1401:
behavior than a fasting blood sugar value. However, fasting blood sugar tests are crucial in making treatment decisions. The
American Diabetes Association guidelines are similar to others in advising that the glycated hemoglobin test be performed at least twice a year in patients with diabetes who are meeting treatment goals (and who have stable glycemic control) and quarterly in patients with diabetes whose therapy has changed or who are not meeting glycemic goals.
366:
148:. The test is considered a three-month average because the average lifespan of a red blood cell is three to four months. Normal levels of glucose produce a normal amount of glycated hemoglobin. As the average amount of plasma glucose increases, the fraction of glycated hemoglobin increases in a predictable way. In diabetes, higher amounts of glycated hemoglobin, indicating higher of blood glucose levels, have been associated with
3759:
1472:. The thiobarbituric acid method (a chemical method specific for the detection of glycation) shows that patients with kidney failure have values for glycated hemoglobin similar to those observed in normal subjects, suggesting that the high values in these patients are a result of binding of something other than glucose to hemoglobin.
1400:
Glycated hemoglobin testing is recommended for both checking the blood sugar control in people who might be prediabetic and monitoring blood sugar control in patients with more elevated levels, termed diabetes mellitus. For a single blood sample, it provides far more revealing information on glycemic
1016:
during the preceding two months, due to an abnormal synchronization of the age of the RBCs, resulting in an older than normal average blood cell life (resulting in an overestimate of actual average blood glucose levels). Conversely, higher-than-expected levels can be seen in people with a longer red
3701:
Diabetes
Control and Complications Trial Research Group; Nathan DM, Genuth S, Lachin J, Cleary P, Crofford O, Davis M, Rand L, Siebert C. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med.
851:
suggested that a target below 53 mmol/mol (7.0 DCCT %) for older adults with type 2 diabetes may be excessive: Below 53 mmol/mol, the health benefits of reduced A1c become smaller, and the intensive glycemic control required to reach this level leads to an increased rate of dangerous
3010:
Sacks DB, Arnold M, Bakris GL, Bruns DE, Horvath AR, Lernmark Å, Metzger BE, Nathan DM, Sue
Kirkman M. Executive Summary: Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus. Clin Chem. 2023 Aug 2;69(8):777-784. doi: 10.1093/clinchem/hvad079.
1530:
Most clinical studies recommend the use of HbA1c assays that are traceable to the DCCT assay. The
National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP) and IFCC have improved assay standardization. For initial diagnosis of diabetes, only HbA1c methods that are NGSP-certified should be used, not
978:
The 2022 ADA guidelines reaffirmed the recommendation that HbA1c should be maintained below 7.0% for most patients. Higher target values are appropriate for children and adolescents, patients with extensive co-morbid illness and those with a history of severe hypoglycemia. More stringent targets
1404:
Glycated hemoglobin measurement is not appropriate where a change in diet or treatment has been made within six weeks. Likewise, the test assumes a normal red blood cell aging process and mix of hemoglobin subtypes (predominantly HbA in normal adults). Hence, people with recent blood loss,
416:
A1c is a weighted average of blood glucose levels during the life of the red blood cells (117 days for men and 106 days in women). Therefore, glucose levels on days nearer to the test contribute substantially more to the level of A1c than the levels in days further from the test.
1007:
is recommended; these methods reflect glycemic control over the preceding 2-3 weeks. Blood donation will result in rapid replacement of lost RBCs with newly formed red blood cells. Since these new RBCs will have only existed for a short period of time, their presence will lead
3207:
Bhattacharjee R, Thukral A, Chakraborty PP, Roy A, Goswami S, Ghosh S, Mukhopadhyay P, Mukhopadhyay S, Chowdhury S. Effects of thyroid status on glycated hemoglobin. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2017 Jan-Feb;21(1):26-30. doi: 10.4103/2230-8210.196017. PMID: 28217494; PMCID:
962:
is higher above 64 mmol/mol (8.0 DCCT%) HbA1c as well as below 42 mmol/mol (6.0 DCCT %) in diabetic patients, and above 42 mmol/mol (6.0 DCCT %) as well as below 31 mmol/mol (5.0 DCCT %) in non-diabetic persons, indicating the risks of
1037:
for diabetics type 1 in Sweden in 2014 was 63 mmol/mol (7.9 DCCT%) and for type 2, 61 mmol/mol (7.7 DCCT%). HbA1c levels show a small, but statistically significant, progressive uptick with age; the clinical importance of this increase is unclear.
1444:
allow people with diabetes to determine their blood glucose levels on a continuous basis, testing every few minutes. Continuous use of blood glucose monitors is becoming more common, and the devices are covered by many health insurance plans, including
1020:
Results can be unreliable in many circumstances, for example after blood loss, after surgery, blood transfusions, anemia, or high erythrocyte turnover; in the presence of chronic renal or liver disease; after administration of high-dose vitamin C; or
628:
893:
below 42 mmol/mol (6.0 DCCT %) using increased amounts of medication would reduce the rate of cardiovascular events found higher mortality with this intensive therapy, so much so that the trial was terminated 17 months early.
122:) bond with hemoglobin when present in the bloodstream. However, glucose is only 21% as likely to do so as galactose and 13% as likely to do so as fructose, which may explain why glucose is used as the primary metabolic fuel in humans.
1490:
All the major institutions such as the
International Expert Committee Report, drawn from the International Diabetes Federation, the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, and the American Diabetes Association, suggest the
2686:
Currie, Craig J; Peters, John R; Tynan, Aodán; Evans, Marc; Heine, Robert J; Bracco, Oswaldo L; Zagar, Tony; Poole, Chris D (2010). "Survival as a function of HbA1c in people with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study".
484:
408:
Once a hemoglobin molecule is glycated, it remains that way. A buildup of glycated hemoglobin within the red cell, therefore, reflects the average level of glucose to which the cell has been exposed during its
3597:
Freitas PAC, Ehlert LR, Camargo JL. Glycated albumin: a potential biomarker in diabetes. Arch
Endocrinol Metab. 2017 May-Jun;61(3):296-304. doi: 10.1590/2359-3997000000272. PMID: 28699985; PMCID: PMC10118799.
2991:
American
Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 6. Glycemic Targets: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care. 2022 Jan 1;45(Suppl 1):S83-S96. doi: 10.2337/dc22-S006. PMID:
3127:
2435:"Statistical methods for monitoring the relationship between the IFCC reference measurement procedure for hemoglobin A1c and the designated comparison methods in the United States, Japan, and Sweden"
2567:
2524:
3832:
190:. The first fraction to separate, probably considered to be pure hemoglobin A, was designated HbA0, and the following fractions were designated HbA1a, HbA1b, and HbA1c, in their order of
129:
or other hormone diseases in high concentration (HbA1c >6.4%). A1c is of particular interest because it is easy to detect. The process by which sugars attach to hemoglobin is called
3302:
1499:
testing cannot be done, the fasting and glucose-tolerance tests be done. Screening for diabetes during pregnancy continues to require fasting and glucose-tolerance measurements for
2158:
Yaylayan, Varoujan A.; Huyghues-Despointes, Alexis (1994). "Chemistry of
Amadori Rearrangement Products: Analysis, Synthesis, Kinetics, Reactions, and Spectroscopic Properties".
866:, Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD), Advance and Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trials (VADT) estimated that the risks of the main complications of diabetes (
420:
This is also supported by data from clinical practice showing that HbA1c levels improved significantly after 20 days from start or intensification of glucose-lowering treatment.
2730:
2938:"Glycated haemoglobin A1c as a risk factor of cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause mortality in diabetic and non-diabetic populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
496:
5082:
5322:
1420:
Due to glycated hemoglobin's variability (as shown in the table above), additional measures should be checked in patients at or near recommended goals. People with HbA
183:
as it was unclear which process was involved until further research was performed. The terms are still sometimes used interchangeably in
English-language literature.
2571:
3825:
472:
901:
level. Because patients are responsible for averting or responding to their own hypoglycemic episodes, their input and the doctors' assessments of the patients'
3135:
378:
Glycation of proteins is a frequent occurrence, but in the case of hemoglobin, a nonenzymatic condensation reaction occurs between glucose and the N-end of the
1819:
992:
816:
Laboratory results may differ depending on the analytical technique, the age of the subject, and biological variation among individuals. Higher levels of HbA
1449:
in the United States. The supplies tend to be expensive, since the sensors must be changed at least every 2 weeks. Another useful test in determining if HbA
487:(IFCC) units. IFCC reporting was introduced in Europe except for the UK in 2003; the UK carried out dual reporting from 1 June 2009 until 1 October 2011.
1522:. Trials with multiple strains of probiotics had statistically significant reductions in glycated hemoglobin, whereas trials with single strains did not.
3818:
1699:
1547:
HbA1c testing has not been found useful in the monitoring during the treatment of cats and dogs with diabetes, and is not generally used; monitoring of
3802:
2057:
Koenig RJ, Peterson CM, Jones RL, Saudek C, Lehrman M, Cerami A (1976). "Correlation of glucose regulation and hemoglobin AIc in diabetes mellitus".
460:
3218:
Saaddine, Jinan B.; Fagot-Campagna, Anne; Rolka, Deborah; Narayan, K. M. Venkat; Geiss, Linda; Eberhardt, Mark; Flegal, Katherine M. (2002-08-01).
3574:
3362:
405:. The longer hyperglycemia occurs in blood, the more glucose binds to hemoglobin in the red blood cells and the higher the glycated hemoglobin.
4401:
459:
testing laboratories are certified by the
National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program to standardize them against the results of the 1993
429:
3310:
3068:
5199:
5144:
2474:
Manley S, John WG, Marshall S (July 2004). "Introduction of IFCC reference method for calibration of HbA: implications for clinical care".
2022:
Bunn HF, Haney DN, Gabbay KH, Gallop PM (1975). "Further identification of the nature and linkage of the carbohydrate in haemoglobin A1c".
859:
more than 48 mmol/mol (6.5 DCCT %) had an increased mortality rate, but a later international study contradicted these findings.
2755:
125:
The excess formation of the sugar-hemoglobin linkage indicates the presence of excessive sugar in the bloodstream, and is an indicator of
1846:
952:(slowed emptying of the stomach). Poor blood glucose control also increases the risk of short-term complications of surgery such as poor
5640:
4130:
2329:"A longitudinal study examining adherence to guidelines in diabetes care according to different definitions of adequacy and timeliness"
5114:
3106:
2734:
5594:
5244:
476:
3661:"Glucose- and glycaemic factor-lowering effects of probiotics on diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials"
2388:
897:
Practitioners must consider patients' health, their risk of hypoglycemia, and their specific health risks when setting a target HbA
3220:"Distribution of HbA(1c) levels for children and young adults in the U.S.: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey"
227:
The use of hemoglobin A1c for monitoring the degree of control of glucose metabolism in diabetic patients was proposed in 1976 by
5470:
1487:
test may be used in these circumstances and it also reflects an average of blood glucose levels over the preceding 2 to 3 weeks.
445:
3391:
1602:
390:, R=beta chain, CHR'=glucose-derived), which is itself converted to 1-deoxyfructose. This second conversion is an example of an
5666:
3512:
3278:
328:
1904:
1791:
1461:. GlycoMark reflects only the times that the person experiences hyperglycemia above 180 mg/dL over a two-week period.
5360:
4331:
4087:
2776:
1859:
Hospitals should ensure that the correct term for HbA1c – glycated haemoglobin – is now to be found in laboratory manuals.
1313:
840:
1050:
values given in DCCT percentage (%) and eAG (estimated average glucose) measurements is given by the following equation:
5400:
5327:
3665:
3157:
Kim, M. K.; Kwon, H. S.; Baek, K. H.; Lee, J. H.; Park, W. C.; Sohn, H. S.; Lee, K. W.; Song, K. H. (7 September 2010).
1877:
413:. Measuring glycated hemoglobin assesses the effectiveness of therapy by monitoring long-term serum glucose regulation.
1716:
1440:
is more reflective of an elevated blood glucose that does not vary much throughout the day. Devices such as continuous
5312:
5237:
5232:
4023:
3985:
1476:
1469:
1495:
level of 48 mmol/mol (6.5 DCCT %) as a diagnostic level. The Committee Report further states that, when HbA
5544:
5373:
5180:
4394:
4364:
1952:
Bookchin RM, Gallop PM (1968). "Structure of haemoglobin A1c: nature of the N-terminal beta chain blocking group".
1787:
Use of Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1C) in the Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus: Abbreviated Report of a WHO Consultation
3915:
2517:
2416:
1790:. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2011. p. 2, Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) for the diagnosis of diabetes.
1615:
Bunn HF, Higgins PJ (July 1981). "Reaction of monosaccharides with proteins: possible evolutionary significance".
855:
A retrospective study of 47,970 type 2 diabetes patients, aged 50 years and older, found that patients with an HbA
463:(DCCT). An additional percentage scale, Mono S has previously been in use by Sweden and KO500 is in use in Japan.
5447:
5395:
5292:
4192:
3159:"Effects of Thyroid Hormone on A1C and Glycated Albumin Levels in Nondiabetic Subjects With Overt Hypothyroidism"
1987:
Rahbar S, Blumenfeld O, Ranney HM (1969). "Studies of an unusual hemoglobin in patients with diabetes mellitus".
1658:
McPherson JD, Shilton BH, Walton DJ (March 1988). "Role of fructose in glycation and cross-linking of proteins".
1503:
at 24 to 28 weeks gestation, although glycated hemoglobin may be used for screening at the first prenatal visit.
441:
3785:- National Institutes of Health (NIH): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
5630:
5368:
5175:
4469:
4065:
3021:
Kilpatrick ES, Bloomgarden ZT, Zimmet PZ (2009). "Is haemoglobin A1c a step forward for diagnosing diabetes?".
1519:
1446:
1441:
999:, or any other condition causing premature red blood cell death. For these patients, alternate assessment with
5522:
5487:
4547:
4528:
4491:
4060:
3928:
3893:
3788:
2556:
2306:
348:
248:
3714:"Glycosylated hemoglobin measurement in dogs and cats: implications for its utility in diabetic monitoring"
2433:
Geistanger A, Arends S, Berding C, Hoshino T, Jeppsson JO, Little R, Siebelder C, Weykamp C (August 2008).
5435:
5317:
5287:
5277:
5192:
5163:
5107:
4326:
4180:
4018:
3980:
1873:"What is hemoglobin A1c? An analysis of glycated hemoglobins by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry"
972:
929:
332:
206:
Hemoglobin A1c was first separated from other forms of hemoglobin by Huisman and Meyering in 1958 using a
149:
2847:
Shubrook JH, Shubrook J (2010). "Risks and benefits of attaining HbA(1c) goals: Examining the evidence".
979:(<6.0%) are preferred for pregnant patients if this can be achieved without significant hypoglycemia.
133:
and the reference system is based on HbA1c, defined as beta-N-1-deoxy fructosyl hemoglobin as component.
94:(Hb) that is chemically linked to a sugar. Several types of glycated hemoglobin measures exist, of which
5465:
5460:
5254:
4387:
4120:
4097:
4082:
4013:
1532:
1417:
and other conditions, as well as those who have donated blood recently, are not suitable for this test.
879:
391:
301:, and these hemoglobin clumps (multimers) promote cell damage and the release of Fe-hemoglobin into the
71:
3563:
1033:(that found in healthy young persons), is about 30–33 mmol/mol (4.9–5.2 DCCT %). The mean HbA
623:{\displaystyle \mathrm {IFCC\ HBA1c} \,{\Big (}{\frac {\text{mmol}}{\text{mol}}}{\Big )}=\times 10.929}
3324:
1925:
Huisman TH, Martis EA, Dozy A (1958). "Chromatography of hemoglobin types on carboxymethylcellulose".
5681:
5661:
5625:
5584:
5517:
5507:
5502:
5390:
5157:
4672:
4658:
4644:
4630:
4318:
4175:
4163:
4140:
3995:
3863:
2340:
1624:
1500:
1464:
Concentrations of hemoglobin A1 (HbA1) are increased, both in diabetic patients and in patients with
1424:
values at 64 mmol/mol or less should be provided additional testing to determine whether the HbA
937:
871:
867:
362:
from them. Loose heme can cause oxidation of endothelial and LDL proteins, which results in plaques.
302:
5635:
5620:
5549:
5534:
5529:
5512:
5497:
5482:
5425:
5420:
5385:
5352:
4908:
4832:
4474:
4156:
4151:
3888:
1454:
1414:
1059:
996:
875:
240:
2756:"The largest ever study of diabetes shows intensive glucose control reduces serious complications"
5599:
5187:
4922:
4604:
3873:
3609:"International expert committee report on the role of the A1C assay in the diagnosis of diabetes"
3046:
2712:
2668:
2643:
Lehman R, Krumholz HM (2009). "Tight control of blood glucose in long standing type 2 diabetes".
2499:
1767:
187:
3513:"Glycated Hemoglobin in Uremic Patients as Measured by Affinity and Ion-Exchange Chromatography"
2518:"Standardisation of the reference method for the measurement of HbA1c to improve diabetes care"
324:
accumulation in blood vessel surfaces, ultimately leading to harmful plaques in these vessels.
5671:
5405:
5342:
5272:
5227:
5100:
4903:
4798:
4258:
4237:
3905:
3900:
3768:
3735:
3684:
3638:
3531:
3493:
3475:
3436:
3354:
3249:
3241:
3190:
3098:
3038:
2969:
2915:
2897:
2856:
2829:
2811:
2770:
2704:
2660:
2625:
2491:
2456:
2368:
2280:
2229:
2175:
2140:
2122:
2074:
2039:
2004:
1969:
1934:
1896:
1872:
1838:
1814:
1759:
1708:
1675:
1640:
1560:
821:
137:
835:
The International Diabetes Federation and the American College of Endocrinology recommend HbA
224:
The reactions leading to its formation were characterized by Bunn and his coworkers in 1975.
5676:
5380:
4808:
4767:
4697:
4379:
4348:
4005:
3725:
3674:
3628:
3620:
3523:
3483:
3467:
3426:
3344:
3336:
3231:
3180:
3170:
3088:
3080:
3030:
2959:
2951:
2905:
2887:
2819:
2803:
2696:
2652:
2615:
2607:
2483:
2446:
2358:
2348:
2270:
2260:
2219:
2209:
2167:
2130:
2112:
2066:
2031:
1996:
1961:
1886:
1828:
1751:
1667:
1632:
1410:
1406:
913:
847:
be below 53 mmol/mol (7.0 DCCT %) for most patients. Results from large trials in
145:
5579:
5249:
5150:
5137:
5062:
4917:
4341:
4336:
2420:
2392:
1320:≥ 48 mmol/mol (≥6.5 DCCT %) as another criterion for the diagnosis of diabetes.
1030:
294:
263:
1012:
to underestimate the actual average levels. There may also be distortions resulting from
369:
Glycation pathway via Amadori rearrangement (in HbA1c, R is typically N-terminal valine).
58:
3782:
3764:
2385:
2344:
1628:
1579:
365:
214:
by Bookchin and Gallop in 1968. Its increase in diabetes was first described in 1969 by
5539:
5412:
4964:
4959:
4249:
4105:
3878:
3868:
3730:
3713:
3633:
3608:
3488:
3455:
3349:
3185:
3158:
3093:
2964:
2937:
2910:
2875:
2824:
2791:
2620:
2595:
2363:
2328:
2275:
2248:
2224:
2197:
2135:
2101:"Glycated hemoglobin and its spinoffs: Cardiovascular disease markers or risk factors?"
2100:
1465:
1026:
1013:
959:
410:
402:
228:
207:
179:
hemoglobin to reflect the correct (non-enzymatic) process. Early literature often used
103:
17:
3796:
2700:
140:
and is used as a standard diagnostic test for evaluating the risk of complications of
5655:
5556:
5477:
5455:
5069:
5028:
4943:
4750:
4532:
4515:
4454:
4292:
4271:
4185:
4110:
4043:
3383:
2487:
2035:
2000:
1965:
1565:
1539:
devices for HbA1c testing, specifically large standard deviations and negative bias.
1536:
1511:
1429:
1022:
964:
953:
949:
925:
449:
336:
309:) of arteries and veins. This results in increased permeability of interior surface (
306:
271:
244:
215:
176:
3810:
3050:
2716:
2672:
2503:
1771:
5561:
5302:
5297:
5057:
4998:
4874:
4860:
4846:
4736:
4711:
4297:
4266:
4169:
4070:
3858:
3539:
1548:
1484:
1480:
1433:
1000:
968:
917:
344:
340:
259:
211:
3267:
889:
However, a trial by ACCORD designed specifically to determine whether reducing HbA
452:(e.g., doctor's office) devices use immunoassay boronate affinity chromatography.
195:
44:
2451:
2434:
2353:
1891:
1871:
Peterson KP, Pavlovich JG, Goldstein D, Little R, England J, Peterson CM (1998).
1695:"Determination of Normal HbA1C Levels in Non-Diabetic Patients with Hemoglobin E"
824:. While diabetic patient treatment goals vary, many include a target range of HbA
5604:
5332:
5170:
5005:
4418:
4115:
4075:
4055:
3990:
3952:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3850:
3527:
3306:
2955:
2563:
2528:
2070:
1785:
1575:
1570:
433:
383:
310:
194:. Improved separation techniques have subsequently led to the isolation of more
161:
153:
38:
5264:
5052:
5010:
4913:
4436:
4035:
3975:
3962:
3883:
3842:
3679:
3660:
3236:
3219:
2171:
1755:
1742:
Miedema K (2005). "Standardization of HbA1c and Optimal Range of Monitoring".
941:
379:
321:
298:
290:
157:
91:
3479:
3471:
3245:
2901:
2815:
2126:
1636:
912:) increase the risk of long-term vascular complications of diabetes, such as
5307:
4993:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4125:
3923:
3702:
1993 Sep 30;329(14):977-86. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199309303291401. PMID: 8366922.
2265:
1833:
1694:
1515:
1458:
991:
can be seen in people with shortened red blood cell lifespans, such as with
933:
902:
437:
428:
Several techniques are used to measure hemoglobin A1c. Laboratories may use
252:
172:
130:
111:
52:
3739:
3688:
3642:
3497:
3440:
3358:
3253:
3194:
3102:
3042:
2973:
2919:
2860:
2833:
2708:
2664:
2629:
2495:
2460:
2413:
2372:
2284:
2233:
2144:
1938:
1842:
1763:
1712:
1644:
3535:
2892:
2179:
2117:
2043:
2008:
1973:
1900:
1679:
5337:
5123:
4287:
4219:
3970:
2942:
2214:
2078:
1518:
to cause a statistically significant reduction in glycated hemoglobin in
1453:
values are due to wide variations of blood glucose throughout the day is
945:
317:
314:
267:
141:
126:
115:
1671:
4410:
4227:
3511:
Dufresne, L.; Joly, J. G.; Lepage, R.; Lessard, F.; Bannon, P. (1984).
2532:
1004:
398:
339:-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation, possibly through binding to
275:
191:
107:
3624:
3431:
3414:
3340:
3175:
3084:
3034:
2807:
2611:
485:
International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine
186:
The naming of HbA1c derives from hemoglobin type A being separated on
5220:
5217:
5214:
5211:
5208:
5205:
4427:
4232:
3564:"Undetectable Glycosylated Hemoglobin in Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia"
3067:
Nathan DM, Kuenen J, Borg R, Zheng H, Schoenfeld D, Heine RJ (2008).
2656:
1728:
921:
286:
280:
119:
3805:(pdf), American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee
4479:
863:
820:
are found in people with persistently elevated blood sugar, as in
352:
219:
66:
3325:"Executive summary: Standards of medical care in diabetes – 2010"
3128:"Hypothyroidism Falsely Raises HbA1c and Glycated Albumin Levels"
3069:"Translating the A1C assay into estimated average glucose values"
2596:"Executive Summary: Standards of medical care in diabetes – 2009"
882:) decreased by about 3% for every 1 mmol/mol decrease in HbA
136:
HbA1c is measured primarily to determine the three-month average
5589:
4588:
4576:
4571:
4503:
4414:
3799:, American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee
1535:
devices. Analytical performance has been a problem with earlier
359:
5096:
4383:
3814:
2198:"Glycated Hemoglobin and Methods for Its Point of Care Testing"
490:
Conversion between DCCT and IFCC is by the following equation:
4818:
4559:
2327:
Sidorenkov G, Haaijer-Ruskamp FM, de Zeeuw D, Denig P (2011).
2298:
828:
values. A diabetic person with good glucose control has an HbA
2758:. Advance-trial.com. Archived from the original on 2013-01-16
2568:
Association for Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine
2525:
Association for Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine
1744:
Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation
3456:"Hemoglobinopathies and Hemoglobin A1c in Diabetes Mellitus"
2386:
Developing Point of care HbA1c tests for Diabetes monitoring
1479:, concentrations of HbA1 is undetectable. Administration of
289:
hemoglobin (Fe-Hb). Fe is unstable and reacts with specific
5092:
3268:"Nationella Diabetesregistret Årsrapport 2014 års resultat"
2936:
Cavero-Redondo I, Peleteiro B, Martínez-Vizcaíno V (2017).
839:
values below 48 mmol/mol (6.5 DCCT %), while the
2876:"Effects of Intensive Glucose Lowering in Type 2 Diabetes"
2423:
By the Swedish Diabetes Association. Retrieved 2023-02-01.
239:
Glycated hemoglobin causes an increase of highly reactive
3275:
Nationella Diabetesregistret Årsrapport 2014 års resultat
2874:
Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, et al. (2008).
2395:, Barry Plant, Originally Published IVDT July/August 2008
908:
Persistent elevations in blood sugar (and, therefore, HbA
2987:
2985:
2983:
2733:. Diabetes Self-Management. 2008-03-07. Archived from
832:
level that is close to or within the reference range.
358:
This overall degradation of blood cells also releases
313:) of blood vessels and production of pro-inflammatory
1409:, or genetic differences in the hemoglobin molecule (
499:
343:(NO), preventing its normal function. NO is a potent
258:
Another way glycated hemoglobin causes damage is via
243:
inside blood cells, altering the properties of their
3384:"Diagnosing Diabetes and Learning About Prediabetes"
2557:"HbA1c Standardisation For Laboratory Professionals"
1813:
Oliwia Witczak, Trine B. Haugen (25 November 2014).
1483:
will allow the HbA1 to be detected. The alternative
1428:
values are due to averaging out high blood glucose (
5613:
5570:
5446:
5351:
5263:
5130:
5045:
5019:
4984:
4977:
4952:
4931:
4896:
4789:
4729:
4690:
4623:
4612:
4603:
4526:
4451:
4444:
4435:
4426:
4357:
4317:
4310:
4280:
4257:
4248:
4218:
4139:
4096:
4034:
4004:
3961:
3914:
3849:
2849:
The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association
1316:
Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes added the HbA
1017:blood cell lifespan, such as with iron deficiency.
65:
51:
37:
32:
971:, respectively. Similar risk results are seen for
622:
1075:
552:
535:
5323:Metabolic Score for Insulin Resistance (METS-IR)
1029:can artificially raise the A1c. In general, the
347:and also inhibits formation of plaque-promoting
270:) formation. Free-radical build-up promotes the
3654:
3652:
3062:
3060:
2931:
2929:
2191:
2189:
27:Form of hemoglobin chemically linked to a sugar
2253:Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism
2160:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
473:European Association for the Study of Diabetes
5108:
4395:
3826:
3277:(in Swedish). Nationella Diabetes Registret.
1601:Elizabeth Weiser Caswell Diabetes Institute.
1042:Mapping from A1c to estimated average glucose
944:(loss of sensation, especially in the feet),
8:
1820:Journal of the Norwegian Medical Association
993:glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
3789:National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse
3607:The International Expert Committee (2009).
2731:"Advance Study Contradicts ACCORD Findings"
1700:Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science
5115:
5101:
5093:
4981:
4620:
4609:
4448:
4441:
4432:
4402:
4388:
4380:
4314:
4254:
3833:
3819:
3811:
3460:Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
1324:Diagnostic standard for HbA1c in diabetes
983:Factors other than glucose that affect A1c
632:
297:. Hemoglobin molecules clump together via
5083:disorders of globin and globulin proteins
3729:
3678:
3632:
3487:
3430:
3348:
3235:
3184:
3174:
3092:
2963:
2909:
2891:
2823:
2619:
2450:
2362:
2352:
2274:
2264:
2223:
2213:
2134:
2116:
1890:
1832:
595:
563:
551:
550:
540:
534:
533:
532:
500:
498:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
1322:
1308:Normal, prediabetic, and diabetic ranges
1065:
461:Diabetes Control and Complications Trial
364:
255:, which results in impaired blood flow.
3791:- NIDDK (old site, archived 2010-02-21)
3415:"Standards of medical care in diabetes"
1597:
1595:
1591:
3712:Delack JB, Stogdale L (October 1983).
3413:American Diabetes Association (2007).
2768:
2409:
2407:
430:high-performance liquid chromatography
401:molecules attach to the hemoglobin in
29:
2247:Unnikrishnan, Ranjit (Jul–Aug 2012).
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
1719:from the original on 24 December 2022
1693:Pongudom, Saranya (1 November 2019).
351:(sometimes called "bad cholesterol")
7:
5365:Metabolic assessment and monitoring
3803:Standards of Care in Diabetes - 2024
1849:from the original on 5 December 2018
479:have agreed that, in the future, HbA
397:When blood glucose levels are high,
5641:Notable people with type 1 diabetes
5153:(SIDD, SIRD, MOD and MARD clusters)
4131:Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB
1046:The approximate mapping between HbA
471:The American Diabetes Association,
3134:. 12 November 2010. Archived from
599:
591:
585:
582:
579:
573:
570:
567:
564:
528:
522:
519:
516:
510:
507:
504:
501:
210:. It was first characterized as a
25:
5595:International Diabetes Federation
3394:from the original on 28 July 2017
3335:(Suppl 1): S4–S10. January 2010.
1794:from the original on 12 July 2020
987:Lower-than-expected levels of HbA
477:International Diabetes Federation
5471:Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
3757:
3571:repository.oai.yamaguchi-u.ac.jp
3454:Klonoff, David C. (2019-03-22).
2792:"A Summary of the Advance Trial"
2488:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2004.01311.x
1580:Structure of glycated hemoglobin
1526:Standardization and traceability
446:boronate affinity chromatography
374:Principle in medical diagnostics
102:is a standard single test. Most
3580:from the original on 2011-07-16
3365:from the original on 2010-01-13
3284:from the original on 2017-10-02
3109:from the original on 2012-02-19
2880:New England Journal of Medicine
2790:Heller, Simon R. (2009-11-01).
2577:from the original on 2011-07-20
2309:from the original on 2015-10-15
1907:from the original on 2015-09-23
1056:eAG(mmol/L) = 1.59 × A1C − 2.59
293:in hemoglobin to regain its Fe
231:, Ronald Koenig and coworkers.
2249:"Drugs affecting HbA1c levels"
1054:eAG(mg/dL) = 28.7 × A1C − 46.7
611:
602:
596:
560:
188:cation exchange chromatography
1:
5530:Diabetes-related skin disease
4088:Comprehensive metabolic panel
3797:Standards of Care in Diabetes
3388:American Diabetes Association
2701:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61969-3
2531:). April 2008. Archived from
2024:Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun
1989:Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun
1954:Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun
1314:American Diabetes Association
1058:(Data in parentheses are 95%
841:American Diabetes Association
175:hemoglobin is preferred over
5328:Homeostatic model assessment
3783:Health Information: Diabetes
3666:British Journal of Nutrition
2452:10.1373/clinchem.2008.103556
2354:10.1371/journal.pone.0024278
2099:Saleh, Jumana (2015-08-26).
2036:10.1016/0006-291X(75)90289-2
2001:10.1016/0006-291X(69)90685-8
1966:10.1016/0006-291X(68)90430-0
1551:levels is favoured instead.
5313:Noninvasive glucose monitor
4024:Thyroid-stimulating hormone
3986:Total iron-binding capacity
2956:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-015949
2105:World Journal of Cardiology
2071:10.1056/NEJM197608192950804
1815:"Glycated or glycosylated?"
1477:autoimmune hemolytic anemia
1470:ion-exchange chromatography
905:skills are also important.
382:. This reaction produces a
5698:
5545:Diabetic cheiroarthropathy
5374:Ambulatory glucose profile
5181:Impaired glucose tolerance
4365:Elevated alpha-fetoprotein
1892:10.1093/clinchem/44.9.1951
1432:) with low blood glucose (
5293:Postprandial glucose test
5078:
3680:10.1017/S0007114516000076
3528:10.1093/clinchem/30.3.485
3237:10.2337/diacare.25.8.1326
2775:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2606:(Suppl 1): S6–S12. 2009.
2172:10.1080/10408399409527667
1756:10.1080/00365510500236143
1603:Hemoglobin A1c Fact Sheet
1074:
1068:
812:Interpretation of results
483:is to be reported in the
455:In the United States, HbA
442:capillary electrophoresis
5631:Epidemiology of diabetes
5369:Blood glucose monitoring
5245:Type 3c (pancreatogenic)
5176:Impaired fasting glucose
3472:10.1177/1932296819841698
3303:"Change to HbA1c values"
2196:Pohanka M (March 2021).
1637:10.1126/science.12192669
1442:blood glucose monitoring
320:proteins, which promote
144:and as an assessment of
5488:Neuropathic arthropathy
3894:BUN-to-creatinine ratio
3659:Sun J, Buys NJ (2016).
2266:10.4103/2230-8210.98004
1834:10.4045/tidsskr.14.0172
852:hypoglycemic episodes.
299:cross-linking reactions
88:glycosylated hemoglobin
18:Glycosylated hemoglobin
5667:Diabetes-related tests
5436:Gastric bypass surgery
5318:Insulin tolerance test
5288:Glucose tolerance test
5193:Ketosis-prone diabetes
5164:Diabetes and pregnancy
4327:Elevated transaminases
4019:Thyroid function tests
3981:Transferrin saturation
3841:Clinical biochemistry
3309:. 2013. Archived from
2802:(Suppl 2): S357–S361.
1605:. Accessed 2024-07-02.
973:cardiovascular disease
624:
370:
333:vascular smooth muscle
249:blood cell aggregation
208:chromatographic column
150:cardiovascular disease
118:, spontaneously (i.e.
4121:Lactate dehydrogenase
4083:Basic metabolic panel
4014:ACTH stimulation test
2893:10.1056/NEJMoa0802743
2855:(7 Suppl 7): e7–e12.
2299:"NGSP: HbA1c and eAG"
2118:10.4330/wjc.v7.i8.449
1533:point-of-care testing
880:macrovascular disease
625:
392:Amadori rearrangement
368:
335:layer and inactivate
305:of innermost layers (
5626:Glossary of diabetes
5585:Open Insulin Project
5421:Embryonic stem cells
5158:Gestational diabetes
4141:Liver function tests
3996:Transferrin receptor
3770:glycated hemoglobin
3522:. pp. 485–486.
3138:on 23 September 2015
2215:10.3390/bios11030070
1507:Modification by diet
1501:gestational diabetes
1396:Indications and uses
1060:confidence intervals
938:erectile dysfunction
872:diabetic nephropathy
868:diabetic retinopathy
497:
467:Switch to IFCC units
278:-hemoglobin through
251:and increased blood
5636:History of diabetes
5621:Outline of diabetes
5550:Diabetic foot ulcer
5535:Diabetic dermopathy
5494:Organs in diabetes
5426:Artificial pancreas
5386:Diabetes medication
5283:Glycated hemoglobin
4939:Glycated hemoglobin
4909:Carbaminohemoglobin
4157:Serum total protein
4152:Human serum albumin
3425:(Suppl 1): S4–S41.
3132:Diabetes In Control
2345:2011PLoSO...624278S
1672:10.1021/bi00406a016
1629:1981Sci...213..222B
1543:Veterinary medicine
1468:, when measured by
1455:1,5-anhydroglucitol
1415:sickle-cell disease
1325:
997:sickle-cell disease
960:All-cause mortality
876:diabetic neuropathy
327:Highly glycated Hb-
262:, which results in
80:Glycated hemoglobin
33:Glycated hemoglobin
5600:World Diabetes Day
5188:Insulin resistance
3929:Arterial blood gas
3767:has a profile for
2419:2013-09-09 at the
2414:HbA1c in a new way
2391:2008-08-29 at the
1878:Clinical Chemistry
1323:
620:
371:
5649:
5648:
5343:Disposition index
5273:Blood sugar level
5143:Type 1 diabetes (
5090:
5089:
5041:
5040:
5037:
5036:
4973:
4972:
4904:Carboxyhemoglobin
4892:
4891:
4785:
4784:
4599:
4598:
4377:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4306:
4305:
4259:Blood sugar level
4238:Pancreatic lipase
4076:Total cholesterol
3906:Serum osmolal gap
3901:Plasma osmolality
3773:
3625:10.2337/dc09-9033
3432:10.2337/dc07-S004
3341:10.2337/dc10-S004
3176:10.2337/dc10-0988
3169:(12): 2546–2548.
3085:10.2337/dc08-0545
3035:10.1136/bmj.b4432
2886:(24): 2545–2559.
2808:10.2337/dc09-S339
2695:(9713): 481–489.
2612:10.2337/dc09-S006
2523:(Press release).
1927:J. Lab. Clin. Med
1623:(4504): 222–224.
1561:Diabetes mellitus
1393:
1392:
1369:40 - 47 mmol/mol
1305:
1304:
822:diabetes mellitus
809:
808:
578:
548:
547:
544:
515:
235:Damage mechanisms
138:blood sugar level
120:non-enzymatically
77:
76:
16:(Redirected from
5689:
5381:Diet in diabetes
5117:
5110:
5103:
5094:
4982:
4621:
4610:
4449:
4442:
4433:
4404:
4397:
4390:
4381:
4349:Hyperproteinemia
4315:
4255:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3812:
3771:
3761:
3760:
3744:
3743:
3733:
3709:
3703:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3682:
3673:(7): 1167–1177.
3656:
3647:
3646:
3636:
3619:(7): 1327–1334.
3604:
3598:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3579:
3568:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3544:
3538:. Archived from
3517:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3491:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3434:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3352:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3283:
3272:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3239:
3230:(8): 1326–1330.
3215:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3188:
3178:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3096:
3079:(8): 1473–1478.
3064:
3055:
3054:
3018:
3012:
3008:
2993:
2989:
2978:
2977:
2967:
2933:
2924:
2923:
2913:
2895:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2827:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2774:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2657:10.1136/bmj.b800
2640:
2634:
2633:
2623:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2576:
2561:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2537:
2522:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2454:
2445:(8): 1379–1385.
2430:
2424:
2411:
2402:
2396:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2366:
2356:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2278:
2268:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2227:
2217:
2193:
2184:
2183:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2138:
2120:
2096:
2083:
2082:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2019:
2013:
2012:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1894:
1885:(9): 1951–1958.
1868:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1836:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1726:
1724:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1666:(6): 1901–1907.
1655:
1649:
1648:
1612:
1606:
1599:
1520:type-2 diabetics
1457:, also known as
1411:hemoglobinopathy
1407:hemolytic anemia
1355:<40 mmol/mol
1326:
1200:16.5 (13.3–19.3)
1186:14.9 (12.0–17.5)
1172:13.4 (10.7–15.7)
1077:
1066:
914:coronary disease
862:A review of the
850:
633:
629:
627:
626:
621:
594:
576:
556:
555:
549:
545:
542:
541:
539:
538:
531:
513:
389:
284:
247:. This leads to
146:glycemic control
61:
47:
30:
21:
5697:
5696:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5687:
5686:
5652:
5651:
5650:
5645:
5609:
5580:T1International
5572:
5571:Advocacy &
5566:
5442:
5391:Insulin therapy
5347:
5259:
5126:
5121:
5091:
5086:
5074:
5063:Cytochrome P450
5033:
5015:
4969:
4948:
4927:
4918:Deoxyhemoglobin
4888:
4884:
4880:
4870:
4866:
4856:
4852:
4842:
4838:
4828:
4824:
4814:
4804:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4763:
4759:
4754:
4746:
4742:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4707:
4703:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4673:HbE Portland II
4668:
4664:
4654:
4650:
4640:
4636:
4615:
4595:
4522:
4453:Alpha locus on
4422:
4408:
4378:
4369:
4353:
4342:Hypoalbuminemia
4337:Hypoproteinemia
4302:
4276:
4250:Small molecules
4244:
4214:
4135:
4092:
4030:
4000:
3957:
3947:
3910:
3845:
3839:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3747:
3724:(10): 308–311.
3711:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3696:
3658:
3657:
3650:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3596:
3592:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3566:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3515:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3397:
3395:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3368:
3366:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3202:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3141:
3139:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3112:
3110:
3066:
3065:
3058:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3011:PMID: 37562009.
3009:
2996:
2990:
2981:
2935:
2934:
2927:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2740:
2738:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2421:Wayback Machine
2412:
2405:
2399:
2393:Wayback Machine
2384:
2380:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2312:
2310:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2195:
2194:
2187:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2098:
2097:
2086:
2059:N. Engl. J. Med
2056:
2055:
2051:
2021:
2020:
2016:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1910:
1908:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1852:
1850:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1797:
1795:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1722:
1720:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1600:
1593:
1588:
1557:
1545:
1528:
1509:
1498:
1494:
1452:
1439:
1427:
1423:
1398:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1319:
1310:
1158:11.8 (9.4–13.9)
1144:10.2 (8.1–12.1)
1072:
1057:
1055:
1049:
1044:
1036:
1031:reference range
1011:
990:
985:
911:
900:
892:
885:
858:
848:
846:
838:
831:
827:
819:
814:
651:
645:
639:
495:
494:
482:
469:
458:
426:
403:red blood cells
387:
376:
295:oxidation state
279:
264:atherosclerotic
237:
204:
170:
104:monosaccharides
84:glycohemoglobin
57:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5695:
5693:
5685:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5654:
5653:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5617:
5615:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5576:
5574:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5553:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5540:Diabetic bulla
5537:
5527:
5526:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5492:
5491:
5490:
5485:
5475:
5474:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5456:Diabetic comas
5452:
5450:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5440:
5439:
5438:
5430:
5429:
5428:
5423:
5415:
5413:Diabetic shoes
5410:
5409:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5371:
5363:
5357:
5355:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5269:
5267:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5241:
5240:
5235:
5225:
5224:
5223:
5196:
5190:
5185:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5168:
5167:
5166:
5154:
5148:
5141:
5140:(SAID cluster)
5134:
5132:
5128:
5127:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5112:
5105:
5097:
5088:
5087:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5072:
5067:
5066:
5065:
5060:
5049:
5047:
5043:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5025:
5023:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5003:
5002:
5001:
4990:
4988:
4979:
4975:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4965:Erythrocruorin
4962:
4956:
4954:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4935:
4933:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4923:Sulfhemoglobin
4920:
4911:
4906:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4816:
4812:
4806:
4802:
4795:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4694:
4692:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4659:HbE Portland I
4656:
4652:
4648:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4627:
4625:
4618:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4574:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4539:
4537:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4461:
4459:
4446:
4439:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4399:
4392:
4384:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4334:
4329:
4323:
4321:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4263:
4261:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4230:
4224:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4195:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4166:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4145:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4106:Cardiac marker
4102:
4100:
4098:Cardiovascular
4094:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4049:Hemoglobin A1c
4040:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4016:
4010:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3967:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3920:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3879:Renal function
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3855:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3763:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:External links
3749:
3746:
3745:
3704:
3694:
3648:
3599:
3590:
3555:
3503:
3446:
3405:
3375:
3316:
3313:on 2013-07-26.
3294:
3259:
3210:
3200:
3149:
3119:
3056:
3013:
2994:
2979:
2950:(7): e015949.
2925:
2866:
2839:
2782:
2747:
2722:
2678:
2635:
2587:
2548:
2509:
2482:(7): 673–676.
2466:
2425:
2403:
2397:
2378:
2319:
2290:
2259:(4): 528–531.
2239:
2185:
2166:(4): 321–369.
2150:
2111:(8): 449–453.
2084:
2065:(8): 417–420.
2049:
2030:(1): 103–109.
2014:
1995:(5): 838–843.
1979:
1944:
1933:(2): 312–327.
1917:
1863:
1805:
1777:
1734:
1707:(6): 804–809.
1685:
1650:
1607:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1556:
1553:
1544:
1541:
1527:
1524:
1508:
1505:
1496:
1492:
1466:kidney failure
1450:
1437:
1425:
1421:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1317:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1301:499 (410–570)
1299:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1287:470 (380–540)
1285:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1273:441 (460–510)
1271:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1259:413 (330–480)
1257:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1245:384 (310–440)
1243:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1231:355 (290–410)
1229:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1217:326 (260–380)
1215:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1203:298 (240–347)
1201:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1189:269 (217–314)
1187:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1175:240 (193–282)
1173:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1161:212 (170–249)
1159:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1147:183 (147–217)
1145:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1133:154 (123–185)
1131:
1130:8.6 (6.8–10.3)
1128:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1119:126 (100–152)
1117:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1034:
1027:Hypothyroidism
1014:blood donation
1009:
988:
984:
981:
930:kidney failure
909:
898:
890:
883:
856:
844:
843:recommends HbA
836:
829:
825:
817:
813:
810:
807:
806:
803:
800:
796:
795:
792:
789:
785:
784:
781:
778:
774:
773:
770:
767:
763:
762:
759:
756:
752:
751:
748:
745:
741:
740:
737:
734:
730:
729:
726:
723:
719:
718:
715:
712:
708:
707:
704:
701:
697:
696:
693:
690:
686:
685:
682:
679:
675:
674:
671:
668:
664:
663:
660:
657:
653:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
631:
630:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
575:
572:
569:
566:
562:
559:
554:
537:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
512:
509:
506:
503:
480:
468:
465:
456:
425:
422:
375:
372:
307:subendothelium
285:into abnormal
245:cell membranes
236:
233:
229:Anthony Cerami
203:
200:
169:
166:
75:
74:
69:
63:
62:
55:
49:
48:
41:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5694:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5612:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5573:Organizations
5569:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5557:Hyperglycemia
5555:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5531:
5528:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5498:Blood vessels
5496:
5495:
5493:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5479:
5478:Diabetic foot
5476:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5458:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5448:Complications
5445:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5354:
5350:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5262:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5229:
5226:
5222:
5219:
5216:
5213:
5210:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5197:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5172:
5169:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5155:
5152:
5149:
5146:
5142:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5118:
5113:
5111:
5106:
5104:
5099:
5098:
5095:
5085:
5084:
5077:
5071:
5070:Methemalbumin
5068:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5044:
5030:
5029:Leghemoglobin
5027:
5026:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4980:
4976:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4960:Chlorocruorin
4958:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4945:
4944:Methemoglobin
4942:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4915:
4914:Oxyhemoglobin
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4895:
4876:
4873:
4862:
4859:
4848:
4845:
4834:
4831:
4820:
4817:
4810:
4807:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4792:
4788:
4769:
4766:
4755:
4749:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4713:
4710:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4689:
4674:
4671:
4660:
4657:
4646:
4643:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4565:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4553:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4525:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4485:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4450:
4447:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4425:
4420:
4416:
4413:that contain
4412:
4405:
4400:
4398:
4393:
4391:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4350:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4316:
4313:
4309:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4293:Hyperuricemia
4291:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4273:
4272:Hyperglycemia
4270:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4187:
4186:AST/ALT ratio
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4170:transaminases
4167:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4111:Troponin test
4109:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4071:Triglycerides
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4044:Blood glucose
4042:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4003:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3836:
3831:
3829:
3824:
3822:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3774:
3766:
3750:
3741:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3708:
3705:
3698:
3695:
3690:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3613:Diabetes Care
3610:
3603:
3600:
3594:
3591:
3576:
3572:
3565:
3559:
3556:
3545:on 2011-06-07
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3504:
3499:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3450:
3447:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3419:Diabetes Care
3416:
3409:
3406:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3329:Diabetes Care
3326:
3320:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3295:
3280:
3276:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3224:Diabetes Care
3221:
3214:
3211:
3204:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3163:Diabetes Care
3160:
3153:
3150:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3073:Diabetes Care
3070:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3017:
3014:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2796:Diabetes Care
2793:
2786:
2783:
2778:
2772:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2737:on 2012-07-17
2736:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2682:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2600:Diabetes Care
2597:
2591:
2588:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2552:
2549:
2538:on 2011-07-22
2534:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2382:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2339:(9): e24278.
2338:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2320:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1918:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1809:
1806:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1735:
1730:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1689:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1566:Hemoglobin A2
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1537:point-of-care
1534:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1512:Meta-analysis
1506:
1504:
1502:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1443:
1435:
1431:
1430:hyperglycemia
1418:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1385:
1383:≥48 mmol/mol
1382:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1307:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1116:7.0 (5.5–8.5)
1115:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1102:5.4 (4.2–6.7)
1101:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1067:
1061:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1041:
1039:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:erythropoetin
1018:
1015:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
982:
980:
976:
974:
970:
966:
965:hyperglycemia
961:
957:
955:
954:wound healing
951:
950:gastroparesis
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
926:heart failure
923:
919:
915:
906:
904:
895:
887:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
860:
853:
842:
833:
823:
811:
804:
801:
798:
797:
793:
790:
787:
786:
782:
779:
776:
775:
771:
768:
765:
764:
760:
757:
754:
753:
749:
746:
743:
742:
738:
735:
732:
731:
727:
724:
721:
720:
716:
713:
710:
709:
705:
702:
699:
698:
694:
691:
688:
687:
683:
680:
677:
676:
672:
669:
666:
665:
661:
658:
655:
654:
647:
641:
635:
634:
617:
614:
608:
605:
588:
557:
525:
493:
492:
491:
488:
486:
478:
474:
466:
464:
462:
453:
451:
450:Point of care
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
423:
421:
418:
414:
412:
406:
404:
400:
395:
393:
385:
381:
373:
367:
363:
361:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
337:acetylcholine
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
282:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
241:free radicals
234:
232:
230:
225:
223:
221:
217:
216:Samuel Rahbar
213:
209:
201:
199:
197:
193:
189:
184:
182:
178:
174:
167:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
134:
132:
128:
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
98:, or simply
97:
93:
90:is a form of
89:
85:
81:
73:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
54:
50:
46:
42:
40:
36:
31:
19:
5562:Hypoglycemia
5466:Ketoacidosis
5461:Hypoglycemia
5401:conventional
5303:Glucose test
5298:Fructosamine
5282:
5080:
5058:Cytochrome b
5020:
4999:Metmyoglobin
4985:
4938:
4790:
4616:development:
4613:
4583:
4566:
4554:
4542:
4527:
4510:
4498:
4486:
4464:
4452:
4419:hemoproteins
4332:Elevated ALP
4298:Hypouricemia
4267:Hypoglycemia
4203:Unconjugated
4168:
4048:
3851:Electrolytes
3769:
3721:
3717:
3707:
3697:
3670:
3664:
3616:
3612:
3602:
3593:
3582:. Retrieved
3570:
3558:
3547:. Retrieved
3540:the original
3520:clinchem.com
3519:
3506:
3463:
3459:
3449:
3422:
3418:
3408:
3396:. Retrieved
3387:
3378:
3367:. Retrieved
3332:
3328:
3319:
3311:the original
3297:
3286:. Retrieved
3274:
3262:
3227:
3223:
3213:
3203:
3166:
3162:
3152:
3140:. Retrieved
3136:the original
3131:
3122:
3111:. Retrieved
3076:
3072:
3026:
3022:
3016:
2947:
2941:
2883:
2879:
2869:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2799:
2795:
2785:
2760:. Retrieved
2750:
2739:. Retrieved
2735:the original
2725:
2692:
2688:
2681:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2603:
2599:
2590:
2579:. Retrieved
2551:
2540:. Retrieved
2533:the original
2512:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2442:
2438:
2428:
2400:
2381:
2336:
2332:
2322:
2311:. Retrieved
2302:
2293:
2256:
2252:
2242:
2205:
2201:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2108:
2104:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2027:
2023:
2017:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1960:(1): 86–93.
1957:
1953:
1947:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1909:. Retrieved
1882:
1876:
1866:
1858:
1851:. Retrieved
1827:(22): 2179.
1824:
1818:
1808:
1796:. Retrieved
1786:
1780:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1727:– via
1721:. Retrieved
1704:
1698:
1688:
1663:
1660:Biochemistry
1659:
1653:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1549:fructosamine
1546:
1529:
1510:
1489:
1485:fructosamine
1481:prednisolone
1474:
1463:
1436:) or the HbA
1434:hypoglycemia
1419:
1403:
1399:
1366:Prediabetes
1344:"Mono S" HbA
1311:
1298:27.7 (23–32)
1284:26.1 (21–30)
1270:24.5 (20–28)
1256:22.9 (19–26)
1242:21.3 (17–25)
1228:19.7 (16–23)
1214:18.1 (15–21)
1105:97 (76–120)
1045:
1019:
1003:or glycated
1001:fructosamine
986:
977:
969:hypoglycemia
958:
918:heart attack
907:
896:
888:
861:
854:
834:
815:
648:"Mono S" HbA
489:
470:
454:
427:
419:
415:
407:
396:
377:
357:
341:nitric oxide
326:
260:inflammation
257:
238:
226:
218:
212:glycoprotein
205:
196:subfractions
185:
181:glycosylated
180:
177:glycosylated
171:
135:
124:
106:, including
99:
95:
87:
83:
79:
78:
5682:Hemoglobins
5662:Blood tests
5605:Diabetes UK
5333:SPINA-GBeta
5265:Blood tests
5171:Prediabetes
5006:Neuroglobin
4932:Other human
4645:HbE Gower 2
4631:HbE Gower 1
4281:Nitrogenous
4116:CPK-MB test
4056:Lipid panel
3991:Transferrin
3939:Bicarbonate
3934:Base excess
3843:blood tests
3307:Diabetes UK
3208:PMC5240076.
2564:Diabetes UK
2529:Diabetes UK
2476:Diabet. Med
1723:24 December
1576:Proteopedia
1571:Prediabetes
1025:treatment.
434:immunoassay
424:Measurement
384:Schiff base
345:vasodilator
331:go through
311:endothelium
291:amino acids
168:Terminology
162:retinopathy
154:nephropathy
39:MedlinePlus
5656:Categories
5361:Prevention
5353:Management
5278:Biomarkers
5053:Cytochrome
5011:Cytoglobin
4791:pathology:
4614:stages of
4529:Beta locus
4437:Hemoglobin
4208:Conjugated
4036:Metabolism
3976:Serum iron
3963:Iron tests
3884:Creatinine
3584:2009-08-31
3549:2009-08-31
3466:(1): 3–7.
3398:2 December
3369:2010-01-02
3288:2015-12-14
3113:2009-09-24
2762:2013-06-10
2741:2013-06-10
2689:The Lancet
2581:2009-07-02
2542:2009-07-02
2439:Clin. Chem
2313:2024-06-21
2202:Biosensors
1911:2024-06-21
1853:5 December
1798:2 December
1586:References
1516:probiotics
1514:has shown
1413:) such as
1375:4.7%-5.4%
1338:"DCCT" HbA
1332:"IFCC" HbA
1329:Diagnosis
942:neuropathy
656:(mmol/mol)
642:"DCCT" HbA
636:"IFCC" HbA
411:life-cycle
380:beta chain
322:macrophage
272:excitation
158:neuropathy
92:hemoglobin
5406:pulsatile
5396:intensive
5308:C-peptide
5238:Permanent
5233:Transient
5198:Type 3a (
5081:see also
4994:Myoglobin
4897:Compounds
4768:HbF/Fetal
4698:HbF/Fetal
4624:Embryonic
4605:Tetramers
4198:Bilirubin
4148:Proteins
4126:Myoglobin
3924:Anion gap
3916:Acid-base
3864:Potassium
3772:(Q311213)
3718:Can Vet J
3480:1932-2968
3246:0149-5992
3029:: b4432.
2992:34964868.
2902:0028-4793
2816:0149-5992
2208:(3): 70.
2127:1949-8462
1750:: 61–72.
1459:GlycoMark
1389:>5.5%
1380:Diabetes
1372:5.7–6.4%
1361:<4.7%
1358:<5.7%
1312:The 2010
934:blindness
903:self-care
615:×
606:−
600:%
438:enzymatic
253:viscosity
131:glycation
112:galactose
53:eMedicine
5672:Diabetes
5338:SPINA-GR
5228:Neonatal
5156:Type 4 (
5147:cluster)
5124:Diabetes
4953:Nonhuman
4445:Subunits
4411:Proteins
4311:Proteins
4288:Azotemia
4220:Pancreas
4006:Hormones
3971:Ferritin
3869:Chloride
3740:17422317
3689:26899960
3643:19502545
3575:Archived
3498:30897962
3441:17192377
3392:Archived
3363:Archived
3359:20042774
3279:Archived
3254:12145229
3195:20823345
3142:6 August
3107:Archived
3103:18540046
3051:36941786
3043:19903702
2974:28760792
2943:BMJ Open
2920:18539917
2861:20644204
2834:19875581
2771:cite web
2717:21223855
2709:20110121
2673:45188963
2665:19264821
2651:: b800.
2645:Br Med J
2630:19118288
2572:Archived
2504:30468208
2496:15209757
2461:18539643
2417:Archived
2389:Archived
2373:21931669
2333:PLOS ONE
2307:Archived
2303:ngsp.org
2285:22837911
2234:33806493
2145:26322184
1939:13564011
1905:Archived
1847:Archived
1843:25423986
1792:Archived
1772:30162967
1764:16112961
1717:Archived
1713:31882432
1645:12192669
1555:See also
1447:Medicare
1085:mmol/mol
946:gangrene
388:R−N=CHR'
353:oxidized
318:adhesion
315:monocyte
268:atheroma
266:plaque (
173:Glycated
142:diabetes
127:diabetes
116:fructose
5677:Glucose
4428:Globins
4228:Amylase
3953:Lactate
3948:content
3874:Calcium
3765:Scholia
3731:1790442
3634:2699715
3536:6697506
3489:7189151
3350:2797389
3186:2992186
3094:2742903
2965:5642750
2911:4551392
2825:2811451
2621:2613586
2364:3169586
2341:Bibcode
2276:3401751
2225:8000313
2180:7945894
2136:4549778
2044:1201013
2009:5808299
1974:4874776
1901:9732983
1680:3132203
1625:Bibcode
1617:Science
1352:Normal
1005:albumin
849:2008–09
440:assay,
399:glucose
202:History
192:elution
108:glucose
72:41995-2
59:2049478
5518:Retina
5513:Nerves
5508:Kidney
5503:Muscle
5432:Other
5250:Type 3
5206:Type 1
5151:Type 2
5138:Type 1
5021:plant:
4986:human:
4480:pseudo
4233:Lipase
3859:Sodium
3738:
3728:
3687:
3641:
3631:
3534:
3496:
3486:
3478:
3439:
3357:
3347:
3252:
3244:
3193:
3183:
3101:
3091:
3049:
3041:
2972:
2962:
2918:
2908:
2900:
2859:
2832:
2822:
2814:
2715:
2707:
2671:
2663:
2628:
2618:
2566:(with
2527:(with
2502:
2494:
2459:
2371:
2361:
2283:
2273:
2232:
2222:
2178:
2143:
2133:
2125:
2079:934240
2077:
2042:
2007:
1972:
1937:
1899:
1841:
1770:
1762:
1729:PubMed
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