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first garden terrace. The lower basement was level with the Globe garden to the South. Excluding the extensions or tower, the building measured a respectable 200 m in area and 14 m in height, perhaps giving rise to the occasional labelling as "Friedrichsburg" (Frederick's castle, in contrast to the palace that was
Gottorf Castle). The official designation was "Lusthaus" (folly or hunting lodge); only toward the latter decades of its existence was it called "Globe house". The cubic shape and accessible flat roof were in keeping with contemporary counterparts in Italy, Netherlands and Denmark. The building was supposed to appear exotic and was occasionally called "Persian House". The building detail, however, adhered to the
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803:. The time of day display had three concentric, cylindrical walls that shifted against each other like curtains. A small solar disc, which changed height with the seasons, moved in front of the innermost cylinder. The position of the Sun relative to each curtain cylinder showed the time of day according to civil, Roman-Babylonian and Jewish convention, resp. The latter two of these conventions depend on the motion of the Sun, which is why astronomers since
175:
832:
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the dimensions to 80%, and the appearance of the building to 50%. The excavations confirmed parts of the building to 100% certainty, while others, such as the portals, could be derived from contemporary comparisons to 90%. Some parts of the building could only be guessed at from contemporary buildings and typical methods of the time. The ground plan was 100% certain. More recent excavations by the State of
295:
39:
625:
transferred two floors upward to the Globe by long, wrought iron shafts. The uppermost part of the transmission was at the foot of the Globe axis and was covered by a painted, wooden box. The watermill may have been more of a demonstration of technical aptitude than part of the scientific demonstration. 50 years after completion of the Globe house, the watermill drive had suffered significant decay.
167:
469:. The Globe was driven, either by water power from the basement to make one turn in 24 hours, or manually by the occupant of the Globe to accelerate the otherwise imperceptible motion. The Globe of Gottorf was the first planetarium where the observer could enter the interior. At the same time it is a large model of the old
924:
that were never altered in any significant way. The restoration is, however not historically authentic. Rather, it is designed with aesthetic consideration in mind. Several charitable foundations supported the construction of the new Globe house and the reconstructed Globe. Both, along with the first
544:
The seating, apparently for up to ten or twelve persons, was mounted on the axis. It was constructed of heavy iron rails that were clamped to each other and fixed to the axis with heavy braces. This construction carried the narrow seat, the footrest and the round table at the centre. The backrest was
460:
A small hatch permitted entry into the Globe to take a seat at the round table at the centre of the sphere. From here one could observe the celestial sphere depicted on the inside of the globe. The stars were represented by more than 1000 gilded brass nail heads, while the constellations were painted
878:
clarified matters further. The cartography had been lost, but the originals from which the Globe had been derived could be identified. It was then possible to undertake a reliable reconstruction of the Globe with regard to its construction, technological and astronomical content, and overall design.
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and thus represented the celestial sphere. Today, 46 of originally 62 constellations remain. They were made of brass sheeting fixed to the inside of the rings of the sphere. Their interior was engraved and labelled with the Latin names of the constellations. The figures were evidently derived from a
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While the main floor with the Globe provided space for learned discussions among a larger audience, the upper level was more private with its sleeping quarters and a festive hall. French doors led onto the flat roofs of the extensions. The large roof terrace offered magnificent views of the gardens
435:
Entry into the Globe house was from the North by the decorative portal of the main entrance, below the tower with the staircase. A short corridor led to the globe hall, which occupied almost the whole space of this level. The hall had numerous windows and was white in colour for best illumination of
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The building had two basement levels, above these the Globe hall and the upper floor with sleeping quarters and a hall facing south. These two upper floors and the roof terrace were connected by a spiral staircase in the tower. The main floor had the main entrance in the North and was level with the
186:
who was the court scholar and librarian at
Gottorf. The orientation of the house was north–south, the location central at the lower end of the terraced Neuwerk garden. A semi-circular wall ran from the house to the Hercules pond in the South; the area between wall and pond contains the formal "Globe
882:
The result was, in 1997, a reconstruction by Felix Lühning of the Globe house in the
Neuwerk garden in drawings and models, which were mainly based on the intense study of written sources. These certified the building materials to about 80%, the succession of rooms and distribution of space to 90%,
866:
Starting in 1991 with the text of the inventory, Felix Lühning prepared a reliable, drawing-based reconstruction of the Globe house. This included extensive archival research regarding the building and technological aspects of the Globe, such as invoices for building, repairs and maintenance of the
206:
Little is known about how the Globe house was used; excavations revealed evidence of extensive meals in the House. It seems to have been hardly used after the death of Duke
Frederick III. Leaks in the flat roofs damaged the building, but the Globe remained a popular exhibition piece and was readily
588:
made of cut crystal. This exhibited both the daily motion of sunrise and sunset and the annual movement, the seasonal change of rise and set points and of the Sun's maximum altitude. A meridian semicircle above the observer had a degree scale. It was not possible to display the complex movement of
810:
Finally, the
Ptolemaic armillary sphere on top of the time of day display, in assembly and movement, is a miniature version of the Globe. It has the Earth fixed at the centre with the celestial sphere surrounding it and revolving daily around it. The inside of the sphere has a solar figure moving
624:
was used to slow the motion sufficiently. The mill was fed with water through lead pipes. In the basement the water fell onto the waterwheel and flowed away underground toward the
Hercules pond. The heavy wheels and worms were made of brass and resulted in enormous friction losses. The motion was
729:
was considerably smaller than the Globe, with a diameter of 1.34 m and an overall height of 2.40 m. However, it was technologically much more advanced. It rested on a wooden base case that concealed a powerful spring-driven clockwork, which could run for eight days. Chimes occurred at hourly and
608:
moved the Sun. The third transmission served the manual drive of the Globe, whereby the occupant could turn it with their fingertips. With this manual drive, one revolution took about 15 minutes and demonstrated all daily celestial movements as seen from
Gottorf. The position of the Sun could be
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In line with contemporary taste, the celestial sphere was colourful and with elaborate figures for the constellations. Stars were represented by eight-pointed nail heads of gilded brass. These were grouped into the traditional six magnitudes to illustrate the actual brightness differences of the
422:
At
Gottorf in 1713, in order to retrieve the Globe from the Globe house in one piece, a large piece of the western facade had been removed. This sealed the fate of the building, which was also bereft of its main purpose. Only half-hearted maintenance was carried out from then on and the building
251:
as it appeared from the Earth. (The label "planetarium" may be disputed, as the device showed only the motion of the Sun, not of the Moon or planets.) The particular attraction was to climb into the globe, sit down and allow the stars to circle around the Earth. The Globe was an invention of the
730:
quarter-hourly intervals, 24 motions in the armillary sphere were also driven by this device. The main drive shaft ran vertically from the centre of the clockwork through the whole armillary sphere. The shaft could be disengaged to drive the armillary sphere manually for demonstration purposes.
827:
Thanks to the exceptional size and concept of the Globe, reports about it have been written ever since its construction and into the recent past. However, these did not result in a clear and precise idea of the real Globe at
Gottorf; historical imagery was of little use in this context. Hence,
361:
The Globe suffered severe damage in a mysterious fire at the
Kunstkamera in 1747. Only few of its metal parts, and none of the wood or canvas, survived the fire intact. The entrance hatch had been kept separately in the basement and so was unaffected by the fire. The Globe was removed from the
919:
During the first decade of the 21st century, great efforts were undertaken to uncover the terrain of the Neuwerk garden, in order that the layout once again be visible. Scarce funding and the difficult terrain delayed this work significantly. Felix Lühning's work about the Globe triggered the
828:
knowledge about the Globe was restricted to knowledge about its builders, the epoch when it was constructed and more or less superficial descriptions of the Globe and Globe house. Where exactly in the House the Globe stood, or any other details of the building and technology were uncertain.
496:
Access to the two basement levels was separate, from the outside. The upper basement had a kitchen stove to cater for festive meals. The lower basement housed the water mill that was meant turn the Globe continuously. The force was transferred by a brass worm drive and long iron shafts.
745:
in their hands. They revolved around the brass sphere at the same intervals as the real planets orbited the Sun. Sophisticated gearing ensured the correct transmission from the vertical drive shaft to the orbit ring. The position of each planet could be adjusted manually.
444:
columns. Painted on the exterior of the Globe was the then known world – Europe, Africa, America and Asia – with coloured country borders and with depictions of animals, ships and sea creatures. The cartography was based on globes from the famous cartographers
894:
to drive the Globe. The cogwheels, worms and shafts were well documented from archival research, and their placement in the building had been described at the time. However, due to the unique character of the mechanism, Lühning had to leave 60% to his own conjecture.
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likely was involved in the construction, Bösch alone was responsible for the technical realisation of the project. In this he was again supported by a number of craftsmen, contributing the clockwork or designing the constellations. After completion the
216:
187:
garden". The house was a symmetric, four-storey brick building with a terrace on the flat roof. There were extensions on all sides that reached to the second floor. The northern extension was a higher tower crowned with a copper onion dome.
521:
could be painted. The interior of the Globe was lined with thin pine board, also followed by chalk and linen canvas. The hatch was held in place by two spring locks; while the Globe was occupied the hatch remained removed.
572:. Due to the inclination of the globe axis, Gottorf lay at the top of the copper hemisphere and as such formed the centre of this artificial world. Around the table globe was a horizontal ring indicating the geographic
757:. The Earth rotates daily around an axis inclined to point to the celestial pole. The Moon orbits Earth in 27.3 days and displays its phases. A small dial on the miniature armillary sphere displays the time of day.
760:
The planetary system was surrounded by two armillary spheres, of which the inner moved and the outer was fixed. Both consisted of six vertical semicircles and a horizontal ring. The inner sphere represented the
533:
The sphere rotated around a heavy, fixed, wrought iron axis. At its foot end the axis rested on a millstone, at the top it was fixed to a ceiling beam. The axis was inclined at 54°30', the geographic
789:. Small, six-rayed stars of silver were fixed to the inside of the brass sheeting. There were six different sizes of silver stars, corresponding to the six magnitudes used for stellar brightness.
461:
as coloured figures on the blue background of the heavens. The Globe included mechanisms to show the annual movement of the Sun and to drive a "world clock" that indicated where on Earth it was
327:
155:. The building was completed in seven years, while construction of the Globe itself took rather longer. Work came to a halt with the death of Duke Frederick III in 1659 in the
887:, with more advanced means than available to Lühning, may necessitate a revision of the reconstruction of the basements, essentially by filling in previous gaps in knowledge.
362:
Kunstkamera and reconstructed by Benjamin Scott from 1748 to 1750. However, the outer painting with contemporary geography proceeded slowly and was completed only in 1790 by
870:
The Globe itself still existed with its principal parts at Saint Petersburg, allowing to measure the Globe and deduce more detail about the Globe house. Comparison with the
427:
ordered the building to be auctioned off. After another year nothing remained of the ruins, and a building unique in the history of architecture and technology was lost.
1279:
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symbols on the inside. Turned manually or by water power, it demonstrates the movement of the heavens to those seated inside. It was a predecessor of the modern
859:
of the Duke's residence drawn up in 1708 for general taxation purposes, which contained details about the value and condition of the buildings and gardens at
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offer a new exhibition in the Globe house, with information about the Globe, Globe house, baroque garden (Neuwerk garden) and early baroque horticulture. A
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The manual drive consisted of a retractable shaft on which a crank could be placed. Similar to the Globe, this allowed to accelerate the movements of the
576:
of various places on Earth. When the Globe moved, two opposite pointers would slide over this ring to indicate where on Earth it was midday or midnight.
160:
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the Globe; the ceiling was stuccoed. The Globe itself stood in a wide, twelve-sided, wooden, horizontal ring, which was supported by an alternation of
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948:. Since 2020, extracts of the movie and further information about the Globe and Globe house are available in an online 360-degree application.
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93:. Following a fire in 1747 most of the globe had to be reconstructed. A modern replica was constructed in 2005 at the original location near
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had been working with a day running from midnight to midnight. In the 16th and 17th century this was gradually adopted in civil life, also.
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820:
513:
and an equator ring for stiffness. The cage was covered on the outside with copper sheet, followed by several layers of chalk and linen
286:. At a time when work on the Globe had already made great progress, this enhanced and extended the cosmological concept of the Globe.
660:, which was already recognised as antiquated by the Gottorf court. It seemed natural to create a demonstration model that showed the
526:
1450:
1386:
1367:
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741:(Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn). The planets were represented by small silver figures that held their respective
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The table at the centre supported a copper half globe. Following the cosmological concept of the Gottorf Globe, it symbolised the
1499:
1312:
1405:
Felix Lühning (1991). "Das ganze Universum auf einen Blick – die Gottorfer Sphaera Copernicana von Andreas Bösch".
1288:
481:; the Globe would then be covered in a heavy, green, woollen cloth. The doors of the Globe hall featured portraits of
863:. This included the Globe house in such detail as to fill the gaps of knowledge left by any illustrative material.
342:
where it arrived in 1717. Due to the ongoing war, the transport was apparently by sea to Pillau (a harbour near
903:
714:. In 1824 it was to be decommissioned, but somehow in 1872 ended up in the Danish Museum of Natural History at
601:
424:
749:
Exceptionally, the Earth orbit carried not a silver figure, but a miniature armillary sphere with spheres for
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where it was kept, fully packed and on its special rail carriage, presumably to await eventual transport to
331:
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Globe house. Excavation and survey of the Globe house foundations served to confirm these written sources.
770:
696:
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eventual restoration of the baroque terrace garden. Garden, Globe and Globe house are vital features of
737:. Surrounding it were brass rings supported on rollers, which represented the orbits of the then known
722:
was recently restored, when missing parts were replaced and the original colour scheme re-established.
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with a complex clockwork mechanism that controlled 24 different functions and displays simultaneously.
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in the lower basement, which could turn the Globe in real time, at one revolution per day. A six-stage
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777:. Two graduated bands of brass illustrated this movement, which took 26700 years for one revolution.
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in Holstein, possibly Gottorf. Following the meeting, Peter solicited the Globe to be transferred to
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When the construction of the Globe reached its final stages, Andreas Bösch began a new project, the
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541:. This ensured the display of the night sky as it appeared over Schleswig, as was the purpose.
505:
The Globe of Gottorf was principally of wrought iron construction. The sphere had a cage of 24
358:
in 1726, but the transport and elapsed time had left their mark on the condition of the Globe.
1446:
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While there were naturally parallels with the Globe in terms of construction and display, the
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The Globe probably already featured in early plans for the Neuwerk garden (the "new work") at
178:
The 21st century Globe house beyond the Hercules pond in the Neuwerk garden at Gottorf Castle
1400:. Katalogband IV der Sonderausstellung "Gottorf im Glanz des Barock" (in German). Schleswig.
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in history, which gave the visitor a "live" demonstration of the phenomena of the heavens.
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Construction of the Globe and its building went hand in hand. Parts were made in a nearby
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The entire device was crowned with a complex display of different times of day, plus the
318:, Gottorp was treading a fine line between Danish occupation and sympathies with Sweden.
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adjusted to demonstrate other seasons. Thus the Globe of Gottorf was the first walk-in
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1381:(in Russian). Muzej Antropologii i Etnografii Imeni Petra Velikogo, Saint Petersburg.
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Slight controversy remains regarding the circumstances of the gifting of the Globe to
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1062:"Das "Weltwunder" von Gottorf – Der Gottorfer Globus als erstes Planetarium?"
786:
604:. One of these, via long shafts, turned the "world clock" on the table. Second, an
478:
446:
294:
113:
109:
38:
1334:"Virtueller Rundgang – Entdecken Sie den Gottorfer Globus und Barockgarten"
396:, where it was on public display for three weeks. In 1947 the Globe was moved to
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518:
486:
416:
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232:
117:
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43:
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than the Globe was. The Globe impressed with its size and original design, the
477:. When not in use, the hatch was closed with a cover that featured the Gottorf
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711:
621:
450:
338:. In July 1713, Christian August complied and ordered the Globe dispatched to
282:
Simultaneously, between 1654 and 1657, Bösch worked on his own invention, the
1514:
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1426:(in French). Norma éditions / Cité de l'architecture, Paris. pp. 42–45.
1414:
127:. The construction was supervised by Frederick's court scholar and librarian
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In 1941 German troops seized the Globe and it was taken by special train to
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28:
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584:, on the celestial sphere, moved a cog on which was mounted a model of the
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embark on the construction of the garden's central point, the Globe house
1478:
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366:. A new pavilion had been constructed and the Globe moved there in 1753.
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was regent. Early in 1713 Tsar Peter held conference with his ally, king
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652:. This was to extend the concept of the Globe and its representation of
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32:
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recounts the creation of the globe, placing it in the context of the
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At the centre of the armillary sphere a brass sphere represented the
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489:, in reverence to the foremost authorities of astronomy at the time.
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51:
1485:
Felix Lüning's website about the Gottorf original and replica globes
354:) and by land to Saint Petersburg. It became eventually part of the
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The 17th century Globe house, reconstruction, model by Felix Lühning
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a broad horizon ring made of brass, which displayed details of the
73:. It measures 3.1 meters in diameter. Conceived and constructed at
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stars. Two candles on the table made the stars twinkle. Along the
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Construction of the interior of the sphere (model: Felix Lühning)
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392:. In 1946 British troops took the Globe from Neustadt to nearby
369:
In 1828 the Globe was transferred to the eastern rotunda of the
347:
240:
159:. The globe was eventually completed in 1664 by Frederick's son
1313:"Neuer 360-Grad-Film: Wie die Idee zum Bau des Globus entstand"
256:; the scientific lead lay with his court scholar and librarian
925:
part of the garden restoration, were inaugurated in May 2005.
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585:
558:
248:
1407:
Nordelbingen – Beiträge zur Kunst- und Kulturgeschichte
843:
Caption on the Globe at Gottorf, regarding the reconstruction
553:
calendars, as well as astronomical data regarding the daily
123:
The globe was built between 1650 and 1664 on the request of
1473:
Saint Petersburg Kunstkammer page about the original globe
423:
decayed. In November 1768, after 50 years of disuse, King
219:
Reconstruction of the globe drive (drawing: Felix Lühning)
1398:
Der Gottorfer Globus und das Globushaus im 'Newen Werck'
915:
The Globe garden between Globe house and Hercules pond
600:
At its south pole the interior of the Globe has three
1491:
Virtual tour of Globe, Globe house and Neuwerk garden
1233:
Der Gottorfer Globus – ein barockes Welttheater
1194:
Der Gottorfer Globus – ein barockes Welttheater
1153:
Der Gottorfer Globus – ein barockes Welttheater
1118:
Der Gottorfer Globus – ein barockes Welttheater
999:
Der Gottorfer Globus – ein barockes Welttheater
42:
Globe of Gottorf, 18th century reconstruction at the
147:, which was laid out from 1637. Not before 1650 did
1445:(in German). Westholsteiner Verlagsanstalt, Heide.
780:The outer, fixed sphere carried the figures of the
131:and carried out by the gunsmith Andreas Bösch from
1424:Globes. Architecture et science explorent le monde
823:Cut through the Globe house (model: Felix Lühning)
796:in order to make them visible and comprehensible.
1315:(in German). Schleswig-Holsteinische Landesmuseen
765:", which at the time was the explanation for the
306:The access hatch of the Globe at Saint Petersburg
223:The centrepiece of the Globe house was the large
23:Globe of Gottorf, 21st century reconstruction at
1255:"Schloss Gottorf: Ältestes Planetarium der Welt"
275:and assembled in the Globe house. Seven to nine
195:that was the norm at the time in the duchies of
785:celestial globe of the Amsterdam cartographer
419:, to place the Globe in it and to restore it.
1362:(in German). Koehler & Amelang, Leipzig.
298:The interior of the Globe at Saint Petersburg
8:
851:Entrance hatch at Gottorf, with coat of arms
710:was transferred to the royal Kunstkammer at
182:The likely architect of the Globe house was
104:'s surface on the outside and a map of star
1409:(in German). Vol. 60. pp. 17–59.
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1104:
1102:
517:with its outer layer polished. On this the
231:'s surface, while its interior contained a
1443:Der Gottorfer Globus Herzog Friedrichs III
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1039:(in German). Hermitage, Saint Petersburg.
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1018:
1016:
987:
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699:at Gottorf, later in the Gottorf library.
493:and invited to feasts under the open sky.
907:The new Globe house in the Neuwerk garden
706:was cleared out in 1750, this Copernican
279:worked on the project for several years.
524:
214:
37:
18:
969:
125:Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp
1281:Schloss Gottorf: Der Gottorfer Globus
139:The Globe house in the Neuwerk Garden
7:
815:Historical reconstruction at Gottorf
718:, where it is still on display. The
431:A visit to the original Globe house
1060:Susanne M. Hoffmann (2010-12-23).
616:An alternative drive was a wooden
381:, just south of Saint Petersburg.
227:. On the outside it presented the
81:, it was later transferred to the
61:is a 17th-century, large, walk-in
14:
928:Since 2019, the state museums of
100:The globe features a map of the
1377:Engel Petrovic Karpeev (2003).
268:to make the project a reality.
247:as well as the movement of the
1358:Herwig Guratzsch, ed. (2005).
899:Globe and Neuwerk garden today
811:around the ecliptic annually.
415:It was decided to restore the
16:Planetarium built in the 1650s
1:
1544:Schleswig, Schleswig-Holstein
264:Andreas Bösch was hired from
1539:17th-century maps and globes
322:had died in battle, his son
290:Transfer to Saint Petersburg
1287:(in German). Archived from
1257:(in German). Archived from
1036:Der Grosse Gottorfer Globus
668:, a "Sphaera Copernicana".
1560:
1379:Bol'soj Gottorpskij globus
207:demonstrated to visitors.
1422:Yann Rocher, ed. (2017).
1360:Der neue Gottorfer Globus
637:Gottorf celestial globe (
326:was under age, his uncle
425:Christian VII of Denmark
1479:Schloss Gottorf website
1467:Gottorf Globe home page
629:The Sphaera Copernicana
332:Frederick IV of Denmark
1396:Felix Lühning (1997).
1226:Felix Lühning (2008).
1187:Felix Lühning (2008).
1146:Felix Lühning (2008).
1111:Felix Lühning (2008).
992:Felix Lühning (2008).
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824:
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35:
1441:Ernst Schlee (2002).
1113:"Sphaera Copernicana"
1033:E.P. Karpeev (2003).
914:
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890:An exception was the
855:The exception was an
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568:as the centre of the
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373:, and in 1901 to the
346:), onward by land to
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41:
22:
876:Frederiksborg Castle
835:The Globe at Gottorf
716:Frederiksborg Castle
643:Frederiksborg Castle
386:Neustadt in Holstein
364:Theodor von Schubert
312:Tsar Peter the Great
193:Northern Renaissance
1511: /
872:Sphaera Copernicana
727:Sphaera Copernicana
720:Sphaera Copernicana
693:Sphaera Copernicana
650:Sphaera Copernicana
639:Sphaera Copernicana
483:Nicolaus Copernicus
350:, by sea to Reval (
284:Sphaera Copernicana
266:Limburg an der Lahn
157:Second Northern War
133:Limburg an der Lahn
942:Duke Frederick III
930:Schleswig-Holstein
917:
909:
885:Schleswig-Holstein
853:
845:
837:
825:
801:Sphaera Ptolemaica
695:was placed in the
662:heliocentric model
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606:epicyclic gearing
371:Zoological Museum
324:Charles Frederick
320:Duke Frederick IV
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328:Christian August
314:in 1713. In the
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1236:(in German)
1197:(in German)
1189:"Technik I"
1156:(in German)
1121:(in German)
1068:(in German)
1002:(in German)
697:Kunstkammer
677:objet d'art
611:planetarium
519:cartography
487:Tycho Brahe
417:Kunstkamera
356:Kunstkamera
233:planetarium
118:planetarium
83:Kunstkamera
44:Kunstkamera
1533:Categories
1503:54°31′01″N
1340:2020-07-20
1319:2020-06-02
1298:2014-09-27
1265:2022-04-17
1240:2022-04-16
1201:2022-04-16
1160:2022-04-16
1148:"Rundgang"
1125:2022-04-16
1072:2022-04-15
1006:2022-04-16
964:References
773:along the
767:precession
712:Copenhagen
666:Copernicus
622:worm drive
451:Joan Blaeu
442:Corinthian
344:Königsberg
85:museum in
1506:9°32′24″E
1415:0078-1037
892:watermill
857:inventory
805:antiquity
771:equinoxes
686:Although
618:watermill
574:longitude
547:Gregorian
539:Schleswig
455:Amsterdam
410:Leningrad
406:Hermitage
375:Admiralty
277:craftsmen
211:The Globe
197:Schleswig
95:Schleswig
79:Schleswig
29:Schleswig
1066:Spektrum
952:See also
775:ecliptic
582:ecliptic
555:altitude
535:latitude
507:meridian
467:midnight
402:Murmansk
262:gunsmith
201:Holstein
153:pavilion
69:and the
794:Sphaera
769:of the
739:planets
681:Sphaera
673:Sphaera
654:Ptolemy
595:planets
557:of the
511:T-beams
475:Ptolemy
398:Hamburg
352:Tallinn
65:of the
33:Germany
27:, near
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958:Eartha
551:Julian
515:canvas
473:after
463:midday
394:Lübeck
336:Russia
260:. The
91:Russia
52:Russia
1292:(PDF)
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751:Earth
702:When
641:) at
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453:from
273:forge
241:stars
239:with
229:Earth
225:globe
108:with
102:Earth
77:near
67:Earth
63:globe
1447:ISBN
1428:ISBN
1411:ISSN
1383:ISBN
1364:ISBN
1041:ISBN
940:and
755:Moon
753:and
725:The
591:Moon
549:and
485:and
449:and
438:herm
348:Riga
254:Duke
243:and
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874:at
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377:at
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89:in
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