406:
not God" and regarding Mark 12, he wrote that Christ could not be God because "there would be two Gods." He did however believe that Jesus was an actual son of God, not a mere human messenger. Hong depicted God like traditional
Chinese folk deities as an old man with golden beard, wearing a black dragon robe, and having a wife, known as the Heavenly Mother. He claimed that God's children included Jesus, himself and a host of little sisters in heaven, and that Jesus, Yang Xiuqing, and himself were born from God before heaven and earth existed. Hong's depiction of God and his intimate heavenly family is likely to have been based on his interpretation of how "Shangdi created humankind in his image". Hong also insisted that only God and Jesus could be described as
37:
591:, or members of other local tribal groups. Membership in the God Worshippers was eclectic; they counted businessmen, refugees, farmers, mercenaries, and members of secret societies and mutual-protection alliances among their ranks. The Emperor Worshippers were also joined by a number of bandit groups, including several thousand pirates led by Luo Dagang.
564:: God the Father (Shangdi) in the case of Yang and Jesus Christ in the case of Xiao. While speaking as Jesus or Shangdi, Xiao and Yang would necessarily have more authority than even Hong Xiuquan. Upon their return in the summer of 1849, Hong and Feng investigated Yang and Xiao's claims and declared them to be genuine.
526:
but the original, the Han tradition. The
Society was militant from its inception, due to the prevalence of both intervillage fighting and conflicts between Hakka and non-Hakka villagers. Generally, individuals did not convert alone, but rather entire families, clans, occupational groups, or even villages would convert
544:
With Hong's return, the God
Worshipping Society took on a more rebellious character. Hong began to describe himself as a king and explicitly identified the ruling Manchus and their supporters as demons which must be destroyed. The God Worshippers treated their entire community as a family, leading to
525:
shared some similar characteristics with traditional
Chinese secret societies, it differed in that the participants adopted a new religious faith that firmly rejected Chinese tradition as for the one established by the Manchu regime, since they believed that they were following the Chinese tradition,
405:
was called the nephew of Jesus. Hong
Xiuquan's writings expressed rejection of the divinity of Jesus, for example, denying that Jesus performed miracle healing on his own, but rather that it was God who performed them; also commenting on Romans 9, Hong wrote that "Christ is God's Heir Apparent... is
500:
after a missionary journey there in 1844 to spread Hong's ideas. In 1847, Hong became the leader of the secret society. The
Taiping faith, inspired by missionary Christianity, says one historian, "developed into a dynamic new Chinese religion... Taiping Christianity". Hong presented this religion as
517:
to preach their version of
Christianity. In November 1844, Hong returned home without Feng, who remained in the area and continued to preach. After Hong's departure, Feng traveled deeper and deeper into the heart of the Thistle Mountain region, preaching and baptizing new converts. Feng christened
410:(holy), warning his followers not to use this term for himself; he also insisted that his own title had to be written in an inferior position to Jesus the "Crown Prince" "Heavenly Elder Brother" (太子天兄), which was in turn to be written beneath "God the Heavenly Father and Great Shangdi" (天父皇上帝)
385:, the scriptural concept that all Christian believers become sons and daughters of God when redeemed by Christ. Hong did not claim to have a supernatural birth; Hong Xiuquan was merely regarded as the second eldest son of Shangdi after Jesus Christ, with Feng Yunshan as third eldest son, and
578:
In
February 1850, local corps passed through a number of God Worshipping villages and threatened to kill the converts. In response, Feng Yunshan began to call for open revolt by the God Worshippers. In July 1850, the God Worshipper's leaders directed their followers to converge in
518:
this group of believers the "God
Worshipping Society". Hakkas from this area, generally poor and beset by both bandits and local Chinese families angry at the presence of the Hakka in their ancestral lands, found refuge in the group with its promise of solidarity.
465:. However, they corrected and adapted the missionaries' message to reach the Chinese, printing thousands of tracts of their own devising. Unlike the westerners, they were able to travel through the interior of the country and began to particularly frequent the
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because "Shang Di" is the pinyin romanization of two
Chinese characters: the first – 上, Shàng – means "high", "highest", "first", "primordial"; the second – 帝, Dì – is typically considered as shorthand for huangdi (皇帝) in modern Chinese, the title of the
57:
851:
625:, which has been described as the "most gigantic man-made disaster" of the nineteenth century. The God Worshippers trained to fight were considered Protestant revolutionaries.
350:, 1832). He only briefly looked over and did not carefully examine it. Subsequently, Hong claimed to have experienced mystical visions in the wake of his third failure of the
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505:, a faith that had been displaced by Confucianism (its corrupted version, used by the Qing to submit the Han) and dynastic imperial regimes. The next year, Hong and
697:
724:
552:. Hong Xiuquan left for Guangdong shortly thereafter to reunite with Feng. In the absence of both Feng and Hong, two new leaders emerged to fill the void:
476:, where local scholars competed for the chance to rise to power in the imperial civil service. One of the native tracts, Liang's nine-part, 500-page tome,
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in the mid-1830s, although it remains a matter of debate during which exact examination this occurred. Hong initially leafed through it without interest.
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Malek, Roman; P. Richard Bohr (2022). "Jesus, Christianity and Rebellion in China: the Evangelical roots of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom".
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On the 11th day of the first lunar month of 1851, which was also Hong Xiuquan's birthday, the God Worshipping Society proclaimed the
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in 1837 and after failing for a fourth time in 1843, he sat down to carefully examine the tracts with his distant cousin
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and quickly amassed a force of 10,000–30,000 people. While the majority of the group were Hakka, some followers were
337:
358:, believing that they were "the key to interpreting his visions" coming to the conclusion that he was "the son of
1490:
Kuhn, Philip A. (July 1977), "Origins of the Taiping Vision: Cross-Cultural Dimensions of a Chinese Rebellion",
755:
618:
604:
442:
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461:—were their first converts and suffered greatly, being repeatedly arrested, fined, and driven into exile at
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http://www.reformed.org/documents/wcf_with_proofs/index.html?body=/documents/wcf_with_proofs/ch_XII.html
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Dragon and Kangaroo: Australia and China's Shared History from the Goldfields to the Present Day
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19th-century Chinese religious movement which began the Taiping Rebellion
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Taiping Theology: The Localization of Christianity in China, 1843–64
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The imperial examinations had a pass rate of less than one per cent.
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The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom: Rebellion and the Blasphemy of Empire
441:(Canton). Their household staff and the printers they employed for
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establishment of a common treasury and a requirement of chastity.
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Market Economics and Political Change: Comparing China and Mexico
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a revival and a restoration of the ancient classical faith in
818:. Vol. 2. Columbia University Press. pp. 213–215.
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Girt Nation: The Unauthorised History of Australia Volume 3
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In January 1848, Feng Yunshan was arrested and banished to
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who had been directed to rid the world of demon worship."
935:
Jonathan D. Spence, God's Chinese Son Chapter 20 (1996)
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Jonathan D. Spence, God's Chinese Son Chapter 15 (1996)
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Jonathan D. Spence, God's Chinese Son Chapter 19 (1996)
532:. On 27 August 1847, when Hong Xiuquan returned to the
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Jonathan D. Spence, God's Chinese Son Chapter 9 (1996)
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De Bary, William Theodore; Lufrano, Richard (2000).
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838:Jonathan D. Spence, God's Chinese Son 64-65 (1996)
752:Historical Dictionary of Modern China (1800–1949)
696:Lindau, Juan D.; Cheek, Timothy (January 2000).
313:which drew on his own unique interpretation of
68:Christ who started the God Worshipping movement
1245:The Taiping Rebellion: History'", p. 33 (1966)
653:In some translations, the name appears as the
309:) was a religious movement founded and led by
868:http://bookofconcord.org/sd-righteousness.php
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909:The Taiping Revolutionary Movement, Volume 1
1439:. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
329:occurred in 1836 when he directly received
1492:Comparative Studies in Society and History
947:The Chinese Face of Jesus Christ: Volume 2
393:was recognized as fifth brother of Jesus,
362:, Shangdi, and was the younger brother of
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911:. the University of Michigan. p. 20.
666:, and is usually translated as "emperor".
64:, the self-proclaimed younger brother of
1567:Christian denominations founded in China
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949:(reprint ed.). Taylor and Francis.
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702:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
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1024:"Taiping Rebellion (Chinese history)"
999:"Feng Yunshan (Chinese rebel leader)"
977:. Springer. pp. 85–95, 101–103.
635:Millennarianism in colonial societies
7:
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1359:The Wobbling Pivot: China Since 1800
617:, and declared the formation of the
437:(known at the time as Whampoa), and
655:Supreme Emperor Worshipping Society
1078:The Taiping Revolutionary Movement
802:The Taiping Revolutionary Movement
789:The Taiping Revolutionary Movement
482:, found its way into the hands of
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1537:History of Christianity in China
723:MacKlin, Robert (25 July 2017).
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35:
1396:Hunt, David (2 November 2021).
1479:——— (1990),
1372:The Taiping Rebellion: History
1346:The Taiping Rebellion: History
1330:The Taiping Rebellion: History
1317:The Taiping Rebellion: History
1299:The Taiping Rebellion: History
1286:The Taiping Rebellion: History
1270:The Taiping Rebellion: History
1257:The Taiping Rebellion: History
1232:The Taiping Rebellion: History
1219:The Taiping Rebellion: History
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1557:1843 establishments in China
1547:Religion in the Qing dynasty
923:T'ien Hsia Monthly, Volume 1
816:Sources of Chinese Tradition
595:The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
1482:The Search for Modern China
870:paragraphs 4, 9, 10, and 25
754:. Scarecrow Press. p.
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1433:Reilly, Thomas H. (2004).
1067:, pp. 25, 64–65, 67 (1996)
973:Carl S. Kilcourse (2016).
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1504:10.1017/S0010417500008756
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1562:Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
847:Westminster Confession,
619:Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
605:Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
447:translation of the Bible
397:as their sixth brother,
321:, based on the faith in
152:Traditional Chinese
1093:, pp. 67, 69, 80 (1996)
1028:Encyclopædia Britannica
1003:Encyclopædia Britannica
854:11 January 2021 at the
523:God Worshipping Society
494:God Worshipping Society
379:God Worshipping Society
340:' personal copy of the
315:Protestant Christianity
281:God Worshipping Society
166:Simplified Chinese
41:God Worshipping Society
18:God-Worshipping Society
1357:Pamela Kyle Crossley,
750:Gao, James Z. (2009).
729:. Hachette Australia.
1552:19th century in China
907:Yu-wen Chien (1970).
621:, thus beginning the
443:Morrison's dictionary
352:imperial examinations
319:Chinese folk religion
317:and combined it with
1465:, New York: Norton,
1199:Jonathan D. Spence,
1154:Jonathan D. Spence,
1141:Jonathan D. Spence,
1128:Jonathan D. Spence,
1115:Jonathan D. Spence,
1102:Jonathan D. Spence,
1089:Jonathan D. Spence,
1063:Jonathan D. Spence,
1158:, pp. 81, 88 (1996)
613:against the ruling
429:began working from
389:the fourth eldest.
293:traditional Chinese
1485:, New York: Norton
1370:Franz H. Michael,
1328:Franz H. Michael,
1315:Franz H. Michael,
1297:Franz H. Michael,
1284:Franz H. Michael,
1268:Franz H. Michael,
1255:Franz H. Michael,
1243:Franz H. Michael,
1234:, pp. 31–32 (1966)
1230:Franz H. Michael,
1217:Franz H. Michael,
1186:Franz H. Michael,
1132:, pp. 79–80 (1996)
1119:, pp. 78–79 (1996)
1080:, pp. 22–23 (1973)
778:Gray (1990), p. 55
662:first employed by
285:simplified Chinese
1461:God's Chinese Son
1348:, p. 40–41 (1966)
1259:, p. 34–35 (1966)
1201:God's Chinese Son
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1130:God's Chinese Son
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1104:God's Chinese Son
1091:God's Chinese Son
1065:God's Chinese Son
866:Book of Concord,
825:978-0-231-11271-0
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601:Taiping Rebellion
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664:Qin Shi Huang
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338:Edwin Stevens
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38:
33:
30:
19:
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1371:
1366:
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1316:
1298:
1293:
1288:p. 35 (1966)
1285:
1272:35–37 (1966)
1269:
1264:
1256:
1251:
1244:
1239:
1231:
1226:
1218:
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1195:
1190:p. 30 (1966)
1187:
1174:p. 29 (1966)
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1077:
1076:Jen Yu-wen,
1072:
1064:
1059:
1043:
1031:. Retrieved
1027:
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1006:. Retrieved
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787:Jen Yu-wen,
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718:
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615:Qing dynasty
608:
577:
558:Xiao Chaogui
554:Yang Xiuqing
547:
543:
527:
522:
520:
507:Feng Yunshan
493:
490:Feng Yunshan
488:
484:Hong Xiuquan
477:
474:examinations
427:missionaries
417:
407:
395:Xiao Chaogui
391:Wei Changhui
387:Yang Xiuqing
381:believed in
378:
376:
356:Feng Yunshan
341:
311:Hong Xiuquan
304:
280:
278:
196:Hanyu Pinyin
124:Qing dynasty
109:Hong Xiuquan
62:Hong Xiuquan
47:
29:
1427:Works cited
1384:Kuhn (1977)
492:formed the
467:prefectural
336:missionary
1531:Categories
1446:0295984309
1050:, p.
521:While the
471:provincial
449:—men like
424:Protestant
403:Hong's son
224:Wade–Giles
1520:144407449
1402:. Black.
804:20 (1973)
641:Footnotes
550:Guangdong
459:Qu Ya'ang
455:Liang Afa
439:Guangzhou
422:in 1807,
414:Formation
399:Shi Dakai
327:pamphlets
120:Guangdong
75:Scripture
1457:(1996),
852:Archived
629:See also
529:en masse
513:county,
348:Liang Fa
331:American
210:Bopomofo
96:Language
1421:Sources
1033:8 March
1008:8 March
581:Jintian
562:Trinity
515:Guangxi
511:Guiping
503:Shangdi
498:Guangxi
463:Malacca
451:Cai Gao
373:Beliefs
323:Shangdi
130:Defunct
106:Founder
100:Chinese
1518:
1512:177996
1510:
1469:
1443:
1406:
981:
953:
822:
762:
733:
706:
540:Growth
457:, and
435:Pazhou
367:Christ
303::
301:pinyin
295::
287::
114:Origin
86:Region
1516:S2CID
1508:JSTOR
683:Notes
585:Punti
431:Macao
408:sheng
364:Jesus
117:1843
90:China
80:Bible
66:Jesus
1467:ISBN
1441:ISBN
1404:ISBN
1035:2013
1010:2013
979:ISBN
951:ISBN
820:ISBN
760:ISBN
731:ISBN
704:ISBN
603:and
589:Miao
556:and
469:and
445:and
377:The
346:(by
297:拜上帝會
289:拜上帝会
279:The
172:拜上帝会
158:拜上帝會
133:1864
48:拜上帝會
1500:doi
756:136
496:in
254:IPA
1533::
1514:,
1506:,
1496:19
1494:,
1344:,
1306:^
1277:^
1208:^
1179:^
1170:,
1026:.
1001:.
965:^
758:.
587:,
453:,
433:,
299:;
291:;
122:,
1502::
1449:.
1412:.
1386:.
1054:.
1052:4
1037:.
1012:.
987:.
959:.
828:.
768:.
739:.
712:.
283:(
20:)
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