Climate change in Tuvalu

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million) This grant is directed to assisting Tuvalu's National Disaster Management Office in coordinating post-disaster response activities; as well to the work of Tuvalu’s National Building Code Assessment Unit, of the Public Works Department, to develop more disaster-resilient infrastructure in Tuvalu. The WB program includes an additional Catastrophe Deferred Drawdown Option (Cat DDO) of US$ 4 million (AU$ 6.3 million). The Cat DDO funds are made available to Tuvalu in the event of a natural disaster. The purpose of the WB grant is to support improved monitoring and reporting for the assessment of Tuvalu’s climate and disaster risks, and to help the government fast-track the flow of critical supplies to the

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by 2025. These emissions will be further reduced from the other key sectors, agriculture and waste, conditional upon the necessary technology and finance. These targets go beyond the targets enunciated in Tuvalu's National Energy Policy (NEP) and the Majuro Declaration on Climate Leadership (2013). Currently, 50% of electricity is derived from renewables, mainly solar, and this figure will rise to 75% by 2020 and 100% by 2025. This would mean almost zero use of fossil fuel for power generation. This is also in line with our ambition to keep the warming to less than 1.5°C, if there is a chance to save atoll nations like Tuvalu.

156: 274: 943:. The implementation of the TCAP on Funafuti is proposed to be a land reclamation project, which will start from the northern boundary of the Queen Elizabeth Park (QEP) reclamation area and extend to the northern Tausoa Beach Groyne and the development of the Catalina Ramp Harbour. An ecological assessment of the TCAP project considers the removal of sand by dredging in Funafuti lagoon, which was the source of the sand in the Borrow Pits Remediation (BPR) project. 31: 1046: 380: 1065:, fearing some other developing countries were not committing fully to binding deals on a reduction in carbon emission, their chief negotiator stated "Tuvalu is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate change, and our future rests on the outcome of this meeting." When the conference failed to reach a binding, meaningful agreement, Tuvalu's representative Ian Fry said, "It looks like we are being offered 928:$ 2.9 million from the Government of Tuvalu. The TCAP focuses on construction works to defend infrastructure including roads, schools, hospitals and government buildings. over a period of seven years. The goal of the Tuvalu Coastal Adaptation Project is to build coastal resilience in three of Tuvalu's nine inhabited islands and to manage coastal inundation risks by reducing the impact of increasingly intensive wave action. 5132: 340: 1082: 5154: 849:, the prime minister of Tuvalu, said that relocating Tuvaluans to avoid the impact of sea level rise "should never be an option because it is self defeating in itself. For Tuvalu I think we really need to mobilise public opinion in the Pacific as well as in the world to really talk to their lawmakers to please have some sort of moral obligation and things like that to do the right thing." 1316:(the “Convention”), and which declaration ended with a proclamation: “that our maritime zones, as established and notified to the Secretary-General of the United Nations in accordance with the Convention, and the rights and entitlements that flow from them, shall continue to apply, without reduction, notwithstanding any physical changes connected to climate change-related sea-level rise.” 5143: 410:. The University of Hawai'i Sea Level Center (UHSLC) operated a tide gauge from November 1979 until December 2001. Since June 1993 the National Tidal Centre of the Australian Bureau of Meteorology has operated an Aquatrak acoustic gauge. This was done due to the uncertainty as to the accuracy of the data from this tide gauge. It was installed by the 898:). The main office, named the Department of Environment, is responsible for coordinating the non-governmental organizations, religious bodies, and stakeholders. Each of the named groups are responsible for implementing Tuvalu's NAPA, the main plan to adapt to the adverse effects of human use and climate change. 1012:

On 1 October 2023 the constitution was changed to assert Tuvalu's existence would be perpetual, even if its landmass disappeared due to climate change. The government aims to retain control of its current territorial waters and extended economic zone in this event. It is hoped that if other countries

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Existing scientific narratives suggest that Tuvalu may become uninhabitable as a consequence of rising sea levels by the end of this century, though one 2018 study from the University of Auckland found that the islands had gained more area in recent decades than they had lost overall, suggesting that

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in 2015. The coconut palms were washed away, leaving the islet as a sand bar. The effect of Cyclone Pam, which did not pass directly over the islands, shows that Tuvaluans are exposed to storm surges causing damage to their houses and crops, and also the risk of water born disease as a consequence of

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The atolls have shown resilience to gradual sea-level rise, with atolls and reef islands being able to grow under current climate conditions by generating sufficient sand and broken coral that accumulates and gets dumped on the islands during cyclones. There remains the risk that the dynamic response

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events that took place during that period, including a very severe one in 1997/98 that generated a significant sea level drop in the Tuvalu sea level data. The usual positive (rising) sea level trends were changed to negative values (falling) for several months due to the effect of the El Niño event.

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Tuvalu commits to reduction of emissions of green-house gases from the electricity generation (power) sector, by 100%, ie almost zero emissions by 2025. Tuvalu's indicative quantified economy-wide target for a reduction in total emissions of GHGs from the entire energy sector to 60% below 2010 levels

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agreed to reduce their carbon output "as soon as possible" and to do their best to keep global warming "to well below 2 degrees C". Enele Sopoaga described the important outcomes of the Paris Agreement as including the stand-alone provision for assistance to small island states and some of the least

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for agriculture, fisheries, tourism, coral reefs, and human health in the Pacific region; with agriculture production, such as taro, particularly vulnerable to the effect of climate change. The Pacific countries are projected incur economic losses in the range of 4.6% to 12.7% of the region's annual

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was to strengthen key areas to withstand rising sea levels and changing climate, although the government acknowledged that "Plan B" involved evacuating the islands while maintaining Tuvaluan community and culture as much as possible through digital means, including a virtual reality duplicate of the

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has responded to the University of Auckland study with assertions that Tuvalu is not expanding and has gained no additional habitable land. Tuvaluans point to observable changes that have occurred to that show there have been changes to sea levels. Those observable changes include sea water bubbling

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On 16 January 2014 Prime Minister Enele Sopoaga established the National Advisory Council on Climate Change, which functions are "to identify actions or strategies: to achieve energy efficiencies; to increase the use of renewable energy; to encourage the private sector and NGOs to reduce greenhouse

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published by the Australian Government, describes a strong zonal (east‑to-west) sea-level slope along the equator, with sea level west of the International Date Line (180° longitude) being about a half metre higher than found in the eastern equatorial Pacific and South American coastal regions. The

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emphasized the impact of climate change as a "broader security issue which relates to environmental security. Living in a very fragile island environment, our long-term security and sustainable development is closely linked to issues of climate change, preserving biodiversity, managing our limited

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said that relocating Tuvaluans to avoid the impact of sea level rise "should never be an option because it is self defeating in itself. For Tuvalu I think we really need to mobilise public opinion in the Pacific as well as in the world to really talk to their lawmakers to please have some sort of

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is a climate switch phenomenon that results in changes from periods of La Niña to periods of El Niño. This has an effect on sea levels as El Niño events can actually result in sea levels falling by 20 - 30 centimeters as compared to the sea level during a La Niña events. For example, in 2000 there

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over the next century, finding that the country's islands have even grown in area overall in recent decades, though the authors stressed that "Climate change remains one of the single greatest environmental threats to the livelihood and well-being of the peoples of the Pacific" and that "Sea-level

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Tuvalu's future at current warming, is already bleak, any further temperature increase will spell the total demise of Tuvalu.... For Small Island Developing States, Least Developed Countries and many others, setting a global temperature goal of below 1.5 degrees Celsius relative to pre-industrial

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The atolls have shown resilience to gradual sea-level rise, with atolls and reef islands being able to grow under current climate conditions by generating sufficient sand and coral debris that accumulates and gets dumped on the islands during cyclones. Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral

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Temperature Bar Chart Pacific-Tuvalu--1901-2020--2021-07-13. This bar chart is a visual representation of the change in temperature in the past 100+ years. Each stripe represents the temperature averaged over a year. The average temperature in 1971–2000 is set as the boundary between blue and red

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Fry's speech to the conference was a highly impassioned plea for countries around the world to address the issues of man-made global warming resulting in climate change. The five-minute speech addressed the dangers of rising sea levels to Tuvalu and the world. In his speech Fry claimed man-made

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On 26 September 2023, the World Bank (WB) approved US$ 11.5 million (AUD$ 18 million) in new grant financing to Tuvalu as part of the WB’s First Climate and Disaster Resilience Development Policy Financing program. This WB support includes a development policy grant of US$ 7.5 million (AU$ 11.8

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agreed to reduce their carbon output "as soon as possible" and to do their best to keep global warming "to well below 2 °C". Enele Sopoaga described the important outcomes of COP21 as including the stand-alone provision for assistance to small island states and some of the least developed

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controls in the sub-surface of the atoll. About half of Fongafale islet is reclaimed swamp that contains porous, highly permeable coral blocks that allow the tidal forcing of salt water. Increases in the sea level will exacerbate the aquifer salinization as the result of increases in

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events, weakened trade winds are unable to maintain the normal gradient of sea level across the tropical Pacific, leading to a drop in sea level in the west and a rise in the east. Pacific islands within about 10° of the equator are most strongly affected by ENSO‑related sea-level

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The Human Rights Measurement Initiative finds that the climate crisis has worsened human rights conditions in the Tuvalu greatly (5.4 out of 6). Human rights experts provided that the climate crisis has impacted food, water, and housing security as well as forced migration.

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gas emissions; to ensure a whole of government response to adaptation and climate change related disaster risk reduction; and to encourage the private sector and NGOs to develop locally appropriate technologies for adaptation and climate change mitigation (reductions in )."

1087: 882:(TK III) sets out the development agenda of the Government of Tuvalu. TK III includes new strategic areas, in addition to the eight identified in TK II. The additional strategic areas are climate change; environment; migration and urbanization; and oceans and seas. 1276:(being a good neighbour), in the hope other nations will be motivated to understand their shared responsibility to mitigate climate change and sea level rise. A values- or culture-based approach to diplomacy was reflected in Tuvalu’s’s 2020 Foreign Policy ( 1222:

during General Assembly Leaders' week from 23 September 2013. The Majuro Declaration is offered as a "Pacific gift" to the UN Secretary-General in order to catalyze more ambitious climate action by world leaders beyond that achieved at the December

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that is 780 metres (2,560 ft) meters long and 100 metres (330 ft) meters wide, giving a total area of approximately 7.8 ha. (19.27 acres), which is designed to remain above sea level rise and the reach of storm waves beyond the year 2100.

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The reefs at Funafuti have suffered damage, with 80 per cent of the coral having been bleached as a consequence of the increase of the ocean temperatures and acidification from increased levels of carbon dioxide. The coral bleaching, which includes

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Decreasing fisheries population.The El Niño phenomenon has an effect on tuna catch rates, which led to a fall in the number of foreign fishing licenses granted by the government of Tuvalu following the El Niño period from 1998 to 2001, and up to

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effects or local storms and waves. In the future, sea level rise may threaten to submerge the nation entirely as it is estimated that a sea level rise of 20–40 centimetres (7.9–15.7 inches) in the next 100 years could make Tuvalu uninhabitable.

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The government of Tuvalu recognises that there is no international conventions that it can rely on that can recognise Tuvalu’s new status as the effects of climate change are not addressed in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea.

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concluded his speech to the General Debate of the 68th Session of the United Nations General Assembly with an appeal to the world, "please save Tuvalu against climate change. Save Tuvalu in order to save yourself, the world".

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trade winds that push surface water westward create this zonal tilting of sea level on the equator. Below the equator a higher sea level can also be found about 20° to 40° south (Tuvalu is spread out from 6° to 10° south).

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result in water shortages and sanitation problems. The health consequences are increased acute respiratory infections (ARIs), viral illnesses, skin diseases, septic sores, and infection of cholera, diarrhoea and typhoid.

580:. Over four decades, there was a net increase in land area in Tuvalu of 73.5 ha (2.9%), although the changes were not uniform, with 74% of land increasing in size and 27% of land decreasing in size. The sea level at the 965:, it is proposed to reinstate the former shore by constructing a new seawall made from precast concrete interlocking Seabee units where there are the remnants of existing but crumbling hard coastal protection measures. 1299:

Section 2(2) declares Tuvalu’s area, including maritime zones (as defined in a schedule that is a Declaration of Tuvalu Geographical Coordinates) are permanent, regardless of any effects resulting from climate

229:(SPREP). The climate of the Pacific region at the equator is influenced by a number of factors; the science of which is the subject of continuing research. The SPREP described the climate of Tuvalu as being: 1248:, along with others from Pacific countries have been encouraged to use their voices to contribute to discussion about climate change – in particular how it disproportionately affects women and children. 716:

rather than a forced exodus. Despite these findings, the Prime Minister of Tuvalu maintained that "Tuvalu not expanding" and that "the expansion of Tuvaluan shoreline did not equate to habitable land."

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The threat of climate change to the islands is not a dominant motivation for migration as Tuvaluans appear to prefer to continue living in Tuvalu for reasons of lifestyle, culture and identity. In 2013

269:(IPO) (...). A number of studies suggest the influence of global warming could be a major factor in accentuating the current climate regimes and the changes from normal that come with ENSO events (...). 931:

In 2020, Environmental and Social Impact Assessments were published for plans to construct hard and soft coastal protection infrastructure to reduce inundation and coastal erosion on the islands of

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was a switch from periods of downward pressure of El Niño on sea levels to an upward pressure of La Niña on sea levels, which upward pressure causes more frequent and higher high tide levels. The

1776: 1086: 1208:(between 2013 and 2020). This commitment is proposed to be implemented using Solar PV (95% of demand) and biodiesel (5% of demand). The feasibility of wind power generation will be considered. 1188:, a regional grouping intended to cooperate on a variety of issues including culture and language, education, responses to climate change, and trade and investment. Tuvalu participates in the 265:(MJO) also is a major mode of variability of the tropical atmosphere-ocean system of the Pacific on times scales of 30 to 70 days (...), while the leading mode with decadal time-scale is the 1149:

levels is critical. I call on the people of Europe to think carefully about their obsession with 2 degrees. Surely, we must aim for the best future we can deliver and not a weak compromise.

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in December 2014 at Lima, Peru, Sopoaga said "Climate change is the single greatest challenge facing my country. It is threatening the livelihood, security and wellbeing of all Tuvaluans."

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Climate change in Tuvalu is expected to cause the prevalence of various diseases to increase, including diarrhoeal and respiratory disease, as well as lead to compromised food security.

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The Tuvaluan government established the Tuvalu Survival Fund (TSF) in 2016 to finance climate change programs and as a fund available to respond promptly to natural disasters, such as

728:(Prime Minister from 2004 to 2006) said his government did not regard rising sea levels as such a threat that the entire population would need to be evacuated. In 2013, Prime Minister 3942: 4508:(28 Sep 2013) Address by His Excellency Vete Palakua Sakaio, Deputy Prime Minister of Tuvalu at the general debate of the 68th Session of the General Assembly of the United Nations 3758: 2963:

Arthur P. Webba & Paul S. Kench (2010). "The dynamic response of reef islands to sea-level rise: Evidence from multi-decadal analysis of island change in the Central Pacific".

894:(NAPA) describes a response to the climate change problem as using the combined efforts of several local bodies on each island that will work with the local community leaders (the 4163:"Keynote statement delivered by the Prime Minister of Tuvalu, the Honourable Enele S. Sopoaga, at the leaders events for heads of state and government at the opening of the COP21" 2616:

A University of Auckland study examined changes in the geography of Tuvalu's nine atolls and 101 reef islands between 1971 and 2014, using aerial photographs and satellite imagery

4051: 2252: 184: 1144:, the director of the Department of Environment, was the Chief Negotiator for Tuvalu. Prime Minister Sopoaga said in his speech to the meeting of heads of state and government: 417:

The two records were synthesised into a single data source by averaging the difference between the two records over the period during which both gauges operated simultaneously.

1897: 1800: 1192:(AOSIS), which is a coalition of small island and low-lying coastal countries that have concerns about their vulnerability to the adverse effects of global climate change. The 2384:

Arthur P. Webba; Paul S. Kench (2010). "The dynamic response of reef islands to sea-level rise: Evidence from multi-decadal analysis of island change in the Central Pacific".

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country. In November 2023 it was announced that Australia will offer 280 Tuvalu citizens displaced by climate change permanent residency in Australia per year, as part of a

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Section 2(1) states the perpetual statehood of Tuvalu “notwithstanding the impacts of climate change or other causes resulting in loss to the physical territory of Tuvalu”.

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Nakada S.; Yamano H.; Umezawa Y.; Fujita M.; Watanabe M.; Taniguchi M. (2010). "Evaluation of Aquifer Salinization in the Atoll Islands by Using Electrical Resistivity".

1409:"Tuvalu's Views on the Possible Security Implications of Climate Change to be included in the report of the UN Secretary General to the UN General Assembly 64th Session" 4538: 3090: 3249: 1005:, proclaimed that in response to rising sea levels and the perceived failures by the outside world to combat global warming, the country would be uploading itself to 4416: 2006: 1357: 1313: 4440: 3590: 309:

events, strengthened trade winds cause higher than normal sea levels in the western tropical Pacific, and lower than normal levels in the east. Conversely, during

1136:(COP21) that the goal for COP21 should be a global temperature goal of below 1.5 degrees Celsius relative to pre-industrial levels, which is the position of the 1113:(COP21) that the goal for COP21 should be a global temperature goal of below 1.5 degrees Celsius relative to pre-industrial levels, which is the position of the 1287:. On 5 September 2023, Tuvalu’s parliament passed the Constitution of Tuvalu Act 2023, with the changes to the Constitution came into effect on 1 October 2023. 1224: 1133: 1110: 1058: 1050: 4371: 4128: 1099: 1166:

developed countries for loss and damage resulting from climate change and the ambition of limiting temperature rise to 1.5 degrees by the end of the century.

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activity to increase the reefs. However, if the increase in sea level occurs at faster rate as compared to coral growth, or if polyp activity is damaged by

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resulted in waves of 3 to 5 metres (9.8 to 16.4 ft) breaking over the reef of the outer islands caused damage to houses, crops and infrastructure. On

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countries for loss and damage resulting from climate change and the ambition of limiting temperature rise to 1.5 degrees by the end of the century.

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up through the porous coral rock to form pools on each high tide and flooding of low-lying areas including the airport on a regular basis during

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activity to raise the atolls with the sea level. However, if the increase in sea level occurs at faster rate as compared to coral growth, or if

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has risen at 3.9 mm per year, which is approximately twice the global average. This may be because gradual sea-level rise allows for coral

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In December 2022, work on the Funafuti reclamation project commenced. The project is to dredge sand from the lagoon to construct a platform on

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colors, and the color scale varies from ±2.6 standard deviations of the annual average temperatures between the years mentioned. Data source:

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Other Pacific Ocean countries support Tuvalu's position on the impact on territorial boundaries caused by climate change. The leaders of the

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global warming to be currently "the greatest threat to humanity", and ended with an emotional "the fate of my country rests in your hands".

5033: 4346: 485:). However, the highest elevations are typically in narrow storm dunes on the ocean side of the islands which are prone to over topping in 399: 4189: 1728: 1312:

countries published a declaration on 6 August 2021 that recalled the Pacific Islands Forum Members have a long history of support for the

3885: 3000:"Will Pacific Island Nations Disappear as Seas Rise? Maybe Not – Reef islands can grow and change shape as sediments shift, studies show" 2654: 2421:"Will Pacific Island Nations Disappear as Seas Rise? Maybe Not - Reef islands can grow and change shape as sediments shift, studies show" 2230: 298: 258: 4787: 4324: 3367: 3303:

Health of People, Places and Planet: Reflections based on Tony McMichael's four decades of contribution to epidemiological understanding

622:, paving of surface areas, and manipulation of coastlines in addition to high seas caused by meteorological and climatological forces." 166: 2259: 1408: 5234: 4162: 3532: 2546: 2524: 902: 857: 1598: 1574: 1383: 4998: 4905: 3837: 3311: 3147: 2938: 2629: 2362: 1682:"Tuvalu's National Adaptation Programme of Action - Under the auspices of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change" 1462: 1069:

to betray our people and our future... Our future is not for sale. I regret to inform you that Tuvalu cannot accept this document."

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Tropical cyclone numbers are projected to decline in the south-east Pacific Ocean basin (0–40ºS, 170ºE–130ºW) (moderate confidence).

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The sea level in Tuvalu varies as a consequence of a wide range of atmospheric and oceanographic influences. The 2011 report of the

144: 3562: 4279: 3416:"The cultural impacts of climate change: sense of place and sense of community in Tuvalu, a country threatened by sea level rise" 1772: 1283:

Simon Kofe, as chair of the Constitutional Review Parliamentary Select Committee, was involved in drafting the amendments to the

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ENSO has a major influence on sea levels across the Pacific and this can influence the occurrence of extreme sea levels. During

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Nakada, S.; Umezawa, Y.; Taniguchi, M.; Yamano, H. (2012). "Groundwater Dynamics of Fongafale Islet, Funafuti Atoll, Tuvalu".

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The 2023 amendments to the Constitution adopt an innovative approach to determining the boundaries of the State of Tuvalu.

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in Tuvaluan). The project’s first initiative was a values- or culture-based approach to diplomacy based on Tuvaluan values of

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was 3.4 metres (11 ft) on 24 February 2006 and again on 19 February 2015. As a result of historical sea level rise, the

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years to September 2008) and the sea level in the Funafuti area rose approximately 9.14 cm during that period of time.

262: 1651: 5064: 4910: 4895: 4810: 4691: 4531: 3943:"World Bank Provides US$ 11.5 Million Grant to Boost Tuvalu's Climate and Disaster Resilience, Preparedness, and Response" 2181: 1768: 1040: 517: 383: 5095: 5090: 4870: 4820: 4815: 4656: 4641: 4616: 136: 3786: 3601: 92:

by the mid-21st century, and 95% by 2100. The rising saltwater table could also destroy deep rooted food crops such as

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Between 1971 and 2014, during a period of global warming, Tuvalu islands overall have increased in size, according to

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Kench, Paul (2015). "Coral islands defy sea-level rise over the past century: Records from a central Pacific atoll".

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being about 4.6 metres (15 ft) above sea level. Potential threats to the country due to climate change include

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Surface air temperature and sea‑surface temperature are projected to continue to increase (very high confidence).

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Tuvalu faces challenges to its natural environment which will be exacerbated by climate change: Coastal erosion,

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in an effort to preserve itself and allow it to function as a country even in the event of it being underwater.

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years of sea level data from Funafuti, identified that the sea level rise rate was 5.9 mm per year (in the

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that occurred from 1998 to 2000 and from 2000 to 2001. Researchers from Japan have investigated rebuilding the

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McIver, Lachlan; Hanna, Elizabeth (2015). "Fragile Paradise: Health and Climate Change in the South Pacific".

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Climate change is expected to lead to inadequate potable water due to less rainfall and prolonged droughts.

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While some commentators have called for the relocation of Tuvalu's population to Australia, New Zealand or

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they would persist as sites for habitation over the next century, allowing for alternate opportunities for

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There is an inverted barometric pressure effect on sea level during a severe El Niño event due to the high

5054: 4850: 4845: 4802: 1629: 1284: 1205: 853: 577: 105: 1687:. Ministry of Natural Resources, Environment, Agriculture and Lands - Department of Environment. May 2007 402:(PSMSL) has been made at two locations within the Funafuti lagoon. In 1978 a tide gauge was installed at 2898: 1916: 1309: 411: 4467: 5153: 3443:

Colette Mortreux; Jon Barnett (2009). "Climate change, migration and adaptation in Funafuti, Tuvalu".

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events lead to flooding of low-lying areas, which is compounded when sea levels are further raised by

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The intensity and frequency of days of extreme heat are projected to increase (very high confidence).

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Tuvalu Coastal Adaptation Project: Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Nanumaga and Nanumea

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The intensity and frequency of days of extreme rainfall are projected to increase (high confidence).

3865:. Presented by the Hon Maatia Toafa Minister for Finance and Economic Development. 30 November 2016 3508: 1066: 764: 695: 596: 220: 208: 202: 4395:"Tuvalu: Constitutional Amendment Enshrines Statehood in Perpetuity in Response to Climate Change" 3317: 2830: 2745: 2323: 2066: 1947:"Patterns of island change and persistence offer alternate adaptation pathways for atoll nations" 1495:"Patterns of island change and persistence offer alternate adaptation pathways for atoll nations" 1201: 921: 569: 242: 140: 2872: 836:

In a speech on 16 September 2005 to the 60th Session of the UN General Assembly, Prime Minister

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also affect sustainable development. SOPAC ranks the country as extremely vulnerable using the

30: 3655: 3307: 3084: 2822: 2658: 2607: 2450: 2315: 1984: 1532: 1436: 1216: 1212: 1023: 646: 573: 534: 486: 414:(NTF) as part of the AusAID-sponsored South Pacific Sea Level and Climate Monitoring Project. 250: 80:

Tuvalu is widely considered one of the first countries likely to be significantly impacted by

4372:"EDO's expert assistance to Tuvalu Constitutional Reform Project: Interview with Dr Bal Kama" 3065: 4498:(Director: Aaron Smith, "Hungry Beast" program, ABC June 2011) 6:40 minutes - YouTube video. 3988: 3460: 3188: 3128: 3046: 2980: 2814: 2779: 2737: 2597: 2589: 2401: 2305: 2058: 1974: 1966: 1522: 1514: 1193: 1045: 986: 379: 62: 4462: 4452: 3563:"Speech at the 20th Conference of Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change" 2569: 351:

A report in 2011 concluded in relation to Tuvalu that over the course of the 21st century:

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Report (2011) describes the year-by-year volatility in the sea-level as resulting from the

77:) can combine with storm surges and the rising sea level to inundate the low lying atolls. 4474: 4044: 4017:"Pacific Island Tuvalu calls for 1.5 degrees global warming limit or faces "total demise"" 3682:"Tuvalu's climate resilience shored up with launch of US$ 38.9 million adaptation project" 3478: 3222: 2348: 1825: 1432: 1162: 1121: 925: 691: 592: 588: 4231:. 68th Session of the United Nations General Assembly - General Debate. 28 September 2013 3276:"New Tuvalu PM says 'poorly handled' Falepili Treaty to be discussed with Australia govt" 2741: 2680: 1846: 5157: 4463:

Talanoa Dialogue Portal (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC))

4301: 3787:

Tuvalu Coastal Adaptation Project: Environmental and Social Impact Assessment - Funafuti

3456: 3124: 3042: 2976: 2810: 2585: 2473: 2397: 2301: 2208: 2054: 1962: 1510: 183:(INDCs) in relation to the reduction of greenhouse gases (GHGs) under provisions of the 17: 4547: 2602: 1979: 1946: 1734:. Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Program (SPREP). 2009. Archived from 1527: 1494: 1141: 1098:

gives a speech on climate change in 2018, in particular noting the implications of the

1006: 671: 538: 172: 85: 81: 58: 42: 4280:"Tuvalu's Future Now Project: preparing for climate change in the worst-case scenario" 5228: 3341: 2818: 2725: 1197: 1129: 1106: 1095: 886:

The National Adaptation Programme of Action and the Tuvalu Coastal Adaptation Project

846: 737: 729: 603: 552:

in 1979, with all its vegetation and most of its sand swept away during the cyclone.

121: 3464: 2984: 2916: 2834: 2405: 2070: 45:

is particularly threatening for the long-term habitability of the island country of

4202: 3533:"Pacific Adaptation To Climate Change: Tuvalu - Report Of In-Country Consultations" 2327: 837: 725: 683: 630:

Ocean acidification was projected to continue in 2011 (with very high confidence).

549: 490: 481:, which gives Tuvalu the second-lowest maximum elevation of any country (after the 339: 109: 4045:"Adoption of the Paris agreement—Proposal by the President—Draft decision -/CP.21" 2341: 1466: 3626: 1835:. Australia Government: Pacific Climate Change Science Program. 2011. p. 26. 1681: 3964: 2499: 1729:"Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change Tuvalu Report of In-Country Consultations" 1232: 1219: 962: 895: 663: 654: 642: 619: 561: 498: 494: 238: 104:

before they're overtaken by actual flooding. Meanwhile, one 2018 study from the

3321: 3301: 2849: 2593: 1970: 1803:. Pacific Climate Change Science Program (Australian Government). November 2011 1518: 618:

Several causes of coastal flooding in Tuvalu have been identified, including: "

4493: 3999: 2253:"Peak tide affects Tuvaluan communities living in coastal and low-lying areas" 2039:

Lewis, James (December 1989). "Sea level rise: Some implications for Tuvalu".

1257: 1062: 998: 951: 913:

to transport government officials and project personnel to the outer islands.

861:

GDP equivalent by 2100, with the degree of severity changing with different CO

749: 679: 675: 674:, is attributed to the increase in water temperature that occurred during the 658: 584: 525: 466: 310: 306: 278: 234: 128:

in 2020 was 735 kW compared to 1800 kW of diesel (16% penetration).

4229:"Statement Presented by Deputy Prime Minister Honourable Vete Palakua Sakaio" 3250:"Australia to offer residency to Tuvalu citizens displaced by climate change" 3174:"Polynesia in Review: Issues and Events, 1 July 2005 to 30 June 2006, Tuvalu" 358:

Annual and seasonal mean rainfall is projected to increase (high confidence).

4516: 3148:"Dynamic atolls give hope that Pacific Islands can defy sea rise (Comments)" 2630:"Dynamic atolls give hope that Pacific Islands can defy sea rise (Comments)" 969: 950:

is a plan to build berm top barriers on the crest of the main natural storm

634: 612: 521: 513: 509: 478: 387: 331:) can result in seawater flooding low-lying areas of the islands of Tuvalu. 328: 70: 54: 50: 2826: 2611: 2547:"Tuvalu: Tropical Cyclone Pam Situation Report No. 2 (as of 30 March 2015)" 2525:"Tuvalu: Tropical Cyclone Pam Situation Report No. 1 (as of 22 March 2015)" 2319: 1988: 1536: 3591:"Te Kakeega III - National Strategy for Sustainable Development-2016-2020" 909:, a 30 metres (98 ft) vessel that will be used to implement Tuvalu's 4325:"Tuvalu Constitution updated: culture, climate change and decolonisation" 3192: 2783: 1652:"Intended Nationally Determined Contributions Communicated to the UNFCCC" 1204:, which was signed on 5 September 2013, to implement power generation of 973: 947: 936: 932: 638: 581: 545: 482: 403: 391: 344: 281:

conditions. Blue=temperature below average; red=temperature above average

125: 89: 35: 4442:

Te Kakeega III - National Strategy for Sustainable Development-2016-2020

4304:. Department of Foreign Affairs - Government of Tuvalu. 12 December 2022 3342:"The economic impact of natural disasters on development in the Pacific" 2749: 2258:. Island Business (FENUI NEWS/PACNEWS). 24 February 2015. Archived from 1260:, as Tuvalu’s Foreign Minister, launched Tuvalu’s ‘Future Now Project’ ( 880:

Te Kakeega III - National Strategy for Sustainable Development-2016-2020

367:

The incidence of drought is projected to decrease (moderate confidence).

4190:"NZ may be invited to join proposed "Polynesian Triangle" ginger group" 3132: 2062: 1801:"Climate Change in the Pacific: Scientific Assessment and New Research" 958: 940: 553: 93: 66: 1550: 1013:

follow suit, international law may change to accommodate these ideas.

698:, then the resilience of the atolls and reef islands is less certain. 599:, then the resilience of the atolls and reef islands is less certain. 211:

and increasing vector and water borne diseases due to sea level rise.

5177: 4485: 4302:"Final Report – Constitutional Review Parliamentary Select Committee" 3838:"Groundbreaking ceremony in Funafuti for Tuvalu's coastal adaptation" 3370:. Biodiversity Conservation Blog - The Australian National University 3050: 2156:"Flooding in Vanuatu, Kiribati and Tuvalu as Cyclone Pam strengthens" 1904:. Australia Government: Pacific Climate Change Science Program. 2011. 1384:"Science says Tuvalu will drown within decades; the reality is worse" 1034: 786: 160: 97: 46: 4228: 3761:. International Monetary Fund Country Report No. 18/209. 5 July 2018 3479:"Relocation for climate change victims is no answer, says Tuvalu PM" 3223:"Relocation for climate change victims is no answer, says Tuvalu PM" 2310: 2285: 1358:"Facing extinction, Tuvalu considers the digital clone of a country" 1252:

Climate change, sea level rise and the perpetual statehood of Tuvalu

852:"The Economics of Climate Change in the Pacific" 2013 report of the 477:

The highest elevation is 4.6 metres (15 ft) above sea level on

113:

rise and climatic change threaten the existence of atoll nations".

27:

Emissions, impacts and responses of Tuvalu related to climate change

261:(ENSO) as the dominant mode of year to year variability (...). The 2778:. 30 (5) Journal of the Remote Sensing Society of Japan: 317–330. 1228: 1184:

In November 2011, Tuvalu was one of the eight founding members of

1080: 1044: 916:

In August 2017 the Government of Tuvalu and the UNDP launched the

541: 378: 338: 272: 165: 154: 29: 3886:"Tuvalu turns to the metaverse as rising seas threaten existence" 2939:"Dynamic atolls give hope that Pacific Islands can defy sea rise" 2873:"Funafuti Atoll Coral Reef Restoration Project – baseline report" 2649: 2647: 2363:"Dynamic atolls give hope that Pacific Islands can defy sea rise" 748:

Following his appointment as the prime minister in February 2024

4453:

South Pacific Sea Level and Climate Monitoring Project (SPSLCMP)

4104:"Honour Our Right to Exist, Say Pacific Island Leaders at COP21" 2108:

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

1157:

Let's do it for Tuvalu. For if we save Tuvalu we save the world.

721: 533:

of atolls and reef islands does not result in stable islands as

101: 4520: 1709:. Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Program. 2009 781:

Climate change is expected to worsen the following challenges:

733:

moral obligation and things like that to do the right thing."

5203: 4504:(2014) by Matthias von Gunten, HesseGreutert Film/OdysseyFilm. 4468:

Tuvalu's options on setting up defences against the rising sea

3945:. World Bank Press Release No: 2024/001/EAP. 27 September 2023 3340:

Emily McKenzie, Biman Prasad & Atu Kaloumaira (May 2005).

2085:

Tropical Cyclones in the Northern Australian Regions 1971-1972

1873:"The Unfolding Crisis in Kiribati and the Urgency of Response" 1035:

Tuvalu's role at the Copenhagen Climate Change Conference 2009

989:. Contributions are made to the TSF from the national budget. 954:

that runs parallel to the foreshore area of the main village.

537:

can strip the low-lying islands of their vegetation and soil.

347:

atoll showing the storm dunes, the highest point on the atoll.

3390:"2005 World Summit - 60th Session of the UN General Assembly" 1826:"Ch.2 Climate of the Western Tropical Pacific and East Timor" 736:

As of 2023, the "Plan A" of the government of prime minister

653:. The degree of aquifer salinization depends on the specific 398:

Sea level observation to collect data for the purpose of the

2101:

Emergency Plan of Action (EPoA) Tuvalu: Tropical Cyclone Pam

1777:

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

1017:

Climate and Disaster Resilience Development Policy Financing

139:, environmental problems such as population growth and poor 501:

the sources of fresh water were destroyed or contaminated.

277:

Sea surface temperature anomalies in November 2007 showing

179:

On 27 November 2015 the Government of Tuvalu announced its

1833:

Climate Change in the Pacific: Volume 1: Regional Overview

465:

years of sea level data identified the effect of the four

4479: 4447: 2917:"Hope for Tuvalu in "sand" that grows, the Asahi Shimbun" 1917:"A Note on Relative Sea Level Change at Funafuti, Tuvalu" 1180:

Climate change leadership and the Majuro Declaration 2013

1003:

Minister for Justice, Communication & Foreign Affairs

227:

Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme

4457: 3106:"Pacific Atoll Living: How Long Already and Until When?" 1902:

Climate Change in the Pacific: Volume 2: Country Reports

4458:

Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Program

4039: 4037: 1706: 752:

said his government's top priority was climate change.

4251:"Pacific women hone climate change negotiation skills" 2681:"Tuvalu: Flooding, Global Warming, and Media Coverage" 1351: 1349: 1347: 1345: 3306:. Australian National University Press. p. 345. 2568:

Kench, Paul S; Ford, Murray R; Owen, Susan D (2018).

2342:

Note on Relative Sea Level Change at Funafuti, Tuvalu

2130:"One Tuvalu island evacuated after flooding from Pam" 1945:

Kench, Paul S; Ford, Murray R; Owen, Susan D (2018).

1493:

Kench, Paul S; Ford, Murray R; Owen, Susan D (2018).

1077:

2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP21)

920:(TCAP) that is financed with US$ 36 million from the 185:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

4323:

Simon Kofe and Jess Marinaccio (21 September 2023).

3368:"Agrobiodiversity in Tuvalu – Threats and Solutions" 905:(UNDP) assisted the government of Tuvalu to acquire 5104: 5083: 5042: 4944: 4801: 4725: 4577: 4374:. Environmental Defenders Office. 21 September 2023 3707: 2871:Hugh Govan; Sandrine Job; et al. (June 2007). 2726:"Sea Change: Island Communities and Climate Change" 2570:"'Sinking' Pacific nation is getting bigger: study" 245:, seasonally varying convergence zones such as the 3627:"Tuvalu's National Adaptation Programme of Action" 1231:). On 29 September 2013 the Deputy Prime Minister 794:) pit salinisation due to saltwater intrusion; and 512:), which raise the sea level higher than a normal 3730:"PROJECT FP015 Tuvalu Coastal Adaptation Project" 3423:Ph D dissertation, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa 3064:Kench, Thompson, Ford, Ogawa and McLean (2015). 2852:. The Drum – Australian Broadcasting Corporation 2703:"Island neighbours at the mercy of rising tides" 2095: 2093: 2005:Than Aung, Awnesh Singh and Uma Prasad (2009). 1314:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1155: 1146: 832:The National Advisory Council on Climate Change 303: 231: 189: 4482:A lobby group set up to help the island nation 4129:"Tuvalu Chair of UN Loss and Damage Committee" 3510:The Economics of Climate Change in the Pacific 3248:Daniel Hurst; Josh Butler (10 November 2023). 3206:Political Parties Cautious On Tuvalu-Kioa Plan 2772:Journal of the Remote Sensing Society of Japan 1057:In December 2009 the islands stalled talks at 827:Policies and legislation to achieve adaptation 4532: 3507:Xianbin Yao; Cyn-Young Park (November 2013). 2231:"Tuvalu surveys road damage after king tides" 1225:2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference 1134:2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference 1111:2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference 1026:following emergencies and natural disasters. 707:Impacts on housing and long term habitability 633:The investigation of groundwater dynamics of 225:Tuvalu participates in the operations of the 8: 4203:"Majuro Declaration: For Climate Leadership" 3089:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2878:. Coral Reefs in the Pacific (CRISP), Noumea 181:intended nationally determined contributions 4327:. DevPolicyBlog - Development Policy Centre 4282:. DevPolicyBlog - Development Policy Centre 4156: 4154: 4071: 4069: 3860:"Government of Tuvalu 2017 National Budget" 3808: 3806: 3804: 3502: 3500: 1892: 1890: 1215:presented the Majuro Declaration to the UN 645:results in salt water contamination of the 493:. In March 2015 the storm surge created by 133:South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission 4539: 4525: 4517: 3989:Future not for sale: climate deal rejected 3780: 3778: 3776: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 1866: 1864: 1820: 1818: 1100:Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C 3274:Aui'a Vaimaila Leatinu'u (8 March 2024). 2601: 2309: 1978: 1526: 874:UN Framework Convention on Climate Change 872:At the 20th Conference of Parties to the 233:nfluenced by a number of factors such as 4352:. Government of Tuvalu. 5 September 2023 4273: 4271: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3910:"Tuvalu plans for its own disappearance" 3335: 3333: 3331: 2087:Australian Government Publishing Service 1657:. Government of Tuvalu. 27 November 2015 1059:United Nations Climate Change Conference 516:. The highest peak tide recorded by the 5169: 2000: 1998: 1939: 1937: 1922:. Antarctic Cooperative Research Centre 1847:"What's happening to Tuvalu sea level?" 1341: 911:National Adaptation Programme of Action 892:National Adaptation Programme of Action 135:(SOPAC) suggests that, while Tuvalu is 5210:. HesseGreutert Film/OdysseyFilm. 2014 4419:. Pacific Islands Forum. 6 August 2021 4161:Sopoaga, Enele S. (30 November 2015). 4010: 4008: 3082: 2850:"Tuvalu plight must be heard by UNFCC" 2233:. Radio New Zealand. February 24, 2015 1761:"Current and Future Climate of Tuvalu" 295:Pacific Climate Change Science Program 287:Pacific Climate Change Science Program 4393:Buchanan, Kelly (29 September 2023). 2705:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation 2500:"バサフア島、消失・・・(Vasafua Islet vanishes)" 2451:"Kogatapu Funafuti Conservation Area" 1676: 1674: 1672: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1459:"Leaflet No. 1 - Revised 1992 - Taro" 1331:Climate change in the Pacific Islands 565:contamination of the water supplies. 7: 5142: 4077:"Tuvalu PM praises COP 21 agreement" 3965:"Island's tough climate plea denied" 2742:10.1146/annurev-anthro-092611-145730 2209:"Tuvalu struggles to hold back tide" 2014:American Journal of Applied Sciences 1153:His speech concluded with the plea: 400:Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level 4015:Sims, Alexandra (2 December 2015). 3708:"Tuvalu Coastal Adaptation Project" 3634:Department of Environment of Tuvalu 3071:. The Geological Society of America 2998:Warne, Kennedy (13 February 2015). 2419:Warne, Kennedy (13 February 2015). 1382:Eliuta, Niuone (15 February 2024). 1161:The countries participating in the 1120:The countries participating in the 320:Pacific (inter-)decadal oscillation 4192:, Pacific Scoop, 19 September 2011 3836:Bouadze, Levan (6 December 2022). 3366:Panapa, Tiale (9 September 2020). 2848:Lusama, Tafue (29 November 2011). 2701:Dekker, Rodney (9 December 2011). 2207:Shukman, David (22 January 2008). 2110:(Report). ReliefWeb. 16 March 2015 957:The implementation of the TCAP on 946:The implementation of the TCAP on 903:United Nations Development Program 858:economic impacts of climate change 412:Australian National Tidal Facility 215:Climate systems that affect Tuvalu 197:Impacts on the natural environment 25: 5180:King Tide - The Sinking of Tuvalu 4487:King Tide | The Sinking of Tuvalu 4135:. 5 December 2015. Archived from 4102:Paul, Stella (11 December 2015). 3785:FCG ANZDEC Ltd (7 October 2020). 3710:. Government of Tuvalu. June 2016 2498:Endou, Shuuichi (28 March 2015). 1463:Food and Agriculture Organization 918:Tuvalu Coastal Adaptation Project 856:estimates the range of potential 145:Environmental Vulnerability Index 108:suggested that Tuvalu may remain 5152: 5141: 5131: 5130: 4278:Kofe, Simon (10 November 2021). 3813:FCG ANZDEC Ltd (7 August 2020). 3561:Sopoaga, Enele (December 2014). 2819:10.1111/j.1745-6584.2011.00874.x 2655:"TUVALU PM REFUTES AUT RESEARCH" 1871:Packard, Aaron (12 March 2015). 1773:Australian Bureau of Meteorology 763:Droughts in Tuvalu, such as the 267:Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation 3817:(Report). The Pacific Community 3789:(Report). The Pacific Community 3732:. Green Climate Fund. June 2016 3483:Radio New Zealand International 3465:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.09.006 3227:Radio New Zealand International 2985:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2010.05.003 2406:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2010.05.003 2186:Radio New Zealand International 2134:Radio New Zealand International 1356:Fainu, Kalolaine (2023-06-27). 1190:Alliance of Small Island States 1138:Alliance of Small Island States 1115:Alliance of Small Island States 576:documented in a study from the 335:Temperature and weather changes 251:subtropical high-pressure belts 3104:Dickinson, William R. (2009). 2899:"All the Disappearing Islands" 2182:"State of emergency in Tuvalu" 1599:"Tuvalu - HRMI Rights Tracker" 1575:"Tuvalu - HRMI Rights Tracker" 841:forests and water resources." 247:South Pacific Convergence Zone 1: 4000:YouTube video of Fry's speech 3840:. UNDP Pacific Office in Fiji 3146:Kench, Paul (16 April 2014). 2937:Kench, Paul (16 April 2014). 2730:Annual Review of Anthropology 2628:Kench, Paul (16 April 2014). 2472:Wilson, David (4 July 2015). 2361:Kench, Paul (16 April 2014). 2083:Bureau of Meteorology (1975) 1769:Tuvalu Meteorological Service 1433:"Tuvalu could lose root crop" 1272:(shared responsibility), and 1041:Tuvalu and the United Nations 518:Tuvalu Meteorological Service 384:Tuvalu Meteorological Service 3884:Craymer, Lucy (2022-11-15). 2657:. 2018-03-19. Archived from 2007:"Sea Level Threat in Tuvalu" 1200:made a commitment under the 299:El Niño–Southern Oscillation 259:El Niño–Southern Oscillation 137:vulnerable to climate change 53:, with the highest point of 3656:"UNDP Supports Tuvalu Ship" 3445:Global Environmental Change 2965:Global and Planetary Change 2549:. Relief Web. 30 March 2015 2527:. Relief Web. 22 March 2015 2386:Global and Planetary Change 1268:(communal living systems), 1244:Women from Tuvalu, such as 1211:Marshall Islands President 504:Tuvalu is also affected by 5256: 4448:Talofa! Tuvalu Met Service 2594:10.1038/s41467-018-02954-1 2504:Tuvalu Overview (Japanese) 1971:10.1038/s41467-018-02954-1 1555:humanrightsmeasurement.org 1519:10.1038/s41467-018-02954-1 1326:Renewable energy in Tuvalu 1038: 981:Tuvalu Survival Fund (TSF) 822:Renewable energy in Tuvalu 819: 560:, was severely damaged by 558:Funafuti Conservation Area 218: 200: 5235:Climate change by country 5125: 4555: 4397:. Law Library of Congress 3172:Taafaki, Tauaasa (2007). 1030:International cooperation 811:Mitigation and adaptation 777:Agriculture and fisheries 263:Madden–Julian oscillation 65:, high temperatures, and 4558:Greenhouse gas emissions 4490:(2007) by Juriaan Booij. 4347:"Constitution of Tuvalu" 3686:UN Development Programme 3513:. Asian Development Bank 3181:The Contemporary Pacific 2724:Lazrus, Heather (2012). 2474:"Vasafua Islet vanishes" 2351:. Retrieved 13 May 2006. 1943:Supplementary note 2 in 1915:Hunter, John R. (2002). 1186:Polynesian Leaders Group 682:through introduction of 657:characteristics and the 548:atoll was devastated by 489:, such as occurred with 474:in the western Pacific. 151:Greenhouse gas emissions 18:Global warming in Tuvalu 3395:. UN. 16 September 2005 3346:AusAID, USP & SOPAC 595:activity is damaged by 508:events (often called a 257:to the south, with the 249:(SPCZ), semi-permanent 124:production capacity in 5112:Small island countries 3600:. 2016. Archived from 3414:Corlew, Laura (2012). 2897:Whitty, Julia (2003). 2340:Hunter, J. A. (2002). 1630:Asian Development Bank 1159: 1151: 1103: 1054: 854:Asian Development Bank 578:University of Auckland 395: 348: 316: 282: 271: 194: 176: 163: 106:University of Auckland 61:, increasingly severe 39: 5240:Environment of Tuvalu 5184:. Juriaan Booij. 2007 4207:Pacific Islands Forum 4002:, accessed 2011-03-10 3280:Pacific Media Network 2574:Nature Communications 2284:Patel, S. S. (2006). 1951:Nature Communications 1499:Nature Communications 1310:Pacific Islands Forum 1262:Te Ataeao Nei Project 1206:100% renewable energy 1093: 1053:in support of Tuvalu. 1048: 997:In November of 2022, 382: 342: 276: 169: 158: 33: 4170:Government of Tuvalu 3598:Government of Tuvalu 3570:Government of Tuvalu 3193:10.1353/cp.2007.0036 3010:on February 14, 2015 2784:10.11440/rssj.30.317 2431:on February 14, 2015 2265:on 13 September 2015 2042:The Environmentalist 1632:(ADB). December 2020 1256:On 27 October 2021, 1246:Moira Simmons-Avafoa 865:emission scenarios. 792:Cyrtosperma merkusii 743:broad bilateral deal 506:perigean spring tide 408:University of Hawaii 325:Perigean spring tide 237:regimes, the paired 75:Perigean spring tide 4108:Inter Press Service 3607:on 31 December 2019 3457:2009GEC....19..105M 3212:, 21 February 2006. 3125:2009GSAT...19c...4D 3043:2015Geo....43..515K 3004:National Geographic 2977:2010GPC....72..234W 2811:2012GrWat..50..639N 2586:2018NatCo...9..605K 2453:. Tuvaluislands.com 2425:National Geographic 2398:2010GPC....72..234W 2302:2006Natur.440..734P 2286:"A sinking feeling" 2055:1989ThEnv...9..269L 1963:2018NatCo...9..605K 1849:. Skeptical Science 1511:2018NatCo...9..605K 1439:. 17 September 2008 1170:Society and culture 1067:30 pieces of silver 765:2011 Tuvalu drought 696:ocean acidification 597:ocean acidification 556:islet, part of the 221:2011 Tuvalu drought 209:saltwater intrusion 203:Geography of Tuvalu 4480:Small Is Beautiful 4473:2005-11-22 at the 4209:. 5 September 2013 4139:on 8 December 2015 4083:. 16 December 2015 4054:. 12 December 2015 3485:. 3 September 2013 3229:. 3 September 2013 3133:10.1130/GSATG35A.1 2632:. The Conversation 2478:Tuvalu-odyssey.net 2365:. The Conversation 2347:2011-10-07 at the 2063:10.1007/BF02241827 1741:on 18 January 2012 1240:Women and children 1202:Majuro Declaration 1104: 1055: 922:Green Climate Fund 570:aerial photography 396: 349: 283: 243:Walker circulation 177: 164: 141:coastal management 40: 5166: 5165: 5147:Wikimedia Commons 4788:the United States 3916:. 12 October 2023 3662:. 15 January 2016 2296:(7085): 734–736. 1603:rightstracker.org 1579:rightstracker.org 1469:on 28 August 2009 1437:Radio New Zealand 1217:Secretary-General 1213:Christopher Loeak 1091: 1049:Demonstrators at 1024:islands of Tuvalu 987:tropical cyclones 724:in Fiji, in 2006 702:Impacts on people 647:surficial aquifer 574:satellite imagery 535:tropical cyclones 487:tropical cyclones 82:rising sea levels 63:tropical cyclones 59:rising sea levels 16:(Redirected from 5247: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5174: 5156: 5145: 5144: 5134: 5133: 5060:Marshall Islands 4541: 4534: 4527: 4518: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4351: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4275: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4262: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4225: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4199: 4193: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4167: 4158: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4073: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4049: 4041: 4032: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4012: 4003: 3997: 3991: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3976: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3939: 3926: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3896: 3881: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3864: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3810: 3799: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3782: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3755: 3742: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3688:. 30 August 2017 3678: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3652: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3631: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3606: 3595: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3567: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3537: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3504: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3420: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3394: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3337: 3326: 3325: 3297: 3291: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3219: 3213: 3210:Pacific Magazine 3203: 3197: 3196: 3178: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3152:The Conversation 3143: 3137: 3136: 3110: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3088: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3070: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3051:10.1130/G36555.1 3026: 3020: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3006:. 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1328: 1321: 1318: 1302: 1301: 1296: 1295: 1253: 1250: 1241: 1238: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1142:Pepetua Latasi 1078: 1075: 1039:Main article: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1018: 1015: 994: 993:Digital nation 991: 982: 979: 887: 884: 862: 833: 830: 828: 825: 820:Main article: 817: 814: 812: 809: 804: 803:Infrastructure 801: 800: 799: 795: 778: 775: 773: 770: 757: 756:Health impacts 754: 708: 705: 703: 700: 627: 624: 376: 375:Sea level rise 373: 372: 371: 368: 365: 362: 359: 356: 343:Ocean side of 336: 333: 216: 213: 198: 195: 173:Berkeley Earth 152: 149: 120:The installed 86:climate change 84:due to global 43:Climate change 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5252: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5209: 5207: 5199: 5196: 5183: 5181: 5173: 5170: 5159: 5155: 5150: 5148: 5139: 5137: 5128: 5127: 5124: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5105:Other regions 5103: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5084:Polar regions 5082: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 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