2575: 2559: 2558: 2554: 2545: 2543: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2520: 2518: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2490: 2489: 2485: 2476: 2474: 2465: 2464: 2455: 2446: 2444: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2389: 2388: 2379: 2369: 2367: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2339: 2337: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2309: 2307: 2294: 2293: 2289: 2279: 2277: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2249: 2247: 2234: 2233: 2229: 2213: 2211: 2198: 2197: 2193: 2184: 2182: 2168: 2167: 2158: 2148: 2146: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2119: 2117: 2100: 2099: 2086: 2042: 2041: 2037: 2028: 2027: 2023: 2011: 2009: 2000: 1999: 1995: 1985: 1983: 1975: 1974: 1970: 1960: 1958: 1950: 1949: 1945: 1936: 1934: 1926: 1925: 1921: 1912: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1860: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1806:license by the 1788: 1707:Unix philosophy 1698: 1616: 1613:Eric S. Raymond 1611: 1540: 1534: 1531: 1515: 1512: 1429: 1424: 1412:X Window System 1377: 1371:library for C. 1345: 1325: 1278:Plan 9 running 1272: 1222: 1216: 1204: 1192: 1184: 1179:. Similarly, a 1176: 1172: 1161: 1125: 1115: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1091: 1067: 1060: 1050: 1039: 1034: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 941: 937: 933: 929: 926: 919: 912: 908: 902: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 849: 801: 795: 782: 778: 774: 770: 762: 758: 754: 746: 742: 738: 695: 689: 660: 654: 652: 640: 638:Design concepts 477:Brian Kernighan 445: 429:science fiction 337: 326: 314: 309: 304: 279: 177: 163: 161: 158: 141: 139: 136: 134: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117:Initial release 77: 66: 51: 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6882: 6880: 6872: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6801: 6800: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6790: 6778: 6775: 6774: 6772: 6771: 6765: 6763: 6759: 6758: 6756: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6709: 6707: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6682:HarmonyOS NEXT 6679: 6674: 6669: 6663: 6661: 6657: 6656: 6651: 6649: 6648: 6641: 6634: 6626: 6617: 6616: 6614: 6613: 6603: 6592: 6589: 6588: 6586: 6585: 6578: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6539: 6533: 6531: 6525: 6524: 6522: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6465: 6463: 6459: 6458: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6395: 6393: 6384: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6332: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6265: 6263: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6253: 6248: 6242: 6240: 6234: 6233: 6231: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6204: 6202: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6166: 6165: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6119: 6118: 6113: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6091:Bioinformatics 6088: 6082: 6080: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6012: 6010: 6006: 6005: 6000: 5998: 5997: 5990: 5983: 5975: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5962: 5956: 5954: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5946: 5941: 5935: 5933: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5925: 5923:Thompson shell 5920: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5892: 5890: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5882: 5877: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5845: 5843: 5839: 5838: 5833: 5831: 5830: 5823: 5816: 5808: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5795: 5790: 5788:Mark V. Shaney 5785: 5779: 5777: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5769: 5762: 5754: 5752: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5718: 5716: 5712: 5711: 5709: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5687: 5685: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5677: 5672: 5666: 5664: 5660: 5659: 5654: 5652: 5651: 5644: 5637: 5629: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5616: 5604: 5587: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5580: 5575: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5551: 5544: 5537: 5530: 5523: 5516: 5509: 5502: 5495: 5490: 5484: 5482: 5474: 5473: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5466: 5461: 5454: 5449: 5442: 5441: 5440: 5428: 5421: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5403: 5402: 5392: 5387: 5379: 5377: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5369: 5362: 5355: 5354: 5353: 5348: 5336: 5331: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5306: 5304: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5239: 5237: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5225: 5218: 5211: 5204: 5197: 5196: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5155: 5154: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5125: 5123: 5110: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5067: 5064: 5063: 5047: 5045: 5044: 5037: 5030: 5022: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5009: 4997: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4969: 4967: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4928: 4926: 4920: 4919: 4917: 4916: 4910: 4908: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4884: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4872: 4867: 4861: 4859: 4857:Shell builtins 4853: 4852: 4850: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4768: 4766: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4758: 4753: 4747: 4745: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4737: 4732: 4726: 4724: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4640: 4638: 4634: 4633: 4630:shell builtins 4621: 4619: 4618: 4611: 4604: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4584: 4578: 4560: 4559:External links 4557: 4555: 4554: 4530: 4503: 4481: 4451: 4410: 4384: 4370: 4350: 4336: 4322: 4304: 4286: 4268: 4250: 4224: 4213:on 9 June 2018 4194: 4166: 4148: 4128: 4107: 4075: 4055: 4027: 3999: 3971: 3946: 3911: 3884: 3853: 3833: 3826: 3802: 3767: 3739: 3719: 3688: 3663: 3637: 3617: 3592: 3537: 3524: 3500: 3468: 3436: 3406: 3393: 3381:O'Reilly Media 3363: 3350:(2003-04-30). 3339: 3311: 3269: 3245: 3215: 3174: 3172: 3171: 3097: 3077: 3071:10.1.1.46.2817 3064:(2): 175–199. 3045: 3008: 3002:10.1.1.41.9192 2966: 2939: 2926: 2893: 2890:on 2008-07-06. 2875: 2851: 2827: 2808:Proven, Liam. 2800: 2789:fqa.9front.org 2776: 2749: 2723: 2702: 2677: 2652: 2620: 2592: 2573: 2552: 2527: 2501: 2498:on 2006-02-09. 2483: 2453: 2426: 2413: 2405:Addison-Wesley 2393:(2003-09-17). 2377: 2347: 2317: 2287: 2257: 2227: 2200:"Plan9License" 2191: 2156: 2126: 2084: 2057:(ACM): 11–15. 2035: 2021: 1993: 1968: 1943: 1919: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1866: 1865: 1849: 1846: 1827:Alcatel-Lucent 1787: 1784: 1783: 1782: 1775: 1760: 1754: 1748: 1742: 1736: 1730: 1724: 1714: 1697: 1694: 1621:device drivers 1609: 1588:grid computing 1576:window manager 1539: 1536: 1529: 1510: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1376: 1373: 1349:user interface 1344: 1341: 1324: 1323:Storage system 1321: 1271: 1268: 1260:key management 1256:authentication 1215: 1212: 1160: 1157: 1131:, Plan 9 uses 1114: 1111: 1090: 1087: 1056:Main article: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 966:/usr/alice/bin 932:is mounted at 924: 905:does not exist 895:if it exists, 848: 845: 797:Main article: 794: 791: 687: 641: 639: 636: 633: 632: 629: 626: 622: 621: 618: 611: 607: 606: 603: 600: 596: 595: 592: 589: 585: 584: 581: 578: 502:Harcourt Brace 473:Dennis Ritchie 444: 441: 345: 344: 335: 331: 330: 321: 317: 316: 298: 292: 291: 282: 280:user interface 274: 273: 264: 260: 259: 254: 247: 246: 213: 209: 208: 205: 199: 198: 195: 191: 190: 175: 169: 168: 155: 149: 148: 118: 114: 113: 108: 104: 103: 100: 96: 95: 89: 83: 82: 74: 68: 67: 61: 53: 52: 46: 31: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6881: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6814:1992 software 6812: 6810: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6789: 6780: 6779: 6776: 6770: 6767: 6766: 6764: 6760: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6704: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6647: 6642: 6640: 6635: 6633: 6628: 6627: 6624: 6612: 6604: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6593: 6590: 6584: 6583: 6582:Revolution OS 6579: 6577: 6576: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6544: 6543:GNU Manifesto 6540: 6538: 6535: 6534: 6532: 6526: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6460: 6450: 6449:Public domain 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6388: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6316: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6262: 6258: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6238:Organisations 6235: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6197: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6133:Office suites 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6108: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6073: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6031:Free software 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5996: 5991: 5989: 5984: 5982: 5977: 5976: 5973: 5961: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5951: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5930: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5918: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5887: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5866: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5846: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5829: 5824: 5822: 5817: 5815: 5810: 5809: 5806: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5768: 5767: 5763: 5761: 5760: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5749: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5719: 5717: 5713: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5682: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5650: 5645: 5643: 5638: 5636: 5631: 5630: 5627: 5615: 5614: 5605: 5603: 5602: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5585: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5573: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5556: 5552: 5550: 5549: 5545: 5543: 5542: 5538: 5536: 5535: 5531: 5529: 5528: 5524: 5522: 5521: 5517: 5515: 5514: 5510: 5508: 5507: 5503: 5501: 5500: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5478:Compatibility 5475: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5459: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5447: 5446:Research Unix 5443: 5439: 5438: 5437:BlackBerry 10 5434: 5433: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5426: 5422: 5420: 5419: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5385: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5374: 5368: 5367: 5363: 5361: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5346: 5342: 5341: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5329: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5312: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5302: 5301: 5295: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5235: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5219: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5210: 5209: 5205: 5203: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5160: 5159: 5156: 5152: 5151:DragonFly BSD 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5121: 5120: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5103: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5054: 5050: 5043: 5038: 5036: 5031: 5029: 5024: 5023: 5020: 5008: 4999: 4998: 4995: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4966:Miscellaneous 4964: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4921: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4905: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4877: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4854: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4763: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4742: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4721: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4628:programs and 4627: 4624: 4617: 4612: 4610: 4605: 4603: 4598: 4597: 4594: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4573: 4570: 4566: 4563: 4562: 4558: 4544: 4540: 4534: 4531: 4520: 4519: 4514: 4507: 4504: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4482:0-7695-2518-0 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4455: 4452: 4447: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4414: 4411: 4398: 4394: 4388: 4385: 4380: 4374: 4371: 4366: 4365: 4360: 4354: 4351: 4346: 4340: 4337: 4332: 4326: 4323: 4318: 4317:harvey-os.org 4314: 4308: 4305: 4300: 4296: 4290: 4287: 4282: 4278: 4272: 4269: 4264: 4260: 4254: 4251: 4238: 4234: 4228: 4225: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4198: 4195: 4190: 4184: 4176: 4170: 4167: 4162: 4158: 4152: 4149: 4141: 4140: 4132: 4129: 4117: 4111: 4108: 4096: 4092: 4091: 4086: 4079: 4076: 4065: 4059: 4056: 4044: 4037: 4031: 4028: 4016: 4009: 4003: 4000: 3988: 3981: 3975: 3972: 3966: 3961: 3957: 3950: 3947: 3936:on 2006-03-14 3935: 3931: 3927: 3926: 3921: 3915: 3912: 3908: 3898: 3894: 3888: 3885: 3874:on 2012-12-20 3873: 3869: 3868: 3863: 3857: 3854: 3843: 3837: 3834: 3829: 3827:1-56592-582-3 3823: 3819: 3814: 3806: 3803: 3799: 3789:on 2011-12-31 3788: 3784: 3780: 3774: 3772: 3768: 3762: 3761:10.1.1.97.122 3757: 3753: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3732: 3731: 3723: 3720: 3714: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3700: 3692: 3689: 3677: 3673: 3667: 3664: 3652: 3648: 3641: 3638: 3634: 3631: – 3628: 3621: 3618: 3603: 3596: 3593: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3551: 3547: 3546:Thompson, Ken 3541: 3538: 3527: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3512: 3504: 3501: 3490:on 2011-12-28 3489: 3485: 3481: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3458: 3457: 3452: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3437: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3410: 3407: 3396: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3376: 3367: 3364: 3353: 3349: 3343: 3340: 3328: 3324: 3318: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3302: 3290: 3282: 3281: 3273: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3260: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3235: 3234: 3229: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3205:on 2016-02-25 3201: 3197: 3196: 3188: 3181: 3179: 3175: 3162:on 2007-11-28 3158: 3154: 3147: 3142: 3141: 3132: 3126: 3121: 3120: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3091: – 3088: 3081: 3078: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3003: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2989:Thompson, Ken 2986: 2979: 2977: 2975: 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