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For nearly eight hundred years, they were issued unilaterally, without obligations on the part of the other party or parties. However, this eventually proved disadvantageous as the
Byzantines sought to restrain the efforts of foreign powers to undermine the empire. During the 12th century, the
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Byzantines began to insert into golden bulls sworn statements of the obligations of their negotiating partners.
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to confirm the rights of nobility and forced on him in much the same way
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merchants with free trading rights, exempt from tax, throughout the
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578:"»Zlatna bula« - temelj razvoja Zagreba kroz stoljeća"
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750th
Anniversary of the Golden Bull Granted by Bela IV
247:, issued by the papacy to recognize its agreement with
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as
Charles IV, to confer privileges and immunities on
124:. It was later used by monarchs in Europe during the
266:to cede all German territories north of the rivers
163:, or chrysobulls, in the Byzantine Empire (χρυσός,
319:) issued by Andrew to grant certain rights to the
418:(one of the most famous golden bulls), issued by
148:The term was originally coined for the golden
27:Byzantine and mediaeval European legal decrees
8:
410:one of the oldest universities in the world
623:Detailed Information about the Golden Bull
605:Andrew II of Hungary's Golden Bull of 1222
535:City of Fortune: How Venice Ruled the Seas
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57:issued by Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV
586:(in Croatian). Zagreb. Archived from
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640:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
374:, issued by King Béla IV of Hungary
213:The Golden Bull of 1136, issued by
202:in return for their defense of the
610:The Golden Bull of Charles IV 1356
100:and monarchs in Europe during the
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628:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
321:Saxon inhabitants of Transylvania
331:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
264:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
239:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
229:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
183:Notable golden bulls include:
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438:Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
420:Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV
217:, more commonly known as the
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618:article on the Golden Bull
537:. New York: Random House.
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462:Universitas Vratislatensis
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365:Mongol invasion of Europe
422:for promulgation at the
251:(more commonly known as
43:Alexios III of Trebizond
30:Not to be confused with
576:M. Šašić (1998-11-17).
533:Crowley, Roger (2012).
516:A Greek–English Lexicon
347:for the inhabitants of
276:Valdemar the Victorious
188:The Golden Bull of 1082
41:Imperial chrysobull of
132:, most notably by the
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637:Catholic Encyclopedia
616:Columbia Encyclopedia
507:Liddell, Henry George
458:University of Breslau
327:Golden Bull of Rimini
225:Golden Bull of Sicily
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53:The gold seal of the
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301:King John of England
297:Andrew II of Hungary
286:Golden Bull of Berne
253:King John of England
227:, issued in 1212 by
179:Notable golden bulls
116:A golden bull was a
631:"Bulla Aurea"
442:Akademia Leopoldina
434:Golden Bull of 1702
416:Golden Bull of 1356
379:Golden Bull of 1348
372:Golden Bull of 1267
337:Golden Bull of 1242
313:Golden Bull of 1224
293:Golden Bull of 1222
260:Golden Bull of 1214
245:Golden Bull of 1213
235:Golden Bull of 1213
134:Holy Roman Emperors
67:Golden Bull of 1242
55:Golden Bull of 1356
563:2005-04-28 at the
398:Charles University
394:Holy Roman Emperor
329:(1226), issued by
317:Goldener Freibrief
192:Alexios I Komnenos
161:chrysobullos logos
122:Byzantine Emperors
98:Byzantine emperors
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73:to inhabitants of
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660:Holy Roman Empire
440:to establish the
428:Holy Roman Empire
424:Diet of Nuremberg
303:was made to sign
295:, issued by King
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402:Pope Clement VI
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18:Golden Bulls
448:capital of
306:Magna Carta
130:Renaissance
126:Middle Ages
112:Description
106:Renaissance
102:Middle Ages
86:golden bull
32:Golden calf
649:Categories
486:References
480:Papal bull
120:issued by
96:issued by
90:chrysobull
386:Charles I
351:(part of
194:to grant
144:Etymology
561:Archived
469:See also
446:Silesian
392:, later
274:to King
167:, being
583:Vjesnik
519:at the
454:Wrocław
450:Breslau
444:in the
390:Bohemia
361:Croatia
357:Samobor
341:Béla IV
280:Denmark
208:Normans
165:chrysos
79:Croatia
71:Béla IV
541:
501:χρυσός
406:Prague
355:) and
353:Zagreb
349:Gradec
196:Venice
118:decree
94:decree
92:was a
75:Zagreb
45:, 1374
315:(the
169:Greek
157:aurea
155:bulla
539:ISBN
432:The
414:The
383:King
377:The
370:The
335:The
325:The
311:The
291:The
284:The
272:Elde
270:and
268:Elbe
258:The
243:The
233:The
223:The
173:gold
171:for
150:seal
128:and
104:and
65:The
404:in
388:of
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278:of
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152:(a
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