1905:
inhibition of these NAAG peptidases, sometimes referred to as NPs, are thought to provide this protection from apoptosis or degradation of brain neurons by elevating the concentrations of NAAG within the synapse of neurons. NAAG then reduces the release of glutamate while stimulating the release of some trophic factors from the glia cells in the central nervous system, resulting in the protection from apoptosis or degradation of brain neurons. It is important to note, however, that these NP inhibitors do not seem to have any effect on normal glutamate function. The NP inhibition is able to improve the naturally occurring regulation instead of activating or inhibiting receptors that would disrupt this process. Research has also shown that small-molecule-based NP inhibitors are beneficial in animal models that are relevant to neurodegenerative diseases. Some specific applications of this research include neuropathic and inflammatory pain, traumatic brain injury, ischemic stroke, schizophrenia, diabetic neuropathy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, as well as drug addiction. Previous research has found that drugs that are able to reduce glutamate transmission can relieve the neuropathic pain, although the resultant side-effects have limited a great deal of their clinical applications. Therefore, it appears that, since GCPII is exclusively recruited for the purpose of providing a glutamate source in hyperglutamatergic and excitotoxic conditions, this could be an alternative to avert these side-effects. More research findings have shown that the hydrolysis of NAAG is disrupted in schizophrenia, and they have shown that specific anatomical regions of the brain may even show discrete abnormalities in the GCP II synthesis, so NPs may also be therapeutic for patients suffering with schizophrenia. One major hurdle with using many of the potent GCPII inhibitors that have been prepared to date are typically highly polar compounds, which causes problems because they do not then penetrate the blood–brain barrier easily.
550:
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29:
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For those studying neural based diseases, NAAG is one of the three most prevalent neurotransmitters found in the central nervous system and when it catalyzes the reaction to produce glutamate it is also producing another neurotransmitter. Glutamate is a common and abundant excitatory neurotransmitter
1704:
The central pocket is approximately 2 nanometers in depth and opens from the extracellular space to the active site. This active site contains two zinc ions. During inhibition, each acts as a ligand to an oxygen in 2-PMPA or phosphate. There is also one calcium ion coordinated in GCPII, far from the
2372:
Mhawech-Fauceglia P, Zhang S, Terracciano L, Sauter G, Chadhuri A, Herrmann FR, Penetrante R (March 2007). "Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) protein expression in normal and neoplastic tissues and its sensitivity and specificity in prostate adenocarcinoma: an immunohistochemical study using
1796:
vs 19 mSv). The study concludes that PSMA PET/CT is a suitable replacement for conventional imaging, providing superior accuracy, to the combined findings of CT and bone scanning. This new technology was approved by the FDA on Dec 1, 2020. A dual-modality small molecule that is positron-emitting (F)
1751:
Human PSMA is highly expressed in the prostate, roughly a hundred times greater than in most other tissues. In some prostate cancers, PSMA is the second-most upregulated gene product, with an 8- to 12-fold increase over levels in noncancerous prostate cells. Because of this high expression, PSMA is
1712:
The human FOLH1 gene is positioned at the 11p11.12 locus of chromosome 11. The gene is 4,110 base pairs in length and composed of 22 exons. The encoded protein is a member of the M28 peptidase family. Orthologs of the human FOLH1 gene have also been identified in other mammals, including the 7 D3; 7
2015:
Through the use of the NAAG peptidase inhibitor 2-PMPA, NAAG cleavage was inhibited and, with it, programmed DRG neuronal cell death in the presence of high glucose levels. The researchers have proposed that the cause of this is NAAG's agonistic activity at mGluR3. In addition, NAAG also “prevented
1904:
Researchers have been able to show that effective and selective GCPII inhibitors are able to decrease the brain's levels of glutamate and even provide protection from apoptosis or degradation of brain neurons in many animal models of stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and neuropathic pain. This
1700:
of the extracellular portion of GCPII—the protease, apical and C-terminal domains—collaborate in substrate recognition. The protease domain is a central seven-stranded mixed β-sheet. The β-sheet is flanked by 10 α-helices. The apical domain is located between the first and the second strands of the
1860:
include dry mouth, dry fatigue, nausea, dry eyes and thrombocytopenia (reduction in platelets). A follow-up randomized phase II trial, the ANZUP TheraP trial, compared Lu-177 PSMA-617 radionuclide therapy to cabazitaxel chemotherapy, demonstrating superior response rates, lower toxicity and better
2024:
Schizophrenia, as previously described, is normally modeled in the laboratory through a PCP animal model. As GCPIII inhibition was shown to possibly limit schizophrenic behavior in this model, this suggests that GCPIII inhibition, thus, reduces the effect of PCP. In addition, the reward action of
1999:
is a mental disorder that affects 1% of people throughout the world. It can be modeled by PCP in laboratory animals, and it has been shown that mGluR agonists have reduced the effects of the drug. NAAG is such an mGluR agonist. Thus, inhibition of the enzyme that reduces NAAG concentration, NAAG
1965:
Pain cause by injury to CNS or PNS has been associated with increase glutamate concentration. NAAG inhibition reduced glutamate presence and could, thus, diminish pain. (Neale JH et al., 2005). Nagel et al. used the inhibitor 2-PMPA to show the analgesic effect of NAAG peptidase inhibitions. This
1974:
Severe head injury (SHI) and traumatic brain injury (TBI) are widespread and have a tremendous impact. “They are the leading cause of death in children and young adults (<25 years) and account for a quarter of all deaths in the five to 15 years age group”. Following initial impact, glutamate
1791:
In 2020, the results of a randomised phase 3 trial ("ProPSMA study") was published comparing
Gallium-68 PSMA PET/CT to standard imaging (CT and bone scan). This 300 patient study conducted at 10 study sites demonstrated superior accuracy of PSMA PET/CT (92% vs 65%), higher significant change in
1682:
but the ligand for inducing internalization has not been identified. It was found that PSMA was the same as the membrane protein in the small intestine responsible for removal of gamma-linked glutamates from polygammaglutamate folate. This enables the freeing of folic acid, which then can be
2011:
can lead to damaged nerves, causing loss of sensation, pain, or, if autonomic nerves are associated, damage to the circulatory, reproductive, or digestive systems, among others. Over 60% of diabetic patients are said to have some form of neuropathy, however, the severity ranges dramatically.
1913:
Glutamate is the “primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the human nervous system”, participating in a multitude of brain functions. Overstimulation and -activation of glutamate receptors as well as “disturbances in the cellular mechanisms that protect against the adverse consequences of
3083:
Hofman MS, Lawrentschuk N, Francis RJ, Tang C, Vela I, Thomas P, et al. (April 2020). "Prostate-specific membrane antigen PET-CT in patients with high-risk prostate cancer before curative-intent surgery or radiotherapy (proPSMA): a prospective, randomised, multicentre study".
1895:
GCPII has been shown to both indirectly and directly increase the concentration of glutamate in the extracellular space. GCPII directly cleaves NAAG into NAA and glutamate. NAAG has been shown, in high concentration, to indirectly inhibit the release of neurotransmitters, such as
55:
1917:
Due to the range of glutamate function and presence, it has been difficult to create glutamatergic drugs that do not negatively affect other necessary functions and cause unwanted side-effects. NAAG peptidase inhibition has offered the possibility for specific drug targeting.
2032:
NAAG/NP system might be involved in neuronal mechanisms regulating cue-induced cocaine craving, the development of cocaine seizure kindling, and management of opioid addiction and alcohol consumptive behaviour. Therefore, NP inhibitors could provide a novel therapy for such
1882:
in the central nervous system; however, if there is too much glutamate transmission, this can kill or at least damage neurons and has been implicated in many neurological diseases and disorders therefore the balance that NAAG peptidase contributes to is quite important.
2012:
Neuropathy not only directly causes harm and damage but also can indirectly lead to such problems as diabetic ulcerations, which in turn can lead to amputations. In fact, over half of all lower limb amputations in the United States are of patients with diabetes.
1900:
and glutamate. It does this through interaction with and activation of presynaptic group II mGluRs. Thus, in the presence of NAAG peptidase, the concentration of NAAG is kept in check, and glutamate and GABA, among other neurotransmitters, are not inhibited.
1673:
Indeed, the initial cloning of the cDNA encoding the gene expressing PSMA was accomplished with RNA from a prostate tumor cell line, LNCaP. PSMA was first detected in the LNCaP cell line using the murine monoclonal antibody 7E11-C5.3 (also known by the name
1678:), generated from murine spleen cells treated with LNCaP cell membranes. However, 7E11-C5.3 exclusively targets an intracellular epitope of PSMA, thus only binding to dead or dying cells. PSMA shares homology with the transferrin receptor and undergoes
4058:
1660:
Neuroscientists primarily use the term NAALADase in their studies, while those studying folate metabolism use folate hydrolase, and those studying prostate cancer or oncology, PSMA. All refer to the same protein glutamate carboxypeptidase II.
3348:
for "VISION: An
International, Prospective, Open Label, Multicenter, Randomized Phase 3 Study of 177Lu-PSMA-617 in the Treatment of Patients With Progressive PSMA-positive Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer (mCRPC)" at
1987:
is the third-leading cause of death and the leading cause of adult disability. It is thought that glutamate levels cause underlying ischemic damage during a stroke, and, thus, NAAG inhibition might be able to diminish this damage.
1975:
levels rise and cause excitotoxic damage in a process that has been well characterized. With its ability to reduce glutamate levels, NAAG inhibition has shown promise in preventing neurological damage associated with SHI and TBI.
4103:
1713:
48.51 cM locus in mice. The FOLH1 gene has multiple potential start sites and splice forms, giving rise to differences in membrane protein structure, localization, and carboxypeptidase activity based on the parent tissue.
3983:
1811:
A Human-Derived, Genetic, Positron-emitting and
Fluorescent (HD-GPF) reporter system uses a human protein, PSMA and non-immunogenic, and a small molecule that is positron-emitting (F) and fluorescent for dual modality
2784:
Ross JS, Sheehan CE, Fisher HA, Kaufman RP, Kaur P, Gray K, et al. (December 2003). "Correlation of primary tumor prostate-specific membrane antigen expression with disease recurrence in prostate cancer".
2812:
Zhang Y, Guo Z, Du T, Chen J, Wang W, Xu K, et al. (June 2013). "Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA): a novel modulator of p38 for proliferation, migration, and survival in prostate cancer cells".
1926:
Since its promise for possible neurological disease therapy and specific drug targeting, NAAG peptidase inhibitors have been widely created and studied. A few small molecule examples are those that follow:
1669:
GCPII is mainly expressed in four tissues of the body, including prostate epithelium, the proximal tubules of the kidney, the jejunal brush border of the small intestine and ganglia of the nervous system.
3621:
Nagel J, Belozertseva I, Greco S, Kashkin V, Malyshkin A, Jirgensons A, et al. (December 2006). "Effects of NAAG peptidase inhibitor 2-PMPA in model chronic pain - relation to brain concentration".
4043:
1756:
for therapy and imaging of some cancers. In human prostate cancer, the higher expressing tumors are associated with quicker time to progression and a greater percentage of patients suffering relapse.
3581:
Kozikowski AP, Nan F, Conti P, Zhang J, Ramadan E, Bzdega T, et al. (February 2001). "Design of remarkably simple, yet potent urea-based inhibitors of glutamate carboxypeptidase II (NAALADase)".
1701:
central β-sheet of the protease domain. The C-terminal domain is an Up-Down-Up-Down four-helix bundle. The apical, protease and C-terminal domains create a pocket that facilitates substrate binding.
2136:
O'Keefe DS, Su SL, Bacich DJ, Horiguchi Y, Luo Y, Powell CT, et al. (November 1998). "Mapping, genomic organization and promoter analysis of the human prostate-specific membrane antigen gene".
3296:"Long-Term Follow-up and Outcomes of Retreatment in an Expanded 50-Patient Single-Center Phase II Prospective Trial of Lu-PSMA-617 Theranostics in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer"
2515:
Pinto JT, Suffoletto BP, Berzin TM, Qiao CH, Lin S, Tong WP, et al. (September 1996). "Prostate-specific membrane antigen: a novel folate hydrolase in human prostatic carcinoma cells".
3665:
Chen SR, Wozniak KM, Slusher BS, Pan HL (February 2002). "Effect of 2-(phosphono-methyl)-pentanedioic acid on allodynia and afferent ectopic discharges in a rat model of neuropathic pain".
1760:
studies using prostate and breast cancer cell lines with decreased PSMA levels showed a significant decrease in the proliferation, migration, invasion, adhesion and survival of the cells.
3494:
Zhang W, Murakawa Y, Wozniak KM, Slusher B, Sima AA (September 2006). "The preventive and therapeutic effects of GCPII (NAALADase) inhibition on painful and sensory diabetic neuropathy".
2899:
Fendler WP, Eiber M, Beheshti M, Bomanji J, Ceci F, Cho S, et al. (June 2017). "Ga-PSMA PET/CT: Joint EANM and SNMMI procedure guideline for prostate cancer imaging: version 1.0".
2025:
many drugs (cocaine, PCP, alcohol, nicotine, etc.) have been shown with increasing evidence to be related to glutamate levels, on which NAAG and GCPIII can have some regulatory effect.
1784:. This uses a radiolabelled small molecule that binds with high affinity to the extra-cellular domain of the PSMA receptor. Previously, an antibody targeting the intracellular domain (
4088:
3198:"A Fluorescent, [F]-Positron-Emitting Agent for Imaging Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Allows Genetic Reporting in Adoptively Transferred, Genetically Modified Cells"
3968:
2042:
NAAG inhibition has also been studied as a treatment against prostate cancer, ALS, and other neurodegenerative diseases such as
Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease.
4013:
2663:
O'Keefe DS, Bacich DJ, Heston WD (February 2004). "Comparative analysis of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) versus a prostate-specific membrane antigen-like gene".
2016:
glucose-induced inhibition of neurite growth” (Berent- Spillson, et al. 2004). Overall, this makes GCPIII inhibition a clear model target for combating diabetic neuropathy.
2944:"Bridging the Imaging Gap: PSMA PET/CT Has a High Impact on Treatment Planning in Prostate Cancer Patients with Biochemical Recurrence-A Narrative Review of the Literature"
2749:
Perner S, Hofer MD, Kim R, Shah RB, Li H, Möller P, et al. (May 2007). "Prostate-specific membrane antigen expression as a predictor of prostate cancer progression".
563:
462:
4073:
1550:
4028:
3998:
4067:: MEMBRANE-BOUND GLUTAMATE CARBOXYPEPTIDASE II (GCPII) IN COMPLEX WITH QUISQUALIC ACID (QUISQUALATE, ALPHA-AMINO-3,5-DIOXO-1,2,4-OXADIAZOLIDINE-2-PROPANOIC ACID)
1569:
1914:
physiological glutamate receptor activation” have been known to cause neuron damage and death, which have been associated with multiple neurological diseases.
2329:
Sácha P, ZámecnĂk J, Barinka C, Hlouchová K, VĂcha A, Mlcochová P, et al. (February 2007). "Expression of glutamate carboxypeptidase II in human brain".
3127:
385:
3768:
1068:
1049:
3247:"Lutetium PSMA radionuclide therapy for men with prostate cancer: a review of the current literature and discussion of practical aspects of therapy"
2447:
Israeli RS, Powell CT, Fair WR, Heston WD (January 1993). "Molecular cloning of a complementary DNA encoding a prostate-specific membrane antigen".
1705:
active site. It has been proposed that calcium holds together the protease and apical domains. In addition, human GCPII has ten sites of potential
2230:
Rojas C, Frazier ST, Flanary J, Slusher BS (November 2002). "Kinetics and inhibition of glutamate carboxypeptidase II using a microplate assay".
3147:"Small Molecule, Multimodal, [F]-PET and Fluorescence Imaging Agent Targeting Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen: First-in-Human Study"
1687:
PSMA(FOLH1) + folate polygammaglutamate(n 1-7) → PSMA (FOLH1) + folate(poly)gammaglutamate(n-1) + glutamate continuing until releasing folate.
4889:
3948:
2606:
2118:
2100:
356:, FGCP, FOLH, GCP2, GCPII, NAALAD1, NAALAdase, PSM, PSMA, mGCP, folate hydrolase (prostate-specific membrane antigen) 1, folate hydrolase 1
4112:: A high resolution structure of human glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) in complex with 2-(phosphonomethyl)pentanedioic acid (2-PMPA)
52:
4514:
4144:
1825:
3448:
Zhou J, Neale JH, Pomper MG, Kozikowski AP (December 2005). "NAAG peptidase inhibitors and their potential for diagnosis and therapy".
1683:
transported into the body for use as a vitamin. This resulted in the cloned genomic designation of PSMA as FOLH1 for folate hydrolase.
549:
3992:: MEMBRANE-BOUND GLUTAMATE CARBOXYPEPTIDASE II (GCPII) IN COMPLEX WITH GPI-18431 (S)-2-(4-IODOBENZYLPHOSPHONOMETHYL)-PENTANEDIOIC ACID
1316:
4588:
1948:
1323:
3743:
526:
1562:
4499:
3793:
1869:). The results of randomised trial VISION trial were positive with 40% reduction in mortality and 5 months increase in survival.
4904:
2087:
2066:
1513:
1489:
448:
423:
4744:
2083:
1722:
2985:"Current Status of PSMA-Radiotracers for Prostate Cancer: Data Analysis of Prospective Trials Listed on ClinicalTrials.gov"
4345:
4859:
2597:
O'Keefe DS, Bacich DJ, Heston WD (2001). "Prostate
Specific Membraen Antigen". In Simons JW, Chung LW, Isaacs WB (eds.).
2062:
4363:
1841:
1813:
1805:
1781:
1709:, and many of these sites (including some far from the catalytic domain) affect the ability of GCPII to hydrolyze NAAG.
365:
3796:. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health. 2009. Archived from
2546:
562:
461:
2706:
Wang X, Yin L, Rao P, Stein R, Harsch KM, Lee Z, Heston WD (October 2007). "Targeted treatment of prostate cancer".
4899:
4052:: MEMBRANE-BOUND GLUTAMATE CARBOXYPEPTIDASE II (GCPII) IN COMPLEX WITH 2-PMPA (2-PHOSPHONOMETHYL-PENTANEDIOIC ACID)
2856:
Maurer T, Eiber M, Schwaiger M, Gschwend JE (April 2016). "Current use of PSMA-PET in prostate cancer management".
4729:
3890:
555:
454:
4845:
4832:
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4793:
4780:
4767:
4546:
4462:
4385:
4355:
4337:
4290:
4255:
4183:
4170:
3941:
2180:"Identification of the N-glycosylation sites on glutamate carboxypeptidase II necessary for proteolytic activity"
1646:
1507:
4739:
1792:
management (28% vs 15%), less equivocal/uncertain imaging findings (7% vs 23%) and lower radiation exposure (10
4919:
4693:
4636:
4325:
4161:
3899:
1641:
that resides in membranes. Most of the enzyme resides in the extracellular space. GCPII is a class II membrane
1400:
1113:
373:
4504:
3772:
1494:
2418:"Biochemical characterization and mapping of the 7E11-C5.3 epitope of the prostate-specific membrane antigen"
4641:
4494:
4320:
4221:
4211:
4137:
1852:
which can be combined with PSMA-targeting molecules to deliver treatment to prostate tumours. A prospective
1094:
4308:
4196:
1574:
3895:
1482:
4909:
4662:
4581:
4315:
4216:
3820:"Protection against glucose-induced neuronal death by NAAG and GCP II inhibition is regulated by mGluR3"
437:
4734:
3539:"Glutamate carboxypeptidase II gene expression in the human frontal and temporal lobe in schizophrenia"
1417:
1797:
and fluorescent targets PSMA and was tested in humans. The molecule found the location of primary and
4489:
4298:
3934:
3362:
1510:
352:
4698:
4448:
4410:
4394:
2476:"Interaction of prostate specific membrane antigen with clathrin and the adaptor protein complex-2"
1434:
1412:
1295:
1274:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1224:
1203:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
2282:"Structure of glutamate carboxypeptidase II, a drug target in neuronal damage and prostate cancer"
4914:
4894:
4631:
4484:
4425:
4415:
4405:
4130:
3859:
3725:
3690:
3647:
3519:
3473:
3387:
3350:
3109:
2924:
2881:
2838:
2731:
2688:
2398:
2354:
1389:
Reaction Scheme of NAAG Degradation by GCPII: GCPII + NAAG → GCPII-NAAG complex → Glutamate + NAA
397:
2417:
1299:
1264:
1228:
1193:
28:
4479:
4372:
3906:
3851:
3682:
3639:
3598:
3560:
3511:
3465:
3379:
3325:
3276:
3227:
3178:
3101:
3065:
3016:
2965:
2916:
2873:
2830:
2794:
2766:
2723:
2680:
2645:
2602:
2524:
2497:
2474:
Goodman OB, Barwe SP, Ritter B, McPherson PS, Vasko AJ, Keen JH, et al. (November 2007).
2456:
2390:
2346:
2311:
2247:
2209:
2153:
1862:
1856:
demonstrated a response (as defined by reduction in PSA of 50% or more) in 64% of men. Common
1654:
1501:
814:
807:
800:
345:
45:
4097:: Structure of human glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) in complex with L-serine-O-sulfate
4677:
4672:
4646:
4574:
4529:
4524:
4400:
3841:
3831:
3717:
3708:
Tolias C, Wasserberg J (2002). "Critical decision making in severe head injury management".
3674:
3631:
3590:
3550:
3503:
3457:
3371:
3315:
3307:
3266:
3258:
3217:
3209:
3168:
3158:
3093:
3055:
3047:
3006:
2996:
2955:
2908:
2865:
2822:
2758:
2715:
2672:
2635:
2487:
2429:
2382:
2338:
2301:
2293:
2239:
2199:
2191:
2145:
1808:, fluorescence-guided removal of cancer, and detects single cancer cells in tissue margins.
1769:
1470:
642:
573:
517:
472:
3884:
3537:
Ghose S, Weickert CS, Colvin SM, Coyle JT, Herman MM, Hyde TM, Kleinman JE (January 2004).
393:
4724:
4708:
4621:
4534:
4519:
4474:
1801:
1733:
1446:
617:
3294:
Violet J, Sandhu S, Iravani A, Ferdinandus J, Thang SP, Kong G, et al. (June 2020).
2622:
Hlouchová K, Barinka C, Klusák V, Sácha P, Mlcochová P, Majer P, et al. (May 2007).
2280:
Mesters JR, Barinka C, Li W, Tsukamoto T, Majer P, Slusher BS, et al. (March 2006).
1405:
3818:
Berent-Spillson A, Robinson AM, Golovoy D, Slusher B, Rojas C, Russell JW (April 2004).
3747:
2178:
Barinka C, Sácha P, Sklenár J, Man P, Bezouska K, Slusher BS, Konvalinka J (June 2004).
2000:
peptidase, could provide a practical treatment for reduction of schizophrenic symptoms.
4873:
4762:
4703:
4555:
4191:
3977:: Crystal structure of prostate-specific membrane antigen, a tumor marker and peptidase
3320:
3295:
3271:
3246:
3222:
3197:
3173:
3146:
3060:
3035:
3011:
2984:
2342:
2306:
2281:
2204:
2179:
1870:
1853:
1697:
1638:
1545:
4022:: MEMBRANE-BOUND GLUTAMATE CARBOXYPEPTIDASE II (GCPII) IN COMPLEX WITH PHOSPHATE ANION
3797:
3145:
Aras O, Demirdag C, Kommidi H, Guo H, Pavlova I, Aygun A, et al. (October 2021).
3097:
2243:
2149:
1525:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
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886:
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876:
866:
861:
856:
4883:
4667:
4626:
4466:
4268:
3915:
3836:
3819:
3635:
3391:
3375:
3196:
Guo H, Kommidi H, Vedvyas Y, McCloskey JE, Zhang W, Chen N, et al. (July 2019).
3113:
2640:
2623:
2433:
2386:
1996:
1788:
capromabpentide, marketed as
Prostascint) was used, although detection rate was low.
1706:
1650:
1520:
843:
3729:
3651:
3523:
3477:
2842:
2735:
2692:
2402:
2358:
377:
4616:
4174:
3863:
3694:
2928:
2885:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1817:
1773:
1642:
635:
414:
3344:
2762:
401:
4840:
4775:
4611:
4420:
4367:
4303:
4263:
4122:
4082:: A High Resolution Structure of Ligand-free Human Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II
3128:"FDA Approves First PSMA-Targeted PET Imaging Drug for Men with Prostate Cancer"
2416:
Troyer, John K.; Feng, Qi; Beckett, Mary Lou; Wright, George L. (January 1995).
2123:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
2105:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
1777:
1679:
1529:
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1947:
718:
3721:
3507:
3311:
3051:
2960:
2943:
2912:
1829:
1798:
1785:
534:
431:
381:
2574:"Folh1 folate hydrolase 1 [Mus musculus (house mouse)] - Gene - NCBI"
2297:
4814:
4788:
4153:
4037:: MEMBRANE-BOUND GLUTAMATE CARBOXYPEPTIDASE II (GCPII) WITH BOUND METHIONINE
1753:
1013:
778:
656:
601:
588:
500:
487:
389:
4007:: MEMBRANE-BOUND GLUTAMATE CARBOXYPEPTIDASE II (GCPII) WITH BOUND GLUTAMATE
3855:
3686:
3678:
3643:
3602:
3564:
3555:
3538:
3515:
3469:
3383:
3329:
3280:
3231:
3182:
3105:
3069:
3020:
2969:
2920:
2877:
2869:
2834:
2798:
2770:
2727:
2684:
2649:
2573:
2501:
2394:
2350:
2315:
2251:
2213:
1866:
2983:
Zippel C, Ronski SC, Bohnet-Joschko S, Giesel FL, Kopka K (January 2020).
2528:
2492:
2475:
2460:
2157:
1363:
1358:
4157:
3846:
3245:
Emmett L, Willowson K, Violet J, Shin J, Blanksby A, Lee J (March 2017).
2008:
1675:
1458:
1347:
1158:
1139:
2195:
1634:. Human GCPII contains 750 amino acids and weighs approximately 84 kDa.
871:
3920:
3910:
3131:
3001:
2826:
2676:
1772:
imaging agents for prostate cancer. PSMA expression can be imaged with
1477:
1125:
1080:
3594:
3034:
Virgolini I, Decristoforo C, Haug A, Fanti S, Uprimny C (March 2018).
2719:
2624:"Biochemical characterization of human glutamate carboxypeptidase III"
1384:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
4827:
4597:
4243:
4236:
4231:
3880:
3262:
2548:
Structure-assisted development of a continuous carboxypeptidase assay
1984:
1821:
1617:
1557:
1453:
1441:
1429:
1331:
1035:
3461:
2942:
Ekmekcioglu Ă–, Busstra M, Klass ND, Verzijlbergen F (October 2019).
2028:
In summary, the findings of multiple drug studies to conclude that:
2138:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression
4801:
4278:
4273:
4206:
4201:
1946:
1966:
study followed one by Chen et al., which showed similar results.
998:
994:
1897:
1631:
1465:
369:
4570:
4126:
3930:
1725:. Hlouchková et al. (2007) determined the Michaelis constant (
823:
3926:
1793:
3905:
Overview of all the structural information available in the
3771:. National Mental Health Information Center. Archived from
2599:
Prostate cancer: biology, genetics and the new therapeutics
4566:
3040:
European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
2901:
European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
3667:
The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
625:
2422:
Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations
1951:
Structures of Two Common Inhibitors: 2-PMPA and 2-MPPA
4857:
3883:
online database for peptidases and their inhibitors:
3794:"Diabetic Neuropathies: The Nerve Damage of Diabetes"
1657:(NAA) according to the reaction scheme to the right.
790:
4753:
4717:
4686:
4655:
4604:
4545:
4461:
4441:
4384:
4354:
4336:
4289:
4254:
4182:
4169:
3036:"Current status of theranostics in prostate cancer"
1840:PSMA can also be used as a target for treatment in
1568:
1556:
1544:
1539:
1519:
1500:
1488:
1476:
1464:
1452:
1440:
1428:
1423:
1411:
1399:
1394:
1377:
1288:
1247:
1217:
1176:
3576:
3574:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2058:
2056:
2054:
572:
471:
984:folic acid-containing compound metabolic process
2540:
2538:
1940:Conformationally constricted dipeptide mimetics
862:tetrahydrofolyl-poly(glutamate) polymer binding
2601:. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. pp. 307–326.
2373:multiple tumour tissue microarray technique".
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2084:GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000001773
1983:According to the National Stroke Association,
4582:
4138:
3942:
3746:. National Stroke Association. Archived from
3616:
3614:
3612:
3489:
3487:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3421:
8:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3401:
2554:(Diploma thesis). Prague: Charles University
2225:
2223:
2063:GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000086205
1909:Potential uses of NAAG peptidase inhibitors
1861:patient-reported outcomes with Lu-177 PSMA(
1732:) for NAAG to be 1.2*10 ± 0.5*10 M and the
4589:
4575:
4567:
4179:
4145:
4131:
4123:
3949:
3935:
3927:
1536:
1244:
1173:
1009:
839:
613:
512:
409:
63:
3898:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
3845:
3835:
3554:
3319:
3270:
3221:
3172:
3162:
3059:
3010:
3000:
2959:
2639:
2491:
2305:
2203:
1956:Other potential therapeutic applications
964:cellular amino acid biosynthetic process
4864:
3964:
2050:
1820:imaging of genome modified cells, e.g.
3919:(Glutamate carboxypeptidase 2) at the
1721:The hydrolysis of NAAG by GCPII obeys
1374:
18:
3251:Journal of Medical Radiation Sciences
938:integral component of plasma membrane
577:
538:
533:
476:
435:
430:
7:
3496:Journal of the Neurological Sciences
4515:Amyloid precursor protein secretase
2343:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.10.022
1934:Thiol and indole thiol derivatives
1886:Potential therapeutic applications
1610:prostate-specific membrane antigen
1285:
1214:
1149:
1130:
1104:
1085:
1059:
1040:
974:C-terminal protein deglutamylation
795:
713:
651:
630:
14:
2480:International Journal of Oncology
1961:Neuropathic and inflammatory pain
1645:. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of
1620:that in humans is encoded by the
4867:
4500:Proteasome endopeptidase complex
4102:
4087:
4072:
4057:
4042:
4027:
4012:
3997:
3982:
3967:
3837:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2003.02321.x
3636:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.07.018
3376:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2019.02.008
2708:Journal of Cellular Biochemistry
2641:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04341.x
2387:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2007.02635.x
1943:PBDA- and urea-based inhibitors.
1383:
877:metallocarboxypeptidase activity
813:
806:
799:
561:
554:
548:
525:
460:
453:
447:
422:
27:
3583:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
3450:Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery
1768:PSMA is the target of several
923:integral component of membrane
824:More reference expression data
779:More reference expression data
1:
4364:Serine type carboxypeptidases
4346:Angiotensin-converting enzyme
3896:Glutamate+carboxypeptidase+II
3151:Clinical Genitourinary Cancer
3098:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30314-7
2763:10.1016/j.humpath.2006.11.012
2244:10.1016/S0003-2697(02)00286-5
2150:10.1016/s0167-4781(98)00200-0
1752:being developed as potential
546:
445:
4890:Genes on human chromosome 11
3364:Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
2434:10.1016/1078-1439(95)00004-2
2038:Other diseases and disorders
1877:Neurotransmitter degradation
1842:unsealed source radiotherapy
1832:-cells, in an entire mouse.
1782:positron emission tomography
3300:Journal of Nuclear Medicine
2948:Journal of Nuclear Medicine
4936:
3214:10.1021/acschembio.9b00160
3164:10.1016/j.clgc.2021.03.011
4745:Michaelis–Menten kinetics
3962:
3824:Journal of Neurochemistry
3722:10.1191/1460408602ta246oa
3508:10.1016/j.jns.2006.05.052
3312:10.2967/jnumed.119.236414
3052:10.1007/s00259-017-3882-2
2961:10.2967/jnumed.118.222885
2913:10.1007/s00259-017-3670-z
2628:Journal of Neurochemistry
2119:"Mouse PubMed Reference:"
2101:"Human PubMed Reference:"
1723:Michaelis–Menten kinetics
1647:N-acetylaspartylglutamate
1535:
1382:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1330:
1311:
1292:
1271:
1240:
1221:
1200:
1169:
1156:
1152:
1137:
1133:
1124:
1111:
1107:
1092:
1088:
1079:
1066:
1062:
1047:
1043:
1034:
1019:
1012:
1008:
992:
897:metallopeptidase activity
882:carboxypeptidase activity
842:
838:
821:
798:
789:
776:
725:
716:
663:
654:
624:
616:
612:
595:
582:
545:
524:
515:
511:
494:
481:
444:
421:
412:
408:
363:
360:
350:
343:
338:
71:
66:
49:
44:
39:
35:
26:
21:
4637:Diffusion-limited enzyme
4326:Tripeptidyl peptidase II
3900:Medical Subject Headings
2787:Clinical Cancer Research
2517:Clinical Cancer Research
2298:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600969
1317:Chr 11: 49.15 – 49.21 Mb
4495:Threonine endopeptidase
4321:Tripeptidyl peptidase I
3543:Neuropsychopharmacology
2858:Nature Reviews. Urology
2545:Rakhimbekova A (2021).
2232:Analytical Biochemistry
1937:Hydroxamate derivatives
1324:Chr 7: 86.37 – 86.43 Mb
4905:Molecular neuroscience
4485:Aspartic acid protease
4309:Dipeptidyl peptidase-4
3679:10.1124/jpet.300.2.662
3556:10.1038/sj.npp.1300304
3342:Clinical trial number
2870:10.1038/nrurol.2016.26
1952:
1602:-glutamate peptidase I
745:lumbar spinal ganglion
4730:Eadie–Hofstee diagram
4663:Allosteric regulation
4316:Tripeptidyl peptidase
2493:10.3892/ijo.31.5.1199
1950:
1891:Function in the brain
1743:) to be 1.1 ± 0.2 s.
948:extracellular exosome
438:Chromosome 11 (human)
4740:Lineweaver–Burk plot
4490:Metalloendopeptidase
4395:Metalloexopeptidases
4299:Dipeptidyl peptidase
3202:ACS Chemical Biology
3092:(10231): 1208–1216.
2578:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
1931:2-PMPA and analogues
902:dipeptidase activity
540:Chromosome 7 (mouse)
67:List of PDB id codes
40:Available structures
4505:HslU—HslV peptidase
4449:Metalloexopeptidase
3889:Protein Data Bank:
2196:10.1110/ps.04622104
2004:Diabetic neuropathy
1922:Specific inhibitors
4699:Enzyme superfamily
4632:Enzyme promiscuity
3630:(7–8): 1163–1171.
3351:ClinicalTrials.gov
3134:. 1 December 2020.
3002:10.3390/ph13010012
2827:10.1002/pros.22627
2677:10.1002/pros.10319
1953:
1628:folate hydrolase 1
1114:ENSMUSG00000001773
957:Biological process
911:Cellular component
892:hydrolase activity
887:Ac-Asp-Glu binding
872:catalytic activity
867:peptidase activity
850:Molecular function
683:hippocampus proper
4900:Neurotransmitters
4855:
4854:
4564:
4563:
4513:Other/ungrouped:
4480:Cysteine protease
4457:
4456:
4375:
4120:
4119:
3891:Protein Data Bank
3624:Neuropharmacology
3595:10.1021/jm000406m
3456:(12): 1015–1026.
2954:(10): 1394–1398.
2793:(17): 6357–6362.
2720:10.1002/jcb.21491
2608:978-0-89603-868-4
1655:N-acetylaspartate
1637:GCPII is a zinc
1601:
1597:
1589:, also known as
1584:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1483:metabolic pathway
1373:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1342:
1341:
1307:
1306:
1282:
1281:
1236:
1235:
1211:
1210:
1165:
1164:
1146:
1145:
1120:
1119:
1101:
1100:
1075:
1074:
1056:
1055:
1004:
1003:
857:metal ion binding
834:
833:
830:
829:
785:
784:
772:
771:
753:entorhinal cortex
710:
709:
608:
607:
507:
506:
402:FOLH1 - orthologs
334:
333:
330:
329:
50:Ortholog search:
4927:
4872:
4871:
4863:
4735:Hanes–Woolf plot
4678:Enzyme activator
4673:Enzyme inhibitor
4647:Enzyme catalysis
4591:
4584:
4577:
4568:
4530:Beta-secretase 2
4525:Beta-secretase 1
4401:Carboxypeptidase
4397:
4373:
4180:
4147:
4140:
4133:
4124:
4106:
4091:
4076:
4061:
4046:
4031:
4016:
4001:
3986:
3971:
3951:
3944:
3937:
3928:
3868:
3867:
3849:
3839:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3744:"What is Stroke"
3740:
3734:
3733:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3618:
3607:
3606:
3578:
3569:
3568:
3558:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3491:
3482:
3481:
3445:
3396:
3395:
3359:
3353:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3323:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3274:
3263:10.1002/jmrs.227
3242:
3236:
3235:
3225:
3208:(7): 1449–1459.
3193:
3187:
3186:
3176:
3166:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3063:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3014:
3004:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2963:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2907:(6): 1014–1024.
2896:
2890:
2889:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2643:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2553:
2542:
2533:
2532:
2523:(9): 1445–1451.
2512:
2506:
2505:
2495:
2486:(5): 1199–1203.
2471:
2465:
2464:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2337:(4): 1361–1372.
2326:
2320:
2319:
2309:
2292:(6): 1375–1384.
2286:The EMBO Journal
2277:
2256:
2255:
2227:
2218:
2217:
2207:
2190:(6): 1627–1635.
2175:
2162:
2161:
2144:(1–2): 113–127.
2133:
2127:
2126:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2097:
2091:
2081:
2070:
2060:
1770:nuclear medicine
1599:
1595:
1537:
1387:
1375:
1355:
1354:
1326:
1319:
1302:
1286:
1277:
1245:
1241:RefSeq (protein)
1231:
1215:
1206:
1174:
1150:
1131:
1105:
1086:
1060:
1041:
1010:
840:
826:
817:
810:
803:
796:
781:
721:
719:Top expressed in
714:
679:substantia nigra
659:
657:Top expressed in
652:
631:
614:
604:
591:
580:
565:
558:
552:
541:
529:
513:
503:
490:
479:
464:
457:
451:
440:
426:
410:
404:
355:
348:
325:
64:
58:
37:
36:
31:
19:
4935:
4934:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4924:
4920:Prostate cancer
4880:
4879:
4878:
4866:
4858:
4856:
4851:
4763:Oxidoreductases
4749:
4725:Enzyme kinetics
4713:
4709:List of enzymes
4682:
4651:
4622:Catalytic triad
4600:
4595:
4565:
4560:
4541:
4535:Gamma secretase
4520:Alpha secretase
4475:Serine protease
4453:
4442:Other/ungrouped
4437:
4393:
4380:
4376:-Transpeptidase
4350:
4332:
4285:
4250:
4165:
4151:
4121:
4116:
4113:
4107:
4098:
4092:
4083:
4077:
4068:
4062:
4053:
4047:
4038:
4032:
4023:
4017:
4008:
4002:
3993:
3987:
3978:
3972:
3958:
3955:
3876:
3871:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3803:
3801:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3778:
3776:
3769:"Schizophrenia"
3767:
3766:
3762:
3753:
3751:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3620:
3619:
3610:
3580:
3579:
3572:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3493:
3492:
3485:
3462:10.1038/nrd1903
3447:
3446:
3399:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3341:
3337:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3033:
3032:
3028:
2989:Pharmaceuticals
2982:
2981:
2977:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2751:Human Pathology
2748:
2747:
2743:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2582:
2580:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2543:
2536:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2449:Cancer Research
2446:
2445:
2441:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2279:
2278:
2259:
2229:
2228:
2221:
2184:Protein Science
2177:
2176:
2165:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2082:
2073:
2061:
2052:
2048:
2040:
2022:
2006:
1994:
1981:
1972:
1963:
1958:
1924:
1911:
1893:
1888:
1879:
1838:
1802:prostate cancer
1774:gallium-68 PSMA
1766:
1749:
1742:
1734:turnover number
1731:
1719:
1717:Enzyme kinetics
1694:
1667:
1604:(NAALADase I),
1390:
1364:View/Edit Mouse
1359:View/Edit Human
1322:
1315:
1312:Location (UCSC)
1298:
1294:
1273:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1227:
1223:
1202:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1095:ENSG00000086205
988:
952:
933:plasma membrane
906:
822:
812:
811:
805:
804:
777:
768:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
737:proximal tubule
735:
731:
717:
706:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
671:corpus callosum
669:
655:
599:
586:
578:
568:
567:
566:
559:
539:
516:Gene location (
498:
485:
477:
467:
466:
465:
458:
436:
413:Gene location (
364:
351:
344:
73:
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4933:
4931:
4923:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4882:
4881:
4877:
4876:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4849:
4836:
4823:
4810:
4797:
4784:
4771:
4757:
4755:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4690:
4688:
4687:Classification
4684:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4586:
4579:
4571:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4556:Staphylokinase
4552:
4550:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4471:
4469:
4459:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4398:
4390:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4370:
4360:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4342:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4323:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4295:
4293:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4260:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4192:Aminopeptidase
4188:
4186:
4177:
4167:
4166:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4142:
4135:
4127:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4108:
4101:
4099:
4093:
4086:
4084:
4078:
4071:
4069:
4063:
4056:
4054:
4048:
4041:
4039:
4033:
4026:
4024:
4018:
4011:
4009:
4003:
3996:
3994:
3988:
3981:
3979:
3973:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3903:
3893:
3887:
3875:
3874:External links
3872:
3870:
3869:
3810:
3785:
3760:
3735:
3716:(4): 211–221.
3700:
3673:(2): 662–667.
3657:
3608:
3589:(3): 298–301.
3570:
3549:(1): 117–125.
3529:
3502:(2): 217–223.
3483:
3397:
3370:(4): 302–312.
3354:
3335:
3306:(6): 857–865.
3286:
3237:
3188:
3157:(5): 405–416.
3137:
3119:
3075:
3046:(3): 471–495.
3026:
2975:
2934:
2891:
2864:(4): 226–235.
2848:
2821:(8): 835–841.
2804:
2776:
2757:(5): 696–701.
2741:
2714:(3): 571–579.
2698:
2671:(2): 200–210.
2655:
2634:(3): 682–696.
2614:
2607:
2589:
2565:
2534:
2507:
2466:
2455:(2): 227–230.
2439:
2408:
2381:(4): 472–483.
2375:Histopathology
2364:
2321:
2257:
2219:
2163:
2128:
2110:
2092:
2071:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2021:
2020:Drug addiction
2018:
2005:
2002:
1993:
1990:
1980:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1923:
1920:
1910:
1907:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1873:VISION trial.
1854:phase II study
1837:
1834:
1765:
1762:
1748:
1747:Role in cancer
1745:
1740:
1729:
1718:
1715:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1666:
1663:
1606:NAAG peptidase
1582:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1533:
1532:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1505:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1380:
1379:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1351:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1328:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1290:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1269:
1268:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1219:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1198:
1197:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1154:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1135:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1109:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1064:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1045:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1001:
990:
989:
987:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
960:
958:
954:
953:
951:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
914:
912:
908:
907:
905:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
853:
851:
847:
846:
836:
835:
832:
831:
828:
827:
819:
818:
793:
787:
786:
783:
782:
774:
773:
770:
769:
767:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
749:lacrimal gland
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
723:
722:
711:
708:
707:
705:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
661:
660:
648:
647:
639:
628:
622:
621:
618:RNA expression
610:
609:
606:
605:
597:
593:
592:
584:
581:
576:
570:
569:
560:
553:
547:
543:
542:
537:
531:
530:
522:
521:
509:
508:
505:
504:
496:
492:
491:
483:
480:
475:
469:
468:
459:
452:
446:
442:
441:
434:
428:
427:
419:
418:
406:
405:
362:
358:
357:
349:
341:
340:
336:
335:
332:
331:
328:
327:
69:
68:
60:
59:
48:
42:
41:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4932:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4861:
4847:
4843:
4842:
4837:
4834:
4830:
4829:
4824:
4821:
4817:
4816:
4811:
4808:
4804:
4803:
4798:
4795:
4791:
4790:
4785:
4782:
4778:
4777:
4772:
4769:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4752:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4704:Enzyme family
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4668:Cooperativity
4666:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4627:Oxyanion hole
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4592:
4587:
4585:
4580:
4578:
4573:
4572:
4569:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4544:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4467:Endopeptidase
4464:
4460:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4377:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4314:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4245:
4242:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4148:
4143:
4141:
4136:
4134:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4111:
4105:
4100:
4096:
4090:
4085:
4081:
4075:
4070:
4066:
4060:
4055:
4051:
4045:
4040:
4036:
4030:
4025:
4021:
4015:
4010:
4006:
4000:
3995:
3991:
3985:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3965:
3961:
3952:
3947:
3945:
3940:
3938:
3933:
3932:
3929:
3922:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3848:
3847:2027.42/65724
3843:
3838:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3814:
3811:
3800:on 2005-01-13
3799:
3795:
3789:
3786:
3775:on 2009-03-20
3774:
3770:
3764:
3761:
3750:on 2006-05-16
3749:
3745:
3739:
3736:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3704:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3661:
3658:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3566:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3533:
3530:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3347:
3346:
3339:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3192:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3079:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2852:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2808:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2780:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2745:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2615:
2610:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2590:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2566:
2550:
2549:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2368:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:Schizophrenia
1992:Schizophrenia
1991:
1989:
1986:
1978:
1976:
1969:
1967:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1746:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1724:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1708:
1707:glycosylation
1702:
1699:
1691:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1639:metalloenzyme
1635:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1588:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1521:Gene Ontology
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1459:NiceZyme view
1457:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1278:
1276:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1207:
1205:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1170:RefSeq (mRNA)
1168:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1000:
996:
991:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
961:
959:
956:
955:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
915:
913:
910:
909:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
854:
852:
849:
848:
845:
844:Gene ontology
841:
837:
825:
820:
816:
809:
802:
797:
794:
792:
788:
780:
775:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
727:
724:
720:
715:
712:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
665:
662:
658:
653:
650:
649:
646:
644:
640:
638:
637:
633:
632:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
603:
598:
594:
590:
585:
575:
571:
564:
557:
551:
544:
536:
532:
528:
523:
519:
514:
510:
502:
497:
493:
489:
484:
474:
470:
463:
456:
450:
443:
439:
433:
429:
425:
420:
416:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
359:
354:
347:
342:
337:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
70:
65:
62:
61:
57:
54:
47:
43:
38:
34:
30:
25:
20:
4910:Zinc enzymes
4841:Translocases
4838:
4825:
4812:
4799:
4786:
4776:Transferases
4773:
4760:
4617:Binding site
4431:Glutamate II
4430:
4226:
4175:Exopeptidase
4109:
4094:
4079:
4064:
4049:
4034:
4019:
4004:
3989:
3974:
3914:
3830:(1): 90–99.
3827:
3823:
3813:
3802:. Retrieved
3798:the original
3788:
3777:. Retrieved
3773:the original
3763:
3752:. Retrieved
3748:the original
3738:
3713:
3709:
3703:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3627:
3623:
3586:
3582:
3546:
3542:
3532:
3499:
3495:
3453:
3449:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3343:
3338:
3303:
3299:
3289:
3257:(1): 52–60.
3254:
3250:
3240:
3205:
3201:
3191:
3154:
3150:
3140:
3122:
3089:
3085:
3078:
3043:
3039:
3029:
2992:
2988:
2978:
2951:
2947:
2937:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2818:
2815:The Prostate
2814:
2807:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2668:
2665:The Prostate
2664:
2658:
2631:
2627:
2617:
2598:
2592:
2581:. Retrieved
2577:
2568:
2556:. Retrieved
2547:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2483:
2479:
2469:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2428:(1): 29–37.
2425:
2421:
2411:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2334:
2331:Neuroscience
2330:
2324:
2289:
2285:
2238:(1): 50–54.
2235:
2231:
2187:
2183:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2122:
2113:
2104:
2095:
2041:
2027:
2023:
2014:
2007:
1995:
1982:
1973:
1964:
1925:
1916:
1912:
1903:
1894:
1880:
1858:side effects
1850:beta emitter
1846:Lutetium-177
1839:
1818:fluorescence
1810:
1790:
1767:
1757:
1750:
1737:
1726:
1720:
1711:
1703:
1695:
1672:
1668:
1659:
1643:glycoprotein
1636:
1627:
1622:
1621:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1591:
1590:
1587:TAH molecule
1586:
1585:
1447:BRENDA entry
1418:111070-04-3
1378:TAH molecule
1296:NP_001153178
1293:
1275:NP_001338165
1272:
1261:NP_001180402
1257:NP_001180401
1253:NP_001180400
1249:NP_001014986
1225:NM_001159706
1222:
1204:NM_001351236
1201:
1190:NM_001193473
1186:NM_001193472
1182:NM_001193471
1178:NM_001014986
1157:
1138:
1112:
1093:
1067:
1048:
1028:
1023:
943:cell surface
765:spermatocyte
757:ciliary body
733:human kidney
729:right kidney
641:
634:
361:External IDs
72:
4612:Active site
4368:Cathepsin A
4304:Cathepsin C
4264:Dipeptidase
3957:PDB gallery
3345:NCT03511664
2558:11 November
2033:conditions.
1970:Head injury
1826:CRISPR/Cas9
1778:fluorine-18
1680:endocytosis
1435:IntEnz view
1395:Identifiers
969:proteolysis
703:gallbladder
600:86,425,151
587:86,368,185
579:7|7 D3
499:49,208,638
486:49,145,092
339:Identifiers
4884:Categories
4815:Isomerases
4789:Hydrolases
4656:Regulation
3804:2009-01-15
3779:2009-01-15
3754:2009-01-15
2995:(1): E12.
2583:2024-05-06
2090:, May 2017
2069:, May 2017
2046:References
1799:metastatic
1786:indium-111
1696:The three
1649:(NAAG) to
1598:-aspartyl-
1504:structures
1471:KEGG entry
979:metabolism
675:C1 segment
645:(ortholog)
382:HomoloGene
4915:Proteases
4895:EC 3.4.17
4694:EC number
4549:: Unknown
4227:Methionyl
4158:proteases
4154:Hydrolase
3392:155790848
3114:214609500
1871:phase III
1780:PSMA for
1754:biomarker
1692:Structure
1665:Discovery
1651:glutamate
1424:Databases
1406:3.4.17.21
1300:NP_058050
1265:NP_004467
1229:NM_016770
1194:NM_004476
1014:Orthologs
918:cytoplasm
741:spermatid
390:GeneCards
4718:Kinetics
4642:Cofactor
4605:Activity
4222:Glutamyl
4212:Cystinyl
4207:Aspartyl
3856:15030392
3730:72178402
3687:11805230
3652:21499770
3644:16926034
3603:11462970
3565:14560319
3524:11547550
3516:16780883
3478:21807952
3470:16341066
3384:31227053
3330:31732676
3281:28303694
3232:31120734
3183:33879400
3106:32209449
3070:29282518
3021:31940969
2970:30850500
2921:28283702
2878:26902337
2843:35257177
2835:23255296
2799:14695135
2771:17320151
2736:46594564
2728:17685433
2693:25780520
2685:14716746
2650:17241121
2502:17912448
2403:23454712
2395:17448023
2359:45351503
2351:17150306
2316:16467855
2252:12413472
2214:15152093
2086:–
2065:–
2009:Diabetes
1867:33581798
1758:In vitro
1676:capromab
1616:) is an
1594:-acetyl-
1575:proteins
1563:articles
1551:articles
1508:RCSB PDB
1348:Wikidata
993:Sources:
928:membrane
695:amygdala
691:prostate
667:duodenum
478:11p11.12
4874:Biology
4828:Ligases
4598:Enzymes
4202:Arginyl
4197:Alanine
3921:PDBe-KB
3911:UniProt
3885:M20.001
3864:7892733
3695:8121145
3321:7262220
3272:5355374
3223:6775626
3174:8449790
3132:fda.gov
3061:5787224
3012:7168903
2929:5882407
2886:2448922
2529:9816319
2461:8417812
2307:1422165
2205:2279971
2158:9838072
2088:Ensembl
2067:Ensembl
1836:Therapy
1764:Imaging
1698:domains
1530:QuickGO
1495:profile
1478:MetaCyc
1413:CAS no.
1126:UniProt
1081:Ensembl
1020:Species
999:QuickGO
687:putamen
620:pattern
378:1858193
346:Aliases
4860:Portal
4802:Lyases
4547:3.4.99
4463:3.4.21
4386:3.4.17
4356:3.4.16
4338:3.4.15
4291:3.4.14
4256:3.4.13
4217:Leucyl
4184:3.4.11
4171:3.4.11
3916:Q04609
3902:(MeSH)
3881:MEROPS
3862:
3854:
3728:
3710:Trauma
3693:
3685:
3650:
3642:
3601:
3563:
3522:
3514:
3476:
3468:
3390:
3382:
3328:
3318:
3279:
3269:
3230:
3220:
3181:
3171:
3112:
3104:
3086:Lancet
3068:
3058:
3019:
3009:
2968:
2927:
2919:
2884:
2876:
2841:
2833:
2797:
2769:
2734:
2726:
2691:
2683:
2648:
2605:
2527:
2500:
2459:
2401:
2393:
2357:
2349:
2314:
2304:
2250:
2212:
2202:
2156:
1985:stroke
1979:Stroke
1865:
1822:cancer
1618:enzyme
1558:PubMed
1540:Search
1526:AmiGO
1514:PDBsum
1454:ExPASy
1442:BRENDA
1430:IntEnz
1401:EC no.
1334:search
1332:PubMed
1159:O35409
1140:Q04609
1036:Entrez
791:BioGPS
761:embryo
386:136782
370:600934
16:Enzyme
4754:Types
4465:-25:
4173:-19:
3860:S2CID
3726:S2CID
3691:S2CID
3648:S2CID
3520:S2CID
3474:S2CID
3388:S2CID
3110:S2CID
2925:S2CID
2882:S2CID
2839:S2CID
2732:S2CID
2689:S2CID
2552:(PDF)
2399:S2CID
2355:S2CID
1848:is a
1830:CAR T
1828:, or
1623:FOLH1
1608:, or
1490:PRIAM
1069:53320
1029:Mouse
1024:Human
995:Amigo
699:liver
643:Mouse
636:Human
583:Start
518:Mouse
482:Start
415:Human
394:FOLH1
353:FOLH1
22:FOLH1
4846:list
4839:EC7
4833:list
4826:EC6
4820:list
4813:EC5
4807:list
4800:EC4
4794:list
4787:EC3
4781:list
4774:EC2
4768:list
4761:EC1
4164:3.4)
4110:2pvw
4095:2pvv
4080:2oot
4065:2jbk
4050:2jbj
4035:2cij
4020:2c6p
4005:2c6g
3990:2c6c
3975:1z8l
3909:for
3879:The
3852:PMID
3683:PMID
3640:PMID
3599:PMID
3561:PMID
3512:PMID
3466:PMID
3380:PMID
3326:PMID
3277:PMID
3228:PMID
3179:PMID
3102:PMID
3066:PMID
3017:PMID
2966:PMID
2917:PMID
2874:PMID
2831:PMID
2795:PMID
2767:PMID
2724:PMID
2681:PMID
2646:PMID
2603:ISBN
2560:2022
2525:PMID
2498:PMID
2457:PMID
2391:PMID
2347:PMID
2312:PMID
2248:PMID
2210:PMID
2154:PMID
2142:1443
1898:GABA
1863:PMID
1816:and
1653:and
1632:gene
1614:PSMA
1570:NCBI
1511:PDBe
1466:KEGG
1050:2346
626:Bgee
574:Band
535:Chr.
473:Band
432:Chr.
366:OMIM
323:5ELY
319:5D29
315:5F09
311:4X3R
307:4W9Y
303:4P4I
299:4P4F
295:4P4E
291:4P4D
287:4P4B
283:4P45
279:4P44
275:4OME
271:4OC5
267:4OC4
263:4OC3
259:4OC2
255:4OC1
251:4OC0
247:4NGT
243:4NGS
239:4NGR
235:4NGQ
231:4NGP
227:4NGN
223:4NGM
219:4MCS
215:4MCR
211:4MCQ
207:4MCP
203:4LQG
199:4JZ0
195:4JYW
191:3SJX
187:3SJG
183:3SJF
179:3SJE
175:3RBU
171:3IWW
167:3D7H
163:3D7G
159:3D7F
155:3D7D
151:3BXM
147:3BI1
143:3BI0
139:3BHX
135:2XEJ
131:2XEI
127:2XEG
123:2XEF
119:2PVW
115:2PVV
111:2OR4
107:2OOT
103:2JBK
99:2JBJ
95:2CIJ
91:2C6P
87:2C6G
83:2C6C
79:1Z8L
75:4P4J
56:RCSB
53:PDBe
3907:PDB
3842:hdl
3832:doi
3718:doi
3675:doi
3671:300
3632:doi
3591:doi
3551:doi
3504:doi
3500:247
3458:doi
3372:doi
3316:PMC
3308:doi
3267:PMC
3259:doi
3218:PMC
3210:doi
3169:PMC
3159:doi
3094:doi
3090:395
3056:PMC
3048:doi
3007:PMC
2997:doi
2956:doi
2909:doi
2866:doi
2823:doi
2759:doi
2716:doi
2712:102
2673:doi
2636:doi
2632:101
2488:doi
2430:doi
2383:doi
2339:doi
2335:144
2302:PMC
2294:doi
2240:doi
2236:310
2200:PMC
2192:doi
2146:doi
1814:PET
1806:PET
1804:by
1794:mSv
1776:or
1741:cat
1546:PMC
1502:PDB
596:End
495:End
398:OMA
374:MGI
46:PDB
4886::
4411:A2
4374:DD
4366::
4162:EC
4156::
3913::
3858:.
3850:.
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3828:89
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