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43:
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Pure shear deformation of rock producing gneissic banding. The undeformed rock is shown at upper left, and the result of pure shear deformation at upper right. At lower left is the stretching component of the deformation, which compresses the rock in one direction and stretches it in the other, as
531:
that has undergone a relatively mild grade of metamorphism, at temperatures of 350–500 °C (662–932 °F) and pressures of 200–500 MPa (2,000–5,000 bar). The greenstone belts are surrounded by high-grade gneiss terrains showing highly deformed low-pressure, high-temperature (over
164:
category for medium- to coarse-grained metamorphic rock that shows poorly developed schistosity, with compositional layering over 5 millimeters (0.20 in) thick and tending to split into plates over 1 centimeter (0.39 in) thick. Neither definition depends on composition or origin, though
413:
of mafic rock complementary to the leucosome. Migmatites are often interpreted as rock that has been partially melted, with the leucosome representing the silica-rich melt, the melanosome the residual solid rock left after partial melting, and the mesosome the original rock that has not yet
141:. In other words, it is a metamorphic rock composed of mineral grains easily seen with the unaided eye, which form obvious compositional layers, but which has only a weak tendency to fracture along these layers. In Europe, the term has been more widely applied to any coarse,
291:(the original rock material that undergoes metamorphism) to extreme shearing force, a sliding force similar to the pushing of the top of a deck of cards in one direction, and the bottom of the deck in the other direction. These forces stretch out the rock like a
94:. This rock is formed under pressures anywhere from 2 to 15 kbar, sometimes even more, and temperatures over 300°C (572°F). Gneiss nearly always shows a banded texture characterized by alternating darker and lighter colored bands and without a distinct
552:
of two distinct mountain-forming events, with the first producing the granite basement and the second deforming and melting this basement to produce the domes. However, some gneiss domes may actually be the cores of
826:
1399:
Chen, Zongwu; Wu, Shaopeng; Wen, Jin; Zhao, Meiling; Yi, Mingwei; Wan, Jiuming (September 2015). "Utilization of gneiss coarse aggregate and steel slag fine aggregate in asphalt mixture".
496:. Many different varieties of rock can be metamorphosed to gneiss, so geologists are careful to add descriptions of the color and mineral composition to the name of any gneiss, such as
284:). The bands develop perpendicular to the direction of greatest compression, also called the shortening direction, as platy minerals are rotated or recrystallized into parallel layers.
228:
also remains in common use. For example, a gneissose metagranite or a gneissic metagranite both mean a granite that has been metamorphosed and thereby acquired gneissose texture.
828:
Metamorphic Rocks: A Classification and
Glossary of Terms: Recommendations of the International Union of Geological Sciences Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks
317:
Another cause of banding is "metamorphic differentiation", which separates different materials into different layers through chemical reactions, a process not fully understood.
548:(regions of mountain formation). They consist of a dome of gneiss intruded by younger granite and migmatite and mantled with sedimentary rock. These have been interpreted as a
1267:
1180:
Bowring, S.A., and
Williams, I.S., 1999. Priscoan (4.00–4.03 Ga) orthogneisses from northwestern Canada. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 134, 3–16
437:
302:
Some banding is formed from original rock material (protolith) that is subjected to extreme temperature and pressure and is composed of alternating layers of
245:
The minerals in gneiss are arranged into layers that appear as bands in cross section. This is called gneissic banding. The darker bands have relatively more
299:, the deformation produced by such shearing force is equivalent to rotation of the rock combined with shortening in one direction and extension in another.
1464:
177:
or other platy minerals. Metamorphic rock showing stronger schistosity is classified as schist, while metamorphic rock devoid of schistosity is called a
1242:
515:
are regions of exposed ancient rock that make up the stable cores of continents. The rock exposed in the oldest regions of shields, which is of
375:, surrounded by finer grained material. The finer grained material deforms around the more resistant feldspar grains to produce this texture.
1225:
919:
492:. In other words, the rock was metamorphosed at a temperature in excess of 600 °C (1,112 °F) at pressures between about 2 to 24
1510:
1017:
1366:
Castro, Nuria Fernández; Mansur, Kátia Leite; Frascá, Maria
Heloisa Barros de Oliveira; Silva, Rosana Elisa Coppedê (1 March 2021).
1200:
1153:
1069:
968:
77:
280:
The banding is developed at high temperature when the rock is more strongly compressed in one direction than in other directions (
1271:
389:
Migmatite is a gneiss consisting of two or more distinct rock types, one of which has the appearance of an ordinary gneiss (the
532:
500 °C (932 °F)) metamorphism to the amphibolite or granulite facies. These form most of the exposed rock in
Archean
1480:
887:
862:
765:
433:) cutting light grey Lewisian gneiss of the Scourie complex, both deformed and cut by later (unfoliated) pink granite dikes
2517:
1179:
1085:
Whitney, D.L; Teyssier, C.; Vanderhaeghe, O. (2004). "Gneiss domes and crustal flow". In
Whitney, D.L.; Teyssier, C.;
296:
170:
241:
shown by the arrows. The rock is simultaneously rotated to produce the final configuration, repeated at lower right.
2512:
586:. This is one of the most ancient intact crustal fragments on Earth, metamorphosed 3.58 to 4.031 billion years ago.
1035:
Constrictional deformation of the Koster dyke swarm in a ductile sinistral shear zone, Koster islands, SW Sweden.
450:
149:
363:, meaning "eyes", is a gneiss resulting from metamorphism of granite, which contains characteristic elliptic or
554:
359:
1134:
422:
1563:
1543:
1503:
86:. It is formed by high-temperature and high-pressure metamorphic processes acting on formations composed of
20:
1988:
1326:
From p. 308: " … to which we may add this conjecture, that the black vein-stone, or rock, usually called
698:
461:
1246:
1953:
1341:
635:, United States. It is thought to be the oldest intact block of continental crust in the United States.
575:
478:
1122:
825:
Schmid, R.; Fettes, D.; Harte, B.; Davis, E.; Desmons, J. (2007). "How to name a metamorphic rock.".
528:
292:
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427:
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676:
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gneisses, and so forth. Gneiss rocks may also be named after a characteristic component such as
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1065:
1013:
964:
915:
883:
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761:
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Gneiss is used as a building material, such as the
Facoidal gneiss. It's used extensively in
2436:
2148:
1935:
1804:
1474:
1408:
1379:
1130:
702:
590:
558:
512:
217:
130:
126:
91:
83:
60:
1092:
Gneiss domes in orogeny: Boulder, Colorado, Geological
Society of America Special Paper 380
2507:
2248:
2008:
1861:
628:
549:
520:
351:
1148:
Yin, A. (2004). "Gneiss domes and gneiss dome systems". In
Whitney, D.L.; Teyssier, C.;
1126:
2441:
2283:
1876:
1799:
731:
694:
617:
594:
557:, regions of the deep crust brought to the surface and exposed during extension of the
545:
454:
394:
364:
174:
1458:
1412:
1384:
1367:
1113:
Teyssier, Christian; Whitney, Donna L. (1 December 2002). "Gneiss domes and orogeny".
963:(Second ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 38.
789:
2501:
2486:
2401:
2366:
2213:
1774:
1679:
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106:
1161:. Boulder, Colorado: Geological Society of America. pp. 1–14. Special Paper 380
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age (over 2500 million years old), mostly belong to granite-greenstone belts. The
2300:
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1963:
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1714:
1669:
1627:
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1548:
583:
482:
430:
134:
33:
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790:"BGS Rock Classification Scheme, Volume 2: Classification of metamorphic rocks"
169:
are more likely to produce gneissose texture. Gneissose rocks thus are largely
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2451:
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2331:
2316:
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2201:
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2156:
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1841:
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1699:
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1299:. Geological Survey of India,27, Jawaharlal Nehru Road, Kolkata-700016. 2001.
125:
In traditional
English and North American usage, a gneiss is a coarse-grained
1304:
184:
Gneisses that are metamorphosed igneous rocks or their equivalent are termed
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760:. Harlow, Essex, England: Longman Scientific & Technical. p. 22.
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882:(Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute.
680:
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1993:
1958:
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Land of mountain and flood : the geology and landforms of
Scotland
516:
442:
236:
197:
189:
185:
87:
1293:"National Geological Monuments, pages 96, Peninsular Gneiss,page29-32"
609:. These rocks are largely igneous in origin, mixed with metamorphosed
469:
in Brazil, the oldest rock outcropping in the crust of South America,
2386:
2361:
2258:
2218:
2083:
1948:
1846:
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2018:
1973:
1968:
1368:"A heritage stone of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil): the Facoidal gneiss"
606:
466:
460:
436:
421:
330:
326:
307:
287:
A common cause of nonhydrodynamic stress is the subjection of the
246:
235:
116:
42:
1488:
2123:
2068:
1983:
1915:
602:
493:
254:
153:
142:
1492:
295:, and the original material is spread out into sheets. Per the
1038:
Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 34 (3–4): 151–97
105:. Some of the oldest rocks on Earth are gneisses, such as the
1457:
914:(4th ed.). W.W. Norton. pp. 194–95, Figs. 7.6a–c.
582:, on an island about 300 kilometers (190 mi) north of
66:
1060:
Kearey, P.; Klepeis, Keith A.; Vine, Frederick J. (2009).
1135:
10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<1139:GDAO>2.0.CO;2
1047:
995:
1324:. London, England: A. Millar and A. Linde. p. 308.
646:
and ranging in age from 3400 to 2500 million years old.
642:
is a sequence of Archean gneisses found throughout the
1064:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 350.
855:
Petrology : igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
834:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–15
445:
dike (about 1100 million years old) and light-colored
265:, which contain more of the lighter elements, such as
857:(2nd ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. p. 360.
613:, quartzite and mica schist with later intrusions of
224:
to describe rocks with the texture of gneiss, though
78:
69:
63:
659:
has been used in English since at least 1757. It is
2309:
2147:
1934:
1524:
597:of Scotland, on the Scottish mainland west of the
820:
818:
816:
814:
393:), and another of which has the appearance of an
336:
685:"spark" (so called because the rock glitters).
310:(darker), which is metamorphosed into bands of
47:Sample of gneiss exhibiting "gneissic banding".
905:
903:
901:
899:
1504:
257:). The lighter bands contain relatively more
82:) is a common and widely distributed type of
8:
1270:. Geological Survey of India. Archived from
670:
664:
173:but do not carry large quantities of micas,
101:Gneisses are common in the ancient crust of
26:
878:Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "Gneissic".
1511:
1497:
1489:
1321:Pyritologia, or a History of the Pyrites …
1245:. Emporia State University. Archived from
983:
946:
154:International Union of Geological Sciences
41:
1383:
797:British Geological Survey Research Report
853:Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Robert J. (1996).
758:An introduction to metamorphic petrology
627:is an Archean-age gneiss exposed in the
477:Gneisses are characteristic of areas of
1012:. Ottawa, Ontario: NRC Research Press.
934:
748:
261:minerals (minerals such as feldspar or
25:
783:
781:
779:
777:
675:, which is probably derived from the
358:
7:
208:designates a gneiss derived from an
145:-poor, high-grade metamorphic rock.
1401:Construction and Building Materials
121:Orthogneiss from the Czech Republic
1318:Henckel, Johann Friedrich (1757).
1220:. Edinburgh: Birlinn. p. 95.
1193:Geology and landscapes of Scotland
465:Sample of Sete Voltas gneiss from
16:Common high-grade metamorphic rock
14:
1413:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.070
1195:. Harpenden: Terra. p. 44.
725:
457:off the western coast of Sweden.
249:minerals (those containing more
220:. Both the BGS and the IUGS use
59:
697:. Gneiss has also been used as
473:3.4 billion years old (Archean)
441:Contact between a dark-colored
409:). The rock may also contain a
129:showing compositional banding (
1481:New International Encyclopedia
1346:Online Etymological Dictionary
1048:British Geological Survey 1999
996:British Geological Survey 1999
1:
1385:10.18814/epiiugs/2020/0200s13
470:
414:experienced partial melting.
343:, Rio de Janeiro City, Brazil
544:Gneiss domes are common in
297:polar decomposition theorem
2534:
1297:Special Publication Series
1243:"Morton Gneiss, Minnesota"
756:Yardley, B. W. D. (1989).
555:metamorphic core complexes
382:
324:
18:
910:Marshak, Stephen (2013).
671:
665:
498:garnet-biotite paragneiss
451:Kosterhavet National Park
337:
150:British Geological Survey
40:
31:
669:, formerly also spelled
601:, and on the islands of
593:is found throughout the
508:Granite-greenstone belts
502:grayish-pink orthogneiss
481:that reaches the middle
1564:Basaltic trachyandesite
1544:Alkali feldspar granite
1465:Encyclopædia Britannica
1340:Harper, Douglas (ed.).
1241:Aber, James S. (2012).
1155:Gneiss domes in orogeny
1032:Bjørn Hageskov (1985):
959:Fossen, Haakon (2016).
681:
631:Valley of southwestern
133:) but poorly developed
21:Gneiss (disambiguation)
1468:(11th ed.). 1911.
1216:McKirdy, Alan (2007).
1008:Sawyer, E. W. (2008).
984:Blatt & Tracy 1996
947:Blatt & Tracy 1996
788:Robertson, S. (1999).
699:construction aggregate
474:
458:
434:
355:
344:
242:
204:gneiss, and so forth.
122:
1954:Banded iron formation
1437:. London: Heinemann.
912:Essentials of Geology
663:from the German word
576:Northwest Territories
479:regional metamorphism
464:
440:
425:
334:
282:nonhydrostatic stress
239:
120:
1191:Gillen, Con (2003).
529:metasedimentary rock
367:shear-bound grains (
165:rocks poor in platy
19:For other uses, see
2518:Industrial minerals
1268:"Peninsular Gneiss"
1127:2002Geo....30.1139T
1010:Atlas of migmatites
986:, pp. 358–359.
880:Glossary of geology
720:Glossary of geology
513:Continental shields
103:continental shields
28:
2310:Specific varieties
961:Structural geology
732:Geology portal
715:List of rock types
677:Middle High German
620:and granite magma.
490:metamorphic facies
475:
459:
449:paragneiss in the
435:
405:, or granite the (
345:
335:Augen gneiss from
243:
123:
2513:Metamorphic rocks
2495:
2494:
1740:Nepheline syenite
1330:, at Friberg, … "
1227:978-1-84158-357-0
1121:(12): 1139–1142.
921:978-0-393-91939-4
640:Peninsular Gneiss
92:sedimentary rocks
52:
51:
2525:
2437:Rapakivi granite
2149:Metamorphic rock
1936:Sedimentary rock
1805:Quartz monzonite
1513:
1506:
1499:
1490:
1485:
1477:
1469:
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1446:
1417:
1416:
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1145:
1139:
1138:
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1103:
1101:
1099:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1062:Global tectonics
1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1005:
999:
993:
987:
981:
975:
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956:
950:
944:
938:
932:
926:
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907:
894:
893:
875:
869:
868:
850:
844:
843:
841:
839:
833:
822:
809:
808:
806:
804:
794:
785:
772:
771:
753:
730:
729:
703:asphalt pavement
684:
674:
673:
668:
667:
574:is found in the
521:greenstone belts
472:
426:Dark dikes (now
362:
360:[ˈaʊɡən]
342:
341:
232:Gneissic banding
218:sedimentary rock
156:(IUGS) both use
131:gneissic banding
127:metamorphic rock
84:metamorphic rock
76:
75:
72:
71:
68:
65:
45:
34:Metamorphic rock
29:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2305:
2249:Pseudotachylite
2143:
1930:
1862:Tephriphonolite
1520:
1517:
1472:
1456:
1453:
1429:
1426:
1424:Further reading
1421:
1420:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1350:
1348:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1317:
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1312:
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1286:
1277:
1275:
1274:on 21 July 2011
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1265:
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1210:
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1146:
1142:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1097:
1095:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1050:, pp. 5–6.
1046:
1042:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1007:
1006:
1002:
994:
990:
982:
978:
971:
958:
957:
953:
945:
941:
933:
929:
922:
909:
908:
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792:
787:
786:
775:
768:
755:
754:
750:
745:
740:
724:
711:
691:
653:
629:Minnesota River
591:Lewisian gneiss
567:
550:geologic record
542:
510:
420:
387:
381:
329:
323:
234:
137:and indistinct
115:
62:
58:
48:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2531:
2529:
2521:
2520:
2515:
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2500:
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2492:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2442:Rhomb porphyry
2439:
2434:
2429:
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2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
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2384:
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2319:
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2307:
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2298:
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2291:
2284:Talc carbonate
2281:
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2256:
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2189:
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2174:
2169:
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2159:
2153:
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2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
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1929:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1877:Trachyandesite
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1817:
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1807:
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1800:Quartz diorite
1797:
1792:
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1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
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1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:Types of rocks
1518:
1516:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1475:"Gneiss"
1470:
1459:"Gneiss"
1452:
1451:External links
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1150:Siddoway, C.S.
1140:
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1087:Siddoway, C.S.
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1019:978-0660197876
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595:Outer Hebrides
587:
566:
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546:orogenic belts
541:
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509:
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455:Koster Islands
419:
416:
395:intrusive rock
383:Main article:
380:
377:
369:porphyroclasts
322:
319:
306:(lighter) and
233:
230:
216:is one from a
171:recrystallized
152:(BGS) and the
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2402:Litchfieldite
2400:
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2393:
2390:
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2367:Hyaloclastite
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2214:Litchfieldite
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1775:Phonotephrite
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1680:Hyaloclastite
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1249:on 2014-11-26
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998:, p. 11.
997:
992:
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977:
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970:9781107057647
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952:
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937:, p. 22.
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644:Indian Shield
641:
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625:Morton Gneiss
622:
619:
616:
612:
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600:
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592:
588:
585:
581:
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573:
572:Acasta Gneiss
569:
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559:Earth's crust
556:
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107:Acasta Gneiss
104:
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97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
80:
74:
56:
44:
39:
36:
35:
30:
22:
2412:Luxullianite
2392:Lapis lazuli
2337:Blue Granite
2264:Serpentinite
2239:Metapsammite
2181:
1989:Conglomerate
1911:Trondhjemite
1889:Trachybasalt
1830:Pantellerite
1730:Monzogranite
1675:Hornblendite
1660:Granodiorite
1526:Igneous rock
1479:
1463:
1435:The Hebrides
1434:
1431:Murray, W.H.
1404:
1400:
1394:
1378:(1): 59–74.
1375:
1371:
1361:
1349:. Retrieved
1345:
1335:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1296:
1287:
1276:. Retrieved
1272:the original
1262:
1251:. Retrieved
1247:the original
1236:
1217:
1211:
1192:
1186:
1175:
1163:. Retrieved
1154:
1143:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1096:. Retrieved
1091:
1080:
1061:
1055:
1043:
1034:
1028:
1009:
1003:
991:
979:
960:
954:
942:
935:Yardley 1989
930:
911:
879:
873:
854:
848:
836:. Retrieved
827:
801:. Retrieved
796:
757:
751:
692:
656:
654:
599:Moine Thrust
543:
540:Gneiss domes
525:metavolcanic
511:
501:
497:
476:
431:amphibolites
410:
406:
390:
388:
371:), normally
348:Augen gneiss
347:
346:
321:Augen gneiss
316:
301:
286:
281:
279:
244:
225:
221:
213:
210:igneous rock
205:
183:
157:
147:
124:
100:
54:
53:
32:
2301:Whiteschist
2192:Greenschist
2172:Cataclasite
2162:Amphibolite
2089:Phosphorite
2039:Itacolumite
1964:Calcarenite
1810:Quartzolite
1745:Nephelinite
1715:Lamprophyre
1670:Harzburgite
1628:Napoleonite
1601:Charnockite
1596:Carbonatite
1586:Blairmorite
1549:Anorthosite
1407:: 911–918.
838:28 February
803:27 February
584:Yellowknife
483:amphibolite
418:Occurrences
350:, from the
206:Orthogneiss
160:as a broad
135:schistosity
113:Description
2502:Categories
2467:Teschenite
2452:Shonkinite
2427:Pietersite
2422:Novaculite
2332:Borolanite
2317:Adamellite
2234:Metapelite
2202:Calcflinta
2167:Blueschist
2157:Anthracite
2139:Wackestone
2119:Travertine
2064:Lumachelle
2044:Jaspillite
1999:Diamictite
1921:Websterite
1906:Troctolite
1882:Benmoreite
1842:Shonkinite
1815:Rhyodacite
1795:Pyroxenite
1765:Peridotite
1725:Lherzolite
1700:Kimberlite
1690:Ignimbrite
1685:Icelandite
1665:Granophyre
1574:Shoshonite
1443:B0000CMWPC
1278:2009-02-27
1253:2019-05-22
889:0922152349
864:0716724383
799:. RR 99-02
767:0582300967
738:References
447:migmatitic
411:melanosome
365:lenticular
325:See also:
314:and mica.
214:paragneiss
188:gneisses,
2482:Variolite
2472:Theralite
2462:Tachylite
2447:Rodingite
2417:Mangerite
2397:Larvikite
2382:Jasperoid
2377:Jadeitite
2342:Epidosite
2296:Tectonite
2289:Soapstone
2254:Quartzite
2224:Migmatite
2209:Itabirite
2187:Granulite
2129:Turbidite
2109:Sylvinite
2104:Siltstone
2094:Sandstone
2079:Oil shale
2059:Limestone
2034:Gritstone
2029:Greywacke
2024:Geyserite
2014:Evaporite
2004:Diatomite
1979:Claystone
1944:Argillite
1857:Tachylyte
1825:Comendite
1770:Phonolite
1760:Pegmatite
1735:Monzonite
1710:Lamproite
1705:Komatiite
1645:Foidolite
1606:Enderbite
1569:Mugearite
1305:0254-0436
743:Citations
655:The word
651:Etymology
633:Minnesota
487:granulite
407:leucosome
399:pegmatite
385:Migmatite
379:Migmatite
312:quartzite
304:sandstone
289:protolith
275:potassium
267:aluminium
251:magnesium
222:gneissose
179:granofels
2457:Taconite
2432:Pyrolite
2357:Ganister
2327:Aphanite
2322:Appinite
2244:Phyllite
2229:Mylonite
2197:Hornfels
2177:Eclogite
2074:Mudstone
2049:Laterite
2009:Dolomite
1926:Wehrlite
1901:Trachyte
1894:Hawaiite
1872:Tonalite
1867:Tephrite
1820:Rhyolite
1785:Porphyry
1755:Obsidian
1640:Essexite
1591:Boninite
1581:Basanite
1539:Andesite
1433:(1966).
1372:Episodes
1342:"Gneiss"
1152:(eds.).
1089:(eds.).
709:See also
661:borrowed
615:basaltic
565:Examples
523:contain
428:foliated
391:mesosome
373:feldspar
226:gneissic
200:gneiss,
196:gneiss,
175:chlorite
167:minerals
162:textural
139:cleavage
96:cleavage
2477:Unakite
2407:Llanite
2372:Ijolite
2347:Felsite
2279:Suevite
2114:Tillite
2054:Lignite
1994:Coquina
1959:Breccia
1852:Syenite
1780:Picrite
1695:Ijolite
1655:Granite
1623:Diorite
1618:Diabase
1534:Adakite
1484:. 1906.
1123:Bibcode
1115:Geology
534:cratons
517:Archean
453:in the
443:diabase
293:plastic
198:biotite
190:diorite
186:granite
88:igneous
2508:Gneiss
2387:Kenyte
2362:Gossan
2259:Schist
2219:Marble
2182:Gneiss
2084:Oolite
1949:Arkose
1847:Sovite
1837:Scoria
1790:Pumice
1750:Norite
1720:Latite
1650:Gabbro
1635:Dunite
1613:Dacite
1559:Basalt
1554:Aplite
1441:
1351:4 July
1328:kneiss
1303:
1224:
1199:
1165:4 July
1098:5 July
1068:
1016:
967:
918:
886:
861:
764:
682:gneist
672:Gneiss
657:gneiss
611:marble
580:Canada
403:aplite
352:German
339:Leblon
273:, and
271:sodium
263:quartz
259:felsic
212:, and
202:albite
194:garnet
158:gneiss
55:Gneiss
27:Gneiss
2352:Flint
2274:Slate
2269:Skarn
2134:Varve
2099:Shale
2019:Flint
1974:Chert
1969:Chalk
1159:(PDF)
832:(PDF)
793:(PDF)
679:noun
666:Gneis
618:dikes
607:Tiree
467:Bahia
397:such
356:Augen
327:Augen
308:shale
247:mafic
2124:Tufa
2069:Marl
1984:Coal
1916:Tuff
1439:ASIN
1353:2021
1301:ISSN
1222:ISBN
1197:ISBN
1167:2021
1100:2021
1066:ISBN
1014:ISBN
965:ISBN
916:ISBN
884:ISBN
859:ISBN
840:2021
805:2021
762:ISBN
701:for
689:Uses
638:The
623:The
605:and
603:Coll
589:The
570:The
527:and
494:kbar
255:iron
253:and
148:The
143:mica
79:nice
2487:Wad
1409:doi
1380:doi
1131:doi
500:or
485:to
277:).
90:or
2504::
1478:.
1462:.
1405:93
1403:.
1376:44
1374:.
1370:.
1344:.
1295:.
1129:.
1119:30
1117:.
898:^
813:^
795:.
776:^
705:.
578:,
561:.
536:.
504:.
471:c.
401:,
354::
269:,
181:.
109:.
98:.
67:aɪ
1512:e
1505:t
1498:v
1445:.
1415:.
1411::
1388:.
1382::
1355:.
1307:.
1281:.
1256:.
1230:.
1205:.
1169:.
1137:.
1133::
1125::
1102:.
1074:.
1022:.
973:.
924:.
892:.
867:.
842:.
807:.
770:.
73:/
70:s
64:n
61:/
57:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
