Knowledge (XXG)

Glossary of automotive design

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A distinctively shaped inlet that is flush and begins with a narrow, shallow inset and becomes progressively wider and deeper. The duct was developed to introduce cooling air into aircraft engine nacelles, while increasing the drag of the nacelle only minimally. The duct was developed at the National
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An open vehicle, usually with 2 doors, with a removable and/or retractable cloth top and a windshield characterized by the lack of integrated glass side windows. Contemporary uses of this name do not always follow this original description. A classical roadster is a two-seater with a long hood and a
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refers to the angle between the overall vehicle and the horizontal axis of the ground. If the back is higher than the front, the vehicle is said to have positive rake; if the front is higher than the back, this is negative rake. In early hot rod and custom cars, positive rake was created by varying
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The distance the car's body extends beyond the wheelbase at the front (front overhang) and rear (rear overhang). In car style design terms, this is the amount of body that is beyond the wheels or wheel arches. In general, the sum of the front and rear overhangs is equal to the overall length minus
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Generally used in a car or truck for heating and cooling inside car environment according to the passenger requirements. Basically it is divided into different modes, blower speed functions, AC, temperature, and fresh recirculation of air. Worldwide control panel manufacturers are BHTC, Delphi,
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are related. An imaginary line extending from the base of the A-pillar and following its angle will pass in front of the front axle for most front-wheel drive and mid-engined cars, while it will pass through or behind the front axle for most rear-wheel drive cars. Pulling the A-pillar forward
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The space between the tire and the wheel well. Currently there is a trend towards smaller wheel arch gaps. Sometimes referred to as Dead Cat Space due to the fact that, in winter, many domestic cats try to seek shelter in wheel wells of recently parked cars in an attempt to stay
944:: the former tend to have longer front overhangs with a smaller dash-to-axle ratios, while the latter have shorter front overhangs with much greater dash-to-axle. Most so called premium vehicles (equipped with rear wheel drive) feature a relatively long dash-to-axle ratio. 221:
A categorization based on overall form design using rough rectangle volumes. In the case of the one-box, also called a monospace or monovolume, it is a single continuous volume. Slight wedge formed front or rear are still generally placed in this category. E.g.
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The hockey stick is an automotive design feature seen on nearly all Saab automobiles. It refers to the curve formed by the C-pillar in the rear corner at the base of the rear passenger window, which resembles the shape of an ice hockey stick or the Nike swoosh
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A categorization based on overall form design using rough rectangle volumes. In the case of the three-box form, there is a "box" delineating a separate volume from the a-pillar forward, a second box comprising the passenger volume, and third box comprising the
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An open vehicle, usually with 4 doors, with a removable and/or retractable cloth top and a windshield characterized by the lack of integrated glass side windows. Contemporary uses of this name do not always follow this original description or apply to an open
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The distance measured along the vehicle's length between the centrelines of each axle, which may be approximated from where the front and rear wheels meet the ground. Cars have typical proportions that have a wheelbase of approximately three wheel diameters
1812:(or rear quarter panel) refers to the panel at the back sides starting at the rear edge of the rearmost doors, bordered by at top by the trunk (boot) lid and at bottom by the rear wheel arches ending at the rear bumper. This is the opposite of the fender. 2618:
Shape of the car as seen in the side profile. May be positive, negative or neutral. If the front is lower than the rear, then it is wedge-positive. If the rear is lower it is wedge-negative. If the car appears level from front to rear, then it is wedge
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A structural member that connects the roof to the body of the car. Pillars are usually notated from front to back alphabetically (e.g. the A-pillar joins the windshield to the frontmost side windows, the B-pillar is next to the front occupants' heads,
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Term for cowl covering the wheels of the vehicles. In more modern automobiles, this refers generally to the body panel or panels starting at the front "bumper" to the first door line excluding the engine hood. The opposite of the fender is the
880:: For openings on the front and rear of the vehicle, other than a door opening, daylight opening means the locus of all points where a horizontal line, parallel to the vehicle longitudinal centerline is tangent to the periphery of the opening. 1353:
Instrument Panel. The dashboard is termed the instrument panel in the automotive industry. Sometimes this term is confused with the instrument cluster, the group of speedometer, odometer and similar devices generally behind the steering
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A categorization based on overall form design using rough rectangle volumes. In the case of the two-box form, there is usually a "box" representing a separate volume from the a-pillar forward and second box making up the rest. E.g.,
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A slang term for chrome conical shaped styling elements which began to appear on the front bumper/grille assemblies of certain American automobiles following World War II. The term is derived from the notable physical attributes of
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Swan doors operate in a similar way to conventional car doors but unlike regular doors, they open at an upward angle. These help to prevent the bottom edges of doors on low cars from scraping on curbs. Common on Aston Martin
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forms. Its angle and position defines the split between cargo volume and rear-seat passenger volume and headroom. In general, the base of the C-pillar is located over the rear wheel arch in most sedans (saloons) and
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The line or "shoulder" formed by the meeting of top and side surfaces extending from hood/fender shoulder to boot-lid/quarter-panel shoulder. The strongest example of this feature can be found on more modern of
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Inset or protrusion that implies the intake of air. May be functional for cooling/ventilation or purely ornamental. When mounted directly to the engine and allowed to protrude through the hood/bonnet, known as a
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Refers to the way the sides of a car round inward toward the roof, specifically the sides of the greenhouse above the beltline. This term is borrowed from nautical description of marine vessels.
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The trim or bodywork that surrounds a light, holds the face of an instrument in position, or decoratively conceals gaps between bodywork and components as an escutcheon. Often chrome or plastic
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The pivot point between the torso and upper leg portions of the body, either relative to the floor of the vehicle or relative to the height above pavement level, as used in vehicle design.
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the wheelbase. Typically, the rear overhang is larger on rear-wheel drive cars, while the front overhang is larger on front-wheel drive cars. Journalist Paul Niedermeyer has proposed an
2754:: Molding of any material between the windshield glazing and the exterior roof surface, including material that covers a part of either the windshield glazing or exterior roof surface. 884: 1212:
Car doors that are hinged at the roof rather than the side, as pioneered by the 1952 Mercedes-Benz 300SL race car. Opening upwards, the doors evoke the image of a seagull's wings.
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Material (usually plastic) added to exterior of the car which isn't structurally necessary. May be functional to keep out dirt/debris as in underbody cladding, or may be cosmetic.
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Replacement fenders found on off-road vehicles designed as part of body armor for off-road vehicles. Used to protect the thin sheet metal bodies from damage while off-roading.
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Side doors hinged at the rear of the car with the latch at the front of the car. If accidentally opened while driving at a high speed, such doors would be blown backward.
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Crease or curvature in the side of the body used to create visual distinction. Sometimes the crease is functional and improves rigidity of the outer body (also known as
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by their hinge point. While scissor doors move straight up via hinge points at the bottom of the A-pillar, butterfly doors move up and out via hinges along the A-pillar.
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The styling of the front end of the car, which people will instantly recognize and associate with a manufacturer. For example, the grille, lights and sometimes the DLO.
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tire size, and/or by suspension modification. In today's body design, positive rake is integral in some vehicles' styling, e.g. Mercedes E350 sedan, circa 2012/13.
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A car or motorcycle exhaust tip with the sides forming a tapering design- either horizontal or vertically aligned - often made to look like the tail of a fish . "
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Bodywork of a vehicle. Also the workshop at which automotive body work is built on a prototype or low volume production basis, typically with extensive handwork.
1997:(Lamborghini doors) are automobile doors that rotate vertically at a fixed hinge at the front of the door, rather than outward as with a conventional door. 2751: 1680: 877: 871: 2822: 683:'s "Empress Line" designs from the early 1950s, these were a unique take on trunk-body integration allowing for a shortened trunk and a rakish rear end. 2708: 941: 979:
The area behind the rear door on a four-door car. This area is part of the quarter panel just behind the door and in front of the rear wheel house.
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A car body style whose roofline slopes continuously down at the back found on cars with a single convex curve from the top to the rear bumper.
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became less common and bodywork began to enclose the full width and uninterrupted length of a car in a markedly bulbous, slab-sided fashion.
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The critical relationship between front wheel centers and the windshield base. The most notable differences can be seen between cars with
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short back, which means the driver is sitting in the rear of the vehicle (close to the rear axle). Usually it is a rear-wheel-driven car.
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The cab of the vehicle is pushed forward. This design aesthetic was popular with Chrysler in the 1990s with the introduction of their
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A raised lip or wing which is used to "spoil" unfavorable air movement across the body. Some designs are more functional than others.
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The front and rear wheels are different widths. On sporty rear-wheel-drive cars, the rear tires are usually wider than the front.
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A line creased into the side of a car to give it visual interest. (interchangeable with swage line) Sometimes implemented by a
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A demarcation or crease between a vehicles body panels and the side windows. Typically it refers to where an individual wears a
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The cab of the vehicle is moved to the rear of the vehicle. Cars such as a 1970s Corvette could be considered cab back design.
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A coupe or sedan lacking a center window post between the front windshield post and the rearmost window post or body section.
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The part of the body on a convertible or roadster where the windscreen is mounted. The term is used primarily in the UK.
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The glassed-in upper section of the car's body. Daylight Opening (DLO) in turn describes the actual window areas only.
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The engine cover on vehicles when the engine is located forward or aft of the passenger compartment. Also known as a
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The visible opening in the side of a car allowing access to the wheel. In some cases, the wheel arch is covered with
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A tangent break feature line running along the centreline of a car. This kind of feature can be seen on many modern
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The trunk or liftgate of the vehicle that opens for access to the cargo area. Typically at the rear of the vehicle.
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A typically large vehicle built using frame-on-rail construction consisting of a cab and a separate bed for cargo.
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Heater, ventilation and air condition. A major package constraint both technically as well in interior design.
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The distance across the car between the base of the left and right wheels (like wheelbase, but side-to-side).
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The area at the base of the windshield where the wipers are parked. Also refers to the main chamber in an
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A car body style that calls for a body with smooth contours that continues to a tail that is abruptly cut.
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The body section below the base of the door openings sometimes called the "rocker panels", or "rockers".
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Crease in the sheet metal intended as a "speed line" styling feature. Exemplified in the doors of the
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is measured axle-to-axle and generally does not change whether measured from the left or right side,
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The body panel of the vehicle that covers the engine. Typically a horizontal surface, hinged at the
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refer to the body forward of the front wheels and aft of the rear wheels, respectively; OHR = 42.6%
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A type of door sometimes seen on high-performance cars. They are similar to but distinguished from
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Plastic clips onto the base of the windscreen under the bonnet to protect from leaves and flowers.
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Body armor protecting the Rocker, found mostly in off-road vehicles. Term coined by engineers at
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Short for cabin. The enclosed compartment of a vehicle which contains the driver and passengers.
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The body section below the base of the door openings sometimes called the "rocker panels", or
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that can be plugged into the electric grid to recharge its battery to reduce gasoline usage.
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A vent on the side of the fender that can be used as hot-air outlet, but usually decorative.
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accessory protecting the front, replacing the bumper and carrying auxiliary lights and a
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The line running over the car, from headlight to taillight, tracing the car's silhouette.
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Black graphite printed onto the glass to hide unsightly areas and improve aesthetics.
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Bonded to the base of the windscreen to provide a mounting surface for the leafscreen
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The horizontal surface at the rear of the car, which usually serves as the trunk lid.
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An external structure added to increase streamlining, deflect wind, and reduce drag.
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Anything reflective added to a car to enhance appearance. May also be called chrome.
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Literally, the term originally referred to the rear quarter or the car's length.
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Side covers for wheel arches, hiding the wheel—usually rear only. Also called
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A negative flick-out to a flat surface which frames trim sections or venting.
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The housing for the instrument cluster on top of or as part of the dashboard.
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styled along a V-shape as viewed from the front, giving the impression of a
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in vehicles was probably the tilting back of the windshield's top. Nowadays
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Plastic/rubber line or moulding to prevent side-swiping along the doors.
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A line extending from the C-pillar down and around the rear wheel well.
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Imaginary line drawn following the bottom edge of the greenhouse glass.
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shape and the A-pillar position may interfere with the driver's vision.
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models. Literally derived from the break found on the rear side of a
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The shape of the rocker panel as it curves inward at the lower edge.
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All the components that generate power and deliver it to the tyres.
1584:{\displaystyle OHR={\frac {\left(length-wheelbase\right)}{length}}} 2757: 2731: 2707: 2674: 2649: 2622: 2598: 2570: 2539: 2524: 2511: 2508:) Compartment for storage of cargo which is separate from the cab. 2477: 2454: 2430: 2390: 2360: 2335: 2307: 2269: 2238: 2204: 2177: 2137: 2108: 2102: 2073: 2059: 2035: 2000: 1975: 1949: 1921: 1882: 1860: 1825: 1781: 1749: 1717: 1686: 1630: 1607: 1450: 1416: 1362: 1329: 1286:'s trademark reverse-sweep kick at the bottom of last roof pillar. 1258: 1220: 1183: 1150: 1107: 1080: 1044: 1019: 955: 912: 883: 827: 791: 767: 691: 656: 626: 593: 564: 541: 534:, but sometimes hinged at the headlights instead. Also known as a 507: 484: 461: 421: 389: 365: 337: 287: 241: 199: 2823:"Car Design Glossary - Part 2: One-Box (Monospace or Monovolume)" 1789:
with body (in white, left) removed to show chassis and powertrain
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Once a vehicle designed to carry hunters and sportsmen; now a
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The structural roof beam above the windshield. Alternatively,
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for a more formal appearance or aerodynamic considerations.
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The C-pillar usually is the last structural pillar in most
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can refer to the section of exhaust piping attached to the
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is measured wheel-to-wheel and may vary from front to rear
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increases cabin volume, but the car will tend to assume a
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features multi-color body panels; in this example, the
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crease running along the side through the door handles
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Wheel well (also wheelhouse, wheelhousing, or bucket)
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(April 2006). 2871: 2869: 971:is yellow, extending from the rocker to the roof 2900: 2898: 1112:Workers fit an engine with transmission to the 580:in the grille, bumper, wheels, and window trim 3041: 2849:"Car Design Fundamentals: Dash to axle ratio" 2150:extensions below the door were left unpainted 8: 2252:on the rear wheel to reduce aerodynamic drag 1313:with the exception of the Canadian Maritimes 1016:The body-skin panel at the front of the car. 2032:as it vibrates in response to the throttle. 3507: 3081: 3048: 3034: 3026: 1760:recharging its traction battery through a 1442:Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). 2662:, to facilitate its intended off-road use 1738:A 1930s–1960s design genre when distinct 1499: 1485: 942:front mid-engine, rear-wheel drive layout 2959:"Car Design Fundamentals: The C-pillar" 2878:"Car Design Fundamentals: The A-pillar" 2814: 1309:in English speaking countries outside 938:front-engine, front-wheel drive layout 2770:that are not integrated into the body 2728:The enclosure or space for the wheel. 1890:with prominent extended body-colored 864:refers to the window openings in the 7: 3650: 1933:running horizontally along the sides 1269:at the base of the C-pillar of this 675:First seen on the second generation 623:. Base chassis before customisation. 434:is carried from the roof to the tail 3623:Vehicle identification number (VIN) 2957:Clarke, Adrian (18 November 2021). 2931:Niedermeyer, Paul (June 22, 2013). 2876:Clarke, Adrian (11 November 2021). 2097:or vehicle combining features of a 550:estate / station wagon with opened 2905:Clarke, Adrian (6 December 2021). 2847:Clarke, Adrian (2 November 2021). 2803:Glossary of mechanical engineering 1848:The first application of the term 1656:The angle of the A-pillar and the 836:featuring prominent bullet-shaped 780:contrasts with the red body panels 14: 3013:Mehta, Sajeev (13 January 2023). 2825:. Car Design News. Archived from 1657: 3659: 3649: 3640: 3639: 3066:Part of a series of articles on 1702:of the Yamaha-designed V6 engine 24:A glossary of terms relating to 2985:"Hybrid Vehicles Gain Traction" 2720:and an angled one for the front 1770:Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle 1758:plug-in hybrid electric vehicle 1694:, showing the windshield wiper 865: 598:Worker fits components to this 378:is curved to improve visibility 2466:was sold between 1945 and 1978 1671: 430:on the centreline of the 1963 1: 3457:Approach and departure angles 2683:is measured from axle to axle 2634:as a signature styling detail 1431:at the front, rear, and sides 1273:is adorned with a BMW roundel 2189:for the rear-seat passengers 2142:On lower trim levels of the 1662: 984:Down the Road Graphics (DRG) 3520:Automotive light bulb types 2779: 819:The base of the windshield. 704:is on top of the front axle 31:Some terms may be found at 3712: 3691:Knowledge (XXG) glossaries 2286:bisects the rear backlight 1367:The styling update to the 902:Daytime Running Lamp (DRL) 572:'s design for the 1955–56 376:Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme 17: 3635: 3063: 2766:series of cars has front 2011:on top of the hood of an 1903: 3540:high-intensity discharge 2630:buses have an octagonal 2577:Alfa Romeo Disco Volante 1894:panels and fender flares 799:for HVAC functions in a 466:The instruments of this 53: 48: 2301:Staggered wheel fitment 2280:Ford Sierra RS Cosworth 1340:Chitty Chitty Bang Bang 1226:Oldsmobile Ninety-Eight 1161:Chevrolet Corvette (C3) 495:Chevrolet Corvette (C2) 432:Chevrolet Corvette (C2) 276:(2006). The equivalent 3696:Automotive terminology 3224:Stressed member engine 2771: 2744: 2721: 2684: 2663: 2658:is pronounced on this 2635: 2611: 2583: 2558: 2527: 2494: 2467: 2444: 2404: 2374: 2348: 2321: 2287: 2253: 2216: 2190: 2151: 2122: 2084: 2048: 2016: 1988: 1962: 1934: 1895: 1871: 1841: 1790: 1765: 1742:and fully articulated 1729: 1703: 1641: 1619: 1585: 1466: 1432: 1378: 1346: 1274: 1232: 1203: 1163: 1121: 1093: 1062: 1032: 972: 929: 928:presidential limousine 898: 861:Daylight Opening (DLO) 842: 834:Cadillac Coupe DeVille 803: 781: 705: 668: 640: 613: 581: 554: 523: 497: 474: 435: 405: 379: 350: 342:The 1989 logo for the 302: 256: 214: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 3356:Windshield/windscreen 2761: 2735: 2711: 2678: 2653: 2626: 2602: 2574: 2543: 2515: 2481: 2458: 2434: 2394: 2364: 2339: 2320:extend onto the doors 2311: 2273: 2242: 2208: 2181: 2141: 2112: 2077: 2039: 2004: 1979: 1953: 1929:with prominent black 1925: 1886: 1864: 1829: 1785: 1753: 1721: 1690: 1634: 1611: 1586: 1454: 1420: 1366: 1344:film of the same name 1333: 1262: 1224: 1187: 1154: 1111: 1084: 1048: 1023: 959: 916: 891:daytime running lamps 887: 831: 795: 771: 695: 660: 630: 597: 568: 545: 511: 488: 465: 425: 418:attached to trousers. 393: 369: 341: 291: 245: 203: 3525:Daytime running lamp 2716:has a circular rear 2373:running fore and aft 2343:with front and rear 1981:Lamborghini Countach 1484: 1025:Shelby Mustang GT350 933:Dash-to-Axle (ratio) 907:daytime running lamp 811:Visteon, Valeo, etc. 702:Jeep Forward Control 3686:Automotive industry 3487:Weight distribution 3419:Omniview technology 2989:Scientific American 2517:Range Rover Classic 2401:Aston Martin Rapide 2341:Lincoln Continental 2316:on the side of the 2282:once campaigned by 2185:A-11 taxi featured 1658:§ dash-to-axle 1455:The front and rear 1405:Leafscreen retainer 1294:(or HP (Hip Point)) 1118:Long Beach Assembly 926:Lincoln Continental 576:included extensive 42:Contents:  3606:Registration plate 2798:Car classification 2772: 2745: 2722: 2685: 2664: 2636: 2612: 2584: 2559: 2528: 2495: 2468: 2445: 2405: 2375: 2349: 2330:Ferrari Testarossa 2322: 2288: 2254: 2217: 2191: 2152: 2144:BMW 3 Series (E36) 2123: 2085: 2052:Scowling headlamps 2049: 2041:Scowling headlamps 2017: 1989: 1963: 1957:C-pillar curve on 1935: 1896: 1872: 1842: 1791: 1766: 1730: 1704: 1642: 1620: 1581: 1467: 1433: 1425:features multiple 1379: 1371:in 1970 gave it a 1347: 1275: 1233: 1204: 1199:Back to the Future 1164: 1122: 1094: 1089:was fitted with a 1063: 1033: 973: 930: 899: 843: 804: 782: 706: 669: 641: 614: 582: 555: 524: 498: 475: 470:are set in chrome 436: 406: 380: 351: 303: 257: 215: 33:car classification 20:List of auto parts 3673: 3672: 3631: 3630: 3495: 3494: 3326:Glass run channel 3260:Trunk/boot/dickie 3057:Automotive design 2605:Lancia Stratos HF 2579:has a pronounced 2485:operate from the 2461:Dodge Power Wagon 2210:Alfa Romeo Spider 1967:Saab hockey stick 1955:Saab hockey stick 1832:Chevrolet Bel Air 1579: 1369:Alfa Romeo Spider 1102:Koenigsegg Regera 896:Chevrolet Bolt EV 866:§ Greenhouse 772:The gray plastic 760:Brightwork using 386:Rear glass panel. 321:. The equivalent 296:Alfa Romeo Giulia 230:. The equivalent 226:and the original 210:, replica of the 26:automotive design 3703: 3663: 3653: 3652: 3643: 3642: 3590:Window deflector 3573:Side-view mirror 3508: 3131:Continental tire 3094:Backbone chassis 3082: 3050: 3043: 3036: 3027: 3022: 3000: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2937:Curbside Classic 2928: 2922: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2902: 2893: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2873: 2864: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2835: 2834: 2819: 2703: 2702: 2698: 2544:Illustration of 2493:of an automobile 2369:with pronounced 1672:§ three box 1596:Obscuration band 1590: 1588: 1587: 1582: 1580: 1578: 1558: 1554: 1500: 1336:instrument panel 1192:is open on this 1097:Fishtail Exhaust 1091:fishtail exhaust 1061:are colored blue 681:Hooper & Co. 677:Cadillac Seville 666:Cadillac Seville 468:Ford Thunderbird 439:Batsman's crease 428:batsman's crease 43: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3705: 3704: 3702: 3701: 3700: 3676: 3675: 3674: 3669: 3627: 3594: 3556: 3504: 3502: 3491: 3462:Breakover angle 3445: 3372: 3312: 3264: 3243: 3071: 3059: 3054: 3012: 3009: 3004: 3003: 2993: 2991: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2967: 2965: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2941: 2939: 2930: 2929: 2925: 2915: 2913: 2904: 2903: 2896: 2886: 2884: 2875: 2874: 2867: 2857: 2855: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2832: 2830: 2821: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2789: 2748:Windshield trim 2742:windshield trim 2700: 2696: 2695: 2597: 2429: 1948: 1824: 1806: 1787:Mazda MX-5 (NC) 1712:intake manifold 1700:intake manifold 1692:Ford Taurus SHO 1606: 1559: 1505: 1501: 1482: 1481: 1449: 1415: 1394: 1361: 1328: 1279:Hofmeister kink 1271:BMW 3.0 CS 1266:Hofmeister kink 1219: 1149: 1053:Harlequin, the 1051:Volkswagen Golf 1002: 962:Volkswagen Golf 826: 778:Pontiac Montana 690: 645:Butterfly doors 637:butterfly doors 364: 346:emphasized the 336: 212:Mystery Machine 198: 193: 192: 191: 190: 44: 41: 22: 12: 11: 5: 3709: 3707: 3699: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3678: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3667: 3657: 3647: 3636: 3633: 3632: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3614: 3613: 3602: 3600: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3581: 3580: 3570: 3564: 3562: 3561:Other elements 3558: 3557: 3555: 3554: 3553: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3527: 3522: 3516: 3514: 3505: 3500: 3497: 3496: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3489: 3484: 3482:Turning radius 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3453: 3451: 3447: 3446: 3444: 3443: 3442: 3441: 3436: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3384:Bumper sticker 3380: 3378: 3377:Other elements 3374: 3373: 3371: 3370: 3369: 3368: 3363: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3322: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3311: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3274: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3263: 3262: 3257: 3251: 3249: 3245: 3244: 3242: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3215: 3214: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3178: 3177: 3176: 3175: 3160: 3155: 3154: 3153: 3148: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3117: 3116: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3090: 3088: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3064: 3061: 3060: 3055: 3053: 3052: 3045: 3038: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3008: 3007:External links 3005: 3002: 3001: 2975: 2949: 2923: 2894: 2865: 2839: 2813: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2806: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2793:Car body style 2788: 2785: 2784: 2783: 2776: 2756: 2755: 2749: 2730: 2729: 2726: 2706: 2705: 2691: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2667:Wheel arch gap 2660:Toyota 4Runner 2656:wheel arch gap 2648: 2647: 2640: 2621: 2620: 2616: 2609:wedge-positive 2607:is considered 2596: 2593: 2592: 2591: 2588: 2569: 2568: 2565: 2538: 2537: 2534: 2510: 2509: 2499: 2483:Car boot sales 2476: 2475: 2472: 2453: 2452: 2449: 2428: 2425: 2424: 2423: 2420: 2416: 2415: 2411: 2389: 2388: 2385:character line 2381: 2359: 2358: 2355: 2334: 2333: 2326: 2306: 2305: 2302: 2298: 2297: 2294: 2268: 2267: 2260: 2237: 2236: 2221: 2203: 2202: 2195: 2176: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2167: 2164: 2160: 2159: 2156: 2136: 2135: 2127: 2107: 2106: 2091: 2089:Shooting-brake 2082:shooting-brake 2072: 2071: 2068: 2064: 2063: 2053: 2034: 2033: 2023: 1999: 1998: 1995: 1974: 1973: 1969: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1942: 1939: 1931:rubbing strips 1920: 1919: 1912: 1908: 1907: 1900: 1881: 1880: 1876: 1859: 1858: 1846: 1837:with positive 1823: 1820: 1819: 1818: 1817: 1816: 1810: 1805: 1802: 1801: 1800: 1797: 1780: 1779: 1776:hybrid vehicle 1772: 1748: 1747: 1740:running boards 1736: 1734:Ponton styling 1727:ponton styling 1716: 1715: 1708: 1685: 1684: 1677: 1676: 1667: 1666: 1663:§ one box 1653: 1652: 1648: 1629: 1628: 1624: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1593: 1592: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1557: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1504: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1480:, computed as 1478:overhang ratio 1473: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1409: 1406: 1402: 1401: 1398: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1385: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1355: 1351: 1342:, used in the 1327: 1324: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1315: 1314: 1303: 1299: 1298: 1295: 1288: 1287: 1281: 1257: 1256: 1245: 1241: 1240: 1237: 1218: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1210: 1208:Gull-wing door 1190:gull-wing door 1182: 1181: 1178: 1172: 1171: 1168: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1143: 1128:Also known as 1126: 1106: 1105: 1098: 1079: 1078: 1070: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1009: 1006: 1001: 998: 997: 996: 995:A convertible. 993: 989: 988: 985: 981: 980: 977: 954: 953: 950: 946: 945: 934: 911: 910: 903: 882: 881: 875: 869: 862: 858: 857: 849: 847:Dagmar bumpers 839:Dagmar bumpers 825: 822: 821: 820: 817: 813: 812: 808: 790: 789: 786: 766: 765: 762:chrome plating 758: 754: 753: 746: 745:Character line 742: 741: 738: 734: 733: 726: 722: 721: 718: 714: 713: 710: 689: 686: 685: 684: 673: 655: 654: 647: 625: 624: 618: 606:Toyota Corolla 592: 591: 588: 563: 562: 559: 548:Rambler Custom 540: 539: 528: 518:Nissan Skyline 506: 505: 502: 483: 482: 479: 460: 459: 440: 420: 419: 412: 388: 387: 384: 363: 360: 359: 358: 355: 335: 332: 331: 330: 310: 293:Three-box form 286: 285: 270:shooting-brake 261: 254:shooting-brake 240: 239: 228:Ford Econoline 219: 197: 194: 187: 186: 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 45: 40: 39: 37: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3708: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3656: 3648: 3646: 3638: 3637: 3634: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3607: 3604: 3603: 3601: 3597: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3579: 3576: 3575: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3532: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3506: 3498: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3448: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3431: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3399:Hood ornament 3397: 3395: 3394:Front-end bra 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3381: 3379: 3375: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3358: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3346:Quarter glass 3344: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3315: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3267: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3213: 3210: 3209: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3202:Quarter panel 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3174: 3171: 3170: 3169: 3166: 3165: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3143: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3115: 3112: 3111: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3104:Body-on-frame 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3069: 3062: 3058: 3051: 3046: 3044: 3039: 3037: 3032: 3031: 3028: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3010: 3006: 2990: 2986: 2979: 2976: 2964: 2960: 2953: 2950: 2938: 2934: 2927: 2924: 2912: 2908: 2901: 2899: 2895: 2883: 2879: 2872: 2870: 2866: 2854: 2850: 2843: 2840: 2829:on 2013-12-03 2828: 2824: 2818: 2815: 2808: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2780:§ Fender 2777: 2774: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2727: 2724: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2669: 2666: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2645: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2617: 2614: 2613: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2594: 2589: 2586: 2585: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2560: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2548: 2542: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2529: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2507: 2504: 2500: 2497: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2473: 2470: 2469: 2465: 2462: 2457: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2426: 2421: 2418: 2417: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2386: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2331: 2327: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2318:Ferrari 512TR 2315: 2310: 2303: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2289: 2285: 2284:Didier Auriol 2281: 2277: 2272: 2265: 2264:fender skirts 2261: 2259: 2256: 2255: 2251: 2250: 2245: 2244:Honda Insight 2241: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2219: 2218: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2200: 2199:quarter glass 2196: 2193: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2173: 2170: 2169: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2133: 2128: 2126:Shoulder line 2125: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2115:shoulder line 2111: 2104: 2100: 2099:station wagon 2096: 2095:station wagon 2092: 2090: 2087: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2076: 2069: 2066: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2031: 2030: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2015:"The Machine" 2014: 2010: 2009: 2003: 1996: 1994: 1993:Scissor doors 1991: 1990: 1986: 1985:scissor doors 1982: 1978: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1945: 1940: 1938:Rubbing strip 1937: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1917: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1898: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1888:Alfa Romeo 75 1885: 1877: 1874: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1863: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1840: 1836: 1833: 1828: 1821: 1814: 1813: 1811: 1809:Quarter-panel 1808: 1807: 1803: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1777: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1756: 1752: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1713: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1682: 1679: 1678: 1673: 1669: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1655: 1654: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1643: 1640: 1639: 1633: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1610: 1603: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1555: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1502: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1479: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1459: 1453: 1446: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1430: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1412: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1376: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1358: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1325: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1312: 1311:North America 1308: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1267: 1261: 1254: 1253:cylinder head 1250: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1238: 1235: 1234: 1230: 1227: 1223: 1216: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1201: 1200: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1173: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1146: 1141: 1137: 1136:vehicle frame 1133: 1132: 1131:body-on-frame 1127: 1125:Frame-on-rail 1124: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1103: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1092: 1088: 1083: 1076: 1075:quarter panel 1071: 1068: 1065: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1007: 1004: 1003: 999: 994: 991: 990: 986: 983: 982: 978: 975: 974: 970: 966: 963: 958: 951: 948: 947: 943: 939: 935: 932: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 908: 904: 901: 900: 897: 893: 892: 886: 879: 876: 873: 870: 867: 863: 860: 859: 855: 850: 848: 845: 844: 841: 840: 835: 830: 823: 818: 815: 814: 809: 807:Control panel 806: 805: 802: 801:Toyota Avanza 798: 797:Control panel 794: 787: 784: 783: 779: 775: 770: 763: 759: 756: 755: 751: 750:rubbing strip 747: 744: 743: 739: 736: 735: 731: 727: 724: 723: 719: 716: 715: 711: 708: 707: 703: 699: 694: 687: 682: 678: 674: 671: 670: 667: 663: 659: 652: 651:scissor doors 648: 646: 643: 642: 639: 638: 633: 629: 622: 621:Body in White 619: 616: 615: 611: 610:Ōhira, Miyagi 607: 603: 602: 601:body in white 596: 589: 587: 584: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 560: 557: 556: 553: 549: 544: 537: 533: 529: 526: 525: 522: 519: 515: 512:Front-hinged 510: 503: 500: 499: 496: 492: 487: 480: 477: 476: 473: 469: 464: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 438: 437: 433: 429: 424: 417: 413: 411: 408: 407: 403: 402: 397: 392: 385: 382: 381: 377: 373: 368: 361: 356: 353: 352: 349: 345: 340: 333: 328: 324: 320: 317:area—e.g., a 316: 311: 308: 305: 304: 301: 297: 294: 290: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 266:Station wagon 262: 259: 258: 255: 251: 248: 244: 237: 233: 229: 225: 220: 217: 216: 213: 209: 208:Chevrolet Van 206: 202: 195: 189: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 70: 67: 65: 62: 60: 57: 55: 52: 50: 47: 46: 36: 34: 29: 27: 21: 16: 3611:vanity plate 3550:trafficators 3361:washer fluid 3341:Power window 3336:Opera window 3248:Compartments 3136:Crumple zone 3121:Cabrio coach 3065: 3018: 2992:. Retrieved 2988: 2978: 2966:. Retrieved 2962: 2952: 2940:. Retrieved 2936: 2926: 2914:. Retrieved 2910: 2885:. Retrieved 2881: 2856:. Retrieved 2852: 2842: 2831:. 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Index

List of auto parts
automotive design
car classification
Top
0–9
A
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