Globalization and disease - Knowledge (XXG)

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investigation. Proper identification of a novel coronavirus was developed and reported, making the pneumonia cases in China the first reported cases of COVID-19. As of November 25, 2021, there have been around 260 million confirmed COVID-19 cases around the world. Confirmed deaths as a result of COVID-19 is over 5 million globally. Over 235 million of the 260 million confirmed COVID-19 cases have successfully recovered. Countries showing lack of preparation and awareness in January and February 2020 are now reporting the highest numbers of COVID-19 cases. The United States leads the worldwide count with almost 49 million confirmed cases. Deaths in The United States have crossed 798,000, maintaining the highest death count of any country. Brazil, Russia, Spain, UK, and Italy have all suffered because of the increase in cases, leading to an impaired health system unable to attend to so many sick people at one time.

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Asia-Pacific region (Seychelles, India, Sri Lanka and Thailand) with incidence rates over 10 per 1000,000 people s well as in Latin America and the Caribbean (Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, Jamaica, El Salvador, Uruguay, Cuba, Nicaragua and Costa Rica) However, the rise in global travel and eco-tourism has led to dramatic changes in the epidemiology of leptospirosis, and travelers from around the world have become exposed to the threat of leptospirosis. Despite decreasing prevalence of leptospirosis in endemic regions, previously non-endemic countries are now reporting increasing numbers of cases due to recreational exposure International travelers engaged in adventure sports are directly exposed to numerous infectious agents in the environment and now comprise a growing proportion of cases worldwide.

1227:." "Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis" is a pandemic that is on the rise. Patients with MDR-TB are mostly young adults who are not infected with HIV or have other existing illness. Due to the lack of health care infrastructure in underdeveloped countries, there is a debate as to whether treating MDR-TB will be cost effective or not. The reason is the high cost of "second-line" antituberculosis medications. It has been argued that the reason the cost of treating patients with MDR-TB is high is because there has been a shift in focus in the medical field, in particular the rise of AIDS, which is now the world's leading infectious cause of death. Nonetheless, it is still important to put in the effort to help and treat patients with "multidrug-resistant tuberculosis" in poor countries. 1018: 373:. Economic factors are especially damaged by increased global lockdown regulations and trade blockades. As transportation globalized, economies expanded. Internalized economies saw great financial opportunities in global trade. With increased interconnectivity among economies and the globalization of the world economy, the spread of the coronavirus maximized the potentiality of global recessions. The coronavirus pandemic caused many economic disruptions, which caused a functional disconnect in the supply chain and the flow of goods. As transportation modes are relevant to the spread of infectious diseases, it is important to also recognize the economy being the motor of this globalized transmission system. 445: 1101:. The use of the bark of the "fever tree" was introduced into European medicine by Jesuit missionaries whose Barbabe Cobo who experimented in 1632 and also by exports, which contributed to the precious powder also being called "Jesuit powder". A study in 2012 of thousands of genetic markers for Plasmodium falciparum samples confirmed the African origin of the parasite in South America (Europeans themselves have been affected by this disease through Africa): it borrowed from the mid-sixteenth century and the mid-nineteenth the two main roads of the slave trade, the first leading to the north of South America (Colombia) by the Spanish, the second most leading south (Brazil) by Portugueses. 938: 343:

strategized pathway to a reliable vaccine, makes for a lengthy vaccine development timeline. Even though frameworks are set up and preparations plans are utilized to decrease the COVID-19 cases, a vaccine is the only way to ensure complete immunization. Some systems like the IIS, Immunization Information System, help give preliminary structure for quick responses to outbreaks and unknown viruses. These systems employ past data and research-based on modern world vaccine development successes. Finding vaccines at all for some diseases remains extremely difficult. Without vaccines, the global world remains vulnerable to infectious diseases.

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cost of activities of economic measures has been significantly decreased as a result of the advancements in the fields of technology and science, slowly creating an interconnected economy lacking centralized integration. As economies increase levels of integration and singularity within the partnership, any global financial and economic disruptions would cause a global recession. Collateral damage is further observed with the increase in integrated economic activity. Countries lean more on economic benefits than health benefits, which lead to a miscalculated and ill-reported health issue.

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11, 2020, Trump issues executive order to restrict travel from Europe, except for the UK and Ireland. On May 24, 2020, Trump bans travel from Brazil, as Brazil becomes the new center of the coronavirus pandemic. International restrictions were set to decrease international entities of entering a country, potentially carrying the virus. This is because governments understand that with the accessibility in travel and free trade, any person can travel and carry the virus to a new environment. Recommendations to

591:, between 1896 and the 1920s, plague claimed an estimated 12 million lives, most in the Bombay province. Plague spread into the countries around the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea and the Mediterranean. From China it also spread eastward to Japan, the Philippines and Hawaii, and in Central Asia it spread overland into the Russian territories from Siberia to Turkistan. By 1901 there had been outbreaks of plague on every continent, and new plague reservoirs would produce regular outbreaks over the ensuing decades. 1138: 567: 1316:, and after one week it is already a capacity of 120 patients. It said that the number of patients seeking treatment at its new Monrovia centre was increasing faster than they could handle both in terms of the number of beds and the capacity of the staff, adding that it was struggling to cope with the caseload in the Liberian capital. Lindis Hurum, MSF's emergency coordinator in Monrovia, said that it was humanitarian emergency and they needed a full-scale humanitarian response. 250:(TB) had already been introduced centuries before through trade with Asia and Africa. People had developed some antibodies to these and other diseases from the Eurasian continent. When the Europeans traveled to new lands, they carried these diseases with them. (Note: Scholars believe TB was already endemic in the Americas.) When such diseases were introduced for the first time to new populations of humans, the effects on the native populations were widespread and deadly. The 754: 1433:

important because it dictates how much a government spends on health care for its citizens. It also has to be acknowledged that an expansion in the definition of disease often accompanies development, so the net effect is not clearly beneficial due to this and other effects of increased affluence. Metabolic syndrome is one obvious example. Although poorer countries have not yet experienced this and are still having the diseases listed above.

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program, however. Even in countries where the epidemic has a very high impact, such as Eswatini and South Africa, a large proportion of the population do not believe they are at risk of becoming infected. Even in countries such as the UK, there is no significant decline in certain at-risk communities. 2014 saw the greatest number of new diagnoses in gay men, the equivalent of nine being diagnosed a day.

39:, the flow of information, goods, capital, and people across political and geographic boundaries, allows infectious diseases to rapidly spread around the world, while also allowing the alleviation of factors such as hunger and poverty, which are key determinants of global health. The spread of diseases across wide geographic scales has increased through history. Early diseases that spread from Asia to 4521: 392: 5321: 1413:. travelers have been set by the State Department. As of March 19, 2020, some countries have been marked Level 4 "do not travel". The coronavirus pandemic travel restrictions have affected almost 93% of the global population. Increased travel restrictions effectively aid multilateral and bilateral health organizations to control the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19. 4456: 1236: 4444: 327:. Global transportation, back in the early 20th century, was able to spread a virus because the network of transmittance and trade was already global. The virus was found on crew members of ships and trains, and all the infected employees spread the virus everywhere they traveled. As a result, almost 50-100 million people died of this global transmission. 528:. When the ship left port in Kaffa, many of the inhabitants of the town were dying, and the crew was in a hurry to leave. By the time the fleet reached Messina, all the crew were either dead or dying; the rats that took passage with the ship slipped unnoticed to shore and carried the disease with them and their fleas. 1664:

One curious method of providing the disease with means of escape from the body was by making a hole, 2.5 to five centimeters across, in the skull of the victim—the practice of trepanning, or trephining. Trepanned skulls of prehistoric date have been found in Britain, France, and other parts of Europe

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is the interconnectivity of world economies and the interdependency of internal and external supply chains. With the advancement of science and technology, the possibility of economic globalization is enabled even more. Economic factors have been defined by global boundaries rather than national. The

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The first-ever confirmed case of COVID-19 in the United States was in Washington State on January 21, 2020. It was a man who had just returned from China. Following this incident, on January 31, 2020, Trump announced that travel to and from China is restricted, effective on February 2, 2020. On March

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Despite efforts in numerous countries, awareness and prevention programs have not been effective enough to reduce the numbers of new HIV cases in many parts of the world, where it is associated with high mobility of men, poverty and sexual mores among certain populations. Uganda has had an effective

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Historically, measles was very prevalent throughout the world, as it is highly contagious. According to the National Immunization Program, 90% of people were infected with measles by age 15, acquiring immunity to further outbreaks. Until a vaccine was developed in 1963, measles was considered to be

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In the current era of globalization, the world is more interdependent than at any other time. Efficient and inexpensive transportation has left few places inaccessible, and increased global trade in agricultural products has brought more and more people into contact with animal diseases that have

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originated, but it appeared to move from animals to humans. It may have been isolated within many groups throughout the world. It is believed that HIV arose from another, less harmful virus, that mutated and became more virulent. The first two AIDS/HIV cases were detected in 1981. As of 2013, an

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can actually benefit the health of people by making their incomes higher, allowing them to afford better health care. While it has to be admitted making many non-communicable diseases more likely as well. Also the national income of a country, mostly obtained by trading on the global market, is

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is transmitted by both wild and domestic animals, most commonly by rodents. It is often transmitted by animal urine or by water or soil containing animal urine coming into contact with breaks in the skin, eyes, mouth, or nose. The countries with the highest reported incidence are located in the

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in the body for years, and become active unexpectedly. If and when the disease does become active in the body, it can multiply rapidly, causing the person to develop many symptoms including cough (sometimes with blood), night sweats, fever, chest pains, loss of appetite and loss of weight. This

484:, an animal that originated in South Asia and spread to Europe by the 6th century. It became common to cities and villages, traveling by ship with explorers. A human would become infected after being bitten by an infected flea. The first sign of an infection of bubonic plague is swelling of the 361:

Globalization has increased the spread of infectious diseases from South to North, but also the risk of non-communicable diseases by transmission of culture and behavior from North to South. It is important to target and reduce the spread of infectious diseases in developing countries. However,

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via "mosquitoes that crossed the ocean by riding in airplane wheel wells and arrived in New York City in 1999." With the use of air travel, people are able to go to foreign lands, contract a disease and not have any symptoms of illness until after they get home, and having exposed others to the

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in China. Epidemiologists have also warned of the virus's contagiousness. Specialists have declared that the spread of SARS-CoV-2 is still unknown. The generally accepted notion among virologists and experts is that the action of inhaling droplets from an infected person is most likely the way

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to many diseases. Since vaccines are made partly from the virus itself, when an unknown virus is introduced into the environment, it takes time for the medical community to formulate a curable vaccine. The lack of operational and functional research and data, which provide a quicker and more

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The first number of cases was detected in Wuhan, China, the origin of the outbreak. On December 31, 2019, Wuhan Municipal Health Commission announced to the World Health Organization that the number of pneumonia cases that have been previously detected in Wuhan, Hubei Province is now under

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Initially, HIV prevention methods focused primarily on preventing the sexual transmission of HIV through behaviour change. The ABC Approach - "Abstinence, Be faithful, Use a Condom". However, by the mid-2000s, it became evident that effective HIV prevention requires more than that and that

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fill up with pus or merge. This merging results in a sheet that can detach the bottom layer from the top layer of skin. The disease is easily transmitted through airborne pathways (coughing, sneezing, and breathing), as well as through contaminated bedding, clothing or other fabrics,

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Once detected, leprosy can be cured using multi-drug therapy, composed of two or three antibiotics, depending on the type of leprosy. In 1991 the World Health Assembly began an attempt to eliminate leprosy. By 2005 116 of 122 countries were reported to be free of leprosy.

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in 1894, where it entered the global maritime trade routes. Plague reached Singapore and Bombay in 1896. China lost an estimated 2 million people between plague's reappearance in the mid-nineteenth century and its retreat in the mid-twentieth. In

1397:), cough, fever, and diarrhea. The three most recorded and common symptoms are fever, tiredness, and coughing, as reported by the World Health Organization. COVID-19 is also categorized among the viruses that can show no symptoms in the carrier. 1187:

Tuberculosis (TB) has been one of history's greatest killers, taking the lives of over 3 million people annually. It has been called the "white plague". According to the WHO, approximately fifty percent of people infected with TB today live in

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in childhood. But, the vaccine does not provide substantial protection against the more virulent forms of TB found among adults. Most forms of TB can be treated with antibiotics to kill the bacteria. The two antibiotics most commonly used are

1223:. There are dangers, however, of a rise of antibiotic-resistant TB. The TB treatment regimen is lengthy, and difficult for poor and disorganized people to complete, increasing resistance of bacteria. Antibiotic-resistant TB is also known as " 4242: 1665:

and in Peru. Many of them show evidence of healing and, presumably, of the patient's survival. The practice still exists among primitive people in parts of Algeria, in Melanesia, and perhaps elsewhere, though it is fast becoming extinct

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of Belgium and the Netherlands. In the 1500s, it was the European settlers and their slaves who probably brought malaria on the American continent (we know that Columbus had this disease before his arrival in the new land). The Spanish

617:, meaning that it has been continually present in a community, and many people developed resistance. In populations that have not been exposed to measles, exposure to the new disease can be devastating. In 1529, a measles outbreak in 1320:, MSF director of operations, said that it was not until five months after the declaration of the Ebola outbreak that serious discussions started about international leadership and coordination, and said that it was not acceptable. 1108:

countries are more affected by malaria than the rest of the world. For instance, many inhabitants of sub-Saharan Africa are affected by recurring attacks of malaria throughout their lives. In many areas of Africa, there is limited

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or other creatures that carry germs from one species to another). As humans began traveling overseas and across lands which were previously isolated, research suggests that diseases have been spread by all five transmission modes.

66:, but trading routes had long been established between Asia and Europe, along which diseases were also transmitted. An increase in travel has helped spread diseases to natives of lands who had not previously been exposed. When a 297:

died, each of the vaccinated sheep survived. Pasteur's experiment would become a milestone in disease prevention. His findings, in conjunction with other vaccines that followed, changed the way globalization affected the world.

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Malaria was common in parts of the world where it has now disappeared, as the vast majority of Europe (disease of African descent are particularly diffused in the Empire romain) and North America . In some parts of England,

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International RoundtabResponses to Globalization: Rethinking Equity and Health' jointly organized by the Society for International Development (SID), the World Health Organization (WHO), and The Rockefeller Foundation

281:(particularly in medical practice), that anyone listened. Many people were quite skeptical, but on May 22, 1881, Pasteur persuasively demonstrated the validity of his germ theory of disease with an early example of 511:

in the 1330s, a time when China was engaged in substantial trade with western Asia and Europe. The plague reached Europe in October 1347. It was thought to have been brought into Europe through the port of

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killed an estimated 50–100 million peens, including half a million in the United States alone. H1N1 is a virus that has evolved from and partially combined with portions of avian, swine, and human flu.

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addressing the risk factors of non-communicable diseases and lifestyle risks in the South that cause disease, such as use or consumption of tobacco, alcohol, and unhealthy foods, is important as well.

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children under 5 years old. In 2000 a group of experts determined that measles was no longer endemic in the United States. The majority of cases that occur are among immigrants from other countries.

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than by the colonists' use of guns or other weapons. Scholars estimate that over a period of four centuries, epidemic diseases wiped out as much as 90 percent of the American indigenous populations.

160:. Trading in slaves was another way by which diseases were carried to new locations and peoples, for instance, from sub-Saharan Africa to the Caribbean and the Americas. During this time, different 2940: 2618: 2882: 818:. There are four variations of smallpox; variola major, variola minor, haemorrhagic, and malignant, with the most common being variola major and variola minor. Symptoms of the disease including 2567: 641:

deadlier than smallpox. Vaccination reduced the number of reported occurrences by 98%. Major epidemics have predominantly occurred in unvaccinated populations, particularly among nonwhite

3112: 678:. Flea bites and infected flea feaces in the respiratory tract are the two most common methods of transmission. In areas where rats are not common, typhus may also be transmitted through 330:

As medicine has progressed, many vaccines and cures have been developed for some of the worst diseases (plague, syphilis, typhus, cholera, malaria) that people develop. But, because the

803:. The soldiers, and the prostitutes who followed their camps, came from all corners of Europe. When they went home, they took the disease with them and spread it across the continent. 1878: 1856:

Designing and implementing an immunisation information system : a handbook for those involved in the design, implementation or management of immunisation information systems

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spread by contact with infected oral and nasal fluids. When a person with measles coughs or sneezes, they release microscopic particles into the air. During the 4- to 12-day

4237: 4227: 1951: 610:, an infected individual shows no symptoms, but as the disease progresses, the following symptoms appear: runny nose, cough, red eyes, extremely high fever and a rash. 2800: 621:

killed two-thirds of the natives who had previously survived smallpox. Two years later measles was responsible for the deaths of half the indigenous population of

2903: 1017: 2423: 2223: 1558: 2484: 1175:, but can spread to any part of the body. Although TB is highly contagious, in most cases the human body is able to fend off the bacteria. But, TB can remain 3174:

Beaglehole R, Yach D (September 2003). "Globalisation and the prevention and control of non-communicable disease: the neglected chronic diseases of adults".

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SARS-CoV-2 is spreading. As more people travel and more goods and capital are traded globally, COVID-19 cases started to slowly appear all over the world.

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and the other methods of travel which have made global interaction easier, have increased the spread of TB across different societies. Luckily, the

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and navigation made it easier for nations to explore outside previous boundaries. Globalization has had many benefits, for example, new products to

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around the world at a faster pace; they also open the airways to the transcontinental movement of infectious disease vectors. One example is the

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patients could rise to 20,000, and said that it used $ 489m (£294m) to contain Ebola within six to nine months. The outbreak was accelerating.

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stopped providing vaccinations and by 1986, vaccination was no longer necessary to anyone in the world except in the event of future outbreak.

1001:'s troops brought leprosy from India to Europe during the 3rd century BC. With the help of the crusaders and other travelers, leprosy reached 4345: 4252: 2404: 1754: 1625: 1279: 219:

or magical. The result of the introduction of Eurasian diseases to the Americas was that many more native peoples were killed by disease and

4857: 4335: 1854: 4862: 1335:. Symptoms can range from none to mild such as headaches, muscle pains, and fevers; to severe with bleeding from the lungs or meningitis. 350:

is a new strain of an old form of flu, known for centuries as Asian flu based on its origin on that continent. From 1918 to 1920, a post-

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disease along the way. Another example of the potency of modern modes of transportation in increasing the spread of disease is the

1535: 1224: 480:, that devastated human populations beginning in the 14th century. Bubonic plague is primarily spread by fleas that lived on the 4460: 937: 531:

Within Europe, the plague struck port cities first, then followed people along both sea and land trade routes. It raged through

4949: 3993: 3621: 3598: 1829: 1513: 1284: 2356:"National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases. "Lavaran and the Discovery of the Malaria Parasite"" 1943: 4267: 4217: 4029: 3926: 3687: 3588: 3501: 721:, and by 1494, it had swept across Europe. From 1500 to 1914, more soldiers were killed by typhus than from all the combined 413: 347: 293:

while another 25 were used as a control. On May 31, 1881, all of the sheep were exposed to anthrax. While every sheep in the

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interventions need to take into account underlying socio-cultural, economic, political, legal and other contextual factors.

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with an incubation period of up to five years. Symptoms often include irritation or erosion of the skin, and effects on the

559:. For a time during the 14th and 15th centuries, the plague would recede. Every ten to twenty years, it would return. Later 1374:(coronavirus disease 2019). This outbreak has since caused a health issue in the city of Wuhan, China which evolved into a 1262:

were living with HIV or AIDS, almost 110,000 in the UK and an estimated 35 million people worldwide are living with HIV".

776:. Syphilis can also do damage to the nervous system, brain and heart. The disease can be transmitted from mother to child. 4884: 4100: 3871: 1800: 2722:

Wasinski B, Dutkiewicz J (2013). "Leptospirosis–current risk factors connected with human activity and the environment".

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The virus outbreak originated in Wuhan, China. It was first detected in December 2019, which is why scientists called it

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The origins of syphilis are unknown, and some historians argue that it descended from a twenty-thousand-year-old African

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province of China in the mid-nineteenth century. It spread east and south through China, reaching Guangzhou (Canton) and

5356: 4585: 3965: 3692: 3076: 765: 88:, recognizes five major modes of disease transmission: airborne, waterborne, bloodborne, by direct contact, and through 1679:"About the Cover: Experimentation du virus charbonneux: "Le Pelerin," 1922. Homage a Louis Pasteur. Dessin de Damblans" 1651: 5003: 4575: 4550: 4487: 4112: 4005: 3916: 3729: 3717: 3626: 3315: 1736:

The Impact of Globalization on Infectious Disease Emergence and Control: Exploring the Consequences and Opportunities,

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Institute of Medicine (US) Forum on Microbial Threats; Knobler, S.; Mahmoud, A.; Lemon, S.; Pray, L. (2003-06-01).

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parasite, causes a relatively mild, yet chronically aggravating disease. The west African variety is caused by the

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in certain places, which led to the emergence of new diseases as some jumped in mutation from animals to humans.

1678: 906:. In 1721 people fled the city after an outbreak, but the residents spread the disease to others throughout the 834:

cells, and eventually leads to an eruption of pimples that cover the whole body. As the disease progresses, the

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generally refers to the period between the 15th and 17th centuries. During this time, technological advances in

4944: 4622: 4565: 4524: 4448: 4142: 3841: 3553: 3449: 2510:"Statistics - Statistics, how many people living with HIV - Statistics - HIV Facts - National AIDS Trust - NAT" 2264: 2070: 1473: 1429: 1371: 1309: 1084:", he knew enough ravages of this disease to include in eight parts. Plasmodium vivax lasted until 1958 in the 226: 3069:"Coronavirus Update (Live): 260,311,242 Cases and 5,199,470 Deaths from COVID-19 Virus Pandemic - Worldometer" 1401:

COVID-19 carriers transmitted the virus to many people which eventually did show symptoms, some being deadly.

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Some of the symptoms that COVID-19 patients could experience is shortness of breath (which might be a sign of

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Echenberg, Myron. (2002). "Pestis Redux: The initial years of the third bubonic plague pandemic, 1894–1901".

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disease can occur in both adults and children and is especially common among those with weak or undeveloped

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powder to treat fevers. However, there is no reference to malaria in the medical literature of the Maya or

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actions during that time. It was a disease associated with the crowded conditions of urban poverty and

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provides many sites for the breeding of mosquitoes and spread of the disease. Mosquitoes use areas of

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Evolution of disease presents a major threat in modern times. For example, the current "swine flu" or

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through generations of previous exposure, the new disease tends to run rampant within the population.

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spread mainly as a result of the modern globalization of many and almost all industries and sectors.

954: 709:, hired by the Spanish army, brought it to Spain with them. By 1490 typhus traveled from the eastern 269:

in relation to disease. Although many thinkers had ideas about germs, it was not until French doctor

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measures among the armed forces and other groups, and the disease began to decline. The creation of

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and eyes. The most common sign of leprosy are pale reddish spots on the skin that lack sensation.

5098: 4924: 4872: 4835: 4580: 4000: 3583: 3432: 3286: 3199: 2333: 2103: 2087: 1893: 1478: 1142: 1073: 1041: 872:. Before the smallpox epidemic started, more than one million indigenous people had lived on the 472: 339: 251: 184: 85: 67: 2749:

Bandara Medhani, Ananda Mahesha, Wickramage Kolitha, Berger Elisabeth, Agampodi Suneth (2014).

563:, however, were never as widespread as the earlier outbreaks, when 60% of the population died. 5286: 5153: 5038: 4919: 4825: 4691: 4597: 4162: 4157: 4085: 4034: 3808: 3788: 3776: 3736: 3707: 3675: 3593: 3486: 3454: 3350: 3278: 3243: 3191: 3145: 2782: 2731: 2685: 2644: 2466: 2400: 2295: 2232: 2205: 2126: 2095: 2050: 2006: 1868: 1760: 1750: 1621: 1577: 1483: 1365: 963: 907: 687: 675: 607: 583: 525: 370: 354: 265:

It was not until the 1800s that humans began to recognize the existence and role of germs and

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Farmer, P. (2001). "The Major Infectious Diseases in the World – To Treat or Not to Treat?".

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During the 16th century, Spanish soldiers introduced smallpox by contact with natives of the

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is multifaceted in implementation and is objective in the framework and systemic ideology.

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The first outbreak of typhus was recorded in 1489. Historians believe that troops from the

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such as heart problems or mental health problems. Global trade and rules set forth by the

959: 630: 614: 476: 468: 315: 215:, making a hole in the skull to release illness. Severe diseases were often thought of as 200: 2824: 2534: 262:, began the trade of animals, and plants, and unwittingly began an exchange of diseases. 17: 504:, and within four to seven days of infection, more than half of the affected would die. 5178: 5043: 5018: 4889: 4735: 4674: 4529: 4075: 3861: 3798: 3783: 3766: 3724: 3526: 3407: 3261:

Peckham, Robert (2013-05-01). "Economies of contagion: financial crisis and pandemic".

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by mosquitoes between dusk and dawn. The European variety, known as "vivax" after the

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has allowed disease to be controlled within two days of taking a 200 mg dose of

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and another person inhales the bacteria. Once inhaled TB frequently grows in the

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Smallpox was a common disease in Eurasia in the 15th century, and was spread by

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Estimated HIV/AIDS prevalence among young adults (15-49) by country as of 2008

1216: 1211: 1203: 977:, more than four thousand years ago. It was prevalent in ancient societies in 862: 738: 662: 278: 212: 208: 192: 71: 3282: 3247: 3149: 3068: 2231:. U.S. Army Medical Research & Material Command (2008). 2008. p. 5. 2054: 4894: 4718: 4617: 4122: 3941: 3511: 3392: 1641: 1394: 1353: 1220: 1154: 1110: 1055: 1038: 986: 869: 842:

It is believed that smallpox first emerged over 3000 years ago, probably in

823: 784: 734: 560: 481: 335: 331: 259: 161: 3195: 2786: 2735: 2689: 2648: 2470: 2191: 2099: 2010: 1764: 1694: 1331:, also known as the "rat fever" or "field fever" is an infection caused by 5320: 2662:

Pappas G, Papadimitriou P, Siozopoulou V, Christou L, Akritidis N (2008).

2209: 2083: 1991: 1932:, eHistory, July Review, 2009; Ohio State University, accessed 26 Jan 2010 1235: 787:, arguing that the crews of Columbus's ships first brought the disease to 3988: 3741: 3375: 3345: 1923:; Anne Sealey, Review: "A Cruel Wind: Pandemic Flu in America, 1918–1920" 1488: 1382: 1375: 1313: 1176: 1126: 1034: 1002: 994: 949: 866: 851: 827: 811: 780: 769: 761: 726: 722: 642: 622: 266: 239: 188: 150: 77: 70:

population is infected with a new disease, where they have not developed

56: 2159:(12th ed.). Washington DC: Public Health Foundation. Archived from 2091: 3660: 2933:"COVID-19: The Latest Zoonotic Disease Stemming from the Meat Industry" 2236: 1122: 1114: 1037:

parasite, and that mosquitoes carry and transmit malaria. Malaria is a

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in 2018 to focus on preparations and predictions of a major pandemic.

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is very rapid, even with vaccines, there is difficulty providing full

3955: 1297: 1098: 1085: 1045: 899: 873: 792: 788: 699: 657: 626: 579: 556: 536: 517: 489: 449: 311: 169: 134: 93: 40: 2029:"The covid-19 crisis – and the future of the economy and economics" 1864: 1746: 865:

during his second voyage in 1493, local people started to die of a

757:

An early medical illustration of people with syphilis, Vienna, 1498

4117: 2123:

Plague ports: The global urban impact of bubonic plague, 1894–1901

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In 2007, the prevalence of TB per 100,000 people was highest in

831: 695: 667: 634: 618: 544: 464: 196: 156:

In addition to trading in goods, many nations began to trade in

146: 122: 4476: 3304: 47:, influenza of various types, and similar infectious diseases. 3105:"A timeline of the Trump administration's coronavirus actions" 1787: 1785: 1301: 1251: 1246:

are among the newest and deadliest diseases. According to the

926: 679: 493: 385: 118: 2751:"Globalization of leptospirosis through travel and migration" 1296:

outbreak, which was the 26th outbreak since 1976, started in

1192:. It is the most prevalent, life-threatening infection among 1064:, and results in a severely debilitating and deadly disease. 4243:

Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety

2392:

Globalization and the Challenges of a New Century: A Reader

2225:

USAMRMC: 50 Years of Dedication to the Warfighter 1958–2008

2174:

Parola P, Vogelaers D, Roure C, Janbon F, Raoult D (1998).

2156:

Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases

3136:

Salcedo, Andrea; Yar, Sanam; Cherelus, Gina (2020-05-08).

3025: 3023: 3021: 2265:"The Mariners' Museum | EXPLORATION through the AGES" 238:

In Europe during the age of exploration, diseases such as

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Union, Publications Office of the European (2018-12-10).

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was born at the beginning of a colder period called the "

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Ebola cases in west Africa could rise to 20,000 says WHO

1145:, and was also relatively high in Asian countries like 570:

Worldwide distribution of plague-infected animals, 1998

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Effects of globalization on disease in the modern world

2611: 2609: 1616:

Plague and Pestilence: A History of Infectious Disease

902:." By 1638 the disease had broken out among people in 3131: 3129: 2703:

Leptospirosis, Challenge Eco (2000). "participants".

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saw the Indians bordering on Lake Loxa Peru used the

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and invaders. After Columbus landed on the island of

3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 2625:

Lisa O'Carroll, Society, theguardian, 28 August 2014

2125:. New York University Press. pp. 15–17, 80–81. 1381:

As of May 2020, scientists believe that COVID-19, a

702:. Spontaneous recovery occurs in 80–90% of victims. 164:

began to integrate, increasing the concentration of

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Indiana University Press. pp. 1919:Dorothy A. Pettit and Janice Bailie, 1727: 1725: 1280:2014 West Africa Ebola virus outbreak 1258:estimated 1.3 million persons in the 62:Globalization intensified during the 7: 4858:New international division of labour 4443: 4336:Bachelor of Science in Public Health 2589:"HIV prevention programmes overview" 1822:"Vaccine Basics - How Vaccines Work" 414:adding citations to reliable sources 4455: 3604:Workers' right to access the toilet 3445:Human right to water and sanitation 2451:The New England Journal of Medicine 1942:MacKenzie, Debora (29 April 2009). 2426:. WPRO. March 2012. Archived from 1797:The Geography of Transport Systems 1469:Eradication of infectious diseases 1437:Economic globalization and disease 1113:. The residents' use of wells and 1033:(then called "Marsh Fever") was a 310:allow more people and products to 25: 3877:Commercial determinants of health 2635:Slack A (2010). "Leptospirosis". 1954:from the original on 12 June 2015 1044:that is generally transmitted to 1005:proportions by the 13th century. 230:Map with the main travels of the 101:Travel patterns and globalization 5319: 5309: 5308: 4519: 4454: 4442: 4431: 4430: 3460:National public health institute 3226:Policy, Organisation and Society 1225:multidrug-resistant tuberculosis 602:is a highly contagious airborne 390: 149:, and eventually running to the 4520: 3857:Open-source healthcare software 3599:Sociology of health and illness 3156:from the original on 2020-04-15 3115:from the original on 2020-06-16 3079:from the original on 2020-03-22 3041:from the original on 2020-04-29 3007:from the original on 2020-06-17 2972:from the original on 2020-06-18 2943:from the original on 2020-06-08 2914:from the original on 2020-03-11 2885:from the original on 2020-04-04 2856:from the original on 2020-06-16 2595:from the original on 2015-02-12 2570:from the original on 2015-02-12 2545:from the original on 2022-01-20 2271:from the original on 2007-09-26 2027:Michie, Jonathan (2020-05-03). 1881:from the original on 2023-09-23 1832:from the original on 2020-05-08 1803:from the original on 2020-06-08 1711:from the original on 2014-03-14 1514:Wildlife smuggling and zoonoses 401:needs additional citations for 289:vaccine was administered to 25 4218:Caribbean Public Health Agency 4030:Sexually transmitted infection 3927:Statistical hypothesis testing 3688:Occupational safety and health 3589:Sexual and reproductive health 3502:Occupational safety and health 3239:10.1080/10349952.2000.11876720 1793:"Transportation and Pandemics" 1534:Daulaire, N. (July 12, 1999). 84:that deals with the causes of 1: 3872:Social determinants of health 3188:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14335-8 2046:10.1080/02692171.2020.1756040 1677:Trachtman P (February 2002). 1612:Altman, Linda Jacobs (1998). 925:, with no new outbreaks. The 129:when Europeans developed new 3932:Analysis of variance (ANOVA) 3693:Human factors and ergonomics 3275:10.1080/03085147.2012.718626 2332:. WPRO. 2007. Archived from 1129:, and water drums to breed. 941:New cases of leprosy in 2016 766:sexually transmitted disease 4576:Environmental globalization 4551:Anti-globalization movement 4113:Good manufacturing practice 3917:Randomized controlled trial 2637:Australian Family Physician 2463:10.1056/nejm200107193450310 463:is a variant of the deadly 369:in being a catalyst in the 5373: 4724:Offshore financial centres 4183:Theory of planned behavior 4108:Good agricultural practice 4013:Public health surveillance 3905:epidemiological statistics 3549:Public health intervention 3220:Conley, Tom (2000-06-01). 2681:10.1016/j.ijid.2007.09.011 2385:Kaplan, Robert D. (2000). 1921:Before There Was Swine Flu 1536:"Globalization and Health" 1363: 1304:warned that the number of 1277: 1250:, it is unknown where the 1164:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 890:In 1617, smallpox reached 543:. 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Publications Office. 1648:Encyclopædia Britannica 1499:Transmission (medicine) 968:upper respiratory tract 488:, and the formation of 80:, the modern branch of 5189:Christopher Chase-Dunn 4957:Primitive accumulation 4640:Military globalization 4571:Economic globalization 4556:Cultural globalization 4409:Germ theory of disease 4188:Transtheoretical model 2823:. 2018. Archived from 2192:10.3201/eid0404.980423 1826:vaccineinformation.org 1695:10.3201/eid0802.AC0802 1450:Economic globalization 1289: 1240: 1150: 1022: 973:Leprosy originated in 942: 758: 571: 457: 367:economic globalization 235: 4293:Public Health Service 4178:Social norms approach 4168:PRECEDE–PROCEED model 3614:Preventive healthcare 3507:Pharmaceutical policy 3356:Chief Medical Officer 3073:www.worldometers.info 2724:Ann Agric Environ Med 2084:10.1353/jwh.2002.0033 1992:10.1186/1744-8603-1-6 1973:Ollila, Eeva (2005). 1287: 1238: 1140: 1061:Plasmodium falciparum 1020: 940: 904:Boston, Massachusetts 756: 576:third plague pandemic 569: 447: 229: 5254:Immanuel Wallerstein 4915:Capital accumulation 4781:Endangered languages 4369:Sara Josephine Baker 4268:Public Health Agency 4153:Health communication 4018:Disease surveillance 3984:Asymptomatic carrier 3966:Statistical software 3654:Preventive nutrition 3482:Medical anthropology 3371:Environmental health 2424:"Tuberculosis facts" 2387:"The Coming Anarchy" 2180:Emerging Infect. Dis 1683:Emerging Infect. Dis 1643:Medicine, History of 1509:Virgin soil epidemic 955:Mycobacterium leprae 551:, and eastward into 410:improve this article 256:Christopher Columbus 51:subsequently jumped 32:Disease transmission 5357:Infectious diseases 5326:Business portal 4885:Transnational crime 4791:Forced displacement 4776:Economic inequality 4650:Trade globalization 4546:Alter-globalization 4379:Carl Rogers Darnall 4374:Samuel Jay Crumbine 4148:Health belief model 4001:Notifiable diseases 3937:Regression analysis 3772:Waterborne diseases 3361:Cultural competence 3263:Economy and Society 1446:Infectious diseases 1385:, is linked to the 1300:in March 2014. 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Although 1051:Plasmodium vivax 1029:discovered that 1027:Alphonse Laveran 1025:On Nov. 6, 1880 966:, mucosa of the 915:smallpox vaccine 647:African American 437: 430: 426: 423: 417: 394: 386: 306:Modern modes of 232:Age of Discovery 21: 5372: 5371: 5367: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5362: 5361: 5337: 5336: 5335: 5330: 5318: 5296: 5277:Thomas Friedman 5263: 5258: 5209:Anthony Giddens 5184:Manuel Castells 5149:Arjun Appadurai 5140: 5138: 5133: 5075: 5073: 5068: 5064:Joseph Stiglitz 5004:Richard Baldwin 4990: 4982: 4976: 4935:Fiscal localism 4899: 4853:McDonaldization 4771:Development aid 4745: 4740: 4709:Multilingualism 4704:Labor arbitrage 4680:Climate justice 4666: 4654: 4608:Global politics 4561:Deglobalization 4534: 4506: 4501: 4471: 4466: 4418: 4389:Margaret Sanger 4357: 4316: 4200: 4198: 4192: 4135: 4129: 4101:Safety scandals 4060: 4054: 3976: 3970: 3904: 3898: 3894:Social medicine 3887:Race and health 3822:Child mortality 3803: 3762:Open defecation 3644:Human nutrition 3634:Family planning 3622:Behavior change 3608: 3564:Right to health 3477:Maternal health 3467:Health politics 3418:Health literacy 3334: 3329: 3299: 3298: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3219: 3218: 3211: 3182:(9387): 903–8. 3173: 3172: 3168: 3159: 3157: 3135: 3134: 3127: 3118: 3116: 3103: 3102: 3091: 3082: 3080: 3067: 3066: 3053: 3044: 3042: 3029: 3028: 3019: 3010: 3008: 2994: 2993: 2984: 2975: 2973: 2960: 2959: 2955: 2946: 2944: 2931: 2930: 2926: 2917: 2915: 2902: 2901: 2897: 2888: 2886: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2859: 2857: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2830: 2828: 2813: 2812: 2808: 2791: 2748: 2747: 2743: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2702: 2701: 2697: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2634: 2633: 2629: 2623:Wayback Machine 2614: 2607: 2598: 2596: 2587: 2586: 2582: 2573: 2571: 2562: 2561: 2557: 2548: 2546: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2519: 2517: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2494: 2492: 2483: 2482: 2478: 2448: 2447: 2443: 2433: 2431: 2422: 2421: 2414: 2407: 2384: 2383: 2379: 2369: 2367: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2339: 2337: 2336:on July 5, 2013 2328: 2327: 2323: 2310: 2300: 2288: 2287: 2283: 2274: 2272: 2267:. Mariner.org. 2263: 2262: 2258: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2217: 2173: 2172: 2168: 2148: 2147: 2140: 2133: 2120: 2119: 2115: 2067: 2066: 2062: 2026: 2025: 2018: 1972: 1971: 1967: 1957: 1955: 1941: 1940: 1936: 1930:Wayback Machine 1917: 1913: 1900: 1890: 1884: 1882: 1875: 1852: 1851: 1844: 1835: 1833: 1820: 1819: 1815: 1806: 1804: 1791: 1790: 1783: 1774: 1772: 1757: 1731: 1730: 1723: 1714: 1712: 1676: 1675: 1671: 1657: 1655: 1640: 1639: 1635: 1628: 1611: 1610: 1591: 1574: 1568: 1566: 1559:"Archived copy" 1557: 1556: 1552: 1533: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1459: 1439: 1419: 1376:global pandemic 1368: 1362: 1346: 1326: 1282: 1276: 1233: 1135: 1015: 960:chronic disease 935: 809: 795:in 1495, after 751: 655: 631:Central America 615:endemic disease 597: 477:Yersinia pestis 467:-borne disease 438: 427: 421: 418: 407: 395: 384: 379: 316:West Nile virus 304: 254:, referring to 201:modern medicine 103: 34: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5370: 5368: 5360: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5339: 5338: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5328: 5316: 5305: 5302: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5268: 5266: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5179:Zygmunt Bauman 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5145: 5143: 5135: 5134: 5132: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5080: 5078: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5044:Thomas Piketty 5041: 5039:Kevin O'Rourke 5036: 5031: 5029:Michael Hudson 5026: 5021: 5019:Robert Brenner 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4995: 4993: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4953: 4952: 4947: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4911: 4909: 4905: 4904: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4897: 4892: 4890:Westernization 4887: 4882: 4881: 4880: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4839: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4762: 4761: 4750: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4738: 4733: 4732: 4731: 4729:Tax inversions 4726: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4699:Digital divide 4696: 4695: 4694: 4684: 4683: 4682: 4675:Climate change 4671: 4669: 4660: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4636: 4635: 4630: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4589: 4588: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4542: 4540: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4532: 4527: 4517: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4502: 4500: 4499: 4492: 4485: 4477: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4464: 4452: 4440: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4365: 4363: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4355: 4354: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4330: 4324: 4322: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4314: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4296: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4272: 4271: 4270: 4265: 4257: 4256: 4255: 4247: 4246: 4245: 4240: 4232: 4231: 4230: 4222: 4221: 4220: 4211: 4209: 4202: 4197:Organizations, 4194: 4193: 4191: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4139: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4127: 4126: 4125: 4120: 4110: 4105: 4104: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4064: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4053: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4021: 4020: 4010: 4009: 4008: 3998: 3997: 3996: 3986: 3980: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3968: 3963: 3962: 3961: 3953: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3908: 3906: 3903:Biological and 3900: 3899: 3897: 3896: 3891: 3890: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3869: 3864: 3862:Multimorbidity 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3813: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3801: 3799:Vector control 3796: 3791: 3786: 3784:School hygiene 3781: 3780: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3767:Sanitary sewer 3764: 3759: 3754: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3733: 3732: 3725:Patient safety 3722: 3721: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3685: 3684: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3658: 3657: 3656: 3651: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3630: 3629: 3618: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3607: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3540: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3463: 3462: 3457: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3436: 3435: 3430: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3408:Harm reduction 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3389: 3388: 3383: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3342: 3340: 3336: 3335: 3330: 3328: 3327: 3320: 3313: 3305: 3297: 3296: 3269:(2): 226–248. 3253: 3209: 3166: 3125: 3089: 3051: 3017: 3001:Harvard Health 2982: 2968:. 4 May 2020. 2953: 2939:. 7 May 2020. 2924: 2895: 2881:. 2020-03-24. 2866: 2837: 2806: 2741: 2714: 2695: 2654: 2627: 2605: 2591:. 2015-07-20. 2580: 2555: 2526: 2501: 2476: 2441: 2412: 2405: 2377: 2347: 2321: 2298:on 2009-10-28. 2281: 2256: 2215: 2166: 2163:on 2017-03-10. 2138: 2132:978-0814722336 2131: 2113: 2060: 2039:(3): 301–303. 2016: 1965: 1934: 1911: 1902:|website= 1873: 1865:10.2900/349426 1842: 1813: 1799:. 2018-01-28. 1781: 1755: 1747:10.17226/11588 1721: 1669: 1633: 1626: 1589: 1550: 1547:on 2011-06-22. 1525: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1464:Chagas disease 1460: 1458: 1455: 1438: 1435: 1418: 1415: 1364:Main article: 1361: 1358: 1345: 1342: 1325: 1322: 1278:Main article: 1275: 1272: 1232: 1229: 1198:seroprevalence 1182:immune systems 1134: 1131: 1119:standing water 1082:Little Ice Age 1014: 1011: 934: 931: 808: 805: 774:genital ulcers 750: 747: 654: 651: 637:civilization. 625:, and ravaged 613:Measles is an 596: 593: 473:enterobacteria 461:Bubonic plague 440: 439: 398: 396: 389: 383: 380: 378: 375: 308:transportation 303: 300: 102: 99: 55:barriers (see 45:bubonic plague 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5369: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5352:Global health 5350: 5348: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5315: 5307: 5306: 5303: 5293: 5292:Vandana Shiva 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5261: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5244:Saskia Sassen 5242: 5240: 5239:George Ritzer 5237: 5235: 5234:Antonio Negri 5232: 5230: 5229:L. H. M. Ling 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5214:Michael Hardt 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5194:Alfred Crosby 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5136: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5124:Susan Strange 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5094:Robert W. Cox 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5071: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5054:Jeffrey Sachs 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4988: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4972:World-systems 4970: 4968: 4967:World history 4965: 4963: 4962:Social change 4960: 4958: 4955: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4942: 4941: 4940:Modernization 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4906: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4879: 4876: 4875: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4808: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4760: 4757: 4756: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4743: 4737: 4734: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4721: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4688: 4685: 4681: 4678: 4677: 4676: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4664: 4661: 4657: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4625: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4603:Global health 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4587: 4584: 4583: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4537: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4509: 4505: 4504:Globalization 4498: 4493: 4491: 4486: 4484: 4479: 4478: 4475: 4463: 4462: 4453: 4451: 4450: 4441: 4439: 4438: 4429: 4428: 4425: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4384:Joseph Lister 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4325: 4323: 4319: 4312: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4263:Health Canada 4261: 4260: 4258: 4254: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4219: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4208:Organizations 4206: 4203: 4195: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4132: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4115: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4057: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4045:Vaccine trial 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4019: 4016: 4015: 4014: 4011: 4007: 4004: 4003: 4002: 3999: 3995: 3992: 3991: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3973: 3967: 3964: 3960: 3958: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3929: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3922:Relative risk 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3901: 3895: 3892: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3882:Health equity 3880: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3847:Health system 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3837:Global health 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3817:Biostatistics 3815: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3806: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3749: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3731: 3728: 3727: 3726: 3723: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3690: 3689: 3686: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3663: 3662: 3659: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3646: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3628: 3625: 3624: 3623: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3611: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3559:Right to food 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3514: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3493: 3492:Mental health 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3452: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3440:Housing First 3438: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3428:Health system 3426: 3425: 3424: 3423:Health policy 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3378: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3332:Public health 3326: 3321: 3319: 3314: 3312: 3307: 3306: 3303: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3257: 3254: 3249: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3232:(1): 87–115. 3231: 3227: 3223: 3216: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3170: 3167: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3052: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2957: 2954: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2928: 2925: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2899: 2896: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2870: 2867: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2841: 2838: 2827:on 2020-04-09 2826: 2822: 2821: 2816: 2810: 2807: 2802: 2796: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2745: 2742: 2737: 2733: 2730:(2): 239–44. 2729: 2725: 2718: 2715: 2710: 2706: 2699: 2696: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2674:(4): 351–57. 2673: 2669: 2665: 2658: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2643:(7): 495–98. 2642: 2638: 2631: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2617: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2594: 2590: 2584: 2581: 2569: 2565: 2559: 2556: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2530: 2527: 2516:on 2015-02-12 2515: 2511: 2505: 2502: 2491:on 2015-02-10 2490: 2486: 2480: 2477: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2457:(3): 208–10. 2456: 2452: 2445: 2442: 2429: 2425: 2419: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2393: 2388: 2381: 2378: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2351: 2348: 2335: 2331: 2325: 2322: 2317: 2305: 2297: 2293: 2292: 2285: 2282: 2270: 2266: 2260: 2257: 2246:on 2013-02-14 2242: 2238: 2234: 2227: 2226: 2219: 2216: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2186:(4): 677–80. 2185: 2181: 2177: 2170: 2167: 2162: 2158: 2157: 2152: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2128: 2124: 2117: 2114: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2078:(2): 429–49. 2077: 2073: 2072: 2064: 2061: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1969: 1966: 1953: 1949: 1948:New Scientist 1945: 1938: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1915: 1912: 1907: 1895: 1880: 1876: 1874:9789294982742 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1857: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1817: 1814: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1771:on 2020-10-08 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1673: 1670: 1666: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1644: 1637: 1634: 1629: 1623: 1618: 1617: 1608: 1606: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1579: 1565:on 2007-09-28 1564: 1560: 1554: 1551: 1546: 1542: 1537: 1530: 1527: 1520: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1442:Globalization 1436: 1434: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1422:Globalization 1416: 1414: 1412: 1406: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1388: 1384: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1367: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1329:Leptospirosis 1324:Leptospirosis 1323: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1286: 1281: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1261: 1260:United States 1256: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1237: 1230: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1185: 1183: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1165: 1160: 1156: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1132: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1111:running water 1107: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1095:Cinchona bark 1092: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1065: 1063: 1062: 1057: 1053: 1052: 1047: 1043: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1019: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 991:conquistadors 988: 984: 980: 976: 971: 969: 965: 961: 957: 956: 951: 947: 939: 932: 930: 928: 924: 920: 919:Edward Jenner 916: 911: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 892:Massachusetts 888: 886: 882: 877: 875: 871: 868: 864: 860: 855: 853: 849: 845: 840: 837: 833: 829: 826:, back ache, 825: 821: 817: 816:Variola virus 813: 806: 804: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 777: 775: 771: 767: 763: 755: 748: 746: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 711:Mediterranean 708: 703: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 664: 660:is caused by 659: 652: 650: 648: 644: 638: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 611: 609: 605: 601: 594: 592: 590: 585: 581: 577: 568: 564: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 541:British Isles 538: 534: 529: 527: 523: 519: 515: 510: 505: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 455: 454:Naples Plague 451: 446: 436: 433: 425: 415: 411: 405: 404: 399:This section 397: 393: 388: 387: 381: 376: 374: 372: 368: 363: 359: 356: 353: 349: 344: 341: 337: 333: 328: 326: 321: 320:United States 317: 313: 309: 301: 299: 296: 295:control group 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 271:Louis Pasteur 268: 263: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 233: 228: 224: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 181:witch doctors 178: 173: 171: 167: 163: 159: 154: 152: 148: 144: 143:Spice Islands 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 100: 98: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 73: 69: 65: 60: 58: 54: 48: 46: 42: 38: 37:Globalization 33: 19: 5287:John R. 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