165:
evidence for the "collision tumor" hypothesis. Also, Studies demonstrating the sarcomatous component's histological sensitivity to markers of vascular endothelium such factor CD34, von
Willebrand factor, and VIII supported this theory. An alternative view that has recently gained support suggests that both gliosarcoma components have a monoclonal origin, with the sarcomatous component deriving from abnormal differentiation of malignant gliomal mesenchyma. First, gliomatous and sarcomatous components were shown to have similar p53 alterations by Biernat and colleagues. In both tumor regions, Reis and colleagues found similar nuclear accumulation of p53, deletion of p16, mutations of PTEN,and amplifications of CDK4. Other scientists then noted that both gliosarcoma components had similar genetic changes and chromosomal abnormalities of the kind often seen in GBM.
37:
807:
191:
GBM and other cerebral gliomas rarely metastasize outside the brain. Numerous authors described incidences of metastatic foci that mixed gliomatous and sarcomatous components, while others reported metastatic foci that were entirely composed of the sarcomatous component. Most gliosarcoma extracranial
173:
Gliosarcoma is rare; incidence ranges from 1.8 to 2.8 percent lower than that of GBMs. PGS affects persons in their 6th to 7th years of life, and it is much more frequent in males than in females (with 1.4-1.8:1 ratio). Depending on where the tumor is located, the reported presenting signs
200:
Tumor removal, postoperative radiation treatment, and chemotherapy with nitrosureas, misonidazole, dacarbazine, temozolomide, doxorubicin , vincristine, cisplatin, mithramycin, ametophterin, thalidomide, or irinotecan have all been recorded as treatment options for gliosarcoma and radiotherapy with
182:
On CT imaging, the lesions might show as Well-defined high-density lesion edges and homogeneous enhancement, replicating the meningioma appearance, or as lesions with large necrotic regions and GBM-like heterogeneous contrast enhancement. Marked peritumoral edema is a characteristic and frequent
125:
components. Primary gliosarcoma (PGS) is classified as a grade IV tumor and a subtype of glioblastoma multiforme in the 2007 World Health
Organization classification system (GBM). Because of a lack of specific and clear diagnostic criteria, the word "gliosarcoma" was frequently used to refer to
164:
Early reports claimed that the hyperplastic blood vessels that are frequently present in high grade gliomas underwent neoplastic change to become the sarcomatous components. Feigin's early reports components of perivascular sarcomatous and hyperplastic arteries in gliosarcoma offered
174:
and symptoms, such as aphasia, headaches, hemiparesis, seizures, and cognitive loss, are similar with those of a fast developing intracranial tumor. Many researchers have come to the conclusion that these tumors are clinically identical to GBM due to their clinical similarities.
702:
495:
Boerman R, Anderl K, Herath J, Borell T, Johnson N, SchaefferKlein J, Kirchof A, Raap AK, Scheithauer BW, Jenkins RB (1996) The glilal and mesenchymal elements of gliosarcomas share similar genetic alterations. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol
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Galanis E, Buckner JC, Dinapoli RP, Scheithauer BW, Jenkins RB, Wang CH, O’Fallon JR, Farr G Jr (1998) Clinical outcome of gliosarcoma compared with glioblastoma multiforme: north central cancer treatment group results. J Neurosurg
439:
McComb R, Jones TR, Pizzo SV, Bigner DD (1982) Immunohistochemical detection of factor VIII/von
Willebrand factor in hyperplastic endothelial cells in glioblastoma multiforme and mixed glioma-sarcoma. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol
811:
645:
Rodriguez F, Scheithauer BW, Jenkins R, Burger PC, Rudzinskiy P, Vlodavsky E, Schooley A, Landolfi J (2007) Gliosarcoma arising in oligodendroglial tumors (‘‘oligosarcoma’’): a clinicopathologic study. Am J Surg Pathol
485:
Actor B, Cobbers JM, Buschges R, Wolter M, Knobbe CB, Lichter P, Reifenberger G, Weber RG (2002) Comprehensive analysis of genomic alterations in gliosarcoma and its two tissue components. Genes
Chromosomes Cancer
537:
Maiuri F, Stella L, Benvenuti D, Giamundo A, Pettinato G (1990) Cerebral gliosarcomas: correlation of computed tomographic findings, surgical aspect, pathological features, and prognosis. Neurosurgery 26:261–267
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Biernat W, Aguzzi A, Sure U, Grant JW, Kleihues P, Hegi ME (1995) Identical mutations of the p53 tumor suppressor gene in the gliomatous and the sarcomatous components of gliosarcomas suggest a common or
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1219:
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878:
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Louis D, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, Cavenee WK, Burger PC, Jouvet A, Scheithauer BW, Kleihues P (2007) The 2007 WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system. Acta
Neuropathol 114:97–109
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Wharton S, Whittle IR, Collie DA, Bell HS, Ironside JW (2001) Gliosarcoma with areas of primitive neuroepithelial differentiation and extracranial metastasis. Clin
Neuropathol 20:212–218
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Stupp R, Mason WP, Van den Bent MJ, Weller M, Fisher B, Taphoorn MJ et al (2005) Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma. N Engl J Med 352:987–996
714:
192:
metastases are found in the lung and liver, but there have been reports of metastases elsewhere as well, including evidence of intramedullary metastases to the cervical spine.
582:
Ojeda V, Sterrett GF (1984) Cerebral gliosarcoma, pulmonary adenoid-cystic carcinoma, and pulmonary metastatic gliosarcoma: report of an untreated case. Pathology 16:217–221
519:
Machuca T, Prevedello DM, Pope LZ, Haratz SS, Araujo JC, Torres LF (2004) Gliosarcoma: report of four cases with immunohistochemical findings. Arq
Neuropsiquiatr 62:608–612
430:
Feigin I, Allen LB, Lipkin L, Gross SW (1958) The endothelial hyperplasia of cerebral blood vessels with brain tumors, and its sarcomatous transformation. Cancer 2:264–277
449:
Slowik F, Jellinger K, Gaszo L, Fischer J (1985) Gliosarcomas: histological, immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and tissue culture studies. Acta
Neuropathol 67:201–210
421:
Meis J, Martz KL, Nelson JS (1990) Mixed glioblastoma multiforme and sarcoma: a clinicopathologic study of 26 radiation therapy oncology group cases. Cancer 67:2342–2349
664:
Kozak KR, Mahadevan A, Moody JS. Adult gliosarcoma: epidemiology, natural history and factors associated with outcome. April. 2009;Cancer:183–191. doi:10.1215/15228517.
850:
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Witwer B, Salamat MS, Resnick DK (2000) Gliosarcoma metastatic to the cervical spine cord: case report and review of the literature. Surg Neurol 54:373–379
618:
Matsuyama J, Mori T, Hori S, Nakano T, Yamada A (1989) Gliosarcoma with multiple extracranial metastases. Case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 29:938–943
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Beaumont TL, Kupsky WJ, Barger GR, Sloan AE (May 2007). "Gliosarcoma with multiple extracranial metastases: case report and review of the literature".
1303:
1227:
1151:
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Yokoyama H, Ono H, Mori K, Kishikawa M, Kihara M (1985) Extracranial metastasis of glioblastoma with sarcomatous component. Surg Neurol 24:641–645
795:
600:
Cerame M, Guthikonda M, Kohli CM (1985) Extraneural metastases in gliosarcoma: a case report and review of literature. Neurosurgery 17:413–418
281:
591:
Weaver D, Vandenberg S, Park TS, Jane JA (1984) Selective peripancreatic sarcoma metastases from primary gliosarcoma.J Neurosurg 61:599–601
989:
843:
129:
It is estimated that approximately 2.1% of all glioblastomas are gliosarcomas. Although most gliomas rarely show metastases outside the
546:
Ehrenreich T, Devlin JF (1958) A complex of glioblastoma and spindle-cell sarcoma with pulmonary metastases. Arch Pathol 66:536–549
234:
1177:
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Gjedrum L, Bojsen-Moller M (1999) 61-year old male with brain tumor and oral, lung, and palpebral masses. Brain Pathol 9:421–422
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Parekh H, O’Donovan DG, Sharma RR, Keogh AJ (1995) Primary cerebral gliosarcoma: report of 17 cases. Br J Neurosurg 9:171–178
836:
822:
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Smith D, Hardman JM, Earle KM (1969) Glioblastoma multiforme and fibrosarcoma with extracranial metastasis. Cancer 24:270–276
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Reis R, Konu-Lebleblicioglu D, Lopes JM, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H (2000) Genetic profile of gliosarcomas. Am J Pathol 156:425–432
984:
782:
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Morantz R, Feigin I, Ransohoff J (1976) Clinical and pathological study of 24 cases of gliosarcoma. J Neurosurg 45:398–408
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1029:
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276:
210:
1080:
1075:
867:
725:
859:
214:
81:
765:
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Lee Y, Castillo M, Nauert C, Moser RP (1985) Computed tomography of gliosarcoma. Am J Neuroradiol 4:527–531
510:
Lutterbach J, Guttenberger R, Pagenstecher A (2001) Gliosarcoma: a clinical study. Radiother Oncol 61:57–64
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Note: Not all brain tumors are of nervous tissue, and not all nervous tissue tumors are in the brain (see
999:
994:
928:
555:
Garret R (1958) Glioblastoma and fibrosarcoma of the brain with extracranial metastases. Cancer 11:888–894
609:
Slowik F, Balogh I (1980) Extracranial spreading of glioblastoma multiforme. Zentralbl
Neurochir 41:57–68
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979:
36:
48:
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Stroebe H (1895) Ueber
Entstehung und Bau der Gehirnglioma. Beitr Pathol Anat Allg Pathol 19:405–486
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792:
271:
209:
PGS has a poor prognosis, a prognosis of median survival of 4 months in untreated individuals. The
1267:
1209:
385:
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glial tumours with mesenchymal properties, such as the ability to make collagen and reticulin.
1280:
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377:
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Feigin I, Gross SW (1954) Sarcoma arising in glioblastoma of the brain. Am J Pathol 31:633–653
312:
56:
1332:
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133:, gliosarcomas have a propensity to do so, most commonly spreading through the blood to the
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1016:
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Ayadi L, Charfi S, Khabir A, Kalle R, Sellami A, Makni S, et al. (March 2010). "".
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61:
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235:"Gliosarcoma: Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program"
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brain cells. Gliosarcoma is a malignant cancer, and is defined as a
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110:
741:
832:
1320:
WHO classification of the tumors of the central nervous system
789:
entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms
684:
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88:
75:
67:
55:
26:
21:
113:, or supportive, brain cells, as opposed to the
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1183:Embryonal tumour with multilayered rosettes
92:~215 new diagnoses per year (United States)
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953:
933:
872:
851:
837:
829:
685:
183:hallmark of gliosarcomas observed on MRI.
35:
18:
506:
504:
502:
346:
344:
1304:Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor
1228:Primary central nervous system lymphoma
1152:Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour
793:Gliosarcoma - National Cancer Institute
226:
284:from the original on October 11, 2021
272:"Gliosarcoma Diagnosis and Treatment"
266:
264:
262:
260:
7:
990:Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma
148:They most commonly present in the
14:
1178:Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor
810: This article incorporates
805:
47:showing a gliosarcoma. Elastic
1272:Cranial and paraspinal nerves
823:U.S. National Cancer Institute
1:
985:Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma
860:Tumours of the nervous system
217:of gliosarcoma is only 5.6%.
121:consisting of gliomatous and
109:of the brain that comes from
1030:Anaplastic oligodendroglioma
71:Between 40 and 60 years old
1376:
818:Dictionary of Cancer Terms
1328:
374:10.1007/s11060-006-9295-x
362:Journal of Neuro-Oncology
277:National Cancer Institute
239:rarediseases.info.nih.gov
213:states that the relative
211:National Cancer Institute
43:
34:
30:Sarcomatous glioblastoma
1157:Lhermitte–Duclos disease
1081:Choroid plexus carcinoma
1076:Choroid plexus papilloma
169:Clinical characteristics
215:five-year survival rate
82:Five-year survival rate
1000:Anaplastic astrocytoma
995:Fibrillary astrocytoma
812:public domain material
1256:Esthesioneuroblastoma
980:Pilocytic astrocytoma
280:. 17 September 2018.
1261:Ganglioneuroblastoma
1166:CNS embryonal tumors
1071:Choroid plexus tumor
1104:Gliomatosis cerebri
305:La Tunisie Médicale
1268:Nerve sheath tumor
1210:Hemangiopericytoma
798:2021-10-11 at the
785:2015-04-28 at the
752:External resources
101:is a rare type of
49:van Gieson's stain
1342:
1341:
1281:Neurofibromatosis
1236:
1235:
1191:
1190:
1117:
1116:
1025:Oligodendroglioma
923:
922:
890:Craniopharyngioma
775:
774:
96:
95:
16:Medical condition
1367:
1333:brain metastasis
1297:Acoustic neuroma
1099:Oligoastrocytoma
1092:Multiple/unknown
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954:
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908:
883:
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241:. Archived from
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1324:
1308:
1232:
1214:
1187:
1173:Medulloblastoma
1161:
1123:
1113:
1087:
1057:
1034:
1017:Oligodendrocyte
1011:
946:
940:
938:Neuroepithelial
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815:
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800:Wayback Machine
787:Wayback Machine
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245:on 13 July 2019
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1180:
1175:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1142:Retinoblastoma
1139:
1133:Ganglioneuroma
1129:
1127:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1095:
1093:
1089:
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1085:
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1078:
1067:
1065:
1063:Choroid plexus
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689:Classification
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681:External links
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311:(3): 142–146.
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201:temozolomide.
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62:Neuro-oncology
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1137:Ganglioglioma
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1053:Subependymoma
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50:
46:
42:
38:
33:
29:
25:
20:
1355:Rare cancers
1330:
1288:Neurilemmoma
1276:Neurofibroma
1108:
1005:Glioblastoma
943:brain tumors
905:
877:
817:
804:
759:
735:
724:
713:
701:
669:
660:
651:
641:
632:
623:
614:
605:
596:
587:
578:
569:
560:
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542:
533:
524:
515:
491:
481:
472:
463:
454:
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417:
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398:
368:(1): 39–46.
365:
361:
355:
334:
325:
308:
304:
298:
286:. Retrieved
275:
247:. Retrieved
243:the original
238:
229:
208:
199:
190:
181:
172:
163:
160:Pathogenesis
154:frontal lobe
147:
128:
119:glioblastoma
98:
97:
1360:Brain tumor
1147:Neurocytoma
1109:Gliosarcoma
975:Astrocytoma
895:Pituicytoma
780:Gliosarcoma
143:lymph nodes
137:, and also
123:sarcomatous
99:Gliosarcoma
68:Usual onset
27:Other names
22:Gliosarcoma
1349:Categories
1292:Schwannoma
1205:Meningioma
1048:Ependymoma
646:31:351–362
496:55:973–981
486:34:416–427
440:41:479–489
403:89:425–430
221:References
187:Metastasis
45:Micrograph
967:Astrocyte
915:Pinealoma
868:Endocrine
737:SNOMED CT
205:Prognosis
196:Treatment
89:Frequency
77:Prognosis
57:Specialty
1197:Meninges
1040:Ependyma
796:Archived
783:Archived
761:Orphanet
742:35262004
390:13171064
382:17171442
317:20415184
288:March 8,
282:Archived
131:cerebrum
731:D018316
720:M9442/3
710:: G71.9
249:13 July
178:Imaging
1125:neuron
1122:Mature
958:Glioma
906:Other:
879:Sellar
766:251576
388:
380:
315:
115:neural
107:cancer
103:glioma
84:: 5.6%
1313:Other
814:from
715:ICD-O
386:S2CID
152:and
139:liver
135:lungs
111:glial
726:MeSH
378:PMID
313:PMID
290:2023
251:2019
141:and
105:, a
1242:PNS
929:CNS
703:ICD
370:doi
1351::
1335:).
1135::
821:.
764::
740::
729::
718::
707:10
501:^
384:.
376:.
366:83
364:.
343:^
309:88
274:.
259:^
237:.
156:.
145:.
1290:/
1244::
950:)
945:,
941:(
881::
852:e
845:t
838:v
825:.
705:-
695:D
392:.
372::
319:.
292:.
253:.
51:.
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