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Groups across the country held road conventions and public demonstrations, published material on the benefits of good roads and endeavored to influence legislators on local, state and national levels. Support for candidates often became crucial factors in elections. The League not only advocated road
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is known as the "Father of Good Roads". Quoting from Earle's 1929 autobiography: "I often hear now-a-days, the automobile instigated good roads; that the automobile is the parent of good roads. Well, the truth is, the bicycle is the father of the good roads movement in this country." "The League
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and maintenance was supported by national and local governments. In its early years, the main goal of the movement was education for road building in rural areas between cities and to help rural populations gain the social and economic benefits enjoyed by cities where citizens benefited from
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magazine. In three years circulation reached one million. Early movement advocates enlisted the help of journalists, farmers, politicians and engineers in the project of improving the nation's roadways, but the movement took off when it was adopted by bicyclists.
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on July 11, 1916. In that year, the
Buffalo Steam Roller Company of Buffalo, New York, and the Kelly-Springfield Company of Springfield, Ohio, merged to form the Buffalo-Springfield Company, which became the leader in the American
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along the side of public highways." "The League fought for equal privileges with horse-drawn vehicles. All these battles were won and the bicyclist was accorded equal rights with other users of highways and streets."
54:. Advocates for improved roads turned local agitation into a national political movement. The goal was state and federal spending to improve rural roads. By 1910, automobile lobbies such as the
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of the mail, the Post Office had to determine which local roads were suitable and which were not. Farmers living on officially unusable roads now had motivation to get them upgraded.
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Wells, Christopher W. (Spring 2006). "The
Changing Nature of Country Roads: Farmers, Reformers, and the Shifting Uses of Rural Space, 1880-1905".
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began. By June 1894, "Many of the railway companies made concessions in transporting road materials ranging from half rates to free carriage."
171:. As the automobile was developed and gained momentum, organizations developed such cross-county projects as the coast-to-coast east–west
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Outside cities, roads were dirt or gravel; mud in the winter and dust in the summer. Travel was slow and expensive. Early organizers cited
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of bicycles and to protect their interests from legislative discrimination. The League quickly went national and in 1892 began publishing
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improvements for bicyclists, but pressed the idea to farmers and rural communities, publishing literature such as the famous pamphlet,
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Lee, Jason. "An
Economic Analysis of the Good Roads Movement" (Institute of Transportation Studies, U of California, Davis; 2012)
1223:
227:. Buffalo-Springfield enabled America to embark on a truly national highway construction campaign that continued into the 1920s.
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The Good Roads
Movement was officially founded in May 1880, when bicycle enthusiasts, riding clubs and manufacturers met in
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and paved streets. Even more than traditional vehicles, the newly invented bicycles could benefit from good country roads.
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50:. The movement started as a coalition between farmers' organizations groups and bicyclists' organizations, such as the
98:
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At the turn of the twentieth century, interest in the bicycle began to wane in the face of increasing interest in
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became the first state to pass a law providing for a state to participate in road-building projects. In 1893, the
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Lichtenstein, Alex. "Good roads and chain gangs in the progressive South: 'the negro convict is a slave.' "
82:
94:
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occurred in the United States between the late 1870s and the 1920s. It was the rural dimension of the
445:
Finkelstein, Alexander. "Colorado Honor
Convicts: Roads, Reform, and Region in the Progressive Era".
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Getting Out of the Mud: The
Alabama Good Roads Movement and Highway Administration, 1898–1928
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1023:"Hastening the Millennium: How the Builders of Good Roads Hope to Turn American into Arcady"
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lists the following state organizations as being affiliated with the Good Roads
Movement:
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initiated a systematic evaluation of existing highway systems. In that same year,
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Hugill, Peter J. "Good roads and the automobile in the United States 1880-1929".
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1091:"Transcontinental Trails: Their Development and What They Mean to this Country"
329:
164:
132:
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210:, urging that funds be appropriated for the goals of the Good Roads Movement
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Dixie
Highway: Road Building and the Making of the Modern South, 1900-1930
17:
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joined the campaign, coordinated by the
National Good Roads Association.
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Advocacy efforts frequently focused on farmers' plight — Illinois, 1903
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road sign on his transcontinental auto trip — Glendive, Montana, 1912
478:(2013). It linked Chicago to Florida and helped modernize the South.
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Wayne E. Fuller, "Good Roads and Rural Free
Delivery of Mail< "
1194:"A Maximum of Good Results: Martin Dodge and the Good Roads Train"
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81:
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Advocacy in popular national periodicals c. 1880–1920 (examples)
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1117:(6). New York NY: R. G. Dun & Company: 42–45. August 1917.
1016:(3). New York, NY: Doubleday, Page & Company: 11807–11819.
914:(3). Boston MA: The Wheelman Company: 194–200. December 1884.
1169:. Washington DC: National Highways Association. p. 46.
931:(4). New York NY: Frank Leslie's Publishing House: 363–372.
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produced the first American gasoline-powered vehicle, and
1134:(2). New York NY: The Review of Reviews Company: 302–304.
1084:(6). Chicago, IL: Doubleday, Page & Company: 688–698.
1067:(6). Chicago, IL: Doubleday, Page & Company: 679–687.
1050:(6). Chicago, IL: Doubleday, Page & Company: 695–679.
982:(5). New York NY: The Outing Publishing Company: 536–541.
965:(3). New York NY: The Outing Publishing Company: 337–348.
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Advocacy in books and pamphlets c. 1880–1920 (examples)
948:(6). Chicago IL: Current Encyclopedia Company: 761–771.
214:
The movement gained national prominence when President
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National Highways to Bring About Good Roads Everywhere
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in 1913, headed by auto parts and auto racing magnate
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Davis, Charles Henry; Bates, Stanley Edwards (1913).
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magazine was an early advocate for road improvements.
1187:
Oklahoma Historical Society - Good Roads Association
499:
Bike battles: A history of sharing the American road
1101:(2). New York NY: Charles Scribner's Sons: 160–172.
315:Wilmington-Charlotte-Asheville Highway Association
167:. Subsequently, other groups took the lead in the
1154:. New York NY: D. Van Nostrand Company. pp.
517:(3). New York: Doubleday, Page & Co.: 956–960
1107:"The Economic and Social Value of Good Highways"
425:Directory of American Agricultural Organizations
249:Directory of American Agricultural Organizations
999:(4). Boston MA: The Chapple Publishing Company.
1234:Political advocacy groups in the United States
1124:"An Apostle of Good Roads, Logan Waller Page"
972:"The Automobile as a means of Country Travel"
447:Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era
8:
1151:New Roads and Road Laws in the United States
358:Seedling miles and the later "ideal section"
318:Wisconsin Highway Commissioners' Association
267:Illinois Association for Highway Improvement
1229:Cycling organizations in the United States
454:Good roads and rural free delivery of mail
306:Southeastern Idaho Good Roads Association
938:"The Good Roads Convention at St. Louis"
904:"Good Common Roads and How to Make Them"
29:
1219:History of cycling in the United States
1192:Weingroff, Richard F. (April 7, 2011).
1055:Pennybacker Jr., J. E. (October 1912).
375:
312:Washington State Good Roads Association
285:Montana Highway Improvement Association
183:in 1915, which extended from Canada to
27:Political movement in the United States
194:An AAA Good Roads official passes the
300:North Carolina Good Roads Association
279:Michigan State Good Roads Association
234:fought for the privilege of building
7:
458:Mississippi Valley Historical Review
397:Mississippi Valley Historical Review
294:New Hampshire Good Roads Association
123:United States Post Office Department
1244:1880 establishments in Rhode Island
1038:Page, Logan Waller (October 1912).
264:Good Roads Association of Wisconsin
261:Central Florida Highway Association
1122:Goodell, John M. (February 1919).
1021:Logan, Thomas F. (March 4, 1911).
919:Morrison, A. Cressy (April 1898).
179:, and later his north–south
25:
1182:The Great Bicycle Protest of 1896
1074:"Roads Worth $ 35,000,000 A Year"
987:Walsh, Thomas F. (January 1908).
921:"The League of American Wheelmen"
273:Massachusetts Highway Association
125:. Once a commitment was made for
1006:"Good Roads the Way to Progress"
1004:Page, Logan Waller (July 1909).
989:"Public highways and Prosperity"
953:Matthews, Franklin (June 1904).
332:
1089:Joy, Henry B. (February 1914).
955:"Getting Good Roads in America"
309:Virginia Good Roads Association
288:Nebraska Good Roads Association
56:American Automobile Association
36:Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition
1202:Federal Highway Administration
1128:The American Review of Reviews
1057:"The Best Roads at Least Cost"
970:Burchell, H.P. (August 1905).
936:Cowles, Julia D. (June 1903).
925:Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly
501:(U of Washington Press, 2015).
321:Wyoming Good Roads Association
258:Arizona Good Roads Association
255:Alabama Good Roads Association
137:U.S. Department of Agriculture
1:
1072:Hewes, L. I. (October 1912).
543:Roads Were Not Built for Cars
364:Roads Improvement Association
270:Kansas Good Roads Association
243:State Good Roads associations
546:. Washington: Island Press.
533:(U of Alabama Press, 2017).
220:Federal Aid Road Act of 1916
489:Journal of Southern History
282:Montana Good Roads Congress
99:League of American Wheelmen
52:League of American Wheelmen
34:Good Roads Building at the
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1239:Roads in the United States
1040:"The Profit of Good Roads"
414:Cayuga Chief - Jun 2, 1894
303:Ohio Good Roads Federation
291:Nevada Highway Association
276:Michigan Pikes Association
206:1904 editorial cartoon by
1027:The Saturday Evening Post
297:New York Road Association
575:10.1525/ah.2006.80.2.143
505:Mayo, Earl (July 1901).
384:The Gospel of Good Roads
348:U.S. Highway association
116:The Gospel of Good Roads
1224:Politics and technology
491:(1993). 59#1: 85–110.
540:Reid, Carlton (2015).
507:"The Good Roads Train"
412:The Good Roads Crusade
399:(1955) 42#1 pp 67-83.
360:of the Lincoln Highway
211:
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993:The National Magazine
587:magazine c. 1890–1920
205:
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121:A key player was the
95:Newport, Rhode Island
85:
33:
697:. XXVII (old). 1898.
563:Agricultural History
48:Progressive movement
1148:Stone, Roy (1904).
1095:Scribner's Magazine
805:. VIII (new). 1907.
733:. XXXI (old). 1900.
709:. XXIX (old). 1899.
685:. XXVI (old). 1897.
661:. XXIV (old). 1896.
465:Geographical Review
460:42.1 (1955): 67-83.
449:20.1 (2021): 24–43.
225:compaction industry
145:Rural Free Delivery
127:Rural Free Delivery
44:Good Roads Movement
889:. LXI (new). 1921.
877:. XVI (new). 1918.
853:. XIV (new). 1917.
841:. XII (new). 1916.
793:. VII (new). 1906.
721:. XXX (old). 1899.
673:. XXV (old). 1897.
625:. III (old). 1892.
529:Olliff, Martin T.
497:Longhurst, James.
452:Fuller, Wayne E. "
212:
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161:
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865:. XV (new). 1918.
817:. IX (new). 1908.
781:. VI (new). 1905.
757:. II (new). 1903.
649:. VI (old). 1893.
637:. IV (old). 1893.
613:. II (old). 1892.
553:978-1-61091-689-9
440:Scholarly studies
340:U.S. Roads portal
67:road construction
16:(Redirected from
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633:.
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609:.
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565:.
515:II
513:.
509:.
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1158:.
912:V
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