Good Friday Agreement

1778: 288: 2573: 4439:(UK). "In our view, this important provision , which arose out of the Belfast Agreement, gave the people of Northern Ireland the right to determine whether to remain part of the United Kingdom or to become part of a united Ireland. It neither regulated any other change in the constitutional status of Northern Ireland nor required the consent of a majority of the people of Northern Ireland to the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union. Contrary to the submission of Mr Lavery QC for Mr McCord, this section cannot support any legitimate expectation to that effect." 3371: 2876:, as the commencement orders for the British-Irish Agreement came into effect on 2 December 1999. Article 4(2) of the British-Irish Agreement (the Agreement between the British and Irish governments for the implementation of the Belfast Agreement) required the two governments to notify each other in writing of the completion of the requirements for the entry into force of the British-Irish Agreement; entry into force was to be upon the receipt of the later of the two notifications. The British government agreed to participate in a televised ceremony at 2204: 2459:

2003) and in July 2005 the IRA announced the formal end of its campaign. Loyalist decommissioning did not follow immediately. In June 2009, the UVF announced it had completed decommissioning and the UDA said it had started to decommission its arsenal. On 6 January 2010, the UDA announced that it had put its weapons "verifiably beyond use". The decommissioning was completed five weeks before a government amnesty deadline beyond which any weapons found could have been used as evidence for a prosecution.

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from the decommissioning issue, ongoing smaller-scale paramilitary activity by the Provisional Irish Republican Army—e.g., arms importations, smuggling, organised crime, punishment beatings, intelligence-gathering and rioting—was also a stumbling block. The loyalist paramilitaries also continued similar activity although as they were not represented by a significant political party, their position was less central to political change.

2554:, commonly referred to as the birthright provisions, states that both governments, "Recognise the birthright of all the people of Northern Ireland to identify themselves and be accepted as Irish, or British, or both, as they may so choose, and accordingly confirm that their right to hold both British and Irish citizenship is accepted by both Governments and would not be affected by any future change in the status of Northern Ireland." 3294: 3287: 3275: 3260: 3252: 3239: 3232: 3220: 3213: 3201: 3186: 3179: 3167: 3160: 3148: 3141: 3129: 3122: 3110: 3103: 3091: 3084: 3072: 3057: 3050: 3474: 2808: 2359: 2945:". On 26 September 2005, it was announced that the Provisional Irish Republican Army had completely decommissioned its arsenal of weapons and "put them beyond use". Nonetheless, many unionists notably the DUP, remained sceptical. Of the loyalist paramilitaries, only the Loyalist Volunteer Force had decommissioned any weapons. Further negotiations took place in October 2006, leading to the 2158: 3017:

territory from one state to another state has to be by international agreement between the UK and Irish governments. Secondly, the people of Northern Ireland can no longer bring about a united Ireland on their own; they need not only the Irish government but the people of their neighbouring state, Ireland, to also endorse unity. Morgan also pointed out that, unlike the

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The result of these referendums was a large majority in both parts of Ireland in favour of the agreement. In the Republic, 56% of the electorate voted, with 94% of the votes in favour of the amendment to the constitution. The turnout in Northern Ireland was 81%, with 71% of the votes in favour of the

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A date of May 2000 was set for total disarming of all paramilitary groups. This was not achieved, leading the assembly to be suspended on a number of occasions as a consequence of unionist objections. A series of rounds of decommissioning by the IRA took place (in October 2001, April 2002 and October

2239:

The North/South Ministerial Council is made up of ministers from the Northern Ireland Executive and the Government of Ireland. It was established "to develop consultation, co-operation and action" in twelve areas of mutual interest. These include six areas where the Northern Ireland Executive and the

1978:

was also amended to implicitly recognise Northern Ireland as part of the United Kingdom's sovereign territory, conditional upon the consent for a united Ireland from majorities of the people in both jurisdictions on the island. On the other hand, the language of the agreement reflects a switch in the

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The vague wording of some of the provisions, described as "constructive ambiguity", helped ensure acceptance of the agreement and served to postpone debate on some of the more contentious issues. Most notably these included paramilitary decommissioning, police reform and the normalisation of Northern

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The DUP and other Brexit supporters have criticised the British government for erecting a trade border "down the Irish Sea"—in other words, between the island of Ireland and Britain. They state that in order to prevent a 'hard border' on the island of Ireland, customs and other controls have instead

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which, now or in the future, support North-South cooperation, the all-island economy and the protection of the 1998 Agreement", with the acknowledgement that this is "under the caveat that nothing is agreed until everything is agreed". This provision formed part of a UK-EU deal which was rejected by

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The Assembly and Executive were eventually established in December 1999 on the understanding that decommissioning would begin immediately, but were suspended within two months due to lack of progress, before being re-established in May 2000 as Provisional IRA decommissioning eventually began. Aside

2003:

the power of the sovereign government with jurisdiction there shall be exercised with rigorous impartiality on behalf of all the people in the diversity of their identities and traditions and shall be founded on the principles of full respect for, and equality of, civil, political, economic, social

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The agreement reached was that Northern Ireland was part of the United Kingdom, and would remain so until a majority of the people both of Northern Ireland and of the Republic of Ireland wished otherwise. Should that happen, then the British and Irish governments are under "a binding obligation" to

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The multi-party agreement committed the parties to "use any influence they may have" to bring about the decommissioning of all paramilitary arms within two years of the referendums approving the agreement. The process of normalisation committed the British government to the reduction in the number

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Wolff identifies the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, the Ulster Unionist Party, the SDLP, and the Alliance Party as signatories to the Sunningdale Agreement. He identifies the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, the Ulster Unionist Party, the Ulster Democratic Party, the Progressive

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Under the agreement, the British and Irish governments committed to organising referendums on 22 May 1998, in Northern Ireland and in the Republic respectively. The Northern Ireland referendum was to approve the agreement reached in the multi-party talks. The Republic of Ireland referendum was to

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These institutional arrangements created across these three strands are set out in the agreement as being "interlocking and interdependent". In particular, the functioning of the Northern Ireland Assembly and the North/South Ministerial Council are stated to be "so closely inter-related that the

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The British Government are effectively out of the equation and neither the British parliament nor people have any legal right under this agreement to impede the achievement of Irish unity if it had the consent of the people North and South... Our nation is and always will be a 32-county nation.

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that would circumvent certain treaty obligations to the EU as set out in the withdrawal agreement. The Bill was criticised in the UK and internationally, with the First Ministers of Scotland and Wales both describing the Conservative government's proposals as an attempt to seize power and undo

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says that the main difference is the intention of the British government to broker a comprehensive deal by including the IRA and the most uncompromising unionists. Regarding the right to self-determination, two qualifications are noted by the legal writer Austen Morgan. Firstly, the cession of

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or both) was recognised. By the words "people of Northern Ireland" the Agreement meant "all persons born in Northern Ireland and having, at the time of their birth, at least one parent who is a British citizen, an Irish citizen or is otherwise entitled to reside in Northern Ireland without any

2333:

Under the agreement, it was proposed that the already-existing British–Irish Interparliamentary Body would be built upon. Prior to the agreement, the body was composed of parliamentarians from the British and Irish parliaments only. In 2001, as suggested by the agreement, it was expanded to

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Both the British and Irish governments committed to the early release of the approximately 400 prisoners serving sentences in connection with the activities of paramilitary groups, provided that those groups continued to maintain "a complete and unequivocal ceasefire". Cases were reviewed

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In the Republic, the electorate voted upon the nineteenth amendment to the Constitution of Ireland. This amendment both permitted the state to comply with the Belfast Agreement and provided for the removal of the "territorial claim" contained in Articles 2 and 3. A referendum on the

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with members with expertise in social, cultural, economic and other issues and appointed by the two administrations. An outline structure for the North/South Consultative Forum was agreed in 2002 and in 2006 the Northern Ireland Executive agreed it would support its establishment.

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agreement. Of those who voted, almost all of the Catholics voted for the agreement, compared with 57% of the Protestants. The fragility of cross-community enthusiasm for parts of the agreement helps to explain subsequent difficulties in maintaining the power-sharing executive.

3012:, the recognition of both national identities, British-Irish intergovernmental cooperation and the legal procedures to make power-sharing mandatory, such as the cross-community vote and the D'Hondt system to appoint ministers to the executive. Former IRA member and journalist 1796:

Serious political efforts to end the conflict began in the late 1980s and continued through the 1990s. Ceasefires were declared and later broken. The agreement came after many years of complex talks, proposals, and compromises. Many people made major contributions.

1770:. For Northern Ireland, the decades that followed were marked by tensions and controversies, sometimes spilling over into violence, between unionists who favoured remaining with Britain and nationalists who favoured unification with the Irish Free State (later the 4591:"Joint report from the negotiators of the European Union and the United Kingdom Government on progress during phase 1 of negotiations under Article 50 TEU on the United Kingdom's orderly withdrawal from the European Union (TF50 (2017) 19 – Commission to EU 27)" 2940:

In 2004, negotiations were held between the two governments, the DUP, and Sinn Féin on an agreement to re-establish the institutions. These talks failed, but a document published by the governments detailing changes to the Belfast Agreement became known as the

1986:

Irrespective of Northern Ireland's constitutional status within the United Kingdom, or part of a united Ireland, the right of "the people of Northern Ireland" to "identify themselves and be accepted as Irish or British, or both" (as well as their right to hold

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to Northern Ireland, the Government of Ireland may put forward views and proposals. All decisions of the conference will be by agreement between both governments and the two governments agreed to make determined efforts to resolve disagreements between them.

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in Northern Ireland "to levels compatible with a normal peaceful society". This included the removal of security installations and the removal of special emergency powers in Northern Ireland. The Irish government committed to a "wide-ranging review" of its

2454:

to review policing arrangements in Northern Ireland "including means of encouraging widespread community support" for those arrangements. The British government also committed to a "wide-ranging review" of the criminal justice system in Northern Ireland.

4854: 2975:. In the third Northern Ireland Executive, the same political relationship existed between Robinson and McGuinness as existed formerly between Paisley and McGuinness. After Robinson resigned as First Minister on 11 January 2016, he was replaced by 3000:

referred to the Agreement as "Sunningdale for slow learners", which suggests that it was nothing more than what was on offer in the Sunningdale Agreement of 1973. This assertion has been criticised by political scientists like Richard Wilford and

2503:

The agreement affirmed a commitment to "the mutual respect, the civil rights and the religious liberties of everyone in the community". The multi-party agreement recognised "the importance of respect, understanding and tolerance in relation to

2495:(c. 35) received royal assent on 28 July 1998. 167 prisoners were released by October 1998. By December 1999, 308 prisoners had been released. The final group of prisoners was released by 28 July 2000, giving a total of 428 prisoners released. 3552: 2542:

Many of the rights-based provisions have yet to be fully implemented, including a Bill of Rights for Northern Ireland. The Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission delivered advice to the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland on

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The participants to the agreement comprised two sovereign states (the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland) with armed and police forces involved in the Troubles. Two political parties, Sinn Féin and the PUP, were linked to

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was introduced in which the Northern Ireland secretary Brandon Lewis told the House of Commons that the British government planned to break international law in a "specific and limited way", by introducing new powers through

2932:

scandal, which saw three Sinn Féin members charged with intelligence-gathering. These charges were eventually dropped in 2005 on the controversial grounds that pursuit would not be "in the public interest". One of the three,

3770: 4565:"Joint report from the negotiators of the European Union and the United Kingdom Government on progress during phase 1 of negotiations under Article 50 TEU on the United Kingdom's orderly withdrawal from the European Union" 2983:, whereby the DUP and Sinn Féin were returned as the largest parties, and so began a countdown of talks between both leaders before devolved government could be restored. In January 2020, the Executive was re-established. 2979:. Upon McGuinness's resignation on 9 January 2017, the devolved government in Stormont collapsed, as the Agreement demands when no new leader is appointed. An election was called by Secretary of State for Northern Ireland 3455:

been imposed on goods travelling from Britain to Northern Ireland; and that Northern Ireland remains for many purposes in the EU Single Market and Customs Union, subject to a regulatory regime into which it has no input.

1448: 1774:). Starting in the late 1960s, this conflict became more intense and more violent. In the ensuing period of over 30 years, over 3,500 deaths were attributed to these hostilities, which came to be known as The Troubles. 3675: 3386:, the EU produced a position paper on its concerns regarding the Good Friday Agreement. The paper identified a range of issues including the avoidance of a hard border, North–South cooperation, citizenship, and the 1941:

The former text has just four articles; it is that short text that is the legal agreement, but it incorporates in its schedules the latter agreement. Technically, this scheduled agreement can be distinguished as the

3462:, representing loyalist paramilitary groups, said they were temporarily withdrawing their support for the agreement, but emphasised that unionist opposition to the protocol should remain "peaceful and democratic". 4838: 2240:

Government of Ireland form common policies but implement these separately in each jurisdiction, and six areas where they develop common policies that are implemented through shared all-Ireland institutions.

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Both of these views were acknowledged as being legitimate. For the first time, the Irish government accepted in a binding international agreement that Northern Ireland was part of the United Kingdom. The

3350: 2250:) agreed to consider creating a joint parliamentary forum made up of equal numbers from both institutions. In October 2012, this forum was created as the North/South Inter-Parliamentary Association. 988: 4453: 3545: 5364: 4692: 4515: 3005:. The former stated that "there are ... significant differences between them , both in terms of content and the circumstances surrounding their negotiation, implementation, and operation". 5343: 928: 3730: 4753: 4190: 4156: 2004:

and cultural rights, of freedom from discrimination for all citizens, and of parity of esteem and of just and equal treatment for the identity, ethos and aspirations of both communities.

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The overall result of these problems was that confidence in the agreement among unionists was damaged. The DUP, the sole anti-agreement party, overtook the pro-agreement UUP in the

2577: 2563: 1739:

whether they supported the multi-party agreement. In Ireland, voters were asked whether they would allow the state to sign the agreement and allow necessary constitutional changes (

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success of each depends on that of the other" and participation in the North/South Ministerial Council is "one of the essential responsibilities attaching to relevant posts in ".

1979:

United Kingdom's statutory emphasis from one for the union to one for a united Ireland. The agreement thus left the issue of future sovereignty over Northern Ireland open-ended.

1575: 1218: 5061:

Address given at the Exchange of Notifications ceremony, whereby the Republic of Ireland dropped its territorial claim to Northern Ireland, Iveagh House, Dublin, 2 December 1999

4482: 4917: 1777: 1438: 5757: 3667: 2601: 2581: 2567: 1740: 3992: 2535:

was set as a particular priority". The Irish government committed to " steps to further the protection of human rights in its jurisdiction" and to the establishment of an

2291:

The British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference was agreed to replace the Anglo-Irish Intergovernmental Council and the Intergovernmental Conference created under the 1985

1378: 4631: 2298:

The conference takes the form of regular and frequent meetings between the British and Irish ministers to promote co-operation at all levels between both governments. On

5860: 5588: 540: 5850: 3391: 2253:

The Northern Ireland political parties who endorsed the agreement were also asked to consider the establishment of an independent consultative forum representative of

1568: 897: 452: 4542: 5030: 3405:, agreed to protect the Agreement in all its parts and "in the absence of agreed solutions, the United Kingdom would maintain full alignment with those rules of the 5087: 2136: 2021: 1298: 462: 408: 2274: 2084: 5910: 5600: 4427: 1538: 1498: 5880: 3699: 2444: 2306:

The British–Irish Council is made up of ministerial representatives from the British and Irish governments, the UK's devolved administrations (Northern Ireland,

5900: 5412: 1528: 1488: 1268: 2415:, the agreement committed the participants to "exclusively democratic and peaceful means of resolving differences on political issues". This took two aspects: 3526:

Unionist Party, the Northern Ireland Women's Coalition, the Labour Party, the Alliance Party, Sinn Féin, and the SDLP as signatories to the Belfast Agreement.

1863:

The agreement was made between the British and Irish governments and eight political parties or groupings from Northern Ireland. Three were representative of

5925: 5612: 3028:

As well as the number of signatories, Stefan Wolff identifies the following similarities and differences between the issues addressed in the two agreements:

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Because the Agreement commits the government to enshrine the European Convention on Human Rights in law and allows Northern Ireland residents access to the

5865: 5446: 4449: 2228: 2105: 5708: 4590: 3394:, the UK was asked to satisfy the other EU members that these topics had been addressed in order to progress to the second stage of Brexit negotiations. 2897: 2488:

were not eligible for release as those groups had not agreed to an unequivocal ceasefire. There was no amnesty for crimes which had not been prosecuted.

1688:, military and paramilitary groups, justice and policing were central to the agreement. It restored self-government to Northern Ireland on the basis of " 968: 808: 4507: 2285: 1118: 4684: 4242: 287: 4288: 1785: 1108: 4947: 2100: 5825: 2528: 4182: 3740: 5890: 5875: 5606: 4745: 4149: 3578: 3025:, devised under Sunningdale, the 1998 agreement and the consequent British legislation did expressly foresee the possibility of a united Ireland. 2925: 2885: 2161: 1518: 668: 4783: 3390:. Anyone born in Northern Ireland, who is also entitled to Irish citizenship, will also be able to retain EU citizenship after Brexit. Under the 3310:

Because the Good Friday Agreement binds the British government on several points of law in Northern Ireland, it has de facto become part of the

2531:. Establishing statutory obligations for public authorities in Northern Ireland to carry out their work "with due regard to the need to promote 5855: 5524: 3022: 2825: 2376: 1965:

that a substantial section of the people of Northern Ireland, and the majority of the people of the island of Ireland, wished to bring about a

958: 640: 3318:

described it as "a core constitutional text of the UK, and of Ireland ... of more everyday importance than hallowed instruments such as, say,

2243:

The various "institutional and constitutional arrangements" set out in the Agreement are also stated to be "interlocking and interdependent".

5810: 5501: 5497: 4405: 4342: 3922: 2434:

organisations: the IRA and the UVF respectively. The UDP, which was linked to the UDA, had withdrawn from the talks three months previously.

1916: 1348: 1208: 1068: 1058: 742: 630: 580: 502: 378: 245: 107: 2516:, and the languages of Northern Ireland's other ethnic minorities, "all of which are part of the cultural wealth of the island of Ireland". 5845: 5553: 5328: 4987: 2971:

Paisley retired from the office of First Minister and from the leadership of the DUP on 5 June 2008 and was succeeded in both functions by

1468: 1458: 938: 4212: 2219:

Strand 2 dealt with "north-south" issues and institutions to be created between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. These are:

5920: 5885: 5635: 5080: 4436: 2520: 2419: 2345:, the institutions established by the deal "made Northern Ireland bi-national" and reinforced "imaginative elements of co-sovereignty". 2129: 1709: 1128: 1028: 798: 3808: 3618: 2904:

that the British-Irish Agreement had entered into force (including certain supplementary agreements concerning the Belfast Agreement).

5930: 5895: 5815: 4884: 4475: 3874: 3311: 1912: 1896: 1398: 908: 271: 4908: 3964: 3945: 2588:

approve the British-Irish Agreement and to facilitate the amendment of the Constitution of Ireland in accordance with the Agreement.

5835: 5820: 5770: 5764: 5405: 5350: 4322: 3838: 2847: 2398: 1908: 1098: 948: 5046: 3348:

The Agreement also makes reference to the UK and the Republic of Ireland as "partners in the European Union", and it was argued in

5840: 5720: 5594: 5187: 4101: 4075: 2473: 1674: 1666: 1338: 1288: 1138: 1038: 866: 836: 762: 328: 250: 112: 5051: 3984: 3451:

said that "trust has been eroded". The bill was enacted in December 2020 without the controversial Northern Ireland provisions.

2572: 5830: 5201: 4623: 3338: 2869: 2223: 2208: 2063: 1318: 492: 279: 3598:... these attitudes are not rooted particularly in religious belief, but rather in underlying ethnonational identity patterns. 5691: 5681: 5641: 5576: 5506: 5481: 5073: 4376: 3644: 3330: 2829: 2481: 2380: 2233: 2122: 2110: 2013: 1654: 1358: 1228: 600: 550: 4661: 4538: 4127: 2492: 5782: 4267: 2536: 5905: 5398: 3459: 2952:

In May 2007, a power-sharing executive was again established to govern Northern Ireland in devolved matters. The second

1238: 1168: 1048: 732: 5512: 3427: 3337:. Consequently, the Agreement was a significant factor preventing the repeal of that Act and its replacement with the 1805:

were leaders of the UK and the Republic of Ireland at the time. The talks were chaired by United States special envoy

696: 658: 620: 5732: 4839:"A step forward or using Northern Ireland as a pawn: Parties divided over Boris Johnson's proposals to break EU deal" 4036:

Hayes, Bernadette (19 October 2007) . "Who voted for peace? Public support for the 1998 Northern Ireland agreement".

1833: 4014: 3370: 3362:

unanimously held that this was not the case, but the Agreement has nevertheless strongly shaped the form of Brexit.

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As part of the Agreement, the newly created Northern Ireland Assembly and the national parliament of Ireland (the

2079: 5530: 5452: 3444: 3439: 3423: 3354:

that the Agreement meant that the consent of Northern Ireland's voters was required to leave the European Union (

2865: 2439: 2299: 2172: 2047: 1747: 1248: 1158: 918: 3852:

Austen Morgan, The Hand of History? Legal Essays on the Belfast Agreement, The Belfast Press Limited, 2011 pg. 7

5788: 5357: 2477: 2330:. The purpose of the council is to promote co-operations and pose a forum for the creation of common policies. 886: 398: 4597: 2203: 1875:

since the beginning of the 20th century, and two smaller parties associated with Loyalist paramilitaries, the

5559: 5378: 5054: 5025: 4234: 2942: 2818: 2532: 2524: 2369: 2168:

Strand 1 dealt with the democratic institutions of Northern Ireland and established two major institutions:

1884: 1308: 1198: 998: 512: 4283: 1743:) to facilitate it. The people of both jurisdictions needed to approve the agreement to give effect to it. 5915: 5208: 4939: 2307: 1880: 1388: 826: 5726: 5702: 5487: 5194: 5134: 3398: 3334: 2992: 2513: 2292: 2020:

and asserted a territorial claim over all of Ireland) and the people of the Republic of Ireland amended

1868: 1837: 1670: 1178: 856: 560: 482: 472: 35: 2149:

The agreement sets out a framework for the creation and number of institutions across three "strands".

4775: 5776: 5547: 5458: 5268: 5215: 3434: 2946: 2505: 2184: 2017: 1693: 1622: 876: 358: 1829:

a multi-party agreement by most of Northern Ireland's political parties (the Multi-Party Agreement);

5229: 5127: 3507: 3443:

devolution. Most parties in Northern Ireland expressed concern at the Bill, though some within the

3383: 3323: 3008:

The main issues omitted by Sunningdale and addressed by the Belfast Agreement are the principle of

2551: 2311: 1904: 1864: 1771: 1717: 1078: 978: 522: 338: 225: 5714: 4397: 3914: 3433:

In September 2020, while negotiations with the EU over future trading arrangements continued, the

1962:

that the majority of the people of Northern Ireland wished to remain a part of the United Kingdom;

1750:(DUP) was the only major political group in Northern Ireland to oppose the Good Friday Agreement. 5674: 5629: 5464: 5422: 4053: 3387: 3009: 2315: 2009: 1975: 1806: 1781: 1763: 1548: 610: 368: 318: 31: 4996: 2342: 1844:

The agreement set out a complex series of provisions relating to a number of areas, including:

5659: 5390: 5282: 5275: 4846: 4372: 4338: 4318: 3870: 3834: 3502: 3448: 3315: 2980: 2961: 2721: 2629: 2192: 2188: 1892: 1646: 1418: 1328: 1188: 1088: 1008: 3763:"Good Friday Agreement: The peace deal that ended the Northern Ireland Troubles 20 years ago" 3610: 1911:. Independent of these rival traditions were two other Assembly parties, the cross-community 1848:

The status and system of government of Northern Ireland within the United Kingdom. (Strand 1)

17: 5518: 5296: 5236: 5155: 4045: 3800: 3582: 3410: 3359: 3018: 2597: 2183:

The Northern Ireland Assembly is a devolved legislature for Northern Ireland with mandatory

1920: 1759: 1713: 1650: 1258: 846: 752: 570: 79: 4876: 4432: 5289: 4292: 4271: 3968: 3961: 3949: 3942: 3406: 3302:† Wolff identifies this issue as being implicitly addressed in the Sunningdale Agreement. 3013: 2934: 2881: 2266:

Strand 3 dealt with "east-west" issues and institutions to be created between Ireland and

1988: 1701: 442: 388: 308: 4807:"British government drops Northern Ireland food blockade fears amid Brexit deal optimism" 1937:

a more substantial agreement between the eight political parties and the two governments.

2544: 5120: 5060: 3479: 3419: 2916:

Antrim and Down are, and will remain, as much a part of Ireland as any southern county.

2509: 1966: 1767: 1721: 1685: 1608: 1428: 1368: 1018: 275: 230: 4973:

Political leadership and the Northern Ireland peace process: Role, capacity and effect

4097: 4071: 2928:. The UUP had already resigned from the power-sharing Executive in 2002 following the 2576:

A 'Yes' campaign poster for the Good Friday Agreement during simultaneous referendums

5804: 5667: 4057: 3487: 3415: 3342: 2997: 2976: 2908: 2267: 2254: 1992: 1689: 4428:

R (on the application of Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union

4072:"BRITISH-IRISH AGREEMENT ACT, 1999 (COMMENCEMENT) ORDER, 1999, S.I. No. 377 of 1999" 5440: 3735: 3002: 2929: 2877: 2431: 2412: 2334:

incorporate parliamentarians from all of the members of the British–Irish Council.

1999:

The two governments also agreed, irrespective of the position of Northern Ireland:

1924: 1854:

The relationship between the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom. (Strand 3)

1802: 1789: 1716:. The agreement also created a number of institutions between Northern Ireland and 1642: 714: 199: 4450:"European Commission publishes guiding principles on Ireland and Northern Ireland" 3640: 1934:

a treaty between the two states, signed by the leaders of the two governments; and

1900: 4776:"Why is the PM's Brexit Bill causing outrage in Brussels, Cardiff and Edinburgh?" 3985:"Prisoner Release: Northern Ireland Good Friday Agreement | Peace Accords Matrix" 2550:

The Agreement recognised divergent political aspirations and complex identities.

1851:

The relationship between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. (Strand 2)

5141: 4653: 4123: 3402: 3319: 2957: 2861: 2807: 2358: 2319: 1822: 1681: 1638: 5036: 4264: 3579:"Ethnic Conflict and the Two-State Solution: The Irish Experience of Partition" 2864:

came to an end in Northern Ireland when power was formally devolved to the new

5493: 5254: 4811: 4049: 3469: 2247: 2157: 1798: 1766:

of December 1921), six of the island's northern counties remained part of the

1732: 194: 4850: 2191:

executive with ministerial portfolios to be allocated between parties by the

5335: 5310: 3497: 2893: 204: 4369:

Peace at Last?: The Impact of the Good Friday Agreement on Northern Ireland

2892:, the Irish foreign minister. Shortly after the ceremony, at 10:30 am, the 4355:

The Northern Ireland Question: the peace process and the Belfast Agreement

4098:"BRITISH-IRISH AGREEMENT (AMENDMENT) ACT, 1999 (COMMENCEMENT) ORDER, 1999" 5162: 5052:

Inside Out: An Integrative Critique of the Northern Ireland Peace Process

3384:

negotiations on Britain's planned 2019 withdrawal from the European Union

2547:

as required by the Belfast Agreement. That advice was not taken forward.

2327: 5065: 4654:"Brexit: Boris Johnson says 'anti-democratic' backstop must be scrapped" 1817:

The agreement is made up of two inter-related documents, both agreed in

5426: 5303: 5261: 5041: 4714: 3546:"North-South Ministerial Council: Annual Report (2001) in Ulster Scots" 3397:

In order to protect North–South co-operation and avoid controls on the

2965: 2901: 2832: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2383: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1818: 1728: 75: 5148: 4508:"Northern Irish will be able to remain EU citizens under Brexit deal" 3355: 2888:, attended early on 2 December 1999. He exchanged notifications with 2323: 2212: 1872: 1508: 1746:

The British–Irish Agreement came into force on 2 December 1999. The

4685:"Brexit breakthrough enabled by an almost complete British retreat" 4213:"Britain has been 'ruled out of the equation' on North, says Ahern" 1735:

held on 22 May 1998. In Northern Ireland, voters were asked in the

30:"British–Irish Agreement" redirects here. For the 1921 treaty, see 5169: 4909:"The Tories have betrayed Northern Ireland with their Brexit deal" 4746:"Government admits new Brexit bill 'will break international law'" 3375: 3369: 2571: 2202: 2156: 1776: 4476:"Guiding Principles for the dialogue on Ireland/Northern Ireland" 3422:" to be removed from the proposed withdrawal agreement. The new 2187:

on certain major decisions. The Northern Ireland Executive is a

2024:, which had asserted a territorial claim over Northern Ireland. 5663: 5394: 5069: 2704:

Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland referendum

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the normalisation of security arrangements in Northern Ireland.

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Annex 2 of the British-Irish Agreement (Good Friday Agreement)

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The politics of Northern Ireland: beyond the Belfast Agreement

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R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union

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at Stormont, in Belfast, seat of the Northern Ireland Assembly

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between most of Northern Ireland's political parties, and the

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Irish Government – British-Irish Intergovernmental Conference

4624:"House of Commons rejects Brexit divorce deal for third time" 3731:"Sinn Féin's delegates endorse North Ireland peace agreement" 5365:

First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland

4940:"Loyalist groups withdraw support for Good Friday Agreement" 3668:"20 years on: What was agreed in the Good Friday Agreement?" 3414:

the British parliament on three occasions. May's successor,

298: 5344:

President of the Policy and Resources Committee of Guernsey

4715:"Brexit: What is in Boris Johnson's new deal with the EU?" 4353:

Austen Morgan, "From Belfast to St. Andrews", included in

4124:"The Northern Ireland Act 1998 (Appointed Day) Order 1999" 1727:

The agreement was approved by voters across the island of

2896:, Bertie Ahern, signed the declaration formally amending 1923:. US senator George J. Mitchell was sent by US president 1712:

and early release of paramilitary prisoners, followed by

4978:

Mitchell, George J. "Toward Peace in Northern Ireland."

4877:"'Trust has been eroded' over UK's Brexit plan - Martin" 2612:

Northern Ireland Good Friday Agreement referendum, 1998

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since the late 1960s. It was a major development in the

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1998 Northern Ireland Good Friday Agreement referendum

1737:

1998 Northern Ireland Good Friday Agreement referendum

27:

1998 agreements between the United Kingdom and Ireland

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Context and Content: Sunningdale and Belfast Compared

4398:"How Ireland is shaping Britain's post-Brexit trade" 4335:

The Provisional IRA: From Insurrection to Parliament

3801:"The Belfast Agreement - a practical legal analysis" 3374:

Anti-Northern Ireland Protocol poster. Main Street,

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in Dublin, the Irish department of foreign affairs.

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The British government committed to incorporate the

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Against the background of political violence during

5622: 5569: 5540: 5474: 5433: 5320: 5246: 5179: 5112: 4596:. EC Task Force 50. 8 December 2017. Archived from 2602:

Eighteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland

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Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland

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Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland

258: 239: 218: 185: 170: 162: 147: 139: 124: 100: 85: 71: 56: 48: 4907: 4315:Northern Ireland: can Sean and John live in peace? 3698: 1632: 1626: 4989:The Belfast Agreement: A Practical Legal Analysis 2450:The agreement called for the establishment of an 3867:Making Constitutions in Deeply Divided Societies 3392:European Union negotiating directives for Brexit 2270:(as well as the Crown dependencies). These are: 1677:system of government is based on the agreement. 4622:Cooper, Charlie; McTague, Tom (29 March 2019). 2913: 2022:Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland 5811:Articles containing Ulster Scots-language text 5276:Indigenous, minority and lesser-used languages 4883:. Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 10 September 2020. 1946:, as opposed to the Belfast Agreement itself. 1637:) is a pair of agreements signed on 10 April ( 5675: 5406: 5081: 4172:. The British-Irish Agreement begins at p. 35 3643:. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 17 January 2021. 2937:, was afterwards exposed as a British agent. 2130: 1720:("North–South"), and between Ireland and the 1576: 8: 4567:. The European Commission. 8 December 2017. 3979: 3977: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3788: 2032: 134: 43: 5031:All peace agreements for the United Kingdom 3869:. Cambridge University Press. p. 188. 3430:which Johnson brokered on 17 October 2019. 2964:of Sinn Féin as deputy First Minister in a 2229:North/South Inter-Parliamentary Association 2106:North/South Inter-Parliamentary Association 1996:restriction on their period of residence." 1616: 5709:Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention 5682: 5668: 5660: 5413: 5399: 5391: 5202:Policy and Resources Committee of Guernsey 5088: 5074: 5066: 2907:Speaking at the 1998 commemoration of the 2898:Articles 2 and 3 of the Irish Constitution 2275:British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference 2137: 2123: 2085:British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference 2031: 1840:governments (the British–Irish Agreement). 1641:) 1998 that ended most of the violence of 1583: 1569: 1279:Parl. Voting System and Constituencies Act 267: 133: 42: 4452:. European Commission. 7 September 2017. 4435: at para. 135 (24 January 2017), 2848:Learn how and when to remove this message 2399:Learn how and when to remove this message 2016:(which had established Northern Ireland, 1539:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 688:Eire (Confirmation of Agreement) Act 1929 274:and events relevant to the status of the 5861:Bilateral treaties of the United Kingdom 4017:. BBC Northern Ireland. 20 February 2015 3030: 2702: 2610: 2529:Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission 1673:governments. Northern Ireland's present 1489:Early Parliamentary General Election Act 1269:Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 650:Ireland (Confirm. of Agreement) Act 1925 5851:April 1998 events in the United Kingdom 5601:Third Amendment of the Constitution Act 4396:Green, David Allen (15 December 2017). 3805:Conflict Archive on the INternet (CAIN) 3537: 3518: 3426:replaced the Irish backstop as part of 2987:Comparison to the Sunningdale Agreement 2886:Secretary of State for Northern Ireland 2092: 2071: 2055: 2039: 1832:an international agreement between the 591:Church of England Assembly (Powers) Act 270: 5022:Full text of the Good Friday Agreement 4887:from the original on 10 September 2020 4857:from the original on 10 September 2020 4786:from the original on 10 September 2020 4756:from the original on 10 September 2020 4664:from the original on 25 September 2019 4537:Rediker, Douglas A. (5 January 2018). 4391: 4389: 4387: 3678:from the original on 22 September 2020 3023:Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973 1930:The agreement comprises two elements: 1219:Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 1119:Referendums (Scotland & Wales) Act 5911:Political history of Northern Ireland 4518:from the original on 11 December 2017 4488:from the original on 8 September 2017 4408:from the original on 16 December 2017 4245:from the original on 18 December 2002 4193:from the original on 13 November 2012 4015:"The Good Friday Agreement Prisoners" 3860: 3858: 3558:from the original on 11 December 2020 2493:Northern Ireland (Sentences) Act 1998 2286:British–Irish Interparliamentary Body 1209:Representation of the People Act 2000 1069:Representation of the People Act 1985 1059:Representation of the People Act 1983 969:House of Commons Disqualification Act 743:Representation of the People Act 1948 706:HM Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 679:Representation of the People Act 1928 581:Representation of the People Act 1918 443:Representation of the People Act 1867 246:Government of the Republic of Ireland 108:Government of the Republic of Ireland 7: 5901:Peace treaties of the United Kingdom 5329:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 4819:from the original on 25 October 2020 4744:O'Carroll, Lisa (8 September 2020). 4695:from the original on 21 October 2019 4634:from the original on 19 October 2019 3925:from the original on 30 October 2013 2830:adding citations to reliable sources 2381:adding citations to reliable sources 2101:British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly 1692:" and it included acceptance of the 1109:Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 5926:Treaties entered into force in 1999 5771:IRA Ceasefire & Decommissioning 4995:. The Belfast Press. Archived from 4571:from the original on 9 October 2019 4545:from the original on 8 October 2019 4456:from the original on 8 October 2019 3995:from the original on 22 August 2016 3971:BBC news. Retrieved 8 January 2010. 3952:BBC news. Retrieved 8 January 2010. 3915:"Loyalist weapons put 'beyond use'" 3711:from the original on 3 October 2019 3621:from the original on 2 January 2020 2521:European Convention on Human Rights 1762:was established in 1922 (under the 1657:of the 1990s. It is made up of the 1439:EU (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 799:European Convention on Human Rights 5866:Constitution of the United Kingdom 5717:(Constitutional Conference) (1980) 4805:Blewett, Sam (25 September 2020). 4725:from the original on 16 April 2021 4104:from the original on 29 April 2015 4078:from the original on 29 April 2015 3312:constitution of the United Kingdom 1917:Northern Ireland Women's Coalition 1897:Social Democratic and Labour Party 1891:(UDA)). Two were broadly labelled 669:Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 25: 5765:Independent Monitoring Commission 5525:Northern Ireland Constitution Act 5351:Chief Minister of the Isle of Man 4980:Fordham International Law Journal 4950:from the original on 4 March 2021 4920:from the original on 29 June 2021 4155:. Department of Foreign Affairs. 3962:"UDA confirm guns decommissioned" 3943:"UDA confirm guns decommissioned" 3901:Terrorism Issues and Developments 3811:from the original on 18 June 2009 3647:from the original on 6 March 2021 2960:of the DUP as First Minister and 2508:", especially in relation to the 2349:Decommissioning and normalisation 1909:Provisional Irish Republican Army 1379:HL (Expulsion and Suspension) Act 929:UK joins the European Communities 641:Irish Free State Constitution Act 143:Bilateral international agreement 5881:Ireland–United Kingdom relations 5721:Northern Ireland Assembly (1982) 5188:Government of the United Kingdom 4313:Daugherty Rasnic, Carol (2003). 4265:"Along The road to Irish unity?" 4162:from the original on 13 May 2019 4130:from the original on 24 May 2009 3773:from the original on 8 June 2019 3472: 3401:, the UK, led by Prime Minister 3292: 3285: 3273: 3258: 3250: 3237: 3230: 3218: 3211: 3199: 3184: 3177: 3165: 3158: 3146: 3139: 3127: 3120: 3108: 3101: 3089: 3082: 3070: 3055: 3048: 2806: 2773: 2762: 2751: 2720: 2681: 2670: 2659: 2628: 2474:Continuity Irish Republican Army 2357: 1349:Scottish independence referendum 1339:Succession to the Crown Act 2013 867:Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968 837:Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962 763:Statute of the Council of Europe 631:Irish Free State (Agreement) Act 329:Succession to the Crown Act 1707 286: 251:Government of the United Kingdom 113:Government of the United Kingdom 5826:1998 in international relations 5733:Brooke/Mayhew inter-party talks 5037:North-South Ministerial Council 4539:"The Brexit options, explained" 3700:"Sinn Fein Endorses Peace Pact" 3339:proposed British Bill of Rights 3333:, it required enactment of the 3208:Inter-governmental co-operation 2870:North/South Ministerial Council 2817:needs additional citations for 2368:needs additional citations for 2224:North/South Ministerial Council 2209:North/South Ministerial Council 2064:North/South Ministerial Council 1459:European Union (Withdrawal) Act 939:Local Government (Scotland) Act 379:HC (Disqualifications) Act 1801 5891:Northern Ireland peace process 5876:Government of Northern Ireland 5692:Northern Ireland peace process 4906:Hoey, Kate (13 January 2021). 4683:Leahy, Pat (19 October 2019). 4371:, Berghahn Books, p. 18, 4295:. Oxford University Press, p.1 3903:, Nova Publishers, p. 192 3331:European Court of Human Rights 3227:Institutional role for the RoI 3193:Recognition of both identities 2527:and to the establishment of a 2482:Irish National Liberation Army 2234:North/South Consultative Forum 2111:North/South Consultative Forum 2014:Government of Ireland Act 1920 2008:As part of the agreement, the 1919:. There was also the grouping 1655:Northern Ireland peace process 1633: 1627: 1129:Scottish devolution referendum 1029:Scottish devolution referendum 551:Government of Ireland Act 1914 359:Constitution of Ireland (1782) 1: 5856:Bilateral treaties of Ireland 5783:Hillsborough Castle Agreement 5758:Amendment of Articles 2 and 3 5577:Ministers and Secretaries Act 4541:. The Brookings Institution. 4235:"Paramilitary arms destroyed" 3739:. 11 May 1998. Archived from 3079:Reform of the policing system 2537:Irish Human Rights Commission 1499:EU (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 1399:European Union Referendum Act 898:NI (Temporary Provisions) Act 18:Good Friday Agreement of 1998 4357:, Bassingstoke, 2009, p. 385 3666:Kelly, Ben (28 March 2018). 3460:Loyalist Communities Council 2604:) was held on the same day. 2422:held by paramilitary groups; 1958:The agreement acknowledged: 1792:(from left to right) in 2018 1529:EU (Future Relationship) Act 1509:UK leaves the European Union 1239:Government of Wales Act 2006 1099:Local Government (Wales) Act 818:HC Disqualification Act 1957 733:British Nationality Act 1948 5846:April 1998 events in Europe 5595:The Republic of Ireland Act 4187:BBC website - A State Apart 3833:. Routledge, 2005, p. 148. 3697:Reid, T. R. (10 May 1998). 3611:"The Good Friday Agreement" 2900:. He then announced to the 1887:(the political wing of the 1299:Alternative Vote referendum 1289:Welsh devolution referendum 1139:Welsh devolution referendum 1039:Welsh devolution referendum 659:Balfour Declaration of 1926 621:Church of Scotland Act 1921 434:Judicial Committee Act 1844 426:Judicial Committee Act 1843 418:Judicial Committee Act 1833 117:Parties in Northern Ireland 34:. For the 1985 treaty, see 5947: 5921:Treaties concluded in 1998 5886:Northern Ireland Executive 5739:Downing Street Declaration 5372:First Minister of Scotland 5223:Northern Ireland Executive 4367:Stefan Wolff, ed. (2004), 3493:Downing Street Declaration 2990: 2954:Northern Ireland Executive 2582:in the Republic of Ireland 2561: 2486:Real Irish Republican Army 2470:Sentence Review Commission 2445:Offences against the State 2420:decommissioning of weapons 2341:In the opinion of analyst 2178:Northern Ireland Executive 1954:Status of Northern Ireland 1907:party associated with the 1889:Ulster Defence Association 1877:Progressive Unionist Party 1871:which had led unionism in 1698:civil and political rights 1613:Comhaontú Aoine an Chéasta 1319:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 571:Royal Proclamation of 1917 493:Appellate Jurisdiction Act 453:Reform Act (Scotland) 1868 29: 5931:Premiership of Tony Blair 5896:Peace treaties of Ireland 5816:1990s in Northern Ireland 5698: 5507:Government of Ireland Act 5482:Roman Catholic Relief Act 5321:Representatives of states 5103: 4333:McKearney, Tommy (2011). 4050:10.1080/07907180108406633 3967:12 September 2017 at the 3948:12 September 2017 at the 3445:Democratic Unionist Party 3424:Northern Ireland Protocol 3267:Inter-island co-operation 3174:Cross-border co-operation 2866:Northern Ireland Assembly 2714: 2711: 2708: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2499:Equality and human rights 2211:on Upper English Street, 2173:Northern Ireland Assembly 2048:Northern Ireland Assembly 1748:Democratic Unionist Party 1702:cultural parity of esteem 1479:EU Withdrawal (No. 2) Act 1449:Invocation of Article 50 1359:House of Lords Reform Act 1249:Northern Ireland Act 2009 1229:Constitutional Reform Act 601:Government of Ireland Act 541:Status of Aliens Act 1914 463:Reform Act (Ireland) 1868 174:2 December 1999 166:Belfast, Northern Ireland 89:2 December 1999 5836:1998 in Northern Ireland 5821:1998 in British politics 5789:Stormont House Agreement 5607:European Communities Act 5358:Chief Minister of Jersey 3306:Constitutional relevance 2478:Loyalist Volunteer Force 1710:paramilitary disarmament 1409:EU membership referendum 989:EC membership referendum 909:European Communities Act 399:Scottish Reform Act 1832 272:Constitutional documents 5841:20th century in Belfast 5560:Constitution of Ireland 5554:Free State Constitution 5379:First Minister of Wales 5055:U.S. Institute of Peace 5026:Northern Ireland Office 4986:Morgan, Austen (2000). 4971:Gormley-Heenan, Cathy. 4944:Raidió Teilifís Éireann 4337:. Pluto Press, p. 184. 4183:"Constitutional issues" 4100:. Irishstatutebook.ie. 4074:. Irishstatutebook.ie. 4038:Irish Political Studies 3899:Janine A. Levy (2007), 3447:welcomed it. Taoiseach 3440:notwithstanding clauses 3136:Abandonment of violence 2943:Comprehensive Agreement 2764:Invalid or blank votes 2672:Invalid or blank votes 2533:equality of opportunity 2525:law of Northern Ireland 2314:), as well as from the 1983:implement that choice. 1885:Ulster Democratic Party 1663:British–Irish Agreement 1618:Comhaontú Bhéal Feirste 1309:European Union Act 2011 1169:Government of Wales Act 1049:British Nationality Act 809:Interpretation Act (NI) 513:Interpretation Act 1889 151:10 April 1998 135:British–Irish Agreement 60:10 April 1998 5831:1998 in Irish politics 5723:("rolling devolution") 5589:External Relations Act 5513:Statute of Westminster 5459:Grattan's constitution 5209:Isle of Man Government 4282:Wilford, Rick (2001). 3865:Lerner, Hanna (2011). 3799:Austen Morgan (2000). 3379: 2926:2003 Assembly election 2918: 2584: 2452:independent commission 2216: 2185:cross-community voting 2165: 2006: 1881:Ulster Volunteer Force 1793: 1617: 1612: 1519:UK Internal Market Act 1469:EU Withdrawal Act 2019 887:EC Treaty of Accession 697:Statute of Westminster 532:Aliens Restriction Act 52:Multilateral agreement 5763:Establishment of the 5752:Good Friday Agreement 5744:Establishment of the 5727:Anglo-Irish Agreement 5703:Sunningdale Agreement 5648:Good Friday Agreement 5583:Courts of Justice Act 5195:Government of Ireland 5106:Good Friday Agreement 5097:British–Irish Council 5042:British-Irish Council 4433:[2017] UKSC 5 4263:Ó Ceallaigh, Daltún. 3373: 3335:Human Rights Act 1998 3155:Security co-operation 3037:Sunningdale Agreement 2993:Sunningdale Agreement 2911:of 1916, Ahern said: 2874:British–Irish Council 2575: 2472:. Prisoners from the 2293:Anglo-Irish Agreement 2280:British–Irish Council 2206: 2160: 2080:British–Irish Council 2034:Good Friday Agreement 2001: 1944:Multi-Party Agreement 1869:Ulster Unionist Party 1780: 1659:Multi-Party Agreement 1597:Good Friday Agreement 1149:Good Friday Agreement 789:Royal Titles Act 1953 483:Royal Titles Act 1876 409:Irish Reform Act 1832 349:Wales and Berwick Act 44:Multi-Party Agreement 36:Anglo-Irish Agreement 5777:St Andrews Agreement 5531:Northern Ireland Act 5453:Crown of Ireland Act 5216:Government of Jersey 5113:Member jurisdictions 5002:on 26 September 2015 4481:. 7 September 2017. 4317:Brandylane, p. 173. 4270:13 June 2018 at the 4241:. 18 December 1998. 3435:Internal Market Bill 3341:that Prime Minister 3314:. Legal commentator 3282:Devolution of powers 2947:St Andrews Agreement 2826:improve this article 2506:linguistic diversity 2468:individually by the 2377:improve this article 2300:matters not devolved 2162:Parliament Buildings 1927:to chair the talks. 1694:principle of consent 1628:Guid Friday Greeance 1159:Northern Ireland Act 919:Local Government Act 5906:Politics of Belfast 5636:European Convention 5423:constitutional laws 5230:Scottish Government 4721:. 21 October 2019. 4514:. 8 December 2017. 4291:9 July 2011 at the 3989:peaceaccords.nd.edu 3769:. 21 January 2019. 3588:on 29 February 2012 3508:Unionism in Ireland 3458:In March 2021, the 3324:1689 Bill of Rights 2705: 2613: 2578:in Northern Ireland 2207:The offices of the 2036: 2018:partitioned Ireland 1772:Republic of Ireland 1754:History and process 1680:Issues relating to 1079:Single European Act 959:NI Constitution Act 772:Parliament Act 1949 226:Republic of Ireland 136: 45: 5642:Treaties of the EU 5630:Anglo-Irish Treaty 4660:. 20 August 2019. 3418:, called for the " 3388:Common Travel Area 3380: 3064:Self-determination 3040:Belfast Agreement 3010:self-determination 2703: 2611: 2585: 2316:Crown dependencies 2217: 2215:, Northern Ireland 2166: 2010:British parliament 1976:Irish Constitution 1807:George J. Mitchell 1794: 1782:George J. Mitchell 1764:Anglo-Irish Treaty 1199:House of Lords Act 999:Interpretation Act 611:Anglo-Irish Treaty 369:Acts of Union 1800 32:Anglo-Irish Treaty 5871:Events in Belfast 5798: 5797: 5657: 5656: 5548:Dáil Constitution 5388: 5387: 5283:Knowledge economy 4982:22 (1998): 1136+. 4975:(Springer, 2006). 4780:uk.news.yahoo.com 4603:on 9 October 2019 4343:978-0-7453-3074-7 3743:on 24 August 2017 3503:Martin McGuinness 3316:David Allen Green 3300: 3299: 3045:Consent principle 2981:James Brokenshire 2962:Martin McGuinness 2860:Direct rule from 2858: 2857: 2850: 2795: 2794: 2791: 2790: 2699: 2698: 2409: 2408: 2401: 2147: 2146: 2093:Additional bodies 1993:Irish citizenship 1879:(linked with the 1825:, 10 April 1998: 1647:ethno-nationalist 1634:Bilfawst Greeance 1605:Belfast Agreement 1593: 1592: 1557: 1556: 1419:Scotland Act 2016 1389:Recall of MPs Act 1329:Scotland Act 2012 1089:Maastricht Treaty 1009:Scotland Act 1978 827:Life Peerages Act 266: 265: 132: 131: 16:(Redirected from 5938: 5684: 5677: 5670: 5661: 5613:Human Rights Act 5488:Irish Church Act 5415: 5408: 5401: 5392: 5381: 5374: 5367: 5360: 5353: 5346: 5339: 5331: 5313: 5306: 5299: 5297:Social inclusion 5292: 5285: 5278: 5271: 5264: 5257: 5239: 5237:Welsh Government 5232: 5225: 5218: 5211: 5204: 5197: 5190: 5172: 5165: 5158: 5156:Northern Ireland 5151: 5144: 5137: 5130: 5123: 5090: 5083: 5076: 5067: 5011: 5009: 5007: 5001: 4994: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4946:. 4 March 2021. 4936: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4911: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4843:belfasttelegraph 4835: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4772: 4766: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4711: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4680: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4650: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4602: 4595: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4487: 4480: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4446: 4440: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4393: 4382: 4381: 4364: 4358: 4351: 4345: 4331: 4325: 4311: 4305: 4304:Wilford, pp. 4–5 4302: 4296: 4280: 4274: 4261: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4231: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4179: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4161: 4154: 4146: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4011: 4005: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3981: 3972: 3959: 3953: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3921:, 27 June 2009, 3911: 3905: 3904: 3896: 3890: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3862: 3853: 3850: 3841: 3829:Aughey, Arthur: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3796: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3702: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3641:"United Kingdom" 3637: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3595: 3593: 3587: 3581:. Archived from 3574: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3557: 3550: 3542: 3527: 3523: 3482: 3477: 3476: 3475: 3360:UK Supreme Court 3296: 3295: 3289: 3288: 3277: 3276: 3262: 3261: 3254: 3253: 3241: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3222: 3221: 3215: 3214: 3203: 3202: 3188: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3169: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3150: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3131: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3112: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3093: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3074: 3073: 3059: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3031: 3019:Ireland Act 1949 2853: 2846: 2842: 2839: 2833: 2810: 2802: 2724: 2706: 2632: 2614: 2607: 2606: 2598:Amsterdam Treaty 2545:10 December 2008 2463:Prisoner release 2438:and role of its 2404: 2397: 2393: 2390: 2384: 2361: 2353: 2139: 2132: 2125: 2037: 2028:New institutions 1921:Labour Coalition 1760:Irish Free State 1714:demilitarisation 1696:, commitment to 1651:Northern Ireland 1636: 1630: 1620: 1585: 1578: 1571: 1179:Human Rights Act 900: 857:Royal Assent Act 780:Regency Act 1953 753:Ireland Act 1949 724:Regency Act 1943 715:Regency Act 1937 561:Welsh Church Act 473:Irish Church Act 305: 304: 299: 290: 268: 181: 179: 158: 156: 137: 96: 94: 80:Northern Ireland 67: 65: 46: 21: 5946: 5945: 5941: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5936: 5935: 5801: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5694: 5688: 5658: 5653: 5618: 5570:Oireachtas Acts 5565: 5536: 5470: 5429: 5419: 5389: 5384: 5377: 5370: 5363: 5356: 5349: 5342: 5334: 5327: 5316: 5309: 5302: 5295: 5290:Misuse of drugs 5288: 5281: 5274: 5267: 5260: 5253: 5242: 5235: 5228: 5221: 5214: 5207: 5200: 5193: 5186: 5175: 5168: 5161: 5154: 5147: 5140: 5133: 5126: 5119: 5108: 5099: 5094: 5033:, UN Peacemaker 5018: 5005: 5003: 4999: 4992: 4985: 4968: 4966:Further reading 4963: 4953: 4951: 4938: 4937: 4933: 4923: 4921: 4914:Daily Telegraph 4905: 4904: 4900: 4890: 4888: 4875: 4874: 4870: 4860: 4858: 4837: 4836: 4832: 4822: 4820: 4804: 4803: 4799: 4789: 4787: 4774: 4773: 4769: 4759: 4757: 4743: 4742: 4738: 4728: 4726: 4713: 4712: 4708: 4698: 4696: 4689:The Irish Times 4682: 4681: 4677: 4667: 4665: 4652: 4651: 4647: 4637: 4635: 4621: 4620: 4616: 4606: 4604: 4600: 4593: 4589: 4588: 4584: 4574: 4572: 4563: 4562: 4558: 4548: 4546: 4536: 4535: 4531: 4521: 4519: 4512:The Independent 4506: 4505: 4501: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4478: 4474: 4473: 4469: 4459: 4457: 4448: 4447: 4443: 4425: 4421: 4411: 4409: 4402:Financial Times 4395: 4394: 4385: 4379: 4366: 4365: 4361: 4352: 4348: 4332: 4328: 4312: 4308: 4303: 4299: 4293:Wayback Machine 4281: 4277: 4272:Wayback Machine 4262: 4258: 4248: 4246: 4233: 4232: 4228: 4218: 4216: 4211: 4210: 4206: 4196: 4194: 4181: 4180: 4176: 4165: 4163: 4159: 4152: 4150:"The Agreement" 4148: 4147: 4143: 4133: 4131: 4126:. Opsi.gov.uk. 4122: 4121: 4117: 4107: 4105: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4081: 4079: 4070: 4069: 4065: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4020: 4018: 4013: 4012: 4008: 3998: 3996: 3983: 3982: 3975: 3969:Wayback Machine 3960: 3956: 3950:Wayback Machine 3941: 3937: 3928: 3926: 3913: 3912: 3908: 3898: 3897: 3893: 3888: 3884: 3877: 3864: 3863: 3856: 3851: 3844: 3828: 3824: 3814: 3812: 3798: 3797: 3786: 3776: 3774: 3761: 3760: 3756: 3746: 3744: 3729: 3728: 3724: 3714: 3712: 3705:Washington Post 3696: 3695: 3691: 3681: 3679: 3672:The Independent 3665: 3664: 3660: 3650: 3648: 3639: 3638: 3634: 3624: 3622: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3591: 3589: 3585: 3577:Coakley, John. 3576: 3575: 3571: 3561: 3559: 3555: 3548: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3478: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3407:Internal Market 3368: 3322:of 1215 or the 3308: 3293: 3286: 3274: 3259: 3251: 3238: 3231: 3219: 3212: 3200: 3185: 3178: 3166: 3159: 3147: 3140: 3128: 3121: 3109: 3102: 3090: 3083: 3071: 3056: 3049: 3014:Tommy McKearney 2995: 2989: 2935:Denis Donaldson 2882:Peter Mandelson 2854: 2843: 2837: 2834: 2823: 2811: 2800: 2570: 2562:Main articles: 2560: 2501: 2465: 2405: 2394: 2388: 2385: 2374: 2362: 2351: 2343:Brendan O'Leary 2264: 2201: 2155: 2143: 2030: 1956: 1861: 1815: 1756: 1724:("East–West"). 1589: 1560: 1559: 1558: 896: 877:Immigration Act 503:Reform Act 1884 389:Reform Act 1832 309:Treaty of Union 301: 297: 235: 214: 187: 177: 175: 154: 152: 120: 92: 90: 63: 61: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5944: 5942: 5934: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5803: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5792: 5786: 5780: 5774: 5768: 5761: 5755: 5749: 5742: 5736: 5730: 5724: 5718: 5712: 5706: 5699: 5696: 5695: 5689: 5687: 5686: 5679: 5672: 5664: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5651: 5645: 5639: 5633: 5626: 5624: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5616: 5610: 5604: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5580: 5573: 5571: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5563: 5557: 5551: 5544: 5542: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5534: 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1471: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1455: 1454: 1451: 1445: 1444: 1441: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1429:Wales Act 2017 1425: 1424: 1421: 1415: 1414: 1411: 1405: 1404: 1401: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1385: 1384: 1381: 1375: 1374: 1371: 1369:Wales Act 2014 1365: 1364: 1361: 1355: 1354: 1351: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1335: 1334: 1331: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1315: 1314: 1311: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1295: 1294: 1291: 1285: 1284: 1281: 1275: 1274: 1271: 1265: 1264: 1261: 1255: 1254: 1251: 1245: 1244: 1241: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1225: 1224: 1221: 1215: 1214: 1211: 1205: 1204: 1201: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1185: 1184: 1181: 1175: 1174: 1171: 1165: 1164: 1161: 1155: 1154: 1151: 1145: 1144: 1141: 1135: 1134: 1131: 1125: 1124: 1121: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1105: 1104: 1101: 1095: 1094: 1091: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1065: 1064: 1061: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1035: 1034: 1031: 1025: 1024: 1021: 1019:Wales Act 1978 1015: 1014: 1011: 1005: 1004: 1001: 995: 994: 991: 985: 984: 981: 979:Referendum Act 975: 974: 971: 965: 964: 961: 955: 954: 951: 949:NI border poll 945: 944: 941: 935: 934: 931: 925: 924: 921: 915: 914: 911: 905: 904: 901: 893: 892: 889: 883: 882: 879: 873: 872: 869: 863: 862: 859: 853: 852: 849: 843: 842: 839: 833: 832: 829: 823: 822: 819: 815: 814: 811: 805: 804: 801: 795: 794: 791: 785: 784: 781: 777: 776: 773: 769: 768: 765: 759: 758: 755: 749: 748: 745: 739: 738: 735: 729: 728: 725: 721: 720: 717: 711: 710: 707: 703: 702: 699: 693: 692: 689: 685: 684: 681: 675: 674: 671: 665: 664: 661: 655: 654: 651: 647: 646: 643: 637: 636: 633: 627: 626: 623: 617: 616: 613: 607: 606: 603: 597: 596: 593: 587: 586: 583: 577: 576: 573: 567: 566: 563: 557: 556: 553: 547: 546: 543: 537: 536: 533: 529: 528: 525: 523:Parliament Act 519: 518: 515: 509: 508: 505: 499: 498: 495: 489: 488: 485: 479: 478: 475: 469: 468: 465: 459: 458: 455: 449: 448: 445: 439: 438: 435: 431: 430: 427: 423: 422: 419: 415: 414: 411: 405: 404: 401: 395: 394: 391: 385: 384: 381: 375: 374: 371: 365: 364: 361: 355: 354: 351: 345: 344: 341: 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5690:Steps in the 5685: 5680: 5678: 5673: 5671: 5666: 5665: 5662: 5649: 5646: 5643: 5640: 5637: 5634: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5621: 5614: 5611: 5608: 5605: 5602: 5599: 5596: 5593: 5590: 5587: 5584: 5581: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5568: 5561: 5558: 5555: 5552: 5549: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5541:Constitutions 5539: 5532: 5529: 5526: 5523: 5520: 5517: 5514: 5511: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5492: 5489: 5486: 5483: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5473: 5466: 5463: 5460: 5457: 5454: 5451: 5448: 5447:Poynings' Law 5445: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5416: 5411: 5409: 5404: 5402: 5397: 5396: 5393: 5380: 5376: 5373: 5369: 5366: 5362: 5359: 5355: 5352: 5348: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5330: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5319: 5312: 5308: 5305: 5301: 5298: 5294: 5291: 5287: 5284: 5280: 5277: 5273: 5270: 5266: 5263: 5259: 5256: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5245: 5238: 5234: 5231: 5227: 5224: 5220: 5217: 5213: 5210: 5206: 5203: 5199: 5196: 5192: 5189: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5180:Member bodies 5178: 5171: 5167: 5164: 5160: 5157: 5153: 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