500:
621:
shield, which now showed the coat of arms of the issuing province These types evolved into a standing knight holding a sword and seven arrows representing the seven provinces in the union. The legend, CONCORDIA RES PARVÆ CRESCUNT, shortened in a variation of ways, says "by concord small things increase". It also names—or shows a symbol representing—the province that issued the coin. The reverse had a tablet inscribed and always shortened in the same way: MOneta ORDInum PROVINciarum FOEDERatorum BELGicarum AD LEGem IMPerii, gold money of the federated provinces of
Belgium in accordance with the law of the realm. In the Napoleonic period, the
757:
613:
1748:
749:
765:
782:
423:
311:
364:(shillings) by 1470. At that point a ducat worth 124 soldi emerged as a new silver-based unit of account for quoting salaries and costs. Continued depreciation in the silver currency during the 16th century, however, made the gold ducat worth more than 124 soldi. At this point, the currency ducat of 124 soldi had to be distinguished from the higher-valued gold ducat, and the latter was eventually called the
1734:
294:, respectively, both of 3.5 grams of 98.6% fine gold; the florin preceded the ducat as Western Europe's first standard gold coin. Venice modeled the size and weight of their ducat on the florin, with a slight increase in weight due to differences in the two cities′ weight systems. The Venetian ducat contained 3.545 grams of 99.47% fine gold, the highest purity medieval metallurgy could produce.
1045:
135:
584:) in 1524, 1559, and later. The ducat weighed 3.49 grams and was 23⅔ carats fine (3.442 g of pure gold) and exchanged at a ratio of 8 ducats for 11 Rhenish florins, which weighed 3.25 grams and were 18½ carats fine (2.503 g of pure gold). The German territories retained these standards until the 19th century.
481:, brought this system to Hungary in 1526, when he inherited its throne. The still-pure gold coins of Hungary were henceforth called ducats. Their purity made the Hungarian ducat acceptable throughout Europe. Even the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland left records of the ones his king used for gambling.
348:
to the doge. The legend on the left identifies the saint as S M VENET, i.e. Saint Mark of Venice, and the legend on the right identifies the doge, with his title DVX in the field. On the reverse, Christ stands among a field of stars in an oval frame. The reverse legend is the same as on Roger II’s
620:
At first, ducats of
Hungarian type struck in the Netherlands had a standing figure on the obverse with the crown and battle axe that St. Ladislaus carried on the Hungarian prototype, but naming him with a different legend. Like the original, but not contemporary, Hungarian ducats, the reverse had a
409:, 1346-1353, kneeling before Saint John on the obverse and an angel seated on the Sepulcher of Christ on the reverse. Subsequent grand masters, however, found it expedient to copy the Venetian types more exactly, first at Rhodes and then on Malta. Genoese traders went further; they struck ducats at
413:
that could be distinguished from the
Venetian originals only by their workmanship. These debased ducats were problematic for Venice, which valued its money's reputation for purity. The rarity of ducats that Genoese traders struck at Mytilene, Phocaea, and Pera suggests that Venetians melted those
397:
When the Roman Senate introduced gold coinage either the florin or the ducat could have provided an advantageous model to imitate, but the
Florentines who controlled the Senate’s finances ensured that their city’s coin was not copied. Instead, the Roman coin showed a senator kneeling before St.
384:
extended the coinage with a half ducat and subsequent doges added a quarter, and various multiples up to 105 ducats. All of these coins continued to use the designs and weight standards of the original 1284 ducat. Even after dates became a common feature of western coinage, Venice struck ducats
600:
in 1583, however, left them without a constitutional ruler to name on those coins. They fell back on the longstanding regional tradition of imitating well accepted foreign coins. In this case they avoided political complications by copying obsolete coins. The gold coins
735:
Around 1913, the gold ducat was worth the equivalent of "nine shillings and four pence sterling, or somewhat more than two dollars. The silver ducat is of about half this value." Even now some national mints produce batches of ducats made after old patterns as
484:
Hungary continued to strike ducats with 3.53133 grams of 98.6% fine gold. Unlike the unchanging designs of the ducats in Venice, the coat of arms on the reverse of the ducats of
Hungary was frequently modified to reflect changed circumstances. In 1470,
1715:
The
History of Currency, 1252 to 1894: Being an Account of the Gold and Silver Moneys and Monetary Standards of Europe and America, Together with an Examination of the Effects of Currency and Exchange Phenomena on Commercial and National Progress and
38:
398:
Peter on the obverse and Christ amid stars in oval frame on the reverse in direct imitation of the
Venetian ducat. The Popes subsequently changed these designs, but continued to strike ducats of the same weight and size into the 16th century.
228:
of Venice introduced a silver ducat which was related to the ducats of Roger II. Later gold ducats of Venice, however, became so important that the name ducat was associated exclusively with them and the silver coins came to be called
507:
In the 15th and 16th centuries, international traders in
Western Europe shifted from the florin to the ducat as their preferred currency, with ducats often co-circulating with locally minted gold coins like the Rhenish
727:
Austria continued to strike ducats until 1915, and has continued to restrike the last of them, including some four ducat coins illustrated here. Nevertheless, bullion for Spain's
American colonies allowed the
1030:
of Queen
Christina appears on the 1645 Erfurt 10 Ducat (Portugaloser). There are seven gold coins known to exist bearing the effigy of Queen Christina: a unique 1649 five ducat, and six 1645 10 ducat specimen.
477:
recognized this distinction in 1524 when he made ducats of the Venetian standard valid money in the Empire with a value 39% higher than the gulden. His younger brother and eventual successor,
213:(meaning "O Christ, let this duchy, which you rule, be dedicated to you") on the obverse. On the reverse, Roger II is depicted in the style of a Byzantine emperor and his eldest son, Duke
1473:
Bullion and Foreign Exchanges Theoretically and Practically Considered: Followed by a Defence of the Double Valuation, with Special Reference to the Proposed System of Universal Coinage
752:
The 1934 Czechoslovakia 10 Ducat gold coin (on average) contains 34.9000 grams of gold (0.9860 fine) and weighs 1.1063 ounces. This issue is extremely rare as only 68 coins were struck.
489:
replaced the coat of arms by a Madonna. Hungary struck ducats until 1915, even under Austrian rule. These were used as trade coins and several of the later dates have been restruck.
605:
issued to the standards of the ducat were widely copied and called ducats. They also imitated the Hungarian ducat and those coins had more influence on the subsequent coinage of the
1080:
The two concepts of money: implications for the analysis of optimal currency areas, Charles A. E. Goodhart, European Journal of Political Economy, Vol 14 (1986) page 407
629:
continued to strike ducats with these designs. These coins were not issued during the annexation of the Netherlands into the French Empire. Since Napoleon’s defeat, the
1065:
243:
In the 13th century, the Venetians imported goods from the East and sold them at a profit north of the Alps. They paid for these goods with Byzantine gold
655:
commenced in the Italian states in the mid-16th century as a large coin of approximately 30 grams fine silver, worth slightly less than the gold ducat or
633:
has continued to issue them as trade and bullion coins. The text in the table on the reverse now says MOneta AURea REGni BELGII AD LEGEM IMPERII.
352:
Succeeding doges of Venice continued striking ducats, changing only their name on the obverse. The ducat had a variable price versus the silver
1691:
1670:
1593:
152:
R•R SLS, King Roger and, R•DX•AP, Duke Roger (son of Roger) standing facing, holding long cross between them; AN R X along staff of cross.
499:
773:
551:
from 1504. 23¾ carats fine and slightly smaller than the Venetian ducat, each had about 3.484 g of pure gold and was reckoned as 375
426:
1496:
1060:
612:
563:
478:
209:(1140). It was to be a valid issue for the whole kingdom. The first issue bears the figure of Christ and the Latin inscription
756:
447:
was debased over the centuries, from 3.43 g fine gold in 1354, to 2.76 g fine gold by 1419, and to 2.503 g fine gold by 1559.
474:
1784:
1354:
Standard Catalog of World Coins, Chester Krause and Clifford Mishler, Trade Coinage section of the listings for Hungary
928:
still issues golden and silver ducats having the same weight, composite and design when they were first minted in 1586.
1373:
903:
790:
1531:
700:. In the 19th century ducats were progressively dropped as standard coin of several nations, most significantly the
630:
662:
Similarly-named coins were also minted in the Low Countries in the 17th and 18th centuries, which became popular
214:
42:
451:
433:
In Western Europe, Venice was an active trader but they sold more than they bought, thus giving the Florentine
252:
466:
changed the designs by replacing the standing figure of Saint John from the florin with a standing figure of
405:, where Venice spent more money than it received. The Knights of Saint John struck ducats with grand master
272:
609:. Since the Netherlands became a dominant international trader, the influence of these ducats was global.
473:
In light of the 15th century debasement of the Rhenish florin or goldgulden versus the original ducat, the
705:
597:
467:
28:
1003:
344:, the patron saint of Venice. Saint Mark holds the gospel, which is his usual attribute, and presents a
674:'s silver rider ducaton in 1659 of 30.45 g fine silver, and (confusingly) the Dutch Republic's smaller
470:
and later changing the lily of Florence to his coat of arms, but he maintained the purity of the gold.
406:
318:
Saint Mark standing giving gonfalone to the kneeling doge. S(anctus) M(arcus) VENET(I) DVX MICAEL STEN
1789:
1779:
709:
701:
575:
459:
111:
1774:
996:. Before the Swiss unification, the Swiss also minted ducats, the most well known of which are the
667:
1753:
913:
826:
786:
769:
560:
463:
202:
126:
748:
764:
596:
gave its seven northern provinces control of their coinage. The collapse of the government of
1687:
1666:
1589:
1471:
1402:
982:
973:
918:
853:
622:
602:
571:
486:
206:
197:
809:
567:
381:
256:
98:
in 1284 and gained wide international acceptance over the centuries. Similarly named silver
87:
56:
527:
As rulers reformed their currencies, they frequently used the ducat as a model. The Mamluk
1609:
908:
781:
713:
626:
556:
333:
230:
218:
422:
321:
Christ standing among stars in oval frame. SIT T XPE (Christe) DAT Q T REGIS ISTE DVCAT
1769:
1500:
898:
888:
880:. The Hungarian mint still mints commemorative coins with 2, 3, 4 and 6-ducats quality.
838:
833:
729:
671:
606:
337:
225:
192:
107:
1763:
1246:
Gold Coins of the World, Robert Friedberg, listings for Vatican City-The Roman Senate
1056:
1051:
803:
687:
656:
646:
374:
353:
301:
91:
1739:
1406:
1090:
946:
893:
812:. The Byzantines minted their own version of the Venetian silver ducat, called the
721:
593:
529:
310:
935:
1713:
1702:
1681:
1660:
1583:
94:
containing around 3.5 grams (0.11 troy ounces) of 98.6% fine gold, originated in
993:
962:
925:
552:
455:
1460:
Historic Gold Coins of the World, Burton Hobson, page 187 and illustration 243.
965:
ducats due to their popularity. Also issued small quantities of Russian design.
686:
Use of the ducat waned from the 17th century with the minting of freshly-mined
37:
1729:
1451:
Historic Gold Coins of the World, Burton Hobson, page 88 and illustration 104.
717:
83:
1069:. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 628–629.
951:
814:
570:
from 1511. Gold ducats and florins were established through the rest of the
462:
began a gold coinage exploiting ores of Aba's ancient gold mines. His son,
345:
246:
134:
997:
17:
1537:
968:
859:
691:
386:
341:
291:
279:
189:
158:
1409:(233.856 g), 71/72 fine. Florins: 72 to a Cologne mark, 18½ carats fine.
1255:
Gold Coins of the World, Robert Friedberg, listings for Rhodes and Malta
1277:
941:
877:
864:
849:
844:
821:
799:
737:
696:
652:
642:
535:
509:
443:
99:
1321:
Gold Coins of the World, Friedberg, section on Hungary-Habsburg Rulers
217:, is depicted in battle dress. The coin took its common name from the
1520:
A companion to the Global Renissance, Juotsna G. Singh ed., page 265.
1027:
1023:
988:
958:
931:
870:
760:
Christina, Queen of Sweden, depicted on a 1645 Erfurt 10 ducat coin.
520:
434:
402:
287:
266:
260:
244:
147:
143:
103:
95:
740:
gold and banks sell these coins to private investors or collectors.
514:
336:, which were ultimately of Byzantine origin. The obverse shows the
1588:(8 ed.). The Coin & Currency Institute. pp. 688–89.
1377:
1050:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
978:
883:
780:
763:
755:
747:
611:
498:
438:
410:
283:
182:
90:
to the 19th century. Its most familiar version, the gold ducat or
36:
732:
to supersede the ducat as the dominant currency of world trade.
1486:
Gold Coins of the World, Robert Friedberg, listings for Austria
1430:
A Companion to the Global Renaissance, G. Singh ed., page 265
265:. This was just one more in a series of debasements of the
185:)", and initially meant "duke's coin" or a "duchy's coin".
71:
1585:
Gold Coins of the World: From Ancient Times to the Present
1230:
1228:
566:
initiated his own currency reform, minting gold ducats in
1363:
Global Financial System 1750-2000, Larry Allen, page 128.
841:
still mints gold replicas (1,4,40 and one hundred ducats)
65:
1146:
1144:
221:, which the younger Roger had been given by his father.
401:
Most imitations of the Venetian ducat were made in the
102:
also existed. The gold ducat circulated along with the
1186:
The Oxford Encyclopaedia of Economic History, page 112
856:; many cities, states and principalities before 1871.
441:
river valley in 1354. However, this Rhenish florin or
1022:
Between 1631 and 1648, during the Thirty Years’ War,
716:). By the 20th century ducats have transitioned from
68:
1113:
American Journal of Numismatics, Volumes 50, page 72
806:
still mints single and four-ducats, both dated 1915.
211:
Sit tibi, Christe, datus, quem tu regis iste ducatus
74:
62:
1389:
The Coin Atlas, Cribb, Cook and Carradice, page 88.
981:, all through its domains, including Flanders, the
59:
1312:The Coin Atlas, Cribb, Cook and Carradice, page 99
275:responded with its own coin of pure gold in 1284.
34:Gold or silver coin used as a trade coin in Europe
1662:Standard Catalog of World Gold Coins 1601–Present
1374:Currency of Spanish America#1497 Medina del Campo
503:Austrian four ducats, c. 1915 (official restrike)
368:, i.e. ducat of the mint, which was shortened to
1091:http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=ducat
545:into a copy of the ducat which was known as the
1122:M. F. Hendy, "Michael IV and Harold Hardrada",
678:(silver ducat) in 1659 of 24.36 g fine silver.
539:are examples. In 1497, Spain reformed its gold
867:many Hanseatic cities issued their own ducats.
1222:, Robert Friedberg, listings for Italy-Venice
704:of 1865 (France, Italy, Switzerland) and the
546:
540:
332:Venetian ducat designs followed those of the
8:
579:
690:gold to Iberian standards like the Spanish
670:ducaton in 1618 of 30.7 g fine silver, the
1582:Friedberg, Arthur; Friedberg, Ira (2009).
666:(trade coins) along with gold ducats: the
1182:
1180:
1126:, Seventh Series, Vol. 10 (1970), p. 197.
1026:was occupied by Swedish forces, thus the
1536:. G. & C. Merriam Co. Archived from
1439:
1418:
1342:
1330:
1300:
1288:
1264:
1234:
1207:
1174:Byzantine Coins, P. D. Whiting, page 232
1162:
1150:
1135:
1101:
429:depicted on a 100 Hungarian Ducat (1629)
421:
1533:Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary
1073:
1015:
1642:
1630:
1569:
1557:
616:Netherlands, 1724 Gold ducat, Utrecht
389:ended the Venetian Republic in 1797.
106:and preceded both the modern British
41:Austrian gold ducat depicting Kaiser
7:
1398:
142:+IC XC RC IN ÆTRN, nimbate bust of
25:
495:Adoption, 15th and 16th centuries
251:, but when the Byzantine emperor
1746:
1732:
1196:Historic Gold Coins of the World
1043:
309:
133:
55:
793:on a 10 Ducat gold coin (1616).
776:on a 10 Ducat gold coin (1614).
1659:Cuhaj, George S., ed. (2009).
1497:"Austria 4 Ducat 1867 to 1915"
1442:, p. 187 and illustration 213.
724:for collectors and investors.
1:
1712:Shaw, William Arthur (1896).
1683:The Coins of Medieval Europe
1089:Online Etymology Dictionary
475:Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
267:
261:
245:
195:coins modelled on Byzantine
904:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
1806:
720:used in daily commerce to
640:
631:Kingdom of the Netherlands
181:= "relating to a duke (or
26:
1680:Grierson, Philip (1991).
1198:, Burton Hobson, page 39.
588:Ducats of the Netherlands
437:an early foothold in the
325:
308:
299:
255:backed the revolt of the
156:
132:
124:
1124:The Numismatic Chronicle
259:in 1282, he debased the
253:Michael VIII Palaiologos
1701:Porteous, John (1969).
1611:Kunker Rarities Auction
1220:Gold Coins of the World
1066:Encyclopædia Britannica
791:Grand Duke of Lithuania
273:Great Council of Venice
177:is from Medieval Latin
1665:(6 ed.). Krause.
1530:Webster, Noah (1913).
795:
778:
761:
753:
706:Vienna Monetary Treaty
617:
603:Ferdinand and Isabella
580:
547:
541:
504:
430:
393:Adoption, 14th century
46:
29:Ducat (disambiguation)
1470:Seyd, Ernest (1868).
1004:Kingdom of Yugoslavia
784:
767:
759:
751:
615:
502:
425:
82:) coin was used as a
40:
1278:Guilder#gold guilder
1267:, pp. 108, 109.
772:depicted as King of
710:German Confederation
702:Latin Monetary Union
460:Charles I of Hungary
286:introduced the gold
239:Gold ducat of Venice
112:United States dollar
27:For other uses, see
1785:Medieval currencies
1572:, pp. 490–491.
694:and the Portuguese
668:Spanish Netherlands
385:without them until
300:Gold ducat of doge
215:Roger III of Apulia
188:The first issue of
86:in Europe from the
1754:Numismatics portal
1405:. Ducats: 67 to a
1138:, pp. 84, 86.
914:Republic of Venice
827:Republic of Ragusa
796:
779:
762:
754:
618:
576:minting ordinances
561:Holy Roman Emperor
505:
464:Louis I of Hungary
431:
414:they encountered.
407:Dieudonné de Gozon
326:AV, 21 mm; 3.50 g
203:Roger II of Sicily
127:Roger II of Sicily
47:
1693:978-1-85264-058-3
1672:978-1-4402-0424-1
1595:978-0-87184-308-1
985:and the Americas.
983:Kingdom of Napoli
974:Kingdom of Serbia
919:Republic of Genoa
854:Holy Roman Empire
623:Batavian Republic
581:Reichsmünzordnung
572:Holy Roman Empire
559:at the time. The
487:Matthias Corvinus
372:and corrupted to
330:
329:
207:Assizes of Ariano
201:was made by King
171:
170:
104:Florentine florin
88:later Middle Ages
16:(Redirected from
1797:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1720:
1708:
1704:Coins in History
1697:
1676:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1499:. Archived from
1493:
1487:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1381:
1370:
1364:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1175:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1070:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1031:
1020:
934:(the historical
810:Byzantine Empire
664:negotiepenningen
607:United Provinces
598:Francis of Anjou
583:
550:
544:
533:and the Ottoman
418:Hungarian ducats
382:Leonardo Loredan
340:kneeling before
313:
297:
296:
270:
264:
257:Sicilian Vespers
250:
146:facing, holding
137:
125:Silver ducat of
122:
121:
81:
80:
77:
76:
73:
70:
67:
64:
61:
21:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1760:
1759:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1723:
1711:
1700:
1694:
1679:
1673:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1616:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1543:
1541:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1506:
1504:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1233:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1161:
1157:
1149:
1142:
1134:
1130:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1100:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1059:, ed. (1911). "
1055:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1021:
1017:
1012:
909:Duchy of Urbino
794:
777:
746:
714:Austria-Hungary
684:
676:zilveren dukaat
649:
639:
627:Louis Bonaparte
590:
557:unit of account
497:
468:Saint Ladislaus
420:
395:
366:ducato de zecca
356:, reaching 6.2
241:
219:Duchy of Apulia
205:as part of the
120:
58:
54:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1803:
1801:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1743:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1709:
1698:
1692:
1677:
1671:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1645:, p. 996.
1635:
1633:, p. 314.
1623:
1601:
1594:
1574:
1562:
1560:, p. 309.
1550:
1522:
1513:
1488:
1479:
1462:
1453:
1444:
1432:
1423:
1421:, p. 184.
1411:
1391:
1382:
1365:
1356:
1347:
1345:, p. 212.
1335:
1333:, p. 213.
1323:
1314:
1305:
1303:, p. 132.
1293:
1291:, p. 126.
1281:
1269:
1257:
1248:
1239:
1237:, p. 106.
1224:
1212:
1210:, p. 174.
1200:
1188:
1176:
1167:
1165:, p. 110.
1155:
1140:
1128:
1115:
1106:
1094:
1082:
1072:
1057:Chisholm, Hugh
1039:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1001:
991:
986:
976:
971:
966:
956:
955:
954:
949:
939:
929:
923:
922:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
899:Duchy of Savoy
896:
891:
889:Duchy of Milan
881:
875:
874:
873:
868:
862:
847:
842:
839:Czech Republic
836:
834:Czechoslovakia
831:
830:
829:
819:
807:
785:
768:
745:
742:
730:Spanish dollar
688:Latin American
683:
680:
672:Dutch Republic
638:
637:Silver ducaton
635:
589:
586:
555:, the typical
496:
493:
419:
416:
394:
391:
338:Doge of Venice
328:
327:
323:
322:
319:
315:
314:
306:
305:
240:
237:
226:Enrico Dandolo
169:
168:
154:
153:
150:
139:
138:
130:
129:
119:
116:
108:pound sterling
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1802:
1791:
1788:
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1559:
1554:
1551:
1540:on 2014-08-19
1539:
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1534:
1526:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1503:on 2014-05-12
1502:
1498:
1492:
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1483:
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1474:
1466:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1440:Porteous 1969
1436:
1433:
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1424:
1420:
1419:Porteous 1969
1415:
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1408:
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1400:
1395:
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1386:
1383:
1379:
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1343:Grierson 1991
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1336:
1332:
1331:Grierson 1991
1327:
1324:
1318:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1301:Porteous 1969
1297:
1294:
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1289:Porteous 1969
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1279:
1276:Discussed in
1273:
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1266:
1265:Porteous 1969
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1258:
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1235:Porteous 1969
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1189:
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1177:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1163:Grierson 1991
1159:
1156:
1153:, p. 86.
1152:
1151:Porteous 1969
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1136:Porteous 1969
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1129:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1104:, p. 12.
1103:
1102:Grierson 1991
1098:
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1092:
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1083:
1077:
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1052:public domain
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837:
835:
832:
828:
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824:
823:
820:
817:
816:
811:
808:
805:
804:Austrian Mint
801:
798:
797:
792:
788:
787:Sigismund III
783:
775:
771:
770:Sigismund III
766:
758:
750:
743:
741:
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733:
731:
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647:Dutch guilder
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636:
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457:
454:assassinated
453:
448:
446:
445:
440:
436:
428:
427:Ferdinand III
424:
417:
415:
412:
408:
404:
399:
392:
390:
388:
383:
379:
377:
376:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
354:Venetian lira
350:
347:
343:
339:
335:
334:silver grossi
324:
320:
317:
316:
312:
307:
303:
302:Michele Steno
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52:
44:
39:
30:
19:
1740:Money portal
1714:
1703:
1682:
1661:
1638:
1626:
1615:, retrieved
1610:
1604:
1584:
1577:
1565:
1553:
1542:. Retrieved
1538:the original
1532:
1525:
1516:
1505:. Retrieved
1501:the original
1491:
1482:
1476:. E. Wilson.
1472:
1465:
1456:
1447:
1435:
1426:
1414:
1407:Cologne mark
1394:
1385:
1368:
1359:
1350:
1338:
1326:
1317:
1308:
1296:
1284:
1272:
1260:
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1170:
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1131:
1123:
1118:
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1097:
1085:
1076:
1064:
1041:
1018:
947:Transylvania
894:Papal States
813:
789:depicted as
734:
726:
722:bullion coin
695:
685:
675:
663:
661:
650:
619:
594:Dutch Revolt
591:
564:Maximilian—I
534:
528:
526:
519:
518:and Spanish
513:
506:
491:
483:
472:
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442:
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380:
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369:
365:
361:
357:
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331:
277:
242:
235:
223:
210:
196:
187:
178:
174:
172:
165:
161:
118:Predecessors
50:
48:
1790:Trade coins
1780:Numismatics
1399:Shaw (1896)
994:Switzerland
926:Netherlands
744:Ducat mints
651:The silver
479:Ferdinand I
456:Amadeus Aba
43:Franz-Josef
1775:Gold coins
1764:Categories
1716:Well-being
1652:References
1643:Cuhaj 2009
1631:Cuhaj 2009
1570:Cuhaj 2009
1558:Cuhaj 2009
1544:2013-10-03
1507:2014-05-10
718:trade coin
641:See also:
304:of Venice
271:, and the
268:hyperpyron
262:hyperpyron
84:trade coin
18:Gold ducat
1719:. Putnam.
1686:. Seaby.
1010:Footnotes
961:imitated
952:Wallachia
936:Red złoty
815:basilikon
708:of 1857 (
553:maravedís
542:excelente
512:, French
458:in 1311,
346:gonfalone
247:hyperpyra
173:The word
45:, c. 1910
1726:See also
969:Scotland
860:Augsburg
852:and the
692:doubloon
452:Henckels
387:Napoleon
370:zecchino
349:ducats.
342:St. Mark
292:genovino
280:Florence
278:In 1252
190:scyphate
159:scyphate
110:and the
100:ducatons
1617:1 March
1054::
1000:ducats.
942:Romania
878:Hungary
865:Hamburg
850:Germany
845:Denmark
822:Croatia
800:Austria
738:bullion
697:moidore
682:Decline
653:ducaton
643:ducaton
568:Austria
536:sultani
530:ashrafi
510:guilder
360:or 124
198:trachea
183:dukedom
179:ducalis
166:ducatum
162:ducalis
148:Gospels
1690:
1669:
1592:
1403:p. 391
1048:
1028:effigy
1024:Erfurt
998:Zürich
989:Sweden
959:Russia
932:Poland
871:Saxony
802:. The
774:Poland
657:sequin
548:ducado
521:escudo
450:After
444:gulden
435:florin
403:Levant
375:sequin
288:florin
231:grossi
193:billon
144:Christ
96:Venice
92:sequin
1770:Coins
1378:Dobla
1061:Ducat
1038:Notes
979:Spain
963:Dutch
884:Italy
439:Rhine
411:Chios
362:soldi
284:Genoa
224:Doge
175:ducat
51:ducat
1688:ISBN
1667:ISBN
1619:2015
1590:ISBN
1376:and
1372:Cf.
645:and
625:and
592:The
358:lire
290:and
282:and
157:AG:
49:The
1063:".
574:by
515:écu
164:or
1766::
1401:,
1227:^
1179:^
1143:^
712:,
659:.
524:.
378:.
233:.
114:.
1707:.
1696:.
1675:.
1598:.
1547:.
1510:.
1380:.
938:)
818:.
578:(
78:/
75:t
72:ə
69:k
66:ʌ
63:d
60:ˈ
57:/
53:(
31:.
20:)
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