449:
434:
473:
738:
129:
343:
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54:
251:
Pure shear deformation of rock producing gneissic banding. The undeformed rock is shown at upper left, and the result of pure shear deformation at upper right. At lower left is the stretching component of the deformation, which compresses the rock in one direction and stretches it in the other, as
542:
that has undergone a relatively mild grade of metamorphism, at temperatures of 350–500 °C (662–932 °F) and pressures of 200–500 MPa (2,000–5,000 bar). The greenstone belts are surrounded by high-grade gneiss terrains showing highly deformed low-pressure, high-temperature (over
175:
category for medium- to coarse-grained metamorphic rock that shows poorly developed schistosity, with compositional layering over 5 millimeters (0.20 in) thick and tending to split into plates over 1 centimeter (0.39 in) thick. Neither definition depends on composition or origin, though
424:
of mafic rock complementary to the leucosome. Migmatites are often interpreted as rock that has been partially melted, with the leucosome representing the silica-rich melt, the melanosome the residual solid rock left after partial melting, and the mesosome the original rock that has not yet
152:. In other words, it is a metamorphic rock composed of mineral grains easily seen with the unaided eye, which form obvious compositional layers, but which has only a weak tendency to fracture along these layers. In Europe, the term has been more widely applied to any coarse,
302:(the original rock material that undergoes metamorphism) to extreme shearing force, a sliding force similar to the pushing of the top of a deck of cards in one direction, and the bottom of the deck in the other direction. These forces stretch out the rock like a
105:. This rock is formed under pressures anywhere from 2 to 15 kbar, sometimes even more, and temperatures over 300°C (572°F). Gneiss nearly always shows a banded texture characterized by alternating darker and lighter colored bands and without a distinct
563:
of two distinct mountain-forming events, with the first producing the granite basement and the second deforming and melting this basement to produce the domes. However, some gneiss domes may actually be the cores of
837:
1410:
Chen, Zongwu; Wu, Shaopeng; Wen, Jin; Zhao, Meiling; Yi, Mingwei; Wan, Jiuming (September 2015). "Utilization of gneiss coarse aggregate and steel slag fine aggregate in asphalt mixture".
507:. Many different varieties of rock can be metamorphosed to gneiss, so geologists are careful to add descriptions of the color and mineral composition to the name of any gneiss, such as
295:). The bands develop perpendicular to the direction of greatest compression, also called the shortening direction, as platy minerals are rotated or recrystallized into parallel layers.
239:
also remains in common use. For example, a gneissose metagranite or a gneissic metagranite both mean a granite that has been metamorphosed and thereby acquired gneissose texture.
839:
Metamorphic Rocks: A Classification and
Glossary of Terms: Recommendations of the International Union of Geological Sciences Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks
328:
Another cause of banding is "metamorphic differentiation", which separates different materials into different layers through chemical reactions, a process not fully understood.
559:(regions of mountain formation). They consist of a dome of gneiss intruded by younger granite and migmatite and mantled with sedimentary rock. These have been interpreted as a
1278:
1191:
Bowring, S.A., and
Williams, I.S., 1999. Priscoan (4.00–4.03 Ga) orthogneisses from northwestern Canada. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 134, 3–16
448:
313:
Some banding is formed from original rock material (protolith) that is subjected to extreme temperature and pressure and is composed of alternating layers of
256:
The minerals in gneiss are arranged into layers that appear as bands in cross section. This is called gneissic banding. The darker bands have relatively more
310:, the deformation produced by such shearing force is equivalent to rotation of the rock combined with shortening in one direction and extension in another.
1475:
188:
or other platy minerals. Metamorphic rock showing stronger schistosity is classified as schist, while metamorphic rock devoid of schistosity is called a
1253:
526:
are regions of exposed ancient rock that make up the stable cores of continents. The rock exposed in the oldest regions of shields, which is of
386:, surrounded by finer grained material. The finer grained material deforms around the more resistant feldspar grains to produce this texture.
1236:
930:
503:. In other words, the rock was metamorphosed at a temperature in excess of 600 °C (1,112 °F) at pressures between about 2 to 24
1521:
1028:
1377:
Castro, Nuria Fernández; Mansur, Kátia Leite; Frascá, Maria
Heloisa Barros de Oliveira; Silva, Rosana Elisa Coppedê (1 March 2021).
1211:
1164:
1080:
979:
88:
291:
The banding is developed at high temperature when the rock is more strongly compressed in one direction than in other directions (
1282:
400:
Migmatite is a gneiss consisting of two or more distinct rock types, one of which has the appearance of an ordinary gneiss (the
543:
500 °C (932 °F)) metamorphism to the amphibolite or granulite facies. These form most of the exposed rock in
Archean
1491:
898:
873:
776:
444:) cutting light grey Lewisian gneiss of the Scourie complex, both deformed and cut by later (unfoliated) pink granite dikes
2528:
1190:
1096:
Whitney, D.L; Teyssier, C.; Vanderhaeghe, O. (2004). "Gneiss domes and crustal flow". In
Whitney, D.L.; Teyssier, C.;
307:
181:
252:
shown by the arrows. The rock is simultaneously rotated to produce the final configuration, repeated at lower right.
2523:
597:. This is one of the most ancient intact crustal fragments on Earth, metamorphosed 3.58 to 4.031 billion years ago.
1046:
Constrictional deformation of the Koster dyke swarm in a ductile sinistral shear zone, Koster islands, SW Sweden.
461:
160:
374:, meaning "eyes", is a gneiss resulting from metamorphism of granite, which contains characteristic elliptic or
565:
370:
1145:
433:
1574:
1554:
1514:
97:. It is formed by high-temperature and high-pressure metamorphic processes acting on formations composed of
31:
1999:
1337:
From p. 308: " … to which we may add this conjecture, that the black vein-stone, or rock, usually called
709:
472:
1257:
1964:
1352:
646:, United States. It is thought to be the oldest intact block of continental crust in the United States.
586:
489:
1133:
836:
Schmid, R.; Fettes, D.; Harte, B.; Davis, E.; Desmons, J. (2007). "How to name a metamorphic rock.".
539:
303:
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438:
2249:
1795:
1507:
1160:
1097:
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687:
500:
149:
113:
106:
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gneisses, and so forth. Gneiss rocks may also be named after a characteristic component such as
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1076:
1024:
975:
926:
894:
869:
772:
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609:
535:
172:
704:
Gneiss is used as a building material, such as the
Facoidal gneiss. It's used extensively in
2447:
2159:
1946:
1815:
1485:
1419:
1390:
1141:
713:
601:
569:
523:
228:
141:
137:
102:
94:
71:
1103:
Gneiss domes in orogeny: Boulder, Colorado, Geological
Society of America Special Paper 380
2518:
2259:
2019:
1872:
639:
560:
531:
362:
1159:
Yin, A. (2004). "Gneiss domes and gneiss dome systems". In
Whitney, D.L.; Teyssier, C.;
1137:
2452:
2294:
1887:
1810:
742:
705:
628:
605:
568:, regions of the deep crust brought to the surface and exposed during extension of the
556:
465:
405:
375:
185:
1469:
1423:
1395:
1378:
1124:
Teyssier, Christian; Whitney, Donna L. (1 December 2002). "Gneiss domes and orogeny".
974:(Second ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 38.
800:
2512:
2497:
2412:
2377:
2224:
1785:
1690:
1101:
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117:
1172:. Boulder, Colorado: Geological Society of America. pp. 1–14. Special Paper 380
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age (over 2500 million years old), mostly belong to granite-greenstone belts. The
2311:
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2172:
2099:
2049:
1974:
1820:
1755:
1725:
1680:
1638:
1611:
1606:
1596:
1559:
594:
493:
441:
145:
44:
1044:
801:"BGS Rock Classification Scheme, Volume 2: Classification of metamorphic rocks"
180:
are more likely to produce gneissose texture. Gneissose rocks thus are largely
2477:
2462:
2437:
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2342:
2327:
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2212:
2177:
2167:
2149:
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2009:
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1892:
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1805:
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1710:
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1695:
1675:
1584:
1310:. Geological Survey of India,27, Jawaharlal Nehru Road, Kolkata-700016. 2001.
136:
In traditional
English and North American usage, a gneiss is a coarse-grained
1315:
195:
Gneisses that are metamorphosed igneous rocks or their equivalent are termed
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2482:
2472:
2457:
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2139:
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2014:
1989:
1954:
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771:. Harlow, Essex, England: Longman Scientific & Technical. p. 22.
342:
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1601:
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893:(Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute.
691:
17:
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2004:
1969:
1862:
1790:
1705:
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1229:
Land of mountain and flood : the geology and landforms of
Scotland
527:
453:
247:
208:
200:
196:
98:
1304:"National Geological Monuments, pages 96, Peninsular Gneiss,page29-32"
620:. These rocks are largely igneous in origin, mixed with metamorphosed
480:
in Brazil, the oldest rock outcropping in the crust of South America,
2397:
2372:
2269:
2229:
2094:
1959:
1857:
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1484:
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2284:
2279:
2144:
2109:
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1984:
1979:
1379:"A heritage stone of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil): the Facoidal gneiss"
617:
477:
471:
447:
432:
341:
337:
318:
298:
A common cause of nonhydrodynamic stress is the subjection of the
257:
246:
127:
53:
1499:
2134:
2079:
1994:
1926:
613:
504:
265:
164:
153:
1503:
306:, and the original material is spread out into sheets. Per the
1049:
Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 34 (3–4): 151–97
116:. Some of the oldest rocks on Earth are gneisses, such as the
1468:
925:(4th ed.). W.W. Norton. pp. 194–95, Figs. 7.6a–c.
593:, on an island about 300 kilometers (190 mi) north of
77:
1071:
Kearey, P.; Klepeis, Keith A.; Vine, Frederick J. (2009).
1146:
10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<1139:GDAO>2.0.CO;2
1058:
1006:
1335:. London, England: A. Millar and A. Linde. p. 308.
657:
and ranging in age from 3400 to 2500 million years old.
653:
is a sequence of Archean gneisses found throughout the
1075:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 350.
866:
Petrology : igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
845:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–15
456:
dike (about 1100 million years old) and light-colored
276:, which contain more of the lighter elements, such as
868:(2nd ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. p. 360.
624:, quartzite and mica schist with later intrusions of
235:
to describe rocks with the texture of gneiss, though
89:
80:
74:
670:
has been used in English since at least 1757. It is
2320:
2158:
1945:
1535:
608:of Scotland, on the Scottish mainland west of the
831:
829:
827:
825:
404:), and another of which has the appearance of an
347:
696:"spark" (so called because the rock glitters).
321:(darker), which is metamorphosed into bands of
58:Sample of gneiss exhibiting "gneissic banding".
916:
914:
912:
910:
1515:
268:). The lighter bands contain relatively more
93:) is a common and widely distributed type of
8:
1281:. Geological Survey of India. Archived from
681:
675:
184:but do not carry large quantities of micas,
112:Gneisses are common in the ancient crust of
37:
889:Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "Gneissic".
1522:
1508:
1500:
1332:Pyritologia, or a History of the Pyrites …
1256:. Emporia State University. Archived from
994:
957:
165:International Union of Geological Sciences
52:
1394:
808:British Geological Survey Research Report
864:Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Robert J. (1996).
769:An introduction to metamorphic petrology
638:is an Archean-age gneiss exposed in the
488:Gneisses are characteristic of areas of
1023:. Ottawa, Ontario: NRC Research Press.
945:
759:
272:minerals (minerals such as feldspar or
36:
794:
792:
790:
788:
686:, which is probably derived from the
369:
7:
219:designates a gneiss derived from an
156:-poor, high-grade metamorphic rock.
1412:Construction and Building Materials
132:Orthogneiss from the Czech Republic
1329:Henckel, Johann Friedrich (1757).
1231:. Edinburgh: Birlinn. p. 95.
1204:Geology and landscapes of Scotland
476:Sample of Sete Voltas gneiss from
27:Common high-grade metamorphic rock
25:
1424:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.070
1206:. Harpenden: Terra. p. 44.
736:
468:off the western coast of Sweden.
260:minerals (those containing more
231:. Both the BGS and the IUGS use
70:
708:. Gneiss has also been used as
484:3.4 billion years old (Archean)
452:Contact between a dark-colored
420:). The rock may also contain a
140:showing compositional banding (
1492:New International Encyclopedia
1357:Online Etymological Dictionary
1059:British Geological Survey 1999
1007:British Geological Survey 1999
1:
1396:10.18814/epiiugs/2020/0200s13
481:
425:experienced partial melting.
354:, Rio de Janeiro City, Brazil
555:Gneiss domes are common in
308:polar decomposition theorem
2545:
1308:Special Publication Series
1254:"Morton Gneiss, Minnesota"
767:Yardley, B. W. D. (1989).
566:metamorphic core complexes
393:
335:
29:
921:Marshak, Stephen (2013).
682:
676:
509:garnet-biotite paragneiss
462:Kosterhavet National Park
348:
161:British Geological Survey
51:
42:
680:, formerly also spelled
612:, and on the islands of
604:is found throughout the
519:Granite-greenstone belts
513:grayish-pink orthogneiss
492:that reaches the middle
1575:Basaltic trachyandesite
1555:Alkali feldspar granite
1476:Encyclopædia Britannica
1351:Harper, Douglas (ed.).
1252:Aber, James S. (2012).
1166:Gneiss domes in orogeny
1043:Bjørn Hageskov (1985):
970:Fossen, Haakon (2016).
692:
642:Valley of southwestern
144:) but poorly developed
32:Gneiss (disambiguation)
1479:(11th ed.). 1911.
1227:McKirdy, Alan (2007).
1019:Sawyer, E. W. (2008).
995:Blatt & Tracy 1996
958:Blatt & Tracy 1996
799:Robertson, S. (1999).
710:construction aggregate
485:
469:
445:
366:
355:
253:
215:gneiss, and so forth.
133:
1965:Banded iron formation
1448:. London: Heinemann.
923:Essentials of Geology
674:from the German word
587:Northwest Territories
490:regional metamorphism
475:
451:
436:
345:
293:nonhydrostatic stress
250:
131:
1202:Gillen, Con (2003).
540:metasedimentary rock
378:shear-bound grains (
176:rocks poor in platy
30:For other uses, see
2529:Industrial minerals
1279:"Peninsular Gneiss"
1138:2002Geo....30.1139T
1021:Atlas of migmatites
997:, pp. 358–359.
891:Glossary of geology
731:Glossary of geology
524:Continental shields
114:continental shields
39:
2321:Specific varieties
972:Structural geology
743:Geology portal
726:List of rock types
688:Middle High German
631:and granite magma.
501:metamorphic facies
486:
470:
460:paragneiss in the
446:
416:, or granite the (
356:
346:Augen gneiss from
254:
134:
2524:Metamorphic rocks
2506:
2505:
1751:Nepheline syenite
1341:, at Friberg, … "
1238:978-1-84158-357-0
1132:(12): 1139–1142.
932:978-0-393-91939-4
651:Peninsular Gneiss
103:sedimentary rocks
63:
62:
16:(Redirected from
2536:
2448:Rapakivi granite
2160:Metamorphic rock
1947:Sedimentary rock
1816:Quartz monzonite
1524:
1517:
1510:
1501:
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1488:
1480:
1472:
1457:
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1427:
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1401:
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1368:
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1199:
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1156:
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1121:
1115:
1114:
1112:
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1093:
1087:
1086:
1073:Global tectonics
1068:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
985:
967:
961:
955:
949:
943:
937:
936:
918:
905:
904:
886:
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879:
861:
855:
854:
852:
850:
844:
833:
820:
819:
817:
815:
805:
796:
783:
782:
764:
741:
740:
714:asphalt pavement
695:
685:
684:
679:
678:
585:is found in the
532:greenstone belts
483:
437:Dark dikes (now
373:
371:[ˈaʊɡən]
353:
352:
243:Gneissic banding
229:sedimentary rock
167:(IUGS) both use
142:gneissic banding
138:metamorphic rock
95:metamorphic rock
87:
86:
83:
82:
79:
76:
56:
45:Metamorphic rock
40:
21:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2316:
2260:Pseudotachylite
2154:
1941:
1873:Tephriphonolite
1531:
1528:
1483:
1467:
1464:
1440:
1437:
1435:Further reading
1432:
1431:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1288:
1286:
1285:on 21 July 2011
1277:
1276:
1272:
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1261:
1251:
1250:
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1221:
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1201:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1185:
1175:
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1169:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1106:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1061:, pp. 5–6.
1057:
1053:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1005:
1001:
993:
989:
982:
969:
968:
964:
956:
952:
944:
940:
933:
920:
919:
908:
901:
888:
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876:
863:
862:
858:
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842:
835:
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813:
811:
803:
798:
797:
786:
779:
766:
765:
761:
756:
751:
735:
722:
702:
664:
640:Minnesota River
602:Lewisian gneiss
578:
561:geologic record
553:
521:
431:
398:
392:
340:
334:
245:
148:and indistinct
126:
73:
69:
59:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2542:
2540:
2532:
2531:
2526:
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2511:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2453:Rhomb porphyry
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
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2415:
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2390:
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2335:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
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2303:
2302:
2295:Talc carbonate
2292:
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2205:
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2027:
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2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
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1977:
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1934:
1929:
1924:
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1914:
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1897:
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1888:Trachyandesite
1885:
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1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
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1843:
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1811:Quartz diorite
1808:
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1530:Types of rocks
1529:
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1498:
1497:
1486:"Gneiss"
1481:
1470:"Gneiss"
1463:
1462:External links
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1161:Siddoway, C.S.
1151:
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1098:Siddoway, C.S.
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1030:978-0660197876
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606:Outer Hebrides
598:
577:
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557:orogenic belts
552:
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466:Koster Islands
430:
427:
406:intrusive rock
394:Main article:
391:
388:
380:porphyroclasts
333:
330:
317:(lighter) and
244:
241:
227:is one from a
182:recrystallized
163:(BGS) and the
125:
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2413:Litchfieldite
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2401:
2399:
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2378:Hyaloclastite
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2225:Litchfieldite
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1786:Phonotephrite
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1691:Hyaloclastite
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1260:on 2014-11-26
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1082:9781405107778
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1009:, p. 11.
1008:
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991:
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983:
981:9781107057647
977:
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951:
948:, p. 22.
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669:
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655:Indian Shield
652:
648:
645:
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637:
636:Morton Gneiss
633:
630:
627:
623:
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611:
607:
603:
599:
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584:
583:Acasta Gneiss
580:
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570:Earth's crust
567:
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118:Acasta Gneiss
115:
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104:
100:
96:
92:
91:
85:
67:
55:
50:
47:
46:
41:
33:
19:
2423:Luxullianite
2403:Lapis lazuli
2348:Blue Granite
2275:Serpentinite
2250:Metapsammite
2192:
2000:Conglomerate
1922:Trondhjemite
1900:Trachybasalt
1841:Pantellerite
1741:Monzogranite
1686:Hornblendite
1671:Granodiorite
1537:Igneous rock
1490:
1474:
1446:The Hebrides
1445:
1442:Murray, W.H.
1415:
1411:
1405:
1389:(1): 59–74.
1386:
1382:
1372:
1360:. Retrieved
1356:
1346:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1307:
1298:
1287:. Retrieved
1283:the original
1273:
1262:. Retrieved
1258:the original
1247:
1228:
1222:
1203:
1197:
1186:
1174:. Retrieved
1165:
1154:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1107:. Retrieved
1102:
1091:
1072:
1066:
1054:
1045:
1039:
1020:
1014:
1002:
990:
971:
965:
953:
946:Yardley 1989
941:
922:
890:
884:
865:
859:
847:. Retrieved
838:
812:. Retrieved
807:
768:
762:
703:
667:
665:
610:Moine Thrust
554:
551:Gneiss domes
536:metavolcanic
522:
512:
508:
487:
442:amphibolites
421:
417:
401:
399:
382:), normally
359:Augen gneiss
358:
357:
332:Augen gneiss
327:
312:
297:
292:
290:
255:
236:
232:
224:
221:igneous rock
216:
194:
168:
158:
135:
111:
65:
64:
43:
2312:Whiteschist
2203:Greenschist
2183:Cataclasite
2173:Amphibolite
2100:Phosphorite
2050:Itacolumite
1975:Calcarenite
1821:Quartzolite
1756:Nephelinite
1726:Lamprophyre
1681:Harzburgite
1639:Napoleonite
1612:Charnockite
1607:Carbonatite
1597:Blairmorite
1560:Anorthosite
1418:: 911–918.
849:28 February
814:27 February
595:Yellowknife
494:amphibolite
429:Occurrences
361:, from the
217:Orthogneiss
171:as a broad
146:schistosity
124:Description
2513:Categories
2478:Teschenite
2463:Shonkinite
2438:Pietersite
2433:Novaculite
2343:Borolanite
2328:Adamellite
2245:Metapelite
2213:Calcflinta
2178:Blueschist
2168:Anthracite
2150:Wackestone
2130:Travertine
2075:Lumachelle
2055:Jaspillite
2010:Diamictite
1932:Websterite
1917:Troctolite
1893:Benmoreite
1853:Shonkinite
1826:Rhyodacite
1806:Pyroxenite
1776:Peridotite
1736:Lherzolite
1711:Kimberlite
1701:Ignimbrite
1696:Icelandite
1676:Granophyre
1585:Shoshonite
1454:B0000CMWPC
1289:2009-02-27
1264:2019-05-22
900:0922152349
875:0716724383
810:. RR 99-02
778:0582300967
749:References
458:migmatitic
422:melanosome
376:lenticular
336:See also:
325:and mica.
225:paragneiss
199:gneisses,
2493:Variolite
2483:Theralite
2473:Tachylite
2458:Rodingite
2428:Mangerite
2408:Larvikite
2393:Jasperoid
2388:Jadeitite
2353:Epidosite
2307:Tectonite
2300:Soapstone
2265:Quartzite
2235:Migmatite
2220:Itabirite
2198:Granulite
2140:Turbidite
2120:Sylvinite
2115:Siltstone
2105:Sandstone
2090:Oil shale
2070:Limestone
2045:Gritstone
2040:Greywacke
2035:Geyserite
2025:Evaporite
2015:Diatomite
1990:Claystone
1955:Argillite
1868:Tachylyte
1836:Comendite
1781:Phonolite
1771:Pegmatite
1746:Monzonite
1721:Lamproite
1716:Komatiite
1656:Foidolite
1617:Enderbite
1580:Mugearite
1316:0254-0436
754:Citations
666:The word
662:Etymology
644:Minnesota
498:granulite
418:leucosome
410:pegmatite
396:Migmatite
390:Migmatite
323:quartzite
315:sandstone
300:protolith
286:potassium
278:aluminium
262:magnesium
233:gneissose
190:granofels
2468:Taconite
2443:Pyrolite
2368:Ganister
2338:Aphanite
2333:Appinite
2255:Phyllite
2240:Mylonite
2208:Hornfels
2188:Eclogite
2085:Mudstone
2060:Laterite
2020:Dolomite
1937:Wehrlite
1912:Trachyte
1905:Hawaiite
1883:Tonalite
1878:Tephrite
1831:Rhyolite
1796:Porphyry
1766:Obsidian
1651:Essexite
1602:Boninite
1592:Basanite
1550:Andesite
1444:(1966).
1383:Episodes
1353:"Gneiss"
1163:(eds.).
1100:(eds.).
720:See also
672:borrowed
626:basaltic
576:Examples
534:contain
439:foliated
402:mesosome
384:feldspar
237:gneissic
211:gneiss,
207:gneiss,
186:chlorite
178:minerals
173:textural
150:cleavage
107:cleavage
18:Gneisses
2488:Unakite
2418:Llanite
2383:Ijolite
2358:Felsite
2290:Suevite
2125:Tillite
2065:Lignite
2005:Coquina
1970:Breccia
1863:Syenite
1791:Picrite
1706:Ijolite
1666:Granite
1634:Diorite
1629:Diabase
1545:Adakite
1495:. 1906.
1134:Bibcode
1126:Geology
545:cratons
528:Archean
464:in the
454:diabase
304:plastic
209:biotite
201:diorite
197:granite
99:igneous
2519:Gneiss
2398:Kenyte
2373:Gossan
2270:Schist
2230:Marble
2193:Gneiss
2095:Oolite
1960:Arkose
1858:Sovite
1848:Scoria
1801:Pumice
1761:Norite
1731:Latite
1661:Gabbro
1646:Dunite
1624:Dacite
1570:Basalt
1565:Aplite
1452:
1362:4 July
1339:kneiss
1314:
1235:
1210:
1176:4 July
1109:5 July
1079:
1027:
978:
929:
897:
872:
775:
693:gneist
683:Gneiss
668:gneiss
622:marble
591:Canada
414:aplite
363:German
350:Leblon
284:, and
282:sodium
274:quartz
270:felsic
223:, and
213:albite
205:garnet
169:gneiss
66:Gneiss
38:Gneiss
2363:Flint
2285:Slate
2280:Skarn
2145:Varve
2110:Shale
2030:Flint
1985:Chert
1980:Chalk
1170:(PDF)
843:(PDF)
804:(PDF)
690:noun
677:Gneis
629:dikes
618:Tiree
478:Bahia
408:such
367:Augen
338:Augen
319:shale
258:mafic
2135:Tufa
2080:Marl
1995:Coal
1927:Tuff
1450:ASIN
1364:2021
1312:ISSN
1233:ISBN
1208:ISBN
1178:2021
1111:2021
1077:ISBN
1025:ISBN
976:ISBN
927:ISBN
895:ISBN
870:ISBN
851:2021
816:2021
773:ISBN
712:for
700:Uses
649:The
634:The
616:and
614:Coll
600:The
581:The
538:and
505:kbar
266:iron
264:and
159:The
154:mica
90:nice
2498:Wad
1420:doi
1391:doi
1142:doi
511:or
496:to
288:).
101:or
2515::
1489:.
1473:.
1416:93
1414:.
1387:44
1385:.
1381:.
1355:.
1306:.
1140:.
1130:30
1128:.
909:^
824:^
806:.
787:^
716:.
589:,
572:.
547:.
515:.
482:c.
412:,
365::
280:,
192:.
120:.
109:.
78:aɪ
1523:e
1516:t
1509:v
1456:.
1426:.
1422::
1399:.
1393::
1366:.
1318:.
1292:.
1267:.
1241:.
1216:.
1180:.
1148:.
1144::
1136::
1113:.
1085:.
1033:.
984:.
935:.
903:.
878:.
853:.
818:.
781:.
84:/
81:s
75:n
72:/
68:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
