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are too remote and too obscure to afford me any true satisfaction. Men have thought to find God at the special creation of their own species, or active when mind or life first appeared on earth. They have made him God of the gaps in human knowledge. To me the God of the trigger is as little satisfying as the God of the gaps. It is because throughout the physical
Universe I find thought and plan and power that behind it I see God as the creator.
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786:(1978). Bube attributed modern crises in religious faith in part to the inexorable shrinking of the God-of-the-gaps as scientific knowledge progressed. As humans progressively increased their understanding of nature, the previous "realm" of God seemed to many persons and religions to be getting smaller and smaller by comparison. Bube maintained that
831:
spiritual. There are gaps in a physical-chemical explanation of this world, and there always will be. Because science has learned many marvelous secrets of nature, it cannot be concluded that it can explain all phenomena. Meaning, soul, spirits, and life are subjects incapable of physical-chemical explanation or formation.
646:
shrink, potentially weakening the argument for God's existence. Critics contend that such an approach can undermine religious beliefs by suggesting that God only operates in the unexplained areas of our understanding, leaving little room for divine involvement in a comprehensive and coherent worldview.
735:
how wrong it is to use God as a stop-gap for the incompleteness of our knowledge. If in fact the frontiers of knowledge are being pushed further and further back (and that is bound to be the case), then God is being pushed back with them, and is therefore continually in retreat. We are to find God in
645:
This concept has been met with criticism and debate from various quarters. Detractors argue that this perspective is problematic as it seems to rely on gaps in human understanding and ignorance to make its case for the existence of God. As scientific knowledge continues to advance, these gaps tend to
1190:
The concept was certainly present, but according to
Southgate it was Coulson who devised the actual terminology which we now use and which has been adapted to provide the title of the present article. The idea that Coulson coined this phrase is supported by the fact that he used it without reference
718:
Must we then postulate Divine intervention? Are we to bring in God to create the first current of
Laplace's nebula or to let off the cosmic firework of Lemaître's imagination? I confess an unwillingness to bring God in this way upon the scene. The circumstances which thus seem to demand his presence
876:
The term was invented as a criticism of people who perceive that God only acts in the gaps, and who restrict God's activity to such "gaps". It has also been argued that the God-of-the-gaps view is predicated on the assumption that any event which can be explained by science automatically excludes
914:
Creationists eagerly seek a gap in present-day knowledge or understanding. If an apparent gap is found, it is assumed that God, by default, must fill it. What worries thoughtful theologians such as
Bonhoeffer is that gaps shrink as science advances, and God is threatened with eventually having
830:
but is only to be observed in mysteries unexplained by law. No significant
Christian group has believed this view. It is true, however, if it be taken to emphasize that God is not only immanent in natural law but also is active in the numerous phenomena associated with the supernatural and the
661:. In this context, some theologians and scientists have proposed that a more satisfactory approach is to view evidence of God's actions within the natural processes themselves, rather than relying on the gaps in scientific understanding to validate religious beliefs.
859:
One example of such an argument, which uses God as an explanation of one of the current gaps in biological science, is as follows: "Because current science can't figure out exactly how life started, it must be God who caused life to start." Critics of
895:
It is theologically more satisfactory to look for evidence of God's actions within natural processes rather than apart from them, in much the same way that the meaning of a book transcends, but is not independent of, the paper and ink of which it is
891:, the phrase is generally derogatory, and is inherently a direct criticism of a tendency to postulate acts of God to explain phenomena for which science has not (at least at present) given a satisfactory account. Habgood also states:
867:
God-of-the-gaps arguments have been discouraged by some theologians who assert that such arguments tend to relegate God to the leftovers of science: as scientific knowledge increases, the dominion of God decreases.
657:, since it involves interpreting ambiguous evidence (or rather no evidence) as supporting one's existing attitudes. This type of reasoning is seen as inherently flawed and does not provide a robust foundation for
775:. His book got national attention, was reissued as a paperback, and was reprinted several times, most recently in 1971. It is claimed that the actual phrase 'God of the gaps' was invented by Coulson.
880:
The "God of the gaps" argument, as traditionally advanced by scholarly
Christians, was intended as a criticism against weak or tenuous faith, not as a statement against theism or belief in God.
3053:
695:
who point to the things that
Science has not explained as presence of God — "gaps which they will fill up with God" — and urges them to embrace all nature as God's, as the work of "an
423:
1535:
679:, Part Two, "On Priests", said that "into every gap they put their delusion, their stopgap, which they called God". The concept, although not the exact wording, goes back to
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There is no 'God of the gaps' to take over at those strategic places where science fails; and the reason is that gaps of this sort have the unpreventable habit of shrinking.
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It has been criticized by both theologians and scientists, who say that it is a logical fallacy to base belief in God on gaps in scientific knowledge. In this vein,
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was the "death knell" of the God-of-the-gaps. Bube also maintained that the God-of-the-gaps was not the same as the God of the Bible (that is, he was not making an
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844:
can refer to a position that assumes an act of God as the explanation for an unknown phenomenon, which according to the users of the term, is a variant of an
4424:
1065:
Earnest
William Barnes, "Scientific Theory and Religion: The World Described by Science and Its Spiritual Interpretation", Cambridge University Press,
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against God per se, but rather asserting there was a fundamental problem with the perception of God as existing in the gaps of present-day knowledge).
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includes psychological explanations for developmental distortions leading to a person believing in a deity, particularly a male deity.
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inclinations, point to areas where science falls short in explaining natural phenomena as opportunities to insert the presence of a
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God, which is the God of
Evolution, is infinitely grander than the occasional wonder-worker, who is the God of an old theology."
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The expression, "God of the Gaps," contains a real truth. It is erroneous if it is taken to mean that God is not immanent in
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The term "God of the gaps" is sometimes used in describing the incremental retreat of religious explanations of physical
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This article is about a philosophical argument. For the "gap" interpretation of the biblical creation account, see
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expressed the concept in similar terms in letters he wrote while in a Nazi prison. Bonhoeffer wrote, for example:
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634:. The term itself was coined in response to this tendency. This theological view suggests that
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https://antilogicalism.files.wordpress.com/2017/07/the-portable-nietzsche-walter-kaufmann.pdf
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God; that if God did not do something via direct action, that he had no role in it at all.
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fills in the gaps left by scientific knowledge, and that these gaps represent moments of
1498:
626:. This perspective has its origins in the observation that some individuals, often with
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in the face of increasingly comprehensive scientific explanations for those phenomena.
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concept that emerged in the 19th century and revolves around the idea that gaps in
388:
368:
308:
1456:
Richard H. Bube, "Man Come of Age: Bonhoeffer's
Response to the God-Of-The-Gaps,"
1181:
Not a Gap in Sight: Fifty Years of Charles Coulson's Science and Christian Belief
1127:, Oxford University Press, p. 20, Fontana Books 1958 and later (paperback) p. 32.
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The "God of the gaps" perspective has been criticized for its association with
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692:
684:
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338:
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864:, for example, have accused proponents of using this basic type of argument.
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Either God is in the whole of Nature, with no gaps, or He's not there at all.
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1979:
1912:
809:
768:
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363:
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Robert Larmer, "Is there anything wrong with 'God of the gaps' reasoning?"
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1999:
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edited by Eberhard Bethge, translated by Reginald H. Fuller, Touchstone,
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711:
615:
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or explanation and as a natural self-explanatory part of his argument.
848:
fallacy. Such an argument is sometimes reduced to the following form:
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3854:
3441:
2257:
2125:
1513:
1468:
Science and Christian Belief (The John Calvin McNair Lectures, 1954)
1308:
Thomas Dixon "Science and Religion: A Very Short Introduction" p. 45
852:
There is a gap in understanding of some aspect of the natural world.
1470:, London: Oxford University Press, 1955. Page 20, see also page 28.
3847:
3697:
3588:
3563:
3458:
2632:
2137:
1119:
1117:
1115:
932:
1375:
Charles Alfred Coulson (1955) Science and Christian Belief, p 20.
4075:
3858:
3728:
2023:
1256:
1168:
God, Humanity and the Cosmos: A Textbook in Science and Religion
4140:
3427:
3389:
2824:
2774:
2674:
2499:
1517:
706:, the Bishop of Birmingham, used the phrase in a discussion of
4215:
3702:
3602:
1241:
See, e.g., Dinnerstein, Dorothy, The Mermaid and the Minotaur.
1231:
The Human Quest: A New Look at Science and the Christian Faith
635:
1318:
Man Come of Age: Bonhoeffer’s Response to the God-Of-The-Gaps
1207:
Man Come of Age: Bonhoeffer’s Response to the God-of-the-Gaps
910:
to criticism of the God-of-the-gaps argument. He noted that:
784:
Man come of Age: Bonhoeffer’s Response to the God-of-the-Gaps
778:
The term was then used in a 1971 book and a 1978 article, by
771:
church leader, often appearing in the religious programs of
3385:
1271:
How We Believe: Science, Skepticism, and the Search for God
1453:) "Letter to Eberhard Bethge", 29 May 1944, pages 310–312.
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1335:
Is there anything wrong with “God of the gaps” reasoning?
1348:. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Netherlands. 52: 129–142.
653:. The "God of the gaps" perspective is also a form of
1359:"God of the gaps - definition, fallacy, and theology"
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4259:
4151:
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2413:
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2074:
2014:
1790:
1742:
1675:
1608:
1560:
1551:
782:. He articulated the concept in greater detail in
1499:Miracles, Intelligent Design, and God-of-the-Gaps
1286:, Volume 52, Number 3 / December, 2002, p 129 ff.
622:understanding are regarded as indications of the
1390:(Ed. Alan Richardson, John Bowden, 1983), p 242
1388:The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Theology
1346:International Journal for Philosophy of Religion
1284:International Journal for Philosophy of Religion
1030:
1028:
889:The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Theology
1036:Science and Religion: A Very Short Introduction
912:
822:writes of the physical science aspect of this:
757:
749:
733:
716:
1458:Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society
1217:Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society
904:, an atheist, dedicates a chapter of his book
3401:
1529:
591:
8:
994:"Teleological Arguments for God's Existence"
1260:. Vol.15.No.4. Dec. 1963. pp. 101–104.
687:lecturer, from his 1893 Lowell Lectures on
4148:
4137:
3864:
3609:
3446:
3437:
3424:
3408:
3394:
3386:
2834:
2821:
2771:
2671:
2496:
2492:
1796:
1614:
1557:
1536:
1522:
1514:
855:Therefore, the cause must be supernatural.
598:
584:
475:
280:
38:
1400:
1398:
1486:Chapter 10, containing the relevant text
1478:The Lowell Lectures on the Ascent of Man
1445:, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997 (
1201:
1199:
1012:page 204. The German reads "... in jede
836:Usage in referring to a type of argument
736:what we know, not in what we don't know.
1460:, volume 14 fall (1971), pages 203–220.
1145:The Fontana edition cites reviews from
967:
763:Coulson was a mathematics professor at
506:
478:
283:
95:Atheism during the Age of Enlightenment
46:
2966:Conditional preservation of the saints
1187:2006 109: 21−27. Hough writes, p. 24:
1016:hatten sie ihren Wahn gestellt, ihren
1509:Skeptical Christian: God of the Gaps?
1109:Munich: Christian Kaiser Verlag, 1970
7:
2852:Christian views on the Old Covenant
998:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
727:, the German theologian and martyr
566:
4425:Arguments for the existence of God
1414:. Bantam Press. pp. 151–161.
915:nothing to do and nowhere to hide.
25:
3973:Attributes of God in Christianity
3283:Attributes of God in Christianity
4400:
3367:
1297:The Counter-Creationism Handbook
1136:Coulson, Fontana edition, p. 35.
773:British Broadcasting Corporation
565:
553:
542:
541:
4031:Great Architect of the Universe
1089:Dietrich Bonhoeffer, letter to
133:Discrimination against atheists
3356:Lists of Christian theologians
3054:Separation of church and state
1443:Letters and Papers from Prison
1220:. Volume 14. 1971. pp.203–220.
1123:Charles Alfred Coulson (1955)
1095:Letters and Papers from Prison
1093:, 29 May 1944, pages 310–312,
862:intelligent design creationism
148:Separation of church and state
1:
3810:Trinity of the Church Fathers
3361:Outline of Christian theology
2325:History of Christian theology
1295:See, e.g., Mark Isaak (2006)
1147:The Times Literary Supplement
417:Atheism: The Case Against God
72:Negative and positive atheism
62:Implicit and explicit atheism
3135:Baptism with the Holy Spirit
1170:, T. & T. Clark, p. 247.
1125:Science and Christian Belief
742:Science and Christian Belief
4061:Phenomenological definition
3303:Love of God in Christianity
3171:Christian reconstructionism
2939:Priesthood of all believers
1860:extra Ecclesiam nulla salus
1166:C. Southgate et al.(1999),
4446:
951:Non-overlapping magisteria
264:Theological noncognitivism
29:
4398:
4147:
4136:
3436:
3423:
3351:
2833:
2820:
2783:
2770:
2683:
2670:
2508:
2495:
2335:Calvinist–Arminian debate
1799:
1617:
927:The Challenge of Creation
3815:Trinitarian universalism
3072:Confessional Lutheranism
1020:, den sie Gott nannten."
4017:Godhead in Christianity
2934:Protestant ecclesiology
2677:Eastern Orthodox Church
1340:24 October 2007 at the
1333:Larmer, Robert (2002).
1269:Michael Shermer (2003)
1107:Widerstand und Ergebung
1105:, 1997; Translation of
1048:Henry Drummond (1904).
975:Henry Drummond (1904).
846:argument from ignorance
842:God-of-the-gaps fallacy
219:Inconsistent revelation
213:Incompatible properties
128:Demographics of atheism
3288:Christian universalism
3224:Wesleyan Quadrilateral
3214:Imparted righteousness
3097:Lutheran scholasticism
2951:Protestant Soteriology
917:
898:
833:
761:
753:
745:Charles Alfred Coulson
738:
721:
676:Thus Spoke Zarathustra
3843:Fate of the unlearned
3795:Shield of the Trinity
3298:Grace in Christianity
3112:Theology of the Cross
2553:Immaculate Conception
2248:New Covenant theology
1667:Social trinitarianism
1252:"The God of the Gaps"
893:
824:
691:. He chastises those
191:Fate of the unlearned
169:Arguments for atheism
123:Criticism of religion
4430:Religion and science
3219:Second work of grace
3209:Christian perfection
3077:Evangelical Catholic
2961:Conditional election
2879:Evangelical theology
2518:Apostolic succession
1834:Conditional Security
1482:Hodder and Stoughton
1229:Richard Bube (1971)
710:'s implication of a
517:Criticism of atheism
508:Atheism and religion
459:The System of Nature
344:Christopher Hitchens
27:Theological argument
4377:Slavic Native Faith
3800:Trinitarian formula
3737:Father of Greatness
3620:Abrahamic religions
3374:Christianity portal
3343:Unlimited atonement
3150:Prosperity theology
2981:Unlimited atonement
2693:Cataphatic theology
2598:Papal infallibility
2543:Ecumenical Councils
2395:Counter-Reformation
1439:Dietrich Bonhoeffer
1155:Manchester Guardian
814:Dorothy Dinnerstein
747:(1910−1974) wrote:
729:Dietrich Bonhoeffer
671:Friedrich Nietzsche
665:Origins of the term
640:divine intervention
374:Friedrich Nietzsche
234:Omnipotence paradox
42:Part of a series on
4339:Abrahamic prophecy
4269:Ayyavazhi theology
4041:Apophatic theology
3430:Conceptions of God
3186:Lordship salvation
3092:Lutheran orthodoxy
3044:Believer's baptism
2777:Oriental Orthodoxy
2688:Apophatic theology
2648:Transubstantiation
2533:Christian humanism
2523:Assumption of Mary
1545:Christian theology
992:See, for example,
956:Watchmaker analogy
708:general relativity
424:Breaking the Spell
359:Michael Lou Martin
185:Evil God challenge
90:History of atheism
4412:
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4023:Latter Day Saints
3992:Divine simplicity
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3770:Consubstantiality
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3541:Theistic finitism
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3250:Messianic Judaism
3049:Immersion baptism
3001:Anglo-Catholicism
2862:Dispensationalism
2857:Covenant theology
2816:
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2808:Aphthartodocetism
2766:
2765:
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2311:
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2191:Dispensationalism
2158:Church discipline
2010:
2009:
1990:Union with Christ
1762:Angelic hierarchy
1738:
1737:
1451:978-0-684-83827-4
1421:978-0-593-05548-9
1071:978-0-521-73022-8
1051:The Ascent of Man
1034:See Thomas Dixon
978:The Ascent of Man
793:Origin of Species
765:Oxford University
740:In his 1955 book
689:The Ascent of Man
683:, a 19th-century
655:confirmation bias
651:logical fallacies
608:
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559:Philosophy portal
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285:Lists of atheists
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2971:Prevenient grace
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2613:Quartodecimanism
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2405:Great Awakenings
2040:Incurvatus in se
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1694:Hypostatic union
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1585:Biblical studies
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1406:Dawkins, Richard
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669:From the 1880s,
624:existence of God
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499:Secular humanism
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445:The God Delusion
438:The End of Faith
384:Bertrand Russell
329:Ludwig Feuerbach
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2046:Occasion of sin
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3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3704:
3703:Supreme Being
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3590:
3587:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3574:Gender of God
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3479:Kathenotheism
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3411:
3406:
3404:
3399:
3397:
3392:
3391:
3388:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3157:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3140:Faith healing
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3016:Center church
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3006:Branch theory
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2827:Protestantism
2823:
2819:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2803:Monothelitism
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2793:Monophysitism
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2623:Sacerdotalism
2621:
2619:
2618:Real presence
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2370:Scholasticism
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2355:Caesaropapism
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2340:Apostolic Age
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2303:War in Heaven
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2288:Second Coming
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2278:New Jerusalem
2276:
2274:
2273:Millennialism
2271:
2269:
2268:Last Judgment
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1919:
1918:Mortification
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1903:Justification
1901:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1876:Glorification
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1772:Fallen angels
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1657:Impassibility
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1464:C. A. Coulson
1462:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1423:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1151:New Statesman
1148:
1142:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1103:0-684-83827-3
1100:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1003:
999:
995:
989:
986:
980:
979:
971:
968:
961:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
945:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
928:
924:
923:
919:
916:
911:
909:
908:
903:
897:
892:
890:
886:
883:According to
881:
878:
871:
869:
865:
863:
854:
851:
850:
849:
847:
843:
835:
832:
829:
823:
821:
817:
815:
811:
804:General usage
803:
801:
799:
795:
794:
789:
785:
781:
776:
774:
770:
767:as well as a
766:
760:
756:
752:
748:
746:
743:
737:
732:
730:
726:
720:
715:
713:
709:
705:
704:Ernest Barnes
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
677:
672:
664:
662:
660:
656:
652:
647:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
601:
596:
594:
589:
587:
582:
581:
579:
578:
572:
563:
560:
556:
551:
548:
539:
536:
532:
531:
530:
529:
518:
515:
514:
513:
512:
509:
505:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
486:
485:
484:
481:
477:
469:
468:
461:
460:
456:
454:
453:
449:
447:
446:
442:
440:
439:
435:
433:
432:
428:
426:
425:
421:
419:
418:
414:
413:
407:
406:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
379:Michel Onfray
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
324:Denis Diderot
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
291:
290:
289:
286:
282:
274:
273:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
229:Occam's razor
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
172:
170:
162:
161:
154:
153:State atheism
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
115:
109:
108:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
87:
81:
80:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
59:
53:
52:
49:
45:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4216:Hamartiology
4201:Ecclesiology
4191:Pneumatology
4100:Christianity
4091:Names of God
4066:Philo's view
4056:Personal god
4036:Great Spirit
3975: /
3932:Christianity
3790:Perichoresis
3693:Emanationism
3635:Christianity
3625:Baháʼí Faith
3603:Singular god
3576:
3536:Spiritualism
3372:
3323:Omnipresence
3293:Divine mercy
3117:Two kingdoms
3011:Broad church
2920:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2887:
2798:Monoenergism
2788:Miaphysitism
2488:By tradition
2428:Biblical law
2380:Conciliarism
2246: /
2216: /
2212: /
2143:Conciliarity
2120:Presbyterian
2076:Ecclesiology
2051:Original sin
2038:
2029:Anthropology
2016:Hamartiology
1965:Resurrection
1955:Regeneration
1930:Perseverance
1924:Ordo salutis
1922:
1886:Irresistible
1858:
1854:Eternal life
1844:Divinization
1719:Resurrection
1662:Perichoresis
1652:Immutability
1637:Pneumatology
1600:Hermeneutics
1575:Preservation
1477:
1467:
1457:
1442:
1433:Bibliography
1410:
1387:
1371:
1363:www.asa3.org
1362:
1353:
1345:
1329:
1322:Richard Bube
1317:
1313:
1304:
1296:
1291:
1283:
1278:
1270:
1265:
1255:
1246:
1237:
1230:
1225:
1215:
1212:Richard Bube
1206:
1184:
1175:
1167:
1162:
1141:
1132:
1124:
1106:
1094:
1061:
1050:
1043:
1035:
1005:
997:
988:
977:
970:
943:
925:
913:
905:
899:
894:
888:
885:John Habgood
882:
879:
875:
866:
858:
841:
839:
825:
818:
807:
791:
783:
780:Richard Bube
777:
762:
758:
754:
750:
741:
739:
734:
725:World War II
722:
717:
701:
688:
674:
668:
648:
644:
611:
609:
457:
450:
443:
436:
429:
422:
415:
389:Peter Singer
369:Jean Meslier
309:Albert Camus
201:
36:
4274:Krishnology
4251:Soteriology
4206:Eschatology
4186:Christology
4051:Open theism
4007:Exotheology
3905:Zoroastrian
3868:By religion
3825:Eschatology
3780:Homoiousian
3733:Ahura Mazda
3511:Panentheism
3474:Hermeticism
3328:Omniscience
3318:Omnipotence
3308:Love of God
3162:(Calvinist)
3145:Glossolalia
3021:High church
2901:Sola gratia
2743:Tabor Light
2728:Proskynesis
2713:Metousiosis
2708:Gnomic will
2593:Natural law
2568:Josephology
2558:Indulgences
2423:Apologetics
2390:Reformation
2385:Renaissance
2298:Tribulation
2181:Historicism
2173:Eschatology
1871:Forgiveness
1792:Soteriology
1730:Holy Spirit
1714:Incarnation
1632:Christology
1570:Inspiration
1480:, Glasgow:
1273:, p 115 ff.
1018:Lückenbüßer
828:natural law
616:theological
571:WikiProject
494:Freethought
489:Agnosticism
304:Mario Bunge
244:Poor design
100:New Atheism
4419:Categories
4359:Philosophy
4246:Sophiology
4226:Philosophy
4221:Messianism
4181:Paterology
3785:Hypostasis
3775:Homoousian
3606:theologies
3546:Theopanism
3531:Polytheism
3494:Monotheism
3469:Henotheism
3245:Anabaptism
3181:Free Grace
3026:Low church
2658:Veneration
2603:Priesthood
2513:Absolution
2453:Missiology
2443:Homiletics
2365:Iconoclasm
2350:Patristics
2317:Historical
2293:Soul sleep
2234:Apocalypse
2229:Antichrist
2131:Historical
2101:Missiology
2089:Confession
1960:Repentance
1950:Redemption
1898:Imputation
1891:Prevenient
1839:Conversion
1804:Absolution
1627:Paterology
1622:Attributes
1553:Systematic
1179:A. Hough,
962:References
896:comprised.
693:Christians
685:evangelist
620:scientific
480:Irreligion
339:Sam Harris
143:Secularism
67:Naturalism
4236:Practical
4231:Political
4196:Cosmology
4153:Christian
4012:Holocaust
4002:Egotheism
3957:Goddesses
3952:Mormonism
3880:Christian
3833:Afterlife
3719:Sustainer
3526:Polydeism
3521:Pantheism
3506:Mysticism
3489:Monolatry
3484:Nontheism
3464:Dystheism
3240:Adventism
3160:Reformed
2956:Assurance
2894:Sola fide
2847:Adiaphora
2758:Theotokos
2738:Symphonia
2733:Sobornost
2723:Phyletism
2633:Sainthood
2628:Sacrament
2608:Purgatory
2588:Modernism
2578:Mariology
2473:Political
2448:Liturgics
2433:Education
2415:Practical
2330:Orthodoxy
2253:End times
2224:Adventism
2201:Preterism
2115:Episcopal
2094:Eucharist
2084:Sacrament
1980:Synergism
1970:Salvation
1913:Monergism
1819:Atonement
1814:Assurance
1744:Cosmology
1724:Ascension
1562:Scripture
872:Criticism
840:The term
810:phenomena
769:Methodist
702:In 1933,
628:religious
364:Karl Marx
224:Nonbelief
197:Free will
165:Arguments
4354:Kabbalah
4301:Prophets
4176:Glossary
4142:By faith
4105:Hinduism
3987:Demiurge
3977:in Islam
3937:Hinduism
3927:Buddhism
3919:Feminist
3875:Buddhist
3683:Absolute
3676:Concepts
3652:Hinduism
3647:Buddhism
3613:By faith
3577:and gods
3569:Divinity
3555:Concepts
3516:Pandeism
3417:Theology
3276:See also
3201:Wesleyan
3064:Lutheran
2993:Anglican
2718:Phronema
2548:Filioque
2528:Dogmatic
2468:Polemics
2463:Pastoral
2244:Covenant
2196:Futurism
2186:Idealism
2163:Shunning
2148:Koinonia
2061:Theodicy
2034:The Fall
2000:Blessing
1849:Election
1809:Adoption
1782:Theodicy
1767:Humanity
1752:Creation
1590:Exegesis
1580:Canonics
1484:, 1904 (
1408:(2006).
1338:Archived
1185:Theology
944:Miracles
920:See also
798:argument
712:Big Bang
697:immanent
547:Category
56:Concepts
4344:Aggadah
4292:Oneness
4284:Islamic
4166:Outline
4161:History
4120:Judaism
4115:Jainism
4071:Process
4046:Olelbis
3947:Judaism
3890:Islamic
3805:Trinity
3688:Brahman
3662:Sikhism
3657:Jainism
3630:Judaism
3582:Goddess
3107:Pietism
3082:Haugean
3036:Baptist
2891: (
2839:General
2753:Theosis
2748:Theoria
2698:Economy
2643:Thomism
2638:Scotism
2573:Liturgy
2400:Pietism
2375:Thomism
2283:Rapture
2208: (
2108: (
1995:Worship
1985:Theosis
1829:Calling
1824:Baptism
1692: (
1677:Trinity
996:in the
983:p. 333.
723:During
614:" is a
535:Outline
112:Society
84:History
48:Atheism
4382:Wiccan
4331:Jewish
4311:Angels
4241:Public
4211:Ethics
3900:Taoist
3895:Jewish
3855:Heaven
3712:God as
3442:Theism
2478:Public
2438:Ethics
2258:Heaven
2126:Bishop
2106:Polity
1757:Angels
1685:Father
1449:
1418:
1324:, 1971
1153:, and
1101:
1073:. 1933
1069:
1056:p. 333
946:(book)
788:Darwin
277:People
4369:Pagan
4261:Hindu
4110:Islam
3942:Islam
3885:Hindu
3848:Fitra
3698:Logos
3640:Islam
3589:Numen
3564:Deity
3459:Deism
3450:Forms
3233:Other
3176:TULIP
2888:solae
2886:Five
2458:Moral
2345:Canon
2214:Post-
2138:Synod
1881:Grace
1866:Faith
1777:Satan
1704:Logos
1699:Jesus
1038:p. 45
1014:Lücke
933:Deism
410:Books
4076:Tian
3859:Hell
3729:Good
3724:Time
2583:Mass
2263:Hell
2210:Pre-
2024:Adam
1447:ISBN
1416:ISBN
1257:JASA
1099:ISBN
1067:ISBN
755:and
4296:God
4294:of
2056:Sin
1690:Son
1610:God
1503:PDF
887:in
790:'s
673:'s
636:God
4421::
4093:in
3857:/
3735:,
1488:).
1476:,
1466:,
1441:,
1397:^
1380:^
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1149:,
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