372:
deposited on the roots of floating plants or on other fibrous material by the female, where afterwards they are fertilized one at a time by the male. After hatching the larvae rest on leaves or on the bottom and begin to grow quickly reaching maturation after 10 months. At maturation, the golden topminnow becomes slender with a rounded caudal fin and a deep caudal peduncle. The mouth is small and slightly superior and the dorsal fin is set far back on the body and begins posterior to the anal fin origin. A lateral line is absent with 7-9 dorsal rays, 9-11 anal rays, 12-14 pectoral rays and 6 pelvic rays. During the breeding season, males develop prickly contact organs on the side of the body between the dorsal and anal fins, and on the ends of the last few dorsal rays, anal fin, and outermost rays of the pectoral fin. The life expectancy of the golden topminnow is around 2 years.
343:
topminnow was observed feeding on small proportions of
Macrophytes (aquatic vegetation) and a much wider array of aquatic invertebrates, including Gastropoda (snails/slugs), large quantities of Ostracoda (seed shrimp), Ephemeroptera (mayflies), Coleoptera (water-beetles), and Chironomidae (non-biting midge flies). The golden topminnow's diet does not include vertebrate prey, and the most common food sources are seed shrimp and midge larvae with water beetles and mayflies as minor contributors to its diet. Because of its trophic level position, the golden topminnow also has a wide array of predators that feed on smaller, surface feeding vertebrates. These include, but are not limited to, the largemouth bass
302:
others. The golden topminnow is a small surface feeding fish that tends to reproduce late in the spring season and on into the early parts of the summer, and although the fry reach maturity fairly quickly the longevity of the golden topminnow is quite short. Because the golden topminnow is lower in the trophic level and is a small fish, it primarily feeds on small and/or drifting organisms at, or near the surface of, vegetated areas. This particular topminnow is not currently listed as an endangered species, nor does it have any particular type of management plan.
332:
363:
decreased to 24 percent, and at 35 percent salinity the mean survival rate was 0 percent. The salinity tolerances described above account for the golden topminnow's native range throughout coastal waters and brackish waters, allowing for survival and reproduction in a narrow range of salinities. Some major human influences to the golden topminnow population include habitat pollution and the conversion of marshlands and brackish water for agricultural purposes.
75:
31:
50:
371:
The golden topminnow breeds throughout the spring and on into the summer months from April to July, and sometimes as late as
September. During courtship the male swims in loops or circles above or beside the female, sometimes pausing to bob his head up and down. Eggs are released individually and
342:
The golden topminnow's diet ranges from aquatic plants to terrestrial invertebrates but consists mostly of aquatic invertebrates. Food habits were studied among many different species of fish throughout Lake
Seminole, Florida-Georgia, including the food habits of the golden topminnow. The golden
322:
north to
Kentucky and Missouri. Further south, the golden topminnow inhabits the Lower Coastal Plain and is commonly scattered throughout Florida. It has even been documented stretching its distribution northwest, extending into the Gulf Coastal Plain in McCurtain County Oklahoma and Mississippi
301:
and is a United States native fish mostly distributed throughout the southeast, ranging from
Kentucky and Ohio south into Florida. Although it has such a wide distribution throughout the south, the habitats and micro-habitats that it occupies do not differ much from one area of distribution to
362:
The golden topminnow is able to tolerate a range of salinity levels. When observed in 7 and 14 percent salinity, the golden topminnow had a 100 percent mean survival rate, whereas at 21 percent salinity, the rate decreased to 91 percent survival; at 28 percent salinity, the mean survival rate
523:
Killgore, Jack K. 1991. Habitat Value of
Aquatic Plants For Fishes. Environmental Laboratory Department of the Army Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180-6 and University of Maryland Center for Environmental and Estuarine
533:
Peterson, Crego. 1997. Salinity
Tolerance of Four Ecologically Distinct Species of Fundulus (Pisces: Fundulidae) From the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Marine Environmental Sciences Consortium of Alabama, pp. 45–49.
847:
842:
706:
383:
There is no current management plan specifically designed for the golden topminnow due to the fact that it is not listed as an endangered or threatened species.
768:
310:
The golden topminnow is geographically distributed throughout the southeastern portion of the continental U.S. Specifically, the golden topminnow inhabits the
822:
837:
832:
857:
680:
719:
499:
336:
555:
449:
794:
852:
724:
628:
269:
472:
Burr, Brooks M., Lawrence M. Page. 1991. A Field Guide to
Freshwater Fishes: North America North of Mexico. 219-220.
186:
773:
500:
Getting to Know Your
Neighbors: Our Native Fishes (Full Article): Topminnows: Golden Topminnow Fundulus chrysotus
74:
619:
581:
331:
633:
319:
315:
169:
375:
Ross, S. T. 2001. The Inland Fishes of
Mississippi. University Press of Mississippi, Jackson. 624 pp.
799:
654:
423:
323:
County Missouri. Outside of these areas, the golden topminnow is extremely localized and uncommon.
273:
39:
760:
239:
220:
216:
195:
126:
69:
747:
711:
827:
781:
641:
551:
786:
737:
418:
258:
30:
116:
400:
816:
732:
489:), an Addition to the Fish Fauna of Oklahoma. The Southwestern Naturalist 38:522-525.
445:
409:
59:
54:
646:
311:
755:
693:
613:
604:
335:
Melanistic form (with black speckles) of Golden topminnow photographed at the
136:
86:
667:
598:
458:
297:
146:
106:
685:
672:
511:
Etnier, David A., Wayne C. Starnes. 1993. The Fishes of Tennessee. 363.
698:
96:
575:
330:
659:
579:
550:. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi.
318:
Drainage of Texas. It can also be found throughout the
588:
848:Freshwater fish of the Southeastern United States
481:Secor, Stephen M,. 1987. The Golden Topminnow,
424:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T202379A18231308.en
8:
843:Fauna of the Plains-Midwest (United States)
576:
519:
517:
48:
29:
20:
422:
391:
314:Drainage of South Carolina west to the
541:
539:
337:National Aquarium in Washington, D.C.
7:
823:IUCN Red List least concern species
410:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
14:
838:Fish of the Eastern United States
833:Endemic fish of the United States
73:
355:, and the bluespotted sunfish
1:
858:Taxa named by Albert Günther
548:Inland Fishes of Mississippi
379:Conservation and management
874:
546:Ross, Stephen T. (2001).
295:) is a fish of the genus
201:
194:
175:
168:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
448:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
231:(Goode & Bean, 1879)
351:, the bluegill sunfish
306:Geographic distribution
853:Fish described in 1866
417:: e.T202379A18231308.
357:Enneacanthus gloriosus
339:
462:. April 2019 version.
347:, the redear sunfish
345:Micropterus salmoides
334:
320:Mississippi Embayment
228:Fundulus arlingtonius
205:Haplochilus chrysotus
399:NatureServe (2013).
236:Zygonectes henshalli
213:Gambusia arlingtonia
353:Lepomis macrochirus
349:Lepomis microlophus
40:Conservation status
620:Fundulus chrysotus
590:Fundulus chrysotus
570:Ross et al., 2001.
483:Fundulus chrysotus
452:Fundulus chrysotus
403:Fundulus chrysotus
340:
292:Fundulus chrysotus
247:Fundulus henshalli
179:Fundulus chrysotus
127:Cyprinodontiformes
810:
809:
782:Open Tree of Life
582:Taxon identifiers
283:
282:
277:
262:
251:
243:
232:
224:
209:
161:F. chrysotus
63:
24:Golden topminnow
865:
803:
802:
790:
789:
777:
776:
764:
763:
751:
750:
741:
740:
728:
727:
715:
714:
702:
701:
689:
688:
676:
675:
663:
662:
650:
649:
637:
636:
624:
623:
622:
609:
608:
607:
577:
571:
568:
562:
561:
543:
534:
531:
525:
521:
512:
509:
503:
496:
490:
479:
473:
470:
464:
463:
442:
436:
435:
433:
431:
426:
396:
287:golden topminnow
268:
257:
255:Fundulus scartes
249:
238:
230:
215:
207:
181:
78:
77:
57:
52:
51:
33:
21:
873:
872:
868:
867:
866:
864:
863:
862:
813:
812:
811:
806:
798:
793:
785:
780:
772:
767:
759:
754:
746:
744:
736:
731:
723:
718:
710:
705:
697:
692:
684:
679:
671:
666:
658:
653:
645:
640:
632:
627:
618:
617:
612:
603:
602:
597:
584:
574:
569:
565:
558:
545:
544:
537:
532:
528:
522:
515:
510:
506:
497:
493:
487:Cyrpinodontidae
480:
476:
471:
467:
444:
443:
439:
429:
427:
398:
397:
393:
389:
381:
369:
329:
308:
190:
183:
177:
164:
72:
64:
53:
49:
42:
17:
16:Species of fish
12:
11:
5:
871:
869:
861:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
815:
814:
808:
807:
805:
804:
791:
778:
765:
752:
742:
729:
716:
703:
690:
677:
664:
651:
638:
625:
610:
594:
592:
586:
585:
580:
573:
572:
563:
557:978-1578062461
556:
535:
526:
513:
504:
491:
474:
465:
446:Froese, Rainer
437:
390:
388:
385:
380:
377:
368:
365:
328:
325:
307:
304:
281:
280:
279:
278:
266:Fundulus kompi
263:
252:
250:(Jordan, 1880)
244:
233:
225:
210:
199:
198:
192:
191:
184:
173:
172:
166:
165:
158:
156:
152:
151:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
117:Actinopterygii
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
66:
65:
47:
44:
43:
38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
870:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
820:
818:
801:
796:
792:
788:
783:
779:
775:
770:
766:
762:
757:
753:
749:
743:
739:
734:
730:
726:
721:
717:
713:
708:
704:
700:
695:
691:
687:
682:
678:
674:
669:
665:
661:
656:
652:
648:
643:
639:
635:
630:
626:
621:
615:
611:
606:
600:
596:
595:
593:
591:
587:
583:
578:
567:
564:
559:
553:
549:
542:
540:
536:
530:
527:
520:
518:
514:
508:
505:
502:
501:
495:
492:
488:
484:
478:
475:
469:
466:
461:
460:
455:
453:
447:
441:
438:
425:
420:
416:
412:
411:
406:
404:
395:
392:
386:
384:
378:
376:
373:
366:
364:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
338:
333:
326:
324:
321:
317:
316:Trinity River
313:
305:
303:
300:
299:
294:
293:
288:
275:
271:
267:
264:
260:
256:
253:
248:
245:
241:
237:
234:
229:
226:
222:
218:
214:
211:
208:Günther, 1866
206:
203:
202:
200:
197:
193:
188:
182:
180:
174:
171:
170:Binomial name
167:
163:
162:
157:
154:
153:
150:
149:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
76:
71:
67:
61:
56:
55:Least Concern
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
589:
566:
547:
529:
507:
498:
494:
486:
482:
477:
468:
457:
451:
440:
428:. Retrieved
414:
408:
402:
394:
382:
374:
370:
361:
356:
352:
348:
344:
341:
312:Santee River
309:
296:
291:
290:
286:
284:
265:
254:
246:
235:
227:
212:
204:
178:
176:
160:
159:
147:
18:
756:NatureServe
694:iNaturalist
614:Wikispecies
430:20 November
817:Categories
387:References
367:Life cycle
270:Hildebrand
137:Fundulidae
155:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
828:Fundulus
761:2.100956
712:11354792
668:FishBase
605:Q2701635
599:Wikidata
524:Studies.
459:FishBase
298:Fundulus
196:Synonyms
148:Fundulus
133:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
686:5203617
327:Ecology
189:, 1866)
187:Günther
143:Genus:
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
800:422553
787:519470
738:202379
725:165652
699:101051
660:211784
554:
276:, 1928
274:Towers
272:&
261:, 1896
242:, 1880
240:Jordan
223:, 1879
219:&
795:WoRMS
774:34777
745:NAS:
707:IRMNG
647:6K3DK
634:94768
217:Goode
769:NCBI
733:IUCN
720:ITIS
681:GBIF
673:3187
629:BOLD
552:ISBN
432:2021
415:2013
285:The
259:Meek
221:Bean
748:684
655:EoL
642:CoL
419:doi
819::
797::
784::
771::
758::
735::
722::
709::
696::
683::
670::
657::
644::
631::
616::
601::
538:^
516:^
456:.
413:.
407:.
359:.
560:.
485:(
454:"
450:"
434:.
421::
405:"
401:"
289:(
185:(
62:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
