Good Friday Agreement - Knowledge (XXG)

1767: 277: 2562: 4428:(UK). "In our view, this important provision , which arose out of the Belfast Agreement, gave the people of Northern Ireland the right to determine whether to remain part of the United Kingdom or to become part of a united Ireland. It neither regulated any other change in the constitutional status of Northern Ireland nor required the consent of a majority of the people of Northern Ireland to the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union. Contrary to the submission of Mr Lavery QC for Mr McCord, this section cannot support any legitimate expectation to that effect." 3360: 2865:, as the commencement orders for the British-Irish Agreement came into effect on 2 December 1999. Article 4(2) of the British-Irish Agreement (the Agreement between the British and Irish governments for the implementation of the Belfast Agreement) required the two governments to notify each other in writing of the completion of the requirements for the entry into force of the British-Irish Agreement; entry into force was to be upon the receipt of the later of the two notifications. The British government agreed to participate in a televised ceremony at 2193: 2448:

2003) and in July 2005 the IRA announced the formal end of its campaign. Loyalist decommissioning did not follow immediately. In June 2009, the UVF announced it had completed decommissioning and the UDA said it had started to decommission its arsenal. On 6 January 2010, the UDA announced that it had put its weapons "verifiably beyond use". The decommissioning was completed five weeks before a government amnesty deadline beyond which any weapons found could have been used as evidence for a prosecution.

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from the decommissioning issue, ongoing smaller-scale paramilitary activity by the Provisional Irish Republican Army—e.g., arms importations, smuggling, organised crime, punishment beatings, intelligence-gathering and rioting—was also a stumbling block. The loyalist paramilitaries also continued similar activity although as they were not represented by a significant political party, their position was less central to political change.

2543:, commonly referred to as the birthright provisions, states that both governments, "Recognise the birthright of all the people of Northern Ireland to identify themselves and be accepted as Irish, or British, or both, as they may so choose, and accordingly confirm that their right to hold both British and Irish citizenship is accepted by both Governments and would not be affected by any future change in the status of Northern Ireland." 3283: 3276: 3264: 3249: 3241: 3228: 3221: 3209: 3202: 3190: 3175: 3168: 3156: 3149: 3137: 3130: 3118: 3111: 3099: 3092: 3080: 3073: 3061: 3046: 3039: 3463: 2797: 2348: 2934:". On 26 September 2005, it was announced that the Provisional Irish Republican Army had completely decommissioned its arsenal of weapons and "put them beyond use". Nonetheless, many unionists notably the DUP, remained sceptical. Of the loyalist paramilitaries, only the Loyalist Volunteer Force had decommissioned any weapons. Further negotiations took place in October 2006, leading to the 2147: 3006:

territory from one state to another state has to be by international agreement between the UK and Irish governments. Secondly, the people of Northern Ireland can no longer bring about a united Ireland on their own; they need not only the Irish government but the people of their neighbouring state, Ireland, to also endorse unity. Morgan also pointed out that, unlike the

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The result of these referendums was a large majority in both parts of Ireland in favour of the agreement. In the Republic, 56% of the electorate voted, with 94% of the votes in favour of the amendment to the constitution. The turnout in Northern Ireland was 81%, with 71% of the votes in favour of the

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A date of May 2000 was set for total disarming of all paramilitary groups. This was not achieved, leading the assembly to be suspended on a number of occasions as a consequence of unionist objections. A series of rounds of decommissioning by the IRA took place (in October 2001, April 2002 and October

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The North/South Ministerial Council is made up of ministers from the Northern Ireland Executive and the Government of Ireland. It was established "to develop consultation, co-operation and action" in twelve areas of mutual interest. These include six areas where the Northern Ireland Executive and the

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was also amended to implicitly recognise Northern Ireland as part of the United Kingdom's sovereign territory, conditional upon the consent for a united Ireland from majorities of the people in both jurisdictions on the island. On the other hand, the language of the agreement reflects a switch in the

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The vague wording of some of the provisions, described as "constructive ambiguity", helped ensure acceptance of the agreement and served to postpone debate on some of the more contentious issues. Most notably these included paramilitary decommissioning, police reform and the normalisation of Northern

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The DUP and other Brexit supporters have criticised the British government for erecting a trade border "down the Irish Sea"—in other words, between the island of Ireland and Britain. They state that in order to prevent a 'hard border' on the island of Ireland, customs and other controls have instead

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which, now or in the future, support North-South cooperation, the all-island economy and the protection of the 1998 Agreement", with the acknowledgement that this is "under the caveat that nothing is agreed until everything is agreed". This provision formed part of a UK-EU deal which was rejected by

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The Assembly and Executive were eventually established in December 1999 on the understanding that decommissioning would begin immediately, but were suspended within two months due to lack of progress, before being re-established in May 2000 as Provisional IRA decommissioning eventually began. Aside

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the power of the sovereign government with jurisdiction there shall be exercised with rigorous impartiality on behalf of all the people in the diversity of their identities and traditions and shall be founded on the principles of full respect for, and equality of, civil, political, economic, social

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The agreement reached was that Northern Ireland was part of the United Kingdom, and would remain so until a majority of the people both of Northern Ireland and of the Republic of Ireland wished otherwise. Should that happen, then the British and Irish governments are under "a binding obligation" to

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The multi-party agreement committed the parties to "use any influence they may have" to bring about the decommissioning of all paramilitary arms within two years of the referendums approving the agreement. The process of normalisation committed the British government to the reduction in the number

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Wolff identifies the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, the Ulster Unionist Party, the SDLP, and the Alliance Party as signatories to the Sunningdale Agreement. He identifies the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, the Ulster Unionist Party, the Ulster Democratic Party, the Progressive

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Under the agreement, the British and Irish governments committed to organising referendums on 22 May 1998, in Northern Ireland and in the Republic respectively. The Northern Ireland referendum was to approve the agreement reached in the multi-party talks. The Republic of Ireland referendum was to

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These institutional arrangements created across these three strands are set out in the agreement as being "interlocking and interdependent". In particular, the functioning of the Northern Ireland Assembly and the North/South Ministerial Council are stated to be "so closely inter-related that the

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The British Government are effectively out of the equation and neither the British parliament nor people have any legal right under this agreement to impede the achievement of Irish unity if it had the consent of the people North and South... Our nation is and always will be a 32-county nation.

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that would circumvent certain treaty obligations to the EU as set out in the withdrawal agreement. The Bill was criticised in the UK and internationally, with the First Ministers of Scotland and Wales both describing the Conservative government's proposals as an attempt to seize power and undo

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says that the main difference is the intention of the British government to broker a comprehensive deal by including the IRA and the most uncompromising unionists. Regarding the right to self-determination, two qualifications are noted by the legal writer Austen Morgan. Firstly, the cession of

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or both) was recognised. By the words "people of Northern Ireland" the Agreement meant "all persons born in Northern Ireland and having, at the time of their birth, at least one parent who is a British citizen, an Irish citizen or is otherwise entitled to reside in Northern Ireland without any

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Under the agreement, it was proposed that the already-existing British–Irish Interparliamentary Body would be built upon. Prior to the agreement, the body was composed of parliamentarians from the British and Irish parliaments only. In 2001, as suggested by the agreement, it was expanded to

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Both the British and Irish governments committed to the early release of the approximately 400 prisoners serving sentences in connection with the activities of paramilitary groups, provided that those groups continued to maintain "a complete and unequivocal ceasefire". Cases were reviewed

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In the Republic, the electorate voted upon the nineteenth amendment to the Constitution of Ireland. This amendment both permitted the state to comply with the Belfast Agreement and provided for the removal of the "territorial claim" contained in Articles 2 and 3. A referendum on the

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with members with expertise in social, cultural, economic and other issues and appointed by the two administrations. An outline structure for the North/South Consultative Forum was agreed in 2002 and in 2006 the Northern Ireland Executive agreed it would support its establishment.

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agreement. Of those who voted, almost all of the Catholics voted for the agreement, compared with 57% of the Protestants. The fragility of cross-community enthusiasm for parts of the agreement helps to explain subsequent difficulties in maintaining the power-sharing executive.

3001:, the recognition of both national identities, British-Irish intergovernmental cooperation and the legal procedures to make power-sharing mandatory, such as the cross-community vote and the D'Hondt system to appoint ministers to the executive. Former IRA member and journalist 1785:

Serious political efforts to end the conflict began in the late 1980s and continued through the 1990s. Ceasefires were declared and later broken. The agreement came after many years of complex talks, proposals, and compromises. Many people made major contributions.

1759:. For Northern Ireland, the decades that followed were marked by tensions and controversies, sometimes spilling over into violence, between unionists who favoured remaining with Britain and nationalists who favoured unification with the Irish Free State (later the 4580:"Joint report from the negotiators of the European Union and the United Kingdom Government on progress during phase 1 of negotiations under Article 50 TEU on the United Kingdom's orderly withdrawal from the European Union (TF50 (2017) 19 – Commission to EU 27)" 2929:

In 2004, negotiations were held between the two governments, the DUP, and Sinn Féin on an agreement to re-establish the institutions. These talks failed, but a document published by the governments detailing changes to the Belfast Agreement became known as the

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Irrespective of Northern Ireland's constitutional status within the United Kingdom, or part of a united Ireland, the right of "the people of Northern Ireland" to "identify themselves and be accepted as Irish or British, or both" (as well as their right to hold

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to Northern Ireland, the Government of Ireland may put forward views and proposals. All decisions of the conference will be by agreement between both governments and the two governments agreed to make determined efforts to resolve disagreements between them.

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in Northern Ireland "to levels compatible with a normal peaceful society". This included the removal of security installations and the removal of special emergency powers in Northern Ireland. The Irish government committed to a "wide-ranging review" of its

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to review policing arrangements in Northern Ireland "including means of encouraging widespread community support" for those arrangements. The British government also committed to a "wide-ranging review" of the criminal justice system in Northern Ireland.

4843: 2964:. In the third Northern Ireland Executive, the same political relationship existed between Robinson and McGuinness as existed formerly between Paisley and McGuinness. After Robinson resigned as First Minister on 11 January 2016, he was replaced by 2989:

referred to the Agreement as "Sunningdale for slow learners", which suggests that it was nothing more than what was on offer in the Sunningdale Agreement of 1973. This assertion has been criticised by political scientists like Richard Wilford and

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The agreement affirmed a commitment to "the mutual respect, the civil rights and the religious liberties of everyone in the community". The multi-party agreement recognised "the importance of respect, understanding and tolerance in relation to

2484:(c. 35) received royal assent on 28 July 1998. 167 prisoners were released by October 1998. By December 1999, 308 prisoners had been released. The final group of prisoners was released by 28 July 2000, giving a total of 428 prisoners released. 3541: 2531:

Many of the rights-based provisions have yet to be fully implemented, including a Bill of Rights for Northern Ireland. The Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission delivered advice to the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland on

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The participants to the agreement comprised two sovereign states (the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland) with armed and police forces involved in the Troubles. Two political parties, Sinn Féin and the PUP, were linked to

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was introduced in which the Northern Ireland secretary Brandon Lewis told the House of Commons that the British government planned to break international law in a "specific and limited way", by introducing new powers through

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scandal, which saw three Sinn Féin members charged with intelligence-gathering. These charges were eventually dropped in 2005 on the controversial grounds that pursuit would not be "in the public interest". One of the three,

3759: 4554:"Joint report from the negotiators of the European Union and the United Kingdom Government on progress during phase 1 of negotiations under Article 50 TEU on the United Kingdom's orderly withdrawal from the European Union" 2972:, whereby the DUP and Sinn Féin were returned as the largest parties, and so began a countdown of talks between both leaders before devolved government could be restored. In January 2020, the Executive was re-established. 2968:. Upon McGuinness's resignation on 9 January 2017, the devolved government in Stormont collapsed, as the Agreement demands when no new leader is appointed. An election was called by Secretary of State for Northern Ireland 3444:

been imposed on goods travelling from Britain to Northern Ireland; and that Northern Ireland remains for many purposes in the EU Single Market and Customs Union, subject to a regulatory regime into which it has no input.

1437: 1763:). Starting in the late 1960s, this conflict became more intense and more violent. In the ensuing period of over 30 years, over 3,500 deaths were attributed to these hostilities, which came to be known as The Troubles. 3664: 3375:, the EU produced a position paper on its concerns regarding the Good Friday Agreement. The paper identified a range of issues including the avoidance of a hard border, North–South cooperation, citizenship, and the 1930:

The former text has just four articles; it is that short text that is the legal agreement, but it incorporates in its schedules the latter agreement. Technically, this scheduled agreement can be distinguished as the

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Government of Ireland form common policies but implement these separately in each jurisdiction, and six areas where they develop common policies that are implemented through shared all-Ireland institutions.

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Both of these views were acknowledged as being legitimate. For the first time, the Irish government accepted in a binding international agreement that Northern Ireland was part of the United Kingdom. The

3339: 2239:) agreed to consider creating a joint parliamentary forum made up of equal numbers from both institutions. In October 2012, this forum was created as the North/South Inter-Parliamentary Association. 977: 4442: 3534: 5353: 4681: 4504: 2994:. The former stated that "there are ... significant differences between them , both in terms of content and the circumstances surrounding their negotiation, implementation, and operation". 5332: 917: 3719: 4742: 4179: 4145: 1993:

and cultural rights, of freedom from discrimination for all citizens, and of parity of esteem and of just and equal treatment for the identity, ethos and aspirations of both communities.

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The overall result of these problems was that confidence in the agreement among unionists was damaged. The DUP, the sole anti-agreement party, overtook the pro-agreement UUP in the

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whether they supported the multi-party agreement. In Ireland, voters were asked whether they would allow the state to sign the agreement and allow necessary constitutional changes (

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success of each depends on that of the other" and participation in the North/South Ministerial Council is "one of the essential responsibilities attaching to relevant posts in ".

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United Kingdom's statutory emphasis from one for the union to one for a united Ireland. The agreement thus left the issue of future sovereignty over Northern Ireland open-ended.

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Address given at the Exchange of Notifications ceremony, whereby the Republic of Ireland dropped its territorial claim to Northern Ireland, Iveagh House, Dublin, 2 December 1999

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was set as a particular priority". The Irish government committed to " steps to further the protection of human rights in its jurisdiction" and to the establishment of an

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The British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference was agreed to replace the Anglo-Irish Intergovernmental Council and the Intergovernmental Conference created under the 1985

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The conference takes the form of regular and frequent meetings between the British and Irish ministers to promote co-operation at all levels between both governments. On

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The Northern Ireland political parties who endorsed the agreement were also asked to consider the establishment of an independent consultative forum representative of

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The British–Irish Council is made up of ministerial representatives from the British and Irish governments, the UK's devolved administrations (Northern Ireland,

5884: 5401: 1517: 1477: 1257: 2404:, the agreement committed the participants to "exclusively democratic and peaceful means of resolving differences on political issues". This took two aspects: 3515:

Unionist Party, the Northern Ireland Women's Coalition, the Labour Party, the Alliance Party, Sinn Féin, and the SDLP as signatories to the Belfast Agreement.

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The agreement was made between the British and Irish governments and eight political parties or groupings from Northern Ireland. Three were representative of

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As well as the number of signatories, Stefan Wolff identifies the following similarities and differences between the issues addressed in the two agreements:

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Because the Agreement commits the government to enshrine the European Convention on Human Rights in law and allows Northern Ireland residents access to the

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were not eligible for release as those groups had not agreed to an unequivocal ceasefire. There was no amnesty for crimes which had not been prosecuted.

1677:, military and paramilitary groups, justice and policing were central to the agreement. It restored self-government to Northern Ireland on the basis of " 957: 797: 4496: 2274: 1107: 4673: 4231: 276: 4277: 1774: 1097: 4936: 2089: 5809: 2517: 4171: 3729: 5874: 5859: 5595: 4734: 4138: 3567: 3014:, devised under Sunningdale, the 1998 agreement and the consequent British legislation did expressly foresee the possibility of a united Ireland. 2914: 2874: 2150: 1507: 657: 4772: 3379:. Anyone born in Northern Ireland, who is also entitled to Irish citizenship, will also be able to retain EU citizenship after Brexit. Under the 3299:

Because the Good Friday Agreement binds the British government on several points of law in Northern Ireland, it has de facto become part of the

2520:. Establishing statutory obligations for public authorities in Northern Ireland to carry out their work "with due regard to the need to promote 5839: 5513: 3011: 2814: 2365: 1954:

that a substantial section of the people of Northern Ireland, and the majority of the people of the island of Ireland, wished to bring about a

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described it as "a core constitutional text of the UK, and of Ireland ... of more everyday importance than hallowed instruments such as, say,

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The various "institutional and constitutional arrangements" set out in the Agreement are also stated to be "interlocking and interdependent".

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organisations: the IRA and the UVF respectively. The UDP, which was linked to the UDA, had withdrawn from the talks three months previously.

1905: 1337: 1197: 1057: 1047: 731: 619: 569: 491: 367: 234: 96: 2505:, and the languages of Northern Ireland's other ethnic minorities, "all of which are part of the cultural wealth of the island of Ireland". 5829: 5542: 5317: 4976: 2960:

Paisley retired from the office of First Minister and from the leadership of the DUP on 5 June 2008 and was succeeded in both functions by

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Strand 2 dealt with "north-south" issues and institutions to be created between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. These are:

5904: 5869: 5624: 5069: 4425: 2509: 2408: 2334:, the institutions established by the deal "made Northern Ireland bi-national" and reinforced "imaginative elements of co-sovereignty". 2118: 1698: 1117: 1017: 787: 3797: 3607: 2893:

that the British-Irish Agreement had entered into force (including certain supplementary agreements concerning the Belfast Agreement).

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approve the British-Irish Agreement and to facilitate the amendment of the Constitution of Ireland in accordance with the Agreement.

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The Agreement also makes reference to the UK and the Republic of Ireland as "partners in the European Union", and it was argued in

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said that "trust has been eroded". The bill was enacted in December 2020 without the controversial Northern Ireland provisions.

2561: 5814: 5190: 4612: 3327: 2858: 2212: 2197: 2052: 1307: 481: 268: 3587:... these attitudes are not rooted particularly in religious belief, but rather in underlying ethnonational identity patterns. 5680: 5670: 5630: 5565: 5495: 5470: 5062: 4365: 3633: 3319: 2818: 2470: 2369: 2222: 2111: 2099: 2002: 1643: 1347: 1217: 589: 539: 4650: 4527: 4116: 2481: 5771: 4256: 2525: 5889: 5387: 3448: 2941:

In May 2007, a power-sharing executive was again established to govern Northern Ireland in devolved matters. The second

1227: 1157: 1037: 721: 5501: 3416: 3326:. Consequently, the Agreement was a significant factor preventing the repeal of that Act and its replacement with the 1794:

were leaders of the UK and the Republic of Ireland at the time. The talks were chaired by United States special envoy

685: 647: 609: 5721: 4828:"A step forward or using Northern Ireland as a pawn: Parties divided over Boris Johnson's proposals to break EU deal" 4025:

Hayes, Bernadette (19 October 2007) . "Who voted for peace? Public support for the 1998 Northern Ireland agreement".

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unanimously held that this was not the case, but the Agreement has nevertheless strongly shaped the form of Brexit.

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As part of the Agreement, the newly created Northern Ireland Assembly and the national parliament of Ireland (the

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that the Agreement meant that the consent of Northern Ireland's voters was required to leave the European Union (

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Austen Morgan, The Hand of History? Legal Essays on the Belfast Agreement, The Belfast Press Limited, 2011 pg. 7

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since the beginning of the 20th century, and two smaller parties associated with Loyalist paramilitaries, the

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Strand 1 dealt with the democratic institutions of Northern Ireland and established two major institutions:

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and asserted a territorial claim over all of Ireland) and the people of the Republic of Ireland amended

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The agreement sets out a framework for the creation and number of institutions across three "strands".

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a multi-party agreement by most of Northern Ireland's political parties (the Multi-Party Agreement);

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devolution. Most parties in Northern Ireland expressed concern at the Bill, though some within the

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The main issues omitted by Sunningdale and addressed by the Belfast Agreement are the principle of

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In September 2020, while negotiations with the EU over future trading arrangements continued, the

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that the majority of the people of Northern Ireland wished to remain a part of the United Kingdom;

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The agreement set out a complex series of provisions relating to a number of areas, including:

5648: 5379: 5271: 5264: 4835: 4361: 4327: 4307: 3859: 3823: 3491: 3437: 3304: 2969: 2950: 2710: 2618: 2181: 2177: 1881: 1635: 1407: 1317: 1177: 1077: 997: 3752:"Good Friday Agreement: The peace deal that ended the Northern Ireland Troubles 20 years ago" 3599: 1900:. Independent of these rival traditions were two other Assembly parties, the cross-community 1837:

The status and system of government of Northern Ireland within the United Kingdom. (Strand 1)

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The Northern Ireland Assembly is a devolved legislature for Northern Ireland with mandatory

1909: 1748: 1702: 1639: 1247: 835: 741: 559: 68: 4865: 4421: 5278: 4281: 4260: 3957: 3950: 3938: 3931: 3395: 3291:† Wolff identifies this issue as being implicitly addressed in the Sunningdale Agreement. 3002: 2923: 2870: 2255:

Strand 3 dealt with "east-west" issues and institutions to be created between Ireland and

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a more substantial agreement between the eight political parties and the two governments.

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Antrim and Down are, and will remain, as much a part of Ireland as any southern county.

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Political leadership and the Northern Ireland peace process: Role, capacity and effect

4086: 4060: 2917:. The UUP had already resigned from the power-sharing Executive in 2002 following the 2565:

A 'Yes' campaign poster for the Good Friday Agreement during simultaneous referendums

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R (on the application of Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union

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incorporate parliamentarians from all of the members of the British–Irish Council.

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The two governments also agreed, irrespective of the position of Northern Ireland:

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The relationship between the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom. (Strand 3)

1791: 1778: 1705:. The agreement also created a number of institutions between Northern Ireland and 1631: 703: 188: 4439:"European Commission publishes guiding principles on Ireland and Northern Ireland" 3629: 1923:

a treaty between the two states, signed by the leaders of the two governments; and

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The Agreement recognised divergent political aspirations and complex identities.

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The relationship between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. (Strand 2)

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came to an end in Northern Ireland when power was formally devolved to the new

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of December 1921), six of the island's northern counties remained part of the

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executive with ministerial portfolios to be allocated between parties by the

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Peace at Last?: The Impact of the Good Friday Agreement on Northern Ireland

2881:, the Irish foreign minister. Shortly after the ceremony, at 10:30 am, the 4344:

The Northern Ireland Question: the peace process and the Belfast Agreement

4087:"BRITISH-IRISH AGREEMENT (AMENDMENT) ACT, 1999 (COMMENCEMENT) ORDER, 1999" 5151: 5041:

Inside Out: An Integrative Critique of the Northern Ireland Peace Process

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negotiations on Britain's planned 2019 withdrawal from the European Union

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as required by the Belfast Agreement. That advice was not taken forward.

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The agreement is made up of two inter-related documents, both agreed in

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In order to protect North–South co-operation and avoid controls on the

2954: 2890: 2821: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2372: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1807: 1717: 64: 5137: 4497:"Northern Irish will be able to remain EU citizens under Brexit deal" 3344: 2877:, attended early on 2 December 1999. He exchanged notifications with 2312: 2201: 1861: 1497: 1735:

The British–Irish Agreement came into force on 2 December 1999. The

4674:"Brexit breakthrough enabled by an almost complete British retreat" 4202:"Britain has been 'ruled out of the equation' on North, says Ahern" 1724:

held on 22 May 1998. In Northern Ireland, voters were asked in the

19:"British–Irish Agreement" redirects here. For the 1921 treaty, see 5158: 4898:"The Tories have betrayed Northern Ireland with their Brexit deal" 4735:"Government admits new Brexit bill 'will break international law'" 3364: 3358: 2560: 2191: 2145: 1765: 4465:"Guiding Principles for the dialogue on Ireland/Northern Ireland" 3411:" to be removed from the proposed withdrawal agreement. The new 2176:

on certain major decisions. The Northern Ireland Executive is a

2013:, which had asserted a territorial claim over Northern Ireland. 5652: 5383: 5058: 2693:

Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland referendum

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the normalisation of security arrangements in Northern Ireland.

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Annex 2 of the British-Irish Agreement (Good Friday Agreement)

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The politics of Northern Ireland: beyond the Belfast Agreement

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R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union

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at Stormont, in Belfast, seat of the Northern Ireland Assembly

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between most of Northern Ireland's political parties, and the

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Irish Government – British-Irish Intergovernmental Conference

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First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland

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the British parliament on three occasions. May's successor,

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President of the Policy and Resources Committee of Guernsey

4704:"Brexit: What is in Boris Johnson's new deal with the EU?" 4342:

Austen Morgan, "From Belfast to St. Andrews", included in

4113:"The Northern Ireland Act 1998 (Appointed Day) Order 1999" 1716:

The agreement was approved by voters across the island of

2885:, Bertie Ahern, signed the declaration formally amending 1912:. US senator George J. Mitchell was sent by US president 1701:

and early release of paramilitary prisoners, followed by

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Mitchell, George J. "Toward Peace in Northern Ireland."

4866:"'Trust has been eroded' over UK's Brexit plan - Martin" 2601:

Northern Ireland Good Friday Agreement referendum, 1998

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since the late 1960s. It was a major development in the

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1998 Northern Ireland Good Friday Agreement referendum

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1998 Northern Ireland Good Friday Agreement referendum

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1998 agreements between the United Kingdom and Ireland

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Context and Content: Sunningdale and Belfast Compared

4387:"How Ireland is shaping Britain's post-Brexit trade" 4324:

The Provisional IRA: From Insurrection to Parliament

3790:"The Belfast Agreement - a practical legal analysis" 3363:

Anti-Northern Ireland Protocol poster. Main Street,

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in Dublin, the Irish department of foreign affairs.

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The British government committed to incorporate the

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Against the background of political violence during

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Eighteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland

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Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland

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Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland

247: 228: 207: 174: 159: 151: 136: 128: 113: 89: 74: 60: 45: 37: 4896: 4304:Northern Ireland: can Sean and John live in peace? 3687: 4978:The Belfast Agreement: A Practical Legal Analysis 2439:The agreement called for the establishment of an 3856:Making Constitutions in Deeply Divided Societies 3381:European Union negotiating directives for Brexit 2259:(as well as the Crown dependencies). These are: 1666:system of government is based on the agreement. 4611:Cooper, Charlie; McTague, Tom (29 March 2019). 2902: 2011:Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland 5265:Indigenous, minority and lesser-used languages 4872:. Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 10 September 2020. 1935:, as opposed to the Belfast Agreement itself. 1626:) is a pair of agreements signed on 10 April ( 5664: 5395: 5070: 4161:. The British-Irish Agreement begins at p. 35 3632:. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 17 January 2021. 2926:, was afterwards exposed as a British agent. 2119: 1709:("North–South"), and between Ireland and the 1565: 8: 4556:. The European Commission. 8 December 2017. 3968: 3966: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 2021: 123: 32: 5020:All peace agreements for the United Kingdom 3858:. Cambridge University Press. p. 188. 3419:which Johnson brokered on 17 October 2019. 2953:of Sinn Féin as deputy First Minister in a 2218:North/South Inter-Parliamentary Association 2095:North/South Inter-Parliamentary Association 1985:restriction on their period of residence." 1621: 1615: 1605: 5698:Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention 5671: 5657: 5649: 5402: 5388: 5380: 5191:Policy and Resources Committee of Guernsey 5077: 5063: 5055: 2896:Speaking at the 1998 commemoration of the 2887:Articles 2 and 3 of the Irish Constitution 2264:British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference 2126: 2112: 2074:British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference 2020: 1829:governments (the British–Irish Agreement). 1630:) 1998 that ended most of the violence of 1572: 1558: 1268:Parl. Voting System and Constituencies Act 256: 122: 31: 4441:. European Commission. 7 September 2017. 4424: at para. 135 (24 January 2017), 2837:Learn how and when to remove this message 2388:Learn how and when to remove this message 2005:(which had established Northern Ireland, 1528:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 677:Eire (Confirmation of Agreement) Act 1929 263:and events relevant to the status of the 5845:Bilateral treaties of the United Kingdom 4006:. BBC Northern Ireland. 20 February 2015 3019: 2691: 2599: 2518:Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission 1662:governments. Northern Ireland's present 1478:Early Parliamentary General Election Act 1258:Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 639:Ireland (Confirm. of Agreement) Act 1925 5835:April 1998 events in the United Kingdom 5590:Third Amendment of the Constitution Act 4385:Green, David Allen (15 December 2017). 3794:Conflict Archive on the INternet (CAIN) 3526: 3507: 3415:replaced the Irish backstop as part of 2976:Comparison to the Sunningdale Agreement 2875:Secretary of State for Northern Ireland 2081: 2060: 2044: 2028: 1821:an international agreement between the 580:Church of England Assembly (Powers) Act 259: 5011:Full text of the Good Friday Agreement 4876:from the original on 10 September 2020 4846:from the original on 10 September 2020 4775:from the original on 10 September 2020 4745:from the original on 10 September 2020 4653:from the original on 25 September 2019 4526:Rediker, Douglas A. (5 January 2018). 4380: 4378: 4376: 3667:from the original on 22 September 2020 3012:Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973 1919:The agreement comprises two elements: 1208:Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 1108:Referendums (Scotland & Wales) Act 5895:Political history of Northern Ireland 4507:from the original on 11 December 2017 4477:from the original on 8 September 2017 4397:from the original on 16 December 2017 4234:from the original on 18 December 2002 4182:from the original on 13 November 2012 4004:"The Good Friday Agreement Prisoners" 3849: 3847: 3547:from the original on 11 December 2020 2482:Northern Ireland (Sentences) Act 1998 2275:British–Irish Interparliamentary Body 1198:Representation of the People Act 2000 1058:Representation of the People Act 1985 1048:Representation of the People Act 1983 958:House of Commons Disqualification Act 732:Representation of the People Act 1948 695:HM Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 668:Representation of the People Act 1928 570:Representation of the People Act 1918 432:Representation of the People Act 1867 235:Government of the Republic of Ireland 97:Government of the Republic of Ireland 7: 5885:Peace treaties of the United Kingdom 5318:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 4808:from the original on 25 October 2020 4733:O'Carroll, Lisa (8 September 2020). 4684:from the original on 21 October 2019 4623:from the original on 19 October 2019 3914:from the original on 30 October 2013 2819:adding citations to reliable sources 2370:adding citations to reliable sources 2090:British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly 1681:" and it included acceptance of the 1098:Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 5910:Treaties entered into force in 1999 5760:IRA Ceasefire & Decommissioning 4984:. The Belfast Press. Archived from 4560:from the original on 9 October 2019 4534:from the original on 8 October 2019 4445:from the original on 8 October 2019 3984:from the original on 22 August 2016 3960:BBC news. Retrieved 8 January 2010. 3941:BBC news. Retrieved 8 January 2010. 3904:"Loyalist weapons put 'beyond use'" 3700:from the original on 3 October 2019 3610:from the original on 2 January 2020 2510:European Convention on Human Rights 1751:was established in 1922 (under the 1646:of the 1990s. It is made up of the 1428:EU (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 788:European Convention on Human Rights 5850:Constitution of the United Kingdom 5706:(Constitutional Conference) (1980) 4794:Blewett, Sam (25 September 2020). 4714:from the original on 16 April 2021 4093:from the original on 29 April 2015 4067:from the original on 29 April 2015 3301:constitution of the United Kingdom 1906:Northern Ireland Women's Coalition 1886:Social Democratic and Labour Party 1880:(UDA)). Two were broadly labelled 658:Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 14: 5754:Independent Monitoring Commission 5514:Northern Ireland Constitution Act 5340:Chief Minister of the Isle of Man 4969:Fordham International Law Journal 4939:from the original on 4 March 2021 4909:from the original on 29 June 2021 4144:. Department of Foreign Affairs. 3951:"UDA confirm guns decommissioned" 3932:"UDA confirm guns decommissioned" 3890:Terrorism Issues and Developments 3800:from the original on 18 June 2009 3636:from the original on 6 March 2021 2949:of the DUP as First Minister and 2497:", especially in relation to the 2338:Decommissioning and normalisation 1898:Provisional Irish Republican Army 1368:HL (Expulsion and Suspension) Act 918:UK joins the European Communities 630:Irish Free State Constitution Act 132:Bilateral international agreement 5865:Ireland–United Kingdom relations 5710:Northern Ireland Assembly (1982) 5177:Government of the United Kingdom 4302:Daugherty Rasnic, Carol (2003). 4254:"Along The road to Irish unity?" 4151:from the original on 13 May 2019 4119:from the original on 24 May 2009 3762:from the original on 8 June 2019 3461: 3390:, the UK, led by Prime Minister 3281: 3274: 3262: 3247: 3239: 3226: 3219: 3207: 3200: 3188: 3173: 3166: 3154: 3147: 3135: 3128: 3116: 3109: 3097: 3090: 3078: 3071: 3059: 3044: 3037: 2795: 2762: 2751: 2740: 2709: 2670: 2659: 2648: 2617: 2463:Continuity Irish Republican Army 2346: 1338:Scottish independence referendum 1328:Succession to the Crown Act 2013 856:Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968 826:Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962 752:Statute of the Council of Europe 620:Irish Free State (Agreement) Act 318:Succession to the Crown Act 1707 275: 240:Government of the United Kingdom 102:Government of the United Kingdom 5810:1998 in international relations 5722:Brooke/Mayhew inter-party talks 5026:North-South Ministerial Council 4528:"The Brexit options, explained" 3689:"Sinn Fein Endorses Peace Pact" 3328:proposed British Bill of Rights 3322:, it required enactment of the 3197:Inter-governmental co-operation 2859:North/South Ministerial Council 2806:needs additional citations for 2357:needs additional citations for 2213:North/South Ministerial Council 2198:North/South Ministerial Council 2053:North/South Ministerial Council 1448:European Union (Withdrawal) Act 928:Local Government (Scotland) Act 368:HC (Disqualifications) Act 1801 5875:Northern Ireland peace process 5860:Government of Northern Ireland 5681:Northern Ireland peace process 4895:Hoey, Kate (13 January 2021). 4672:Leahy, Pat (19 October 2019). 4360:, Berghahn Books, p. 18, 4284:. Oxford University Press, p.1 3892:, Nova Publishers, p. 192 3320:European Court of Human Rights 3216:Institutional role for the RoI 3182:Recognition of both identities 2516:and to the establishment of a 2471:Irish National Liberation Army 2223:North/South Consultative Forum 2100:North/South Consultative Forum 2003:Government of Ireland Act 1920 1997:As part of the agreement, the 1908:. There was also the grouping 1644:Northern Ireland peace process 1622: 1616: 1118:Scottish devolution referendum 1018:Scottish devolution referendum 540:Government of Ireland Act 1914 348:Constitution of Ireland (1782) 1: 5840:Bilateral treaties of Ireland 5772:Hillsborough Castle Agreement 5747:Amendment of Articles 2 and 3 5566:Ministers and Secretaries Act 4530:. The Brookings Institution. 4224:"Paramilitary arms destroyed" 3728:. 11 May 1998. Archived from 3068:Reform of the policing system 2526:Irish Human Rights Commission 1488:EU (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 1388:European Union Referendum Act 887:NI (Temporary Provisions) Act 4346:, Bassingstoke, 2009, p. 385 3655:Kelly, Ben (28 March 2018). 3449:Loyalist Communities Council 2593:) was held on the same day. 2411:held by paramilitary groups; 1947:The agreement acknowledged: 1781:(from left to right) in 2018 1518:EU (Future Relationship) Act 1498:UK leaves the European Union 1228:Government of Wales Act 2006 1088:Local Government (Wales) Act 807:HC Disqualification Act 1957 722:British Nationality Act 1948 5830:April 1998 events in Europe 5584:The Republic of Ireland Act 4176:BBC website - A State Apart 3822:. Routledge, 2005, p. 148. 3686:Reid, T. R. (10 May 1998). 3600:"The Good Friday Agreement" 2889:. He then announced to the 1876:(the political wing of the 1288:Alternative Vote referendum 1278:Welsh devolution referendum 1128:Welsh devolution referendum 1028:Welsh devolution referendum 648:Balfour Declaration of 1926 610:Church of Scotland Act 1921 423:Judicial Committee Act 1844 415:Judicial Committee Act 1843 407:Judicial Committee Act 1833 106:Parties in Northern Ireland 23:. For the 1985 treaty, see 5931: 5905:Treaties concluded in 1998 5870:Northern Ireland Executive 5728:Downing Street Declaration 5361:First Minister of Scotland 5212:Northern Ireland Executive 4356:Stefan Wolff, ed. (2004), 3482:Downing Street Declaration 2979: 2943:Northern Ireland Executive 2571:in the Republic of Ireland 2550: 2475:Real Irish Republican Army 2459:Sentence Review Commission 2434:Offences against the State 2409:decommissioning of weapons 2330:In the opinion of analyst 2167:Northern Ireland Executive 1943:Status of Northern Ireland 1896:party associated with the 1878:Ulster Defence Association 1866:Progressive Unionist Party 1860:which had led unionism in 1687:civil and political rights 1602:Comhaontú Aoine an Chéasta 1308:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 560:Royal Proclamation of 1917 482:Appellate Jurisdiction Act 442:Reform Act (Scotland) 1868 18: 5915:Premiership of Tony Blair 5880:Peace treaties of Ireland 5800:1990s in Northern Ireland 5687: 5496:Government of Ireland Act 5471:Roman Catholic Relief Act 5310:Representatives of states 5092: 4322:McKearney, Tommy (2011). 4039:10.1080/07907180108406633 3956:12 September 2017 at the 3937:12 September 2017 at the 3434:Democratic Unionist Party 3413:Northern Ireland Protocol 3256:Inter-island co-operation 3163:Cross-border co-operation 2855:Northern Ireland Assembly 2703: 2700: 2697: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2488:Equality and human rights 2200:on Upper English Street, 2162:Northern Ireland Assembly 2037:Northern Ireland Assembly 1737:Democratic Unionist Party 1691:cultural parity of esteem 1468:EU Withdrawal (No. 2) Act 1438:Invocation of Article 50 1348:House of Lords Reform Act 1238:Northern Ireland Act 2009 1218:Constitutional Reform Act 590:Government of Ireland Act 530:Status of Aliens Act 1914 452:Reform Act (Ireland) 1868 163:2 December 1999 155:Belfast, Northern Ireland 78:2 December 1999 5820:1998 in Northern Ireland 5805:1998 in British politics 5778:Stormont House Agreement 5596:European Communities Act 5347:Chief Minister of Jersey 3295:Constitutional relevance 2467:Loyalist Volunteer Force 1699:paramilitary disarmament 1398:EU membership referendum 978:EC membership referendum 898:European Communities Act 388:Scottish Reform Act 1832 261:Constitutional documents 5825:20th century in Belfast 5549:Constitution of Ireland 5543:Free State Constitution 5368:First Minister of Wales 5044:U.S. Institute of Peace 5015:Northern Ireland Office 4975:Morgan, Austen (2000). 4960:Gormley-Heenan, Cathy. 4933:Raidió Teilifís Éireann 4326:. Pluto Press, p. 184. 4172:"Constitutional issues" 4089:. Irishstatutebook.ie. 4063:. Irishstatutebook.ie. 4027:Irish Political Studies 3888:Janine A. Levy (2007), 3436:welcomed it. Taoiseach 3429:notwithstanding clauses 3125:Abandonment of violence 2932:Comprehensive Agreement 2753:Invalid or blank votes 2661:Invalid or blank votes 2522:equality of opportunity 2514:law of Northern Ireland 2303:), as well as from the 1972:implement that choice. 1874:Ulster Democratic Party 1652:British–Irish Agreement 1607:Comhaontú Bhéal Feirste 1298:European Union Act 2011 1158:Government of Wales Act 1038:British Nationality Act 798:Interpretation Act (NI) 502:Interpretation Act 1889 140:10 April 1998 124:British–Irish Agreement 49:10 April 1998 5815:1998 in Irish politics 5712:("rolling devolution") 5578:External Relations Act 5502:Statute of Westminster 5448:Grattan's constitution 5198:Isle of Man Government 4271:Wilford, Rick (2001). 3854:Lerner, Hanna (2011). 3788:Austen Morgan (2000). 3368: 2915:2003 Assembly election 2907: 2573: 2441:independent commission 2205: 2174:cross-community voting 2154: 1995: 1870:Ulster Volunteer Force 1782: 1606: 1601: 1508:UK Internal Market Act 1458:EU Withdrawal Act 2019 876:EC Treaty of Accession 686:Statute of Westminster 521:Aliens Restriction Act 41:Multilateral agreement 5752:Establishment of the 5741:Good Friday Agreement 5733:Establishment of the 5716:Anglo-Irish Agreement 5692:Sunningdale Agreement 5637:Good Friday Agreement 5572:Courts of Justice Act 5184:Government of Ireland 5095:Good Friday Agreement 5086:British–Irish Council 5031:British-Irish Council 4422:[2017] UKSC 5 4252:Ó Ceallaigh, Daltún. 3362: 3324:Human Rights Act 1998 3144:Security co-operation 3026:Sunningdale Agreement 2982:Sunningdale Agreement 2900:of 1916, Ahern said: 2863:British–Irish Council 2564: 2461:. Prisoners from the 2282:Anglo-Irish Agreement 2269:British–Irish Council 2195: 2149: 2069:British–Irish Council 2023:Good Friday Agreement 1990: 1933:Multi-Party Agreement 1858:Ulster Unionist Party 1769: 1648:Multi-Party Agreement 1586:Good Friday Agreement 1138:Good Friday Agreement 778:Royal Titles Act 1953 472:Royal Titles Act 1876 398:Irish Reform Act 1832 338:Wales and Berwick Act 33:Multi-Party Agreement 25:Anglo-Irish Agreement 5766:St Andrews Agreement 5520:Northern Ireland Act 5442:Crown of Ireland Act 5205:Government of Jersey 5102:Member jurisdictions 4991:on 26 September 2015 4470:. 7 September 2017. 4306:Brandylane, p. 173. 4259:13 June 2018 at the 4230:. 18 December 1998. 3424:Internal Market Bill 3330:that Prime Minister 3303:. Legal commentator 3271:Devolution of powers 2936:St Andrews Agreement 2815:improve this article 2495:linguistic diversity 2457:individually by the 2366:improve this article 2289:matters not devolved 2151:Parliament Buildings 1916:to chair the talks. 1683:principle of consent 1617:Guid Friday Greeance 1148:Northern Ireland Act 908:Local Government Act 5890:Politics of Belfast 5625:European Convention 5412:constitutional laws 5219:Scottish Government 4710:. 21 October 2019. 4503:. 8 December 2017. 4280:9 July 2011 at the 3978:peaceaccords.nd.edu 3758:. 21 January 2019. 3577:on 29 February 2012 3497:Unionism in Ireland 3447:In March 2021, the 3313:1689 Bill of Rights 2694: 2602: 2567:in Northern Ireland 2196:The offices of the 2025: 2007:partitioned Ireland 1761:Republic of Ireland 1743:History and process 1669:Issues relating to 1068:Single European Act 948:NI Constitution Act 761:Parliament Act 1949 215:Republic of Ireland 125: 34: 5631:Treaties of the EU 5619:Anglo-Irish Treaty 4649:. 20 August 2019. 3407:, called for the " 3377:Common Travel Area 3369: 3053:Self-determination 3029:Belfast Agreement 2999:self-determination 2692: 2600: 2574: 2305:Crown dependencies 2206: 2204:, Northern Ireland 2155: 1999:British parliament 1965:Irish Constitution 1796:George J. Mitchell 1783: 1771:George J. Mitchell 1753:Anglo-Irish Treaty 1188:House of Lords Act 988:Interpretation Act 600:Anglo-Irish Treaty 358:Acts of Union 1800 21:Anglo-Irish Treaty 5855:Events in Belfast 5787: 5786: 5646: 5645: 5537:Dáil Constitution 5377: 5376: 5272:Knowledge economy 4971:22 (1998): 1136+. 4964:(Springer, 2006). 4769:uk.news.yahoo.com 4592:on 9 October 2019 4332:978-0-7453-3074-7 3732:on 24 August 2017 3492:Martin McGuinness 3305:David Allen Green 3289: 3288: 3034:Consent principle 2970:James Brokenshire 2951:Martin McGuinness 2849:Direct rule from 2847: 2846: 2839: 2784: 2783: 2780: 2779: 2688: 2687: 2398: 2397: 2390: 2136: 2135: 2082:Additional bodies 1982:Irish citizenship 1868:(linked with the 1814:, 10 April 1998: 1636:ethno-nationalist 1623:Bilfawst Greeance 1594:Belfast Agreement 1582: 1581: 1546: 1545: 1408:Scotland Act 2016 1378:Recall of MPs Act 1318:Scotland Act 2012 1078:Maastricht Treaty 998:Scotland Act 1978 816:Life Peerages Act 255: 254: 121: 120: 5922: 5673: 5666: 5659: 5650: 5602:Human Rights Act 5477:Irish Church Act 5404: 5397: 5390: 5381: 5370: 5363: 5356: 5349: 5342: 5335: 5328: 5320: 5302: 5295: 5288: 5286:Social inclusion 5281: 5274: 5267: 5260: 5253: 5246: 5228: 5226:Welsh Government 5221: 5214: 5207: 5200: 5193: 5186: 5179: 5161: 5154: 5147: 5145:Northern Ireland 5140: 5133: 5126: 5119: 5112: 5079: 5072: 5065: 5056: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4990: 4983: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4935:. 4 March 2021. 4925: 4919: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4900: 4892: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4832:belfasttelegraph 4824: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4639: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4591: 4584: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4550: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4523: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4476: 4469: 4461: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4435: 4429: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4382: 4371: 4370: 4353: 4347: 4340: 4334: 4320: 4314: 4300: 4294: 4293:Wilford, pp. 4–5 4291: 4285: 4269: 4263: 4250: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4168: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4150: 4143: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4022: 4016: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3970: 3961: 3948: 3942: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3910:, 27 June 2009, 3900: 3894: 3893: 3885: 3879: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3851: 3842: 3839: 3830: 3818:Aughey, Arthur: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3785: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3691: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3652: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3630:"United Kingdom" 3626: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3584: 3582: 3576: 3570:. Archived from 3563: 3557: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3546: 3539: 3531: 3516: 3512: 3471: 3466: 3465: 3464: 3349:UK Supreme Court 3285: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3266: 3265: 3251: 3250: 3243: 3242: 3230: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3211: 3210: 3204: 3203: 3192: 3191: 3177: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3158: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3139: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3120: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3101: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3082: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3063: 3062: 3048: 3047: 3041: 3040: 3020: 3008:Ireland Act 1949 2842: 2835: 2831: 2828: 2822: 2799: 2791: 2713: 2695: 2621: 2603: 2596: 2595: 2587:Amsterdam Treaty 2534:10 December 2008 2452:Prisoner release 2427:and role of its 2393: 2386: 2382: 2379: 2373: 2350: 2342: 2128: 2121: 2114: 2026: 2017:New institutions 1910:Labour Coalition 1749:Irish Free State 1703:demilitarisation 1685:, commitment to 1640:Northern Ireland 1625: 1619: 1609: 1574: 1567: 1560: 1168:Human Rights Act 889: 846:Royal Assent Act 769:Regency Act 1953 742:Ireland Act 1949 713:Regency Act 1943 704:Regency Act 1937 550:Welsh Church Act 462:Irish Church Act 294: 293: 288: 279: 257: 170: 168: 147: 145: 126: 85: 83: 69:Northern Ireland 56: 54: 35: 5930: 5929: 5925: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5920: 5919: 5790: 5789: 5788: 5783: 5683: 5677: 5647: 5642: 5607: 5559:Oireachtas Acts 5554: 5525: 5459: 5418: 5408: 5378: 5373: 5366: 5359: 5352: 5345: 5338: 5331: 5323: 5316: 5305: 5298: 5291: 5284: 5279:Misuse of drugs 5277: 5270: 5263: 5256: 5249: 5242: 5231: 5224: 5217: 5210: 5203: 5196: 5189: 5182: 5175: 5164: 5157: 5150: 5143: 5136: 5129: 5122: 5115: 5108: 5097: 5088: 5083: 5022:, UN Peacemaker 5007: 4994: 4992: 4988: 4981: 4974: 4957: 4955:Further reading 4952: 4942: 4940: 4927: 4926: 4922: 4912: 4910: 4903:Daily Telegraph 4894: 4893: 4889: 4879: 4877: 4864: 4863: 4859: 4849: 4847: 4826: 4825: 4821: 4811: 4809: 4793: 4792: 4788: 4778: 4776: 4763: 4762: 4758: 4748: 4746: 4732: 4731: 4727: 4717: 4715: 4702: 4701: 4697: 4687: 4685: 4678:The Irish Times 4671: 4670: 4666: 4656: 4654: 4641: 4640: 4636: 4626: 4624: 4610: 4609: 4605: 4595: 4593: 4589: 4582: 4578: 4577: 4573: 4563: 4561: 4552: 4551: 4547: 4537: 4535: 4525: 4524: 4520: 4510: 4508: 4501:The Independent 4495: 4494: 4490: 4480: 4478: 4474: 4467: 4463: 4462: 4458: 4448: 4446: 4437: 4436: 4432: 4414: 4410: 4400: 4398: 4391:Financial Times 4384: 4383: 4374: 4368: 4355: 4354: 4350: 4341: 4337: 4321: 4317: 4301: 4297: 4292: 4288: 4282:Wayback Machine 4270: 4266: 4261:Wayback Machine 4251: 4247: 4237: 4235: 4222: 4221: 4217: 4207: 4205: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4185: 4183: 4170: 4169: 4165: 4154: 4152: 4148: 4141: 4139:"The Agreement" 4137: 4136: 4132: 4122: 4120: 4115:. Opsi.gov.uk. 4111: 4110: 4106: 4096: 4094: 4085: 4084: 4080: 4070: 4068: 4059: 4058: 4054: 4024: 4023: 4019: 4009: 4007: 4002: 4001: 3997: 3987: 3985: 3972: 3971: 3964: 3958:Wayback Machine 3949: 3945: 3939:Wayback Machine 3930: 3926: 3917: 3915: 3902: 3901: 3897: 3887: 3886: 3882: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3853: 3852: 3845: 3840: 3833: 3817: 3813: 3803: 3801: 3787: 3786: 3775: 3765: 3763: 3750: 3749: 3745: 3735: 3733: 3718: 3717: 3713: 3703: 3701: 3694:Washington Post 3685: 3684: 3680: 3670: 3668: 3661:The Independent 3654: 3653: 3649: 3639: 3637: 3628: 3627: 3623: 3613: 3611: 3598: 3597: 3593: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3566:Coakley, John. 3565: 3564: 3560: 3550: 3548: 3544: 3537: 3533: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3467: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3396:Internal Market 3357: 3311:of 1215 or the 3297: 3282: 3275: 3263: 3248: 3240: 3227: 3220: 3208: 3201: 3189: 3174: 3167: 3155: 3148: 3136: 3129: 3117: 3110: 3098: 3091: 3079: 3072: 3060: 3045: 3038: 3003:Tommy McKearney 2984: 2978: 2924:Denis Donaldson 2871:Peter Mandelson 2843: 2832: 2826: 2823: 2812: 2800: 2789: 2559: 2551:Main articles: 2549: 2490: 2454: 2394: 2383: 2377: 2374: 2363: 2351: 2340: 2332:Brendan O'Leary 2253: 2190: 2144: 2132: 2019: 1945: 1850: 1804: 1745: 1713:("East–West"). 1578: 1549: 1548: 1547: 885: 866:Immigration Act 492:Reform Act 1884 378:Reform Act 1832 298:Treaty of Union 290: 286: 224: 203: 176: 166: 164: 143: 141: 109: 81: 79: 52: 50: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5928: 5926: 5918: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5792: 5791: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5781: 5775: 5769: 5763: 5757: 5750: 5744: 5738: 5731: 5725: 5719: 5713: 5707: 5701: 5695: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5678: 5676: 5675: 5668: 5661: 5653: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5640: 5634: 5628: 5622: 5615: 5613: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5605: 5599: 5593: 5587: 5581: 5575: 5569: 5562: 5560: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5552: 5546: 5540: 5533: 5531: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5523: 5517: 5511: 5505: 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2640: 2636: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2614: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2548: 2545: 2541:Article 1 (vi) 2499:Irish language 2489: 2486: 2453: 2450: 2416: 2415: 2412: 2396: 2395: 2354: 2352: 2345: 2339: 2336: 2278: 2277: 2271: 2266: 2252: 2249: 2226: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2189: 2186: 2182:D'Hondt method 2170: 2169: 2164: 2143: 2140: 2134: 2133: 2131: 2130: 2123: 2116: 2108: 2105: 2104: 2103: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2084: 2083: 2079: 2078: 2077: 2076: 2071: 2063: 2062: 2058: 2057: 2056: 2055: 2047: 2046: 2042: 2041: 2040: 2039: 2031: 2030: 2018: 2015: 1960: 1959: 1956:united Ireland 1952: 1944: 1941: 1928: 1927: 1924: 1902:Alliance Party 1849: 1846: 1845: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1831: 1830: 1819: 1803: 1800: 1757:United Kingdom 1744: 1741: 1711:United Kingdom 1675:discrimination 1673:, governance, 1580: 1579: 1577: 1576: 1569: 1562: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1544: 1543: 1540: 1534: 1533: 1530: 1524: 1523: 1520: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1494: 1493: 1490: 1484: 1483: 1480: 1474: 1473: 1470: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1454: 1453: 1450: 1444: 1443: 1440: 1434: 1433: 1430: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1418:Wales Act 2017 1414: 1413: 1410: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1384: 1383: 1380: 1374: 1373: 1370: 1364: 1363: 1360: 1358:Wales Act 2014 1354: 1353: 1350: 1344: 1343: 1340: 1334: 1333: 1330: 1324: 1323: 1320: 1314: 1313: 1310: 1304: 1303: 1300: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1284: 1283: 1280: 1274: 1273: 1270: 1264: 1263: 1260: 1254: 1253: 1250: 1244: 1243: 1240: 1234: 1233: 1230: 1224: 1223: 1220: 1214: 1213: 1210: 1204: 1203: 1200: 1194: 1193: 1190: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1174: 1173: 1170: 1164: 1163: 1160: 1154: 1153: 1150: 1144: 1143: 1140: 1134: 1133: 1130: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1114: 1113: 1110: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1094: 1093: 1090: 1084: 1083: 1080: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1064: 1063: 1060: 1054: 1053: 1050: 1044: 1043: 1040: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1024: 1023: 1020: 1014: 1013: 1010: 1008:Wales Act 1978 1004: 1003: 1000: 994: 993: 990: 984: 983: 980: 974: 973: 970: 968:Referendum Act 964: 963: 960: 954: 953: 950: 944: 943: 940: 938:NI border poll 934: 933: 930: 924: 923: 920: 914: 913: 910: 904: 903: 900: 894: 893: 890: 882: 881: 878: 872: 871: 868: 862: 861: 858: 852: 851: 848: 842: 841: 838: 832: 831: 828: 822: 821: 818: 812: 811: 808: 804: 803: 800: 794: 793: 790: 784: 783: 780: 774: 773: 770: 766: 765: 762: 758: 757: 754: 748: 747: 744: 738: 737: 734: 728: 727: 724: 718: 717: 714: 710: 709: 706: 700: 699: 696: 692: 691: 688: 682: 681: 678: 674: 673: 670: 664: 663: 660: 654: 653: 650: 644: 643: 640: 636: 635: 632: 626: 625: 622: 616: 615: 612: 606: 605: 602: 596: 595: 592: 586: 585: 582: 576: 575: 572: 566: 565: 562: 556: 555: 552: 546: 545: 542: 536: 535: 532: 526: 525: 522: 518: 517: 514: 512:Parliament Act 508: 507: 504: 498: 497: 494: 488: 487: 484: 478: 477: 474: 468: 467: 464: 458: 457: 454: 448: 447: 444: 438: 437: 434: 428: 427: 424: 420: 419: 416: 412: 411: 408: 404: 403: 400: 394: 393: 390: 384: 383: 380: 374: 373: 370: 364: 363: 360: 354: 353: 350: 344: 343: 340: 334: 333: 330: 328:Septennial Act 324: 323: 320: 314: 313: 310: 304: 303: 300: 292: 291: 285: 284: 281: 280: 272: 271: 265:United Kingdom 253: 252: 249: 245: 244: 243: 242: 237: 230: 226: 225: 223: 222: 220:United Kingdom 217: 211: 209: 205: 204: 202: 201: 196: 191: 186: 180: 178: 172: 171: 161: 157: 156: 153: 149: 148: 138: 134: 133: 130: 119: 118: 115: 111: 110: 108: 107: 104: 99: 93: 91: 87: 86: 76: 72: 71: 62: 58: 57: 47: 43: 42: 39: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5927: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5900:Power sharing 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5779: 5776: 5773: 5770: 5767: 5764: 5761: 5758: 5755: 5751: 5748: 5745: 5742: 5739: 5736: 5732: 5729: 5726: 5723: 5720: 5717: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5705: 5702: 5699: 5696: 5693: 5690: 5689: 5686: 5682: 5679:Steps in the 5674: 5669: 5667: 5662: 5660: 5655: 5654: 5651: 5638: 5635: 5632: 5629: 5626: 5623: 5620: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5610: 5603: 5600: 5597: 5594: 5591: 5588: 5585: 5582: 5579: 5576: 5573: 5570: 5567: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5557: 5550: 5547: 5544: 5541: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5530:Constitutions 5528: 5521: 5518: 5515: 5512: 5509: 5506: 5503: 5500: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5481: 5478: 5475: 5472: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5462: 5455: 5452: 5449: 5446: 5443: 5440: 5437: 5436:Poynings' Law 5434: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5405: 5400: 5398: 5393: 5391: 5386: 5385: 5382: 5369: 5365: 5362: 5358: 5355: 5351: 5348: 5344: 5341: 5337: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5319: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5308: 5301: 5297: 5294: 5290: 5287: 5283: 5280: 5276: 5273: 5269: 5266: 5262: 5259: 5255: 5252: 5248: 5245: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5234: 5227: 5223: 5220: 5216: 5213: 5209: 5206: 5202: 5199: 5195: 5192: 5188: 5185: 5181: 5178: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5169:Member bodies 5167: 5160: 5156: 5153: 5149: 5146: 5142: 5139: 5135: 5132: 5128: 5125: 5121: 5118: 5114: 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Irish Times 4203: 4197: 4194: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4167: 4164: 4147: 4140: 4134: 4131: 4118: 4114: 4108: 4105: 4092: 4088: 4082: 4079: 4066: 4062: 4056: 4053: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4021: 4018: 4005: 3999: 3996: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3969: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3952: 3947: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3933: 3928: 3925: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3899: 3896: 3891: 3884: 3881: 3875: 3872: 3867: 3861: 3857: 3850: 3848: 3844: 3838: 3836: 3832: 3829: 3828:0-415-32788-1 3825: 3821: 3815: 3812: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3774: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3747: 3744: 3731: 3727: 3726: 3721: 3715: 3712: 3699: 3695: 3690: 3682: 3679: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3651: 3648: 3635: 3631: 3625: 3622: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3595: 3592: 3588: 3573: 3569: 3562: 3559: 3543: 3536: 3530: 3527: 3521: 3511: 3508: 3502: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3477:David Trimble 3475: 3474: 3470: 3459: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3445: 3441: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3405:Boris Johnson 3401: 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