399:, isocitrate lyase and malate synthase. However, some research suggests that this pathway may exist in some, if not all, vertebrates. Specifically, some studies show evidence of components of the glyoxylate cycle existing in significant amounts in the liver tissue of chickens. Data such as these support the idea that the cycle could theoretically occur in even the most complex vertebrates. Other experiments have also provided evidence that the cycle is present among certain insect and marine invertebrate species, as well as strong evidence of the cycle's presence in nematode species. However, other experiments refute this claim. Some publications conflict on the presence of the cycle in
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the cell’s DNA without damaging the functionality or health of the cell. However, being able to engineer the pathway into transgenic mice has proven to be difficult for engineers. While the DNA has been expressed in some tissues, including the liver and small intestine in test animals, the level of expression is not high, and not found to be statistically significant. In order to successfully engineer the pathway, engineers would have to fuse the gene with promoters which could be regulated in order to increase the level of expression, and have the expression in the right cells, such as
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403:: for example, one paper has stated that the glyoxylate cycle is active in hibernating bears, but this report was disputed in a later paper. Evidence exists for malate synthase activity in humans due to a dual functional malate/B-methylmalate synthase of mitochondrial origin called CLYBL expressed in brown fat and kidney. Vitamin D may regulate this pathway in vertebrates.
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synthase were sequenced. Engineers have been able to successfully incorporate the AceA and AceB genes into mammalian cells in culture, and the cells were successful in translating and transcribing the genes into the appropriate enzymes, proving that the genes could successfully be incorporated into
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Efforts to engineer the pathway into more complex animals, such as sheep, have not been effective. This illustrates that much more research needs to be done on the topic, and suggests it is possible that a high expression of the cycle in animals would not be tolerated by the chemistry of the cell.
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Plants as well as some algae and bacteria can use acetate as the carbon source for the production of carbon compounds. Plants and bacteria employ a modification of the TCA cycle called the glyoxylate cycle to produce four carbon dicarboxylic acid from two carbon acetate units. The glyoxylate cycle
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which do not possess them is a topic of great interest for bio-engineers today. The glyoxylate cycle is one of the pathways which engineers have attempted to manipulate into mammalian cells. This is primarily of interest for engineers in order to increase the production of wool in sheep, which is
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both as a carbon source and as a source of energy. Acetate is converted to acetyl CoA (similar to the TCA cycle). This acetyl CoA can proceed through the glyoxylate cycle, and some succinate is released during the cycle. The four carbon succinate molecule can be transformed into a variety of
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cycle in the metabolism of pathogenic species including fungi and bacteria, enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle are current inhibition targets for the treatment of diseases. Most reported inhibitors of the glyoxylate cycle target the first enzyme of the cycle (ICL). Inhibitors were reported for
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carbohydrates through combinations of other metabolic processes; the plant can synthesize molecules using acetate as a source for carbon. The acetyl CoA can also react with glyoxylate to produce some NADPH from NADP+, which is used to drive energy synthesis in the form of ATP later in the
166:
by isocitrate lyase (ICL) instead of into α-ketoglutarate. This bypasses the decarboxylation steps that take place in the citric acid cycle (TCA cycle), allowing simple carbon compounds to be used in the later synthesis of macromolecules, including glucose.
351:. The seed cannot produce biomass using photosynthesis because of lack of an organ to perform this function. The lipid stores of germinating seeds are used for the formation of the carbohydrates that fuel the growth and development of the organism.
938:
Davis WL, Jones RG, Farmer GR, Dickerson T, Cortinas E, Cooper OJ, Crawford L, Goodman DB (July 1990). "Identification of glyoxylate cycle enzymes in chick liver--the effect of vitamin D3: cytochemistry and biochemistry".
1126:
Davis WL, Jones RG, Farmer GR, Cortinas E, Matthews JL, Goodman DB (1989). "The glyoxylate cycle in rat epiphyseal cartilage: the effect of vitamin-D3 on the activity of the enzymes isocitrate lyase and malate synthase".
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cycle, which would kill the disease-causing microorganisms that depend on the cycle for their survival, yet would not harm humans where the cycle, and thus the enzymes that the antibiotic would target, are absent.
375:. The levels of the main enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle, ICL and MS, are greatly increased upon contact with a human host. Mutants of a particular species of fungi that lacked ICL were also significantly less
322:. The net result of the glyoxylate cycle is therefore the production of glucose from fatty acids. Succinate generated in the first step can enter into the citric acid cycle to eventually form oxaloacetate.
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in studies with mice compared to the wild type. The exact link between these two observations is still being explored, but it can be concluded that the glyoxylate cycle is a significant factor in the
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V. N. Popov; E. A. Moskalev; M. U. Shevchenko; A. T. Eprintsev (December 2005). "Comparative
Analysis of Glyoxylate Cycle Key Enzyme Isocitrate Lyase from Organisms of Different Systematic Groups".
650:
Popov, EA; Moskalev, EA; Shevchenko, MU; Eprintsev, AT (November 2005). "Comparative analysis of glyoxylate cycle key enzyme isocitrate lyase from organisms of different systematic groups".
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bypasses the two oxidative decarboxylation reactions of the TCA cycle and directly converts isocitrate through isocitrate lyase and malate synthase into malate and succinate.
71:. In microorganisms, the glyoxylate cycle allows cells to use two carbons (C2 compounds), such as acetate, to satisfy cellular carbon requirements when simple sugars such as
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Davis WL, Goodman DB, Crawford LA, Cooper OJ, Matthews JL (March 1990). "Hibernation activates glyoxylate cycle and gluconeogenesis in black bear brown adipose tissue".
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In order to engineer the pathway into cells, the genes responsible for coding for the enzymes had to be isolated and sequenced, which was done using the bacteria
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limited by the access to stores of glucose. By introducing the pathway into sheep, the large stores of acetate in cells could be used in order to synthesize
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from fat. To use acetate from fat for biosynthesis of carbohydrates, the glyoxylate cycle, whose initial reactions are identical to the TCA cycle, is used.
87:(ICL), key enzymes involved in the glyoxylate cycle, in some animal tissue has raised questions regarding the evolutionary relationship of enzymes in
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489:, which will enable engineers to examine and access the pathway for functional integration within the genome before its transfer to animals.
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and suggests that animals encode alternative enzymes of the cycle that differ in function from known MS and ICL in non-metazoan species.
179:, catalyzed by malate synthase. Malate is also formed in parallel from succinate by the action of succinate dehydrogenase and fumarase.
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Bhusal RP, Bashiri G, Kwai BX, Sperry J, Leung IK (July 2017). "Targeting isocitrate lyase for the treatment of latent tuberculosis".
457:, which are needed in order for the cycle to take place. It is believed by some that the genes to produce these enzymes, however, are
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Single lines: pathways common to most lifeforms. Double lines: pathways not in humans (occurs in e.g. plants, fungi, prokaryotes).
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in plants), the glyoxylate cycle permits the synthesis of glucose from lipids via acetate generated in fatty acid β-oxidation.
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for potential use as antifungal agents. The mycobacterial glyoxylate cycle is also being targeted for potential treatments of
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The glyoxylate cycle can also provide plants with another aspect of metabolic diversity. This cycle allows plants to take in
545:"Evolution of glyoxylate cycle enzymes in Metazoa: evidence of multiple horizontal transfer events and pseudogene formation"
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267:. In these organisms, in the absence of available carbohydrates (for example, in certain microbial environments or during
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Jones JD, Burnett P, Zollman P (October 1999). "The glyoxylate cycle: does it function in the dormant or active bear?".
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Comparative
Analysis of Glyoxylate Cycle Key Enzyme Isocitrate Lyase from Organisms of Different Systematic Groups
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Ward, Kevin; C. D. Nancarrow (1 Sep 1991). "The genetic engineering of production traits in domestic animals".
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Vertebrates were once thought to be unable to perform this cycle because there was no evidence of its two key
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or fructose are not available. The cycle is generally assumed to be absent in animals, with the exception of
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1258:"Potential inhibitors for isocitrate lyase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and non-M. tuberculosis: a summary"
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1164:"Inhibitors of the glyoxylate cycle enzyme ICL1 in Candida albicans for potential use as antifungal agents"
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There are possible benefits, however, to the cycle's absence in mammalian cells. The cycle is present in
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The glyoxylate cycle bypasses the steps in the citric acid cycle where carbon is lost in the form of CO
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294:(the latter gives the cycle its name). Glyoxylate condenses with acetyl-CoA (a step catalyzed by
278:. The two initial steps of the glyoxylate cycle are identical to those in the citric acid cycle:
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in mammals, meaning that the gene is not necessarily absent, rather, it is merely "turned off".
1079:"CLYBL is a polymorphic human enzyme with malate synthase and β-methylmalate synthase activity"
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The glyoxylate cycle may serve an entirely different purpose in some species of pathogenic
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Davis WL, Goodman DB (December 1992). "Evidence for the glyoxylate cycle in human liver".
818:"Major roles of isocitrate lyase and malate synthase in bacterial and fungal pathogenesis"
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252:
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Lorenz MC, Fink GR (July 2001). "The glyoxylate cycle is required for fungal virulence".
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are commonly used as an energy source by vertebrates as fatty acids are degraded through
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2694:. Click any text (name of pathway or metabolites) to link to the corresponding article.
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687:"Synthesis of Cell Constituents from C 2 -Units by a Modified Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle"
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347:. This cycle allows seeds to use lipids as a source of energy to form the shoot during
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Comparative
Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
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Kondrashov FA, Koonin EV, Morgunov IG, Finogenova TV, Kondrashova MN (October 2006).
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that cause disease but is absent in mammals, for example humans. There is a strong
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Ward KA (March 2000). "Transgene-mediated modifications to animal biochemistry".
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at the early stages of embryogenesis. In recent years, however, the detection of
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Strittmatter L, Li Y, Nakatsuka NJ, Calvo SE, Grabarek Z, Mootha VK (May 2014).
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The glyoxylate cycle uses five of the eight enzymes associated with the
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are incapable of executing the pathway due to the lack of two enzymes,
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986:. Hobocken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. pp. 221–223.
282:. In the next step, catalyzed by the first glyoxylate cycle enzyme,
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Incorporating the cycle into mammals will benefit from advances in
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Dunn MF, Ramírez-Trujillo JA, Hernández-Lucas I (October 2009).
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through the cycle, allowing for increased production of wool.
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Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research
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into acetate molecules. This acetate, bound to the active
468:, from which the AceA gene, responsible for encoding for
154:. The two cycles differ in that in the glyoxylate cycle,
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of the development of antibiotics that would attack the
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102:The glyoxylate cycle was discovered in 1957 at the
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984:Functional Metabolism: Regulation and Adaption
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16:Series of interconnected biochemical reactions
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120:-Units by a Modified Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
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251:for the biosynthesis of complex structural
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231:Cell-wall containing organisms, such as
748:Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L (2002).
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1162:Cheah HL, Lim V, Sandai D (Apr 2014).
685:Kornberg, H. L.; Krebs, H. A. (1957).
286:, isocitrate undergoes cleavage into
116:Synthesis of Cell Constituents from C
7:
1349:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
1256:Lee YV, Wahab HA, Choong YS (2015).
432:The prospect of engineering various
601:Lorenz MC, Fink GR (October 2002).
59:cycle centers on the conversion of
407:Inhibition of the glyoxylate cycle
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316:phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
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243:, require very large amounts of
23:Overview of the Glyoxylate Cycle
411:Due to the central role of the
982:Storrey, Kenneth, ed. (2004).
280:acetate → citrate → isocitrate
212:(TCA cycle) where it is fully
171:is subsequently combined with
114:, resulting in a Nature paper
1:
1326:10.1016/S0167-7799(99)01417-1
1262:BioMed Research International
1056:10.1016/S0305-0491(99)00109-1
1235:10.1016/j.drudis.2017.04.012
1189:10.1371/journal.pone.0095951
1141:10.1016/8756-3282(89)90054-9
1021:10.1016/0167-4889(90)90133-X
619:10.1128/EC.1.5.657-662.2002
487:nuclear transfer technology
220:. This pathway thus allows
126:Similarities with TCA cycle
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754:. New York: W. H. Freeman.
517:(Tricarboxylic acid cycle)
314:, which is the product of
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871:10.1007/s10893-006-0004-3
664:10.1007/s10893-006-0004-3
1083:Human Molecular Genetics
361:electron transport chain
339:cycle occurs in special
132:tricarboxylic acid cycle
33:tricarboxylic acid cycle
2824:Carbohydrate metabolism
2705:carbohydrate metabolism
1314:Trends in Biotechnology
183:Role in gluconeogenesis
144:succinate dehydrogenase
835:10.1099/mic.0.030858-0
562:10.1186/1745-6150-1-31
318:, the first enzyme in
310:can be converted into
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2819:Biochemical reactions
2753:amino acid metabolism
953:10.1002/ar.1092270302
941:The Anatomical Record
906:10.1002/ar.1092340402
894:The Anatomical Record
326:Function in organisms
67:for the synthesis of
39:pathway occurring in
31:, a variation of the
22:
2729:cellular respiration
1223:Drug Discovery Today
428:Engineering concepts
152:malate dehydrogenase
104:University of Oxford
1901:Transcription &
1275:10.1155/2015/895453
1180:2014PLoSO...995951C
779:2001Natur.412...83L
703:1957Natur.179..988K
312:phosphoenolpyruvate
2829:Metabolic pathways
2688:metabolic pathways
1361:10.1007/BF01929882
1095:10.1093/hmg/ddt624
828:(Pt 10): 3166–75.
434:metabolic pathways
158:is converted into
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2636:Neurotransmitters
2015:Nucleotide sugars
1748:Direct / C4 / CAM
993:978-0-471-41090-4
697:(4568): 988–991.
515:Citric acid cycle
343:which are called
209:citric acid cycle
108:Sir Hans Kornberg
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479:epithelial cells
470:isocitrate lyase
451:isocitrate lyase
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367:Pathogenic fungi
284:isocitrate lyase
269:seed germination
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29:glyoxylate cycle
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2243:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2122:
2120:
2115:
2113:
2108:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2048:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2005:
2001:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1975:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1939:
1932:
1928:
1926:
1919:
1915:
1913:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1879:
1872:
1868:
1866:
1859:
1855:
1853:
1847:Steroidogenesis
1846:
1842:
1840:
1833:
1829:
1827:
1820:
1816:
1814:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1784:
1778:phosphorylation
1777:
1775:
1771:
1769:
1762:
1758:
1756:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1741:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1724:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1709:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1694:
1687:
1683:
1681:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1664:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1634:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1432:
1426:
1389:
1384:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1311:
1310:
1301:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1006:
1005:
1001:
994:
981:
980:
976:
937:
936:
929:
891:
890:
886:
856:
855:
851:
815:
814:
810:
764:
763:
759:
747:
746:
742:
684:
683:
679:
649:
648:
644:
607:Eukaryotic Cell
600:
599:
588:
542:
541:
528:
524:
511:
455:malate synthase
430:
409:
393:
369:
333:
328:
320:gluconeogenesis
296:malate synthase
277:
253:polysaccharides
185:
128:
119:
110:and his mentor
81:malate synthase
17:
12:
11:
5:
2842:
2840:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2811:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2741:cell signaling
2717:photosynthesis
2715:Violet nodes:
2703:Orange nodes:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2661:
2652:
2645:
2633:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2601:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2538:
2529:
2522:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2480:
2473:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2443:
2431:
2424:
2402:
2389:
2376:
2367:
2360:
2352:
2345:
2336:
2329:
2316:
2306:Aromatic amino
2303:
2296:
2289:
2275:
2263:
2256:
2242:
2228:
2219:
2213:Branched-chain
2210:
2203:
2196:
2187:
2178:
2169:
2160:
2153:
2144:
2137:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2077:
2070:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2000:
1993:
1984:
1967:
1958:
1940:
1927:
1914:
1895:
1880:
1867:
1854:
1841:
1828:
1815:
1800:
1785:
1770:
1763:Light reaction
1757:
1742:
1725:
1710:
1695:
1682:
1665:
1650:
1635:
1620:
1605:
1589:
1578:
1565:
1550:
1535:
1522:
1509:
1496:
1481:
1468:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1388:
1387:External links
1385:
1383:
1382:
1355:(9): 913–922.
1339:
1299:
1248:
1213:
1154:
1118:
1089:(9): 2313–23.
1069:
1034:
999:
992:
974:
927:
884:
865:(6): 631–639.
849:
808:
773:(6842): 83–6.
757:
740:
677:
658:(6): 631–639.
642:
586:
549:Biology Direct
525:
523:
520:
519:
518:
510:
507:
494:microorganisms
429:
426:
408:
405:
392:
389:
368:
365:
335:In plants the
332:
329:
327:
324:
275:
218:carbon dioxide
196:beta oxidation
184:
181:
127:
124:
117:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2841:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2798:
2795:Green nodes:
2786:
2782:
2779:Brown nodes:
2770:
2766:
2754:
2742:
2730:
2718:
2706:
2693:
2689:
2665:
2658:
2649:
2642:
2637:
2630:
2621:
2614:
2613:Sphingolipids
2607:
2606:sphingolipids
2598:
2589:
2582:
2581:Glycerolipids
2575:
2574:phospholipids
2566:
2559:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2535:
2526:
2519:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2488:proteoglycans
2484:
2483:Glycoproteins
2477:
2470:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2435:
2428:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2406:
2398:
2393:
2385:
2380:
2373:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2333:
2325:
2320:
2313:
2309:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2248:
2239:
2234:
2225:
2216:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2184:
2175:
2166:
2157:
2150:
2141:
2134:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2074:
2067:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1903:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1750:carbon intake
1739:
1738:
1737:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1586:
1585:
1575:
1574:
1562:
1561:
1547:
1546:
1532:
1531:
1519:
1518:
1506:
1505:
1493:
1492:
1478:
1477:
1465:
1464:
1450:
1442:
1441:
1435:
1430:
1423:
1418:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1320:(3): 99–102.
1319:
1315:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1217:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1174:(4): e95951.
1173:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1038:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1003:
1000:
995:
989:
985:
978:
975:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
947:(3): 271–84.
946:
942:
934:
932:
928:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
888:
885:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
853:
850:
845:
841:
836:
831:
827:
823:
819:
812:
809:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
761:
758:
753:
752:
744:
741:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
681:
678:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
646:
643:
638:
634:
629:
624:
620:
616:
613:(5): 657–62.
612:
608:
604:
597:
595:
593:
591:
587:
582:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
554:
550:
546:
539:
537:
535:
533:
531:
527:
521:
516:
513:
512:
508:
506:
503:
499:
495:
490:
488:
482:
480:
475:
471:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
439:
435:
427:
425:
423:
419:
414:
406:
404:
402:
398:
390:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
366:
364:
362:
357:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
330:
325:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
245:carbohydrates
242:
238:
234:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
210:
206:, enters the
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
182:
180:
178:
174:
170:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
125:
123:
121:
113:
109:
105:
100:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
69:carbohydrates
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
21:
2763:Grey nodes:
2751:Blue nodes:
2739:Pink nodes:
2657:cannabinoids
2495:Chlorophylls
2446:Antioxidants
2199:Serine group
2110:Photosystems
2096:P-glycerates
2043:P-glycerates
2008:sialic acids
2003:Amino sugars
1955:
1943:
1942:
1930:
1929:
1917:
1916:
1898:
1897:
1883:
1882:
1870:
1869:
1857:
1856:
1844:
1843:
1831:
1830:
1818:
1817:
1803:
1802:
1788:
1787:
1773:
1772:
1760:
1759:
1745:
1744:
1728:
1727:
1713:
1712:
1698:
1697:
1688:Fermentation
1685:
1684:
1668:
1667:
1653:
1652:
1638:
1637:
1623:
1622:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1591:
1580:
1567:
1552:
1537:
1524:
1512:
1511:
1498:
1483:
1470:
1457:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1317:
1313:
1265:
1261:
1251:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1135:(3): 201–6.
1132:
1128:
1121:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1050:(2): 177–9.
1047:
1043:
1037:
1015:(3): 276–8.
1012:
1008:
1002:
983:
977:
944:
940:
900:(4): 461–8.
897:
893:
887:
862:
858:
852:
825:
822:Microbiology
821:
811:
770:
766:
760:
751:Biochemistry
750:
743:
694:
690:
680:
655:
651:
645:
610:
606:
552:
548:
498:plausibility
491:
483:
465:
463:
431:
422:tuberculosis
417:
410:
394:
381:pathogenesis
370:
353:
334:
308:oxaloacetate
298:), yielding
279:
273:
230:
207:
186:
129:
115:
101:
97:
28:
26:
2787:metabolism.
2771:metabolism.
2727:Red nodes:
2664:Eicosanoids
2629:fatty acids
2558:Cholesterol
2546:carotenoids
2525:Polyketides
2460:Nucleotides
2415:tocopherols
2379:Calciferols
2292:Amino acids
2285:amino acids
2215:amino acids
2190:Respiratory
1933:Proteolysis
1920:Translation
1907:replication
1873:MEP pathway
1860:MVA pathway
1821:Lipogenesis
1793:deamination
1583:Peroxisomal
1475:respiration
459:pseudogenic
391:Vertebrates
349:germination
345:glyoxysomes
341:peroxisomes
188:Fatty acids
175:to produce
2813:Categories
2781:nucleotide
2565:Bile acids
2541:Terpenoids
2372:vitamin Bs
2355:Cobalamins
2283:glucogenic
2271:polyamines
2231:Homoserine
2103:Glyoxylate
1996:Inositol-P
1791:Amino acid
1731:feeders to
1559:elongation
1514:Glyoxylate
1503:acid cycle
1429:Metabolism
1268:: 895453.
522:References
502:glyoxylate
413:glyoxylate
337:glyoxylate
292:glyoxylate
255:, such as
224:to obtain
204:coenzyme A
173:acetyl-CoA
169:Glyoxylate
160:glyoxylate
156:isocitrate
112:Hans Krebs
61:acetyl-CoA
57:glyoxylate
2550:vitamin A
2534:backbones
2532:Terpenoid
2427:Cofactors
2419:vitamin E
2409:vitamin K
2397:vitamin A
2392:Retinoids
2384:vitamin D
2359:vitamin B
2324:vitamin C
2319:Ascorbate
2312:histidine
2299:Shikimate
2278:Ketogenic
2245:Glutamate
2222:Aspartate
2174:glutarate
2089:Pentose-P
2073:Succinate
2064:Propionyl
2057:Tetrose-P
2050:Pentose-P
1946:Glycosyl-
1886:Shikimate
1834:Lipolysis
1776:Oxidative
1733:gluconeo-
1675:oxylation
1656:Gluconeo-
1613:genolysis
1596:oxidation
1572:oxidation
1544:synthesis
1488:phosphate
719:1476-4687
383:of these
288:succinate
257:cellulose
202:group of
164:succinate
140:aconitase
83:(MS) and
77:nematodes
65:succinate
2769:cofactor
2648:Steroids
2588:Acyl-CoA
2572:Glycero-
2476:Proteins
2439:minerals
2434:Vitamins
2405:Quinones
2341:pigments
2266:Creatine
2259:Arginine
2163:Succinyl
2117:Pyruvate
2036:Glycerol
2029:Triose-P
2022:Hexose-P
1974:multiple
1671:Pyruvate
1462:fixation
1377:41676957
1334:10675896
1294:25649791
1243:28458043
1208:24781056
1168:PLOS ONE
1113:24334609
1064:10584301
969:39607621
922:13181926
879:30856607
844:19684068
795:11452311
735:40858130
727:13430766
672:30856607
637:12455685
581:17059607
509:See also
385:microbes
377:virulent
241:bacteria
214:oxidized
148:fumarase
89:bacteria
49:protists
45:bacteria
37:anabolic
35:, is an
2785:protein
2765:vitamin
2467:Nucleic
2370:Various
2252:proline
2206:Alanine
2172:α-Keto-
2149:acetate
2140:Citrate
2124:Lactate
1980:glycans
1888:pathway
1808:shuttle
1806:Citrate
1735:genesis
1718:genesis
1673:decarb-
1658:genesis
1628:genesis
1490:pathway
1486:Pentose
1369:1915775
1285:4306415
1199:4004578
1176:Bibcode
1149:2553083
1104:3976331
1029:2310778
961:2164796
914:1456449
803:4330954
775:Bibcode
699:Bibcode
572:1630690
447:Mammals
443:glucose
438:mammals
401:mammals
397:enzymes
356:acetate
302:. Both
261:glucans
247:during
93:animals
73:glucose
2686:Major
2639:&
2604:Glyco-
2544:&
2516:Acetyl
2486:&
2437:&
2413:&
2310:&
2269:&
2250:&
2238:lysine
2236:&
2183:bodies
2181:Ketone
2156:Malate
2147:Oxalo-
2131:Acetyl
2080:Acetyl
2006:&
1989:sugars
1987:Simple
1978:&
1976:sugars
1970:Double
1641:Glyco-
1626:Glyco-
1611:Glyco-
1501:Citric
1473:Photo-
1460:Carbon
1375:
1367:
1332:
1292:
1282:
1241:
1206:
1196:
1147:
1111:
1101:
1062:
1027:
990:
967:
959:
920:
912:
877:
842:
801:
793:
767:Nature
733:
725:
717:
691:Nature
670:
635:
628:126751
625:
579:
569:
555:: 31.
474:malate
466:E.coli
331:Plants
304:malate
300:malate
265:chitin
263:, and
249:growth
239:, and
233:plants
226:energy
192:lipids
177:malate
150:, and
55:. The
51:, and
41:plants
2655:Endo-
2620:Waxes
2597:acids
2595:Fatty
2469:acids
2348:Hemes
2332:δ-ALA
2308:acids
2280:&
2247:group
2233:group
2224:group
2192:chain
1963:acids
1961:Sugar
1948:ation
1716:Keto-
1703:lysis
1701:Keto-
1643:lysis
1555:Fatty
1540:Fatty
1529:cycle
1516:cycle
1373:S2CID
965:S2CID
918:S2CID
875:S2CID
799:S2CID
731:S2CID
668:S2CID
436:into
373:fungi
237:fungi
222:cells
200:thiol
190:from
53:fungi
2783:and
2767:and
2518:-CoA
2453:PRPP
2339:Bile
2165:-CoA
2133:-CoA
2082:-CoA
2066:-CoA
1594:beta
1570:Beta
1557:acid
1542:acid
1527:Urea
1365:PMID
1330:PMID
1290:PMID
1266:2015
1239:PMID
1204:PMID
1145:PMID
1129:Bone
1109:PMID
1060:PMID
1025:PMID
1013:1051
988:ISBN
957:PMID
910:PMID
840:PMID
791:PMID
723:PMID
715:ISSN
633:PMID
577:PMID
453:and
306:and
290:and
162:and
91:and
27:The
2690:in
2509:MVA
2502:MEP
1431:map
1357:doi
1322:doi
1280:PMC
1270:doi
1231:doi
1194:PMC
1184:doi
1137:doi
1099:PMC
1091:doi
1052:doi
1048:124
1017:doi
949:doi
945:227
902:doi
898:234
867:doi
830:doi
826:155
783:doi
771:412
707:doi
695:179
660:doi
623:PMC
615:doi
567:PMC
557:doi
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