304:. Goldenseal reproduces both clonally through the rhizome and sexually, with clonal division more frequent than asexual reproduction. It takes between 4 and 5 years for a plant to reach sexual maturity, i.e. the point at which it produces flowers. Plants in the first stage, when the seed erupts and cotyledons emerge, can remain in this state one or more years. The second vegetative stage occurs during years two and three (and sometimes longer) and is characterized by the development of a single leaf and absence of a well developed stem. Finally, the third stage is reproductive, at which point flowering and fruiting occurs. This last stage takes between 4 and 5 years to develop.
616:
environmental needs such as light, water and temperature are artificially simulated. Crop selection and biotechnology experimentation may be employed to increase yield and pharmacological potency. Controlled environments can greatly reduce the amount of time required to grow goldenseal to its desired harvestable state. While forest-cultivated plants double in mass every three to five years, plants can double in mass every 15 weeks in growth chambers and triple in growth when in a course soil medium. Subculturing can take place every 30 days to mass-propagate the plant.
395:
113:
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goldenseal plants range between 1.5% and 5%, while the berberine concentrations are usually between 0.5% and 4.5%. Goldenseal is harvested for its rhizomes because the concentrations of hydrastine and berberine in the shoots do not meet these requirements. Berberine and hydrastine act as quaternary bases and are poorly soluble in water but freely soluble in alcohol. The herb seems to have synergistic antibacterial activity over berberine
71:
45:
557:. High doses may cause breathing problems, paralysis, and even death. Long-term use may lead to vitamin B deficiency, hallucinations, and delirium." In addition, goldenseal may cause brain damage to newborn babies if given directly or if taken by breastfeeding or pregnant mothers, and may affect blood pressure unpredictably because it contains several compounds that have opposite effects on blood pressure.
383:
612:
plant material for commercial yield. Because goldenseal grows in patches of interconnected ramets reproducing asexually through clonal propagation, transplanting rhizome propagules into cultivated settings is possible. Seed propagation is also feasible and has advantages such as lower cost and greater genetic variability, but is considered difficult and unpredictable.
620:
goldenseal is normally harvested. The overall growth of the allochthonous goldenseal was comparable to that found in the United States, and the hydrastine and berberine concentrations were within the
American and European standards. Cultivating goldenseal in a New Zealand environment that is similar to its home range is an option to maintain its population.
1402:
Nguyen, James T.; Tian, Dan-Dan; Tanna, Rakshit S.; Hadi, Deena L.; Bansal, Sumit; Calamia, Justina C.; Arian, Christopher M.; Shireman, Laura M.; Molnár, Bálint; Horváth, Miklós; Kellogg, Joshua J.; Layton, Matthew E.; White, John R.; Cech, Nadja B.; Boyce, Richard D.; Unadkat, Jashvant D.; Thummel,
633:
combined show the greatest increase in plant biomass, while the results after two growing seasons showed that this group also yielded the highest proportion of flowering plants, fruit production and seed production. Both experiments also showed that soil disturbances benefit the growth of goldenseal.
499:
Canada, as well as 17 of the 27 U.S. states where goldenseal grows natively, have declared it as threatened, vulnerable or uncommon. More than 60 million goldenseal plants are picked each year without being replaced. Although goldenseal's geographical range is wide, it is found in small quantities in
628:
Research completed by
Albrecht and McCarthy shows that when goldenseal is harvested in the fall season, it has a faster population recovery than with midsummer harvests. However, a study by Douglas et al. showed that goldenseal has the highest concentrations of hydrastine and berberine in the early
967:
Gentry EJ, Jampani HB, Keshavarz-Shokri A, et al. (October 1998). "Antitubercular natural products: berberine from the roots of commercial
Hydrastis canadensis powder. Isolation of inactive 8-oxotetrahydrothalifendine, canadine, beta-hydrastine, and two new quinic acid esters, hycandinic acid
615:
Goldenseal may be commercially cultivated through agroforestry in natural settings mirroring the plant's ecological environment, or on farms with artificial shade canopies. Another propagation method of goldenseal utilizes a controlled environment such as a greenhouse growing lab where the plant's
611:
As of 1998, only 2.4% of goldenseal plant material originated from a cultivated source rather than wild harvest, although that number was projected to rise by 15–30% over the next several years. In response to conservation concerns, research has expanded regarding the propagation success of wild
560:
Taking goldenseal over a long period of time can reduce absorption of B vitamins, and it is cautioned to avoid goldenseal during pregnancy and lactation, with gastrointestinal inflammation and with pro-inflammatory disorders. A 2011 study found rats fed goldenseal constantly for two years had a
435:
requires goldenseal sold as a supplement to have hydrastine concentrations of at least 2% and berberine concentrations of at least 2.5%. The requirements in Europe are that hydrastine concentrations be at least 2.5% and that berberine concentrations at least 3%. The hydrastine concentrations of
619:
Another option is cultivating goldenseal in new regions. An experiment conducted by
Douglas et al. grew goldenseal over a six-year period in a warm, temperate environment in New Zealand. The yields were 74% higher in the sixth year of growth compared to the fourth year of growth, which is when
632:
Two experiments done by
Sinclair and Catling on the effects of soil turnover, fertilization and transplanting of goldenseal show that disturbances actually benefit the growth of goldenseal. The results from the first growing season of the experiment showed that soil turnover and fertilization
487:
Goldenseal became popular in the mid-19th century. By 1905, the herb was much less plentiful because of overharvesting and habitat destruction. Roots of goldenseal are listed in
Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
603:. Combining goldenseal with such medications should be done with caution and under the supervision of a doctor as it can lead to serious, perhaps fatal, toxicity. Those with a genetic deficiency in these enzymes are at particular risk.
466:
trees. It is found in sheltered ravines or on talus slopes. It seems to be intolerant of disturbances in the tree canopy and grazing. It can be found growing in association with other uncommon plants such as
1252:
1589:
Burkhart, E.P. and
Jacobson, M.G., 2009. Transitioning from wild collection to forest cultivation of indigenous medicinal forest plants in eastern North America is constrained by lack of profitability.
1076:
Ettefagh K.A., Burns J.T., Junio H.A., Kaatz G.W., Cech N.B., "Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) Extracts
Synergistically Enhance the Antibacterial Activity of Berberine via Efflux Pump Inhibition",
1523:
Van der Voort, M.E., Bailey, B., Samuel, D.E. and McGRAW, J.B., 2003. Recovery of populations of goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) and
American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) following harvest.
553:
Side effects of goldenseal may include "digestive complaints, nervousness, depression, constipation, rapid heartbeat, diarrhea, stomach cramps and pain, mouth ulcers, nausea, seizures, vomiting, and
3212:
673:
672:
According to the
American Cancer Society, "Available scientific evidence does not support claims that goldenseal is effective in treating cancer or other diseases." According to the
1543:
Albrecht, M.A. and McCarthy, B.C., 2006. Comparative analysis of goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) population re-growth following human harvest: implications for conservation.
2005:
1662:
Douglas, JA; Follett, JM; Waller, JE; Sansom, CE (2013). "Root and rhizome production of goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) under cultivated conditions in New Zealand".
1276:
1452:
Zackrisson, A.L.; Holmgren, P.; Gladh, A.B.; Ahlner, J.; Lindblom, B. (October 2004). "Fatal intoxication cases: cytochrome P 450 2D6 and 2C19 genotype distributions".
932:
Weber HA, Zart MK, Hodges AE, et al. (December 2003). "Chemical comparison of goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) root powder from three commercial suppliers".
2963:
2578:
1256:
1090:
Foster Steven and Tyler Varro E. (1999): Tyler's Honest Herbal: A sensible guide to the use of herbs and related remedies. Binghamton, NY, The Haworth Herbal Press
1637:
Bedir, E., Lata, H., Schaneberg, B., Khan, I.A. and Moraes, R.M., 2003. Micropropagation of Hydrastis canadensis: Goldenseal a North American endangered species.
579:
activity by approximately 40%, a statistically and clinically significant reduction. CYP2D6 is a known metabolizer of many commonly used pharmaceuticals, such as
3146:
2989:
2653:
1710:
Sinclair, Adrianne; Catling, Paul (2003). "Restoration of Hydrastis canadensis by transplanting with disturbance simulation: results of one growing season".
1012:
Douglas, JA; Follett, JM; Waller, JE; Sansom, CE (2010). "Seasonal variation of biomass and bioactive alkaloid content of goldenseal, Hydrastis canadensis".
1758:
Sinclair, Adrianne; Catling, Paul (2004). "Restoration of Hydrastis canadensis: experimental test of a disturbance hypothesis after two growing seasons".
1624:
Adelberg, J., Salido, A., Kelly, R.M. and Beavers, R., 2016. Rapid Growth of High Quality Goldenseal Plants in Controlled Environment Growth Chambers. In
3197:
1104:
Robbins, C.S., 2000. Comparative analysis of management regimes and medicinal plant trade monitoring mechanisms for American ginseng and goldenseal.
2911:
2526:
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2591:
2539:
1998:
777:
768:
723:
1405:"Assessing Transporter-Mediated Natural Product-Drug Interactions Via In vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation: Clinical Evaluation With a Probe Cocktail"
1050:
Mahady, Gail; Chadwick, Lucas (2001). "Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis): Is there enough scientific evidence to support safety and efficacy?".
3015:
2705:
2305:
2254:
1961:
1941:
1928:
1232:
916:
693:
646:
642:
802:
Christensen, Deanna; Gorchov, David (2010). "Population dynamics of goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) in the core of its historical range".
3227:
1607:
Canter, P.H., Thomas, H. and Ernst, E., 2005. Bringing medicinal plants into cultivation: opportunities and challenges for biotechnology.
3217:
1991:
629:
summer. Their research also showed that three to five years of growth will yield the highest concentration of alkaloids in the plant.
3207:
1900:
1862:
554:
1330:"In vivo effects of goldenseal, kava kava, black cohosh, and valerian on human cytochrome P450 1A2, 2D6, 2E1, and 3A4/5 phenotypes"
2378:
1314:
Dunnick JK, "Investigating the Potential for Toxicity from Long-Term Use of the Herbal Products, Goldenseal and Milk Thistle."
2950:
2565:
373:; flowering occurs for a short time in spring. Fertilized flowers grow into red, raspberry-like fruits with one or two seeds.
2632:
1802:
493:
2981:
2596:
773:
657:
use of goldenseal as a cancer treatment; he called attention to its properties as a bitter tonic, and as a local wash for
198:
3138:
2833:
2451:
2315:
846:
1508:
Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-88. Asheville, NC: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 67 p.
3151:
3028:
2718:
1886:
431:
112:
2994:
2658:
2627:
3033:
394:
2432:
2723:
669:
in the 1830s. Tribes also used goldenseal for digestive issues, as an eyewash, as a diuretic and as a bitter.
1953:
2898:
666:
547:
2518:
870:
347:
that is thick with knobby knots. The finely hairy, upright, unbranched, stems grow to 15–50 centimetres (6–
3202:
2885:
2513:
2394:
2336:
1803:"Benjamin Smith Barton MD – Collections for an Essay Towards a Materia Medica of the United States (p. 8)"
2838:
2456:
2903:
2890:
2244:
2133:
2051:
1971:
1506:
Predny, M.L. and Chamberlain, J.L., 2005. Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis): an annotated bibliography.
650:
239:
20:
2544:
1377:
1141:
759:
1289:
741:
714:
300:. The stem is purplish and hairy above ground and yellow below ground where it connects to the yellow
3111:
2929:
2859:
2487:
2331:
2223:
2203:
2093:
1767:
1719:
1671:
811:
505:
469:
496:
recommends that diggers and harvesters track sales and harvests and prove legality of all harvests.
3222:
2310:
2274:
2138:
1958:
1122:
676:, "The scientific evidence does not support the use of goldenseal for any health-related purpose."
475:
382:
60:
3020:
2645:
429:
and canalidine. A related compound, 8-oxotetrahydrothalifendine, was identified in one study. The
3064:
2777:
2173:
2163:
2148:
2143:
1783:
1735:
1687:
1489:
1180:
827:
321:
107:
75:
2769:
2710:
1199:
2583:
526:
There are several berberine-containing plants that can serve as useful alternatives, including
515:
urge caution in choosing products containing goldenseal, as they may have been harvested in an
3159:
3120:
3002:
2968:
2846:
2679:
2609:
2464:
2295:
2249:
2083:
1937:
1924:
1896:
1892:
1858:
1481:
1473:
1434:
1359:
1297:
1228:
1029:
985:
949:
912:
662:
3164:
3007:
2684:
1160:
2366:
2264:
2259:
2061:
1775:
1727:
1679:
1465:
1424:
1416:
1349:
1341:
1172:
1059:
1021:
977:
941:
819:
736:
508:
mining has recently put the wild goldenseal population at major risk from loss of habitat.
2666:
2208:
2056:
2046:
1965:
1882:
1850:
1461:
679:
In the early 20th century, it was used as a yellow dye, astringent, and insect repellent.
565:
520:
282:
150:
2824:
2697:
1914:
1771:
1723:
1675:
815:
2692:
2178:
1429:
1404:
1354:
1329:
580:
527:
516:
137:
3191:
2604:
2341:
2183:
2108:
1779:
1731:
1063:
459:
293:
255:
217:
183:
80:
1787:
1739:
1691:
1493:
1200:"Saving Wild Ginseng, Goldenseal, and other Native Plants from Mountain Top Removal"
44:
3069:
2782:
2469:
2188:
1565:
1328:
Gurley BJ, Gardner SF, Hubbard MA, Williams DK, Gentry WB, Khan IA, Shah A (2005).
831:
535:
422:
173:
2851:
1142:"Where Have All the Flowers Gone? – herbal supplements threaten some herb species"
3125:
2736:
2619:
1683:
1025:
906:
3105:
3056:
2937:
2818:
2759:
2640:
2552:
2426:
2269:
1161:"Population loss of goldenseal, Hydrastis canadensis L. (Ranunculaceae) in Ohio"
592:
588:
531:
443:
296:, native to North America. It may be distinguished by its thick, yellow knotted
27:
3174:
3096:
2809:
2443:
2417:
1345:
2361:
2351:
2228:
2218:
2158:
2123:
1826:
1469:
823:
658:
501:
414:
337:
1855:
The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region
1477:
365:. Flowering plants produce a single terminal flower with no petals and three
2872:
2500:
2356:
2128:
2088:
2078:
2031:
1983:
688:
600:
550:, "Goldenseal can have toxic side effects, and high doses can cause death."
512:
463:
418:
340:
297:
289:
3046:
2749:
1921:
Growing & Marketing Ginseng, Goldenseal & Other Woodland Medicinals
1485:
1438:
1363:
1301:
1033:
953:
2671:
989:
3090:
3041:
2803:
2744:
2411:
2300:
2279:
2198:
2168:
2073:
2041:
1626:
Medicinal and Aromatic Crops: Production, Phytochemistry, and Utilization
1225:
The Healing Powers of Echinacea, Goldenseal and Other Immune System Herbs
654:
438:
426:
361:
inches) tall. Fertile plants have a single stem with two palmately lobed
163:
2479:
504:, but its population there has decreased by almost half. The process of
2916:
2531:
2213:
2153:
2113:
2068:
2026:
1184:
596:
344:
301:
2942:
2557:
1935:
Growing At-Risk Medicinal Herbs, Cultivation, Conservation and Ecology
981:
945:
2346:
2103:
1420:
576:
572:
568:
455:
370:
362:
2955:
2388:
1176:
2877:
2731:
2570:
2505:
2193:
2036:
489:
366:
316:
308:
124:
97:
91:
2098:
732:
584:
285:
2492:
2392:
1987:
2864:
871:"Hydrastis canadensis in Flora of North America @ efloras.org"
649:, both as a medicine and as a coloring material. In 1798,
674:
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health
1664:
New Zealand Journal of Crop & Horticultural Science
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
500:
these habitats. The core of the herb's range is in the
1206:. No. 73. American Botanical Council. p. 50
492:), meaning a CITES permit to export is required. The
3213:
Plants used in traditional Native American medicine
3080:
2793:
2401:
2324:
2288:
2237:
2019:
1959:
About.com's Herb & Supplement Guide: Goldenseal
1378:"Interaktion mellan läkemedel - FASS Vårdpersonal"
742:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T44340011A44340071.en
26:"Orangeroot" redirects here. For other uses, see
645:, goldenseal was in extensive use among certain
413:Goldenseal contains the isoquinoline alkaloids
1999:
1919:W. Scott Persons and Jeanine M. Davis (2005)
1893:Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
8:
564:Goldenseal has been found to have inhibited
1159:Mulligan, Margaret; Gorchov, David (2004).
2389:
2006:
1992:
1984:
934:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
69:
43:
34:
1454:European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
1428:
1353:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
740:
462:, the plant grows in mesic forests under
19:For the magazine from West Virginia, see
1409:Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics
1290:"Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed)"
905:Barbara Coffin; Lee Pfannmuller (1988).
1628:(pp. 65–74). American Chemical Society.
1165:Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society
778:United States Department of Agriculture
769:Germplasm Resources Information Network
724:The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
705:
647:Native American tribes of North America
378:
315:, is now usually classified in another
1294:Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed)
908:Minnesota's Endangered Flora and Fauna
754:
752:
1954:Goldenseal: An Annotated Bibliography
1753:
1751:
1749:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1585:
1583:
1559:
1557:
1539:
1537:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1045:
1043:
911:. U of Minnesota Press. p. 101.
694:List of ineffective cancer treatments
643:European colonization of the Americas
343:growing from a horizontal, yellowish
7:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
797:
795:
793:
561:greater tendency to develop tumors.
409:Constituents and modern pharmacology
1403:Kenneth E.; Paine, Mary F. (2021).
847:"Hydrastis canadensis — Goldenseal"
3034:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30058011-2
14:
1566:"Forest Production of Goldenseal"
1123:"United Plant Savers, Goldenseal"
555:central nervous system depression
369:and 12 or more conspicuous white
3198:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
2724:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:305699-2
2379:List of plants used in herbalism
1780:10.1111/j.1061-2971.2004.00297.x
1732:10.1046/j.1526-100x.2003.00183.x
1251:American Cancer Society (2008).
1064:10.1046/j.1523-5408.2001.00004.x
393:
381:
111:
1545:The American midland naturalist
1525:The American Midland Naturalist
519:manner rather than having been
1853:; Olmstead, Nancy C. (1985) .
661:. It became a favorite of the
494:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
1:
1913:. Lloyd Library, Cincinnati.
1570:Agroforestry Notes (USDA-NAC)
774:Agricultural Research Service
1684:10.1080/01140671.2012.743467
1026:10.1016/j.fitote.2010.06.006
3228:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
970:Journal of Natural Products
624:Research on harvest effects
432:United States Pharmacopoeia
3244:
1888:Wild Flowers Worth Knowing
1564:Davis, Jeanine M. (1999).
1346:10.1016/j.clpt.2005.01.009
1052:Nutrition in Clinical Care
442:, possibly as a result of
425:, tetrahydroberberastine,
25:
18:
16:Species of flowering plant
3218:Flora of Northern America
2375:
2014:Medicinal herbs and fungi
1470:10.1007/s00228-004-0800-x
824:10.1007/s11258-010-9749-2
245:
238:
108:Scientific classification
106:
89:
67:
58:
51:
42:
37:
3208:Plants described in 1759
1140:Dworkin, Norine (1999).
851:NatureServe Explorer 2.0
735:. e.T44340011A44340071.
450:Distribution and habitat
1923:Bright Mountain Books.
1909:John Uri Lloyd (1908).
1609:TRENDS in Biotechnology
667:Constantine Raffinesque
548:American Cancer Society
311:, previously listed as
2337:Doctrine of signatures
1978:Flora of North America
1857:. Knopf. p. 737.
521:organically cultivated
454:Found in southeastern
307:A second species from
1334:Clin. Pharmacol. Ther
1127:Unitedplantsavers.org
651:Benjamin Smith Barton
446:inhibitory activity.
21:Goldenseal (magazine)
2433:Hydrastis canadensis
2403:Hydrastis canadensis
2332:Alternative medicine
1933:Richo Cech. (2002)
1911:Hydrastis canadensis
1592:Agroforestry systems
1106:Conservation Biology
762:Hydrastis canadensis
717:Hydrastis canadensis
506:mountain top removal
470:Jeffersonia diphylla
388:Goldenseal in flower
334:Hydrastis canadensis
270:Hydrastis canadensis
249:Hydrastis canadensis
53:Hydrastis canadensis
2255:Echigoshirayukidake
1851:Niering, William A.
1772:2004ResEc..12..184S
1760:Restoration Ecology
1724:2003ResEc..11..217S
1712:Restoration Ecology
1676:2013NZJCH..41...32D
1198:Dean Myles (2007).
845:Oliver, L. (2013).
816:2010PlEco.210..195C
713:Oliver, L. (2016).
641:At the time of the
476:Dicentra canadensis
400:Goldenseal in fruit
322:Glaucidium palmatum
61:Conservation status
2311:Japanese herbology
2289:Regional practices
1964:2006-10-04 at the
1801:Barton, Benjamin.
1112:(5), pp.1422–1434.
968:esters-1 and −2".
313:Hydrastis palmatum
231:H. canadensis
3185:
3184:
3160:Open Tree of Life
3003:Open Tree of Life
2680:Open Tree of Life
2395:Taxon identifiers
2386:
2385:
2306:Islamic herbology
2296:Chinese herbology
2164:Purple coneflower
1942:978-0-9700312-1-1
1929:978-0-914875-42-0
1233:978-0-7615-0809-0
982:10.1021/np9701889
946:10.1021/jf034339r
918:978-0-8166-1689-3
665:from the time of
546:According to the
502:Ohio River Valley
479:(squirrel corn).
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101:
84:
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2701:
2700:
2688:
2687:
2675:
2674:
2662:
2661:
2649:
2648:
2636:
2635:
2623:
2622:
2613:
2612:
2600:
2599:
2587:
2586:
2574:
2573:
2561:
2560:
2548:
2547:
2535:
2534:
2522:
2521:
2509:
2508:
2496:
2495:
2483:
2482:
2473:
2472:
2460:
2459:
2447:
2446:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2390:
2367:Medicinal plants
2325:Related subjects
2316:Korean herbology
2301:Indian herbology
2260:Lingzhi mushroom
2008:
2001:
1994:
1985:
1906:
1883:Blanchan, Neltje
1869:
1868:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1755:
1744:
1743:
1707:
1696:
1695:
1659:
1646:
1635:
1629:
1622:
1616:
1615:(4), pp.180–185.
1605:
1599:
1598:(2), pp.437–453.
1587:
1578:
1577:
1561:
1552:
1551:(2), pp.229–236.
1541:
1532:
1531:(2), pp.282–292.
1521:
1515:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1432:
1421:10.1002/cpt.2107
1415:(5): 1342–1352.
1399:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1357:
1325:
1319:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1255:. Archived from
1248:
1235:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1146:Vegetarian Times
1137:
1131:
1130:
1129:. 2 August 2019.
1119:
1113:
1102:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1047:
1038:
1037:
1009:
994:
993:
964:
958:
957:
929:
923:
922:
902:
885:
884:
882:
881:
867:
861:
860:
858:
857:
842:
836:
835:
799:
788:
787:
785:
784:
756:
747:
746:
744:
710:
653:referred to the
458:and the eastern
421:, berberastine,
397:
385:
360:
359:
355:
352:
251:
216:
197:
116:
115:
95:
78:
73:
72:
47:
35:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3173:
3171:
3163:
3158:
3150:
3145:
3137:
3132:
3124:
3119:
3112:Hydrastidoideae
3110:
3109:
3104:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3082:Hydrastidoideae
3076:
3068:
3063:
3055:
3053:
3045:
3040:
3032:
3027:
3019:
3014:
3006:
3001:
2993:
2988:
2980:
2975:
2967:
2962:
2954:
2949:
2941:
2936:
2928:
2923:
2915:
2910:
2902:
2897:
2889:
2884:
2876:
2871:
2863:
2858:
2850:
2845:
2837:
2832:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2789:
2781:
2776:
2768:
2766:
2758:
2756:
2748:
2743:
2735:
2730:
2722:
2717:
2709:
2704:
2696:
2691:
2683:
2678:
2670:
2667:Observation.org
2665:
2657:
2652:
2644:
2639:
2631:
2626:
2618:
2617:MichiganFlora:
2616:
2608:
2603:
2595:
2590:
2582:
2577:
2569:
2564:
2556:
2551:
2543:
2538:
2530:
2525:
2517:
2512:
2504:
2499:
2491:
2486:
2478:
2476:
2468:
2463:
2455:
2450:
2442:
2440:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2397:
2387:
2382:
2371:
2320:
2284:
2245:Almond mushroom
2233:
2015:
2012:
1970:Bruce A. Ford:
1966:Wayback Machine
1950:
1903:
1881:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1865:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1835:
1833:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1811:
1809:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1757:
1756:
1747:
1709:
1708:
1699:
1661:
1660:
1649:
1645:(01), pp.86–88.
1636:
1632:
1623:
1619:
1606:
1602:
1588:
1581:
1563:
1562:
1555:
1542:
1535:
1522:
1518:
1505:
1501:
1462:Springer-Verlag
1451:
1450:
1446:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1386:
1384:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1313:
1309:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1262:
1260:
1250:
1249:
1238:
1223:Bergner, Paul.
1222:
1218:
1209:
1207:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1177:10.2307/4126936
1158:
1157:
1153:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1103:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1075:
1071:
1049:
1048:
1041:
1011:
1010:
997:
976:(10): 1187–93.
966:
965:
961:
931:
930:
926:
919:
904:
903:
888:
879:
877:
875:www.efloras.org
869:
868:
864:
855:
853:
844:
843:
839:
801:
800:
791:
782:
780:
758:
757:
750:
712:
711:
707:
702:
685:
639:
626:
609:
583:(including all
581:antidepressants
566:cytochrome P450
544:
485:
473:(twinleaf) and
452:
411:
406:
405:
404:
401:
398:
389:
386:
357:
353:
350:
348:
331:
273:), also called
258:
253:
247:
234:
215:
196:
194:Hydrastidoideae
110:
102:
85:
74:
70:
63:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3241:
3239:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3190:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3169:
3156:
3143:
3130:
3117:
3102:
3086:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3070:wfo-4000018513
3061:
3051:
3038:
3025:
3012:
2999:
2986:
2973:
2960:
2947:
2934:
2921:
2908:
2895:
2882:
2869:
2856:
2843:
2830:
2815:
2799:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2783:wfo-0001129287
2774:
2764:
2754:
2741:
2728:
2715:
2702:
2689:
2676:
2663:
2650:
2637:
2624:
2614:
2601:
2588:
2575:
2562:
2549:
2536:
2523:
2510:
2497:
2484:
2474:
2461:
2448:
2438:
2423:
2407:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2384:
2383:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2275:Morel mushroom
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2250:Chaga mushroom
2247:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1968:
1956:
1949:
1948:External links
1946:
1945:
1944:
1931:
1917:
1907:
1901:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1863:
1842:
1818:
1793:
1766:(2): 184–189.
1745:
1718:(2): 217–222.
1697:
1647:
1630:
1617:
1600:
1579:
1553:
1533:
1516:
1499:
1444:
1394:
1369:
1320:
1316:Toxicol Pathol
1307:
1281:
1269:
1236:
1216:
1190:
1171:(4): 305–310.
1151:
1132:
1114:
1092:
1083:
1069:
1058:(5): 243–249.
1039:
1020:(7): 925–928.
995:
959:
940:(25): 7352–8.
924:
917:
886:
862:
837:
810:(2): 195–211.
789:
748:
704:
703:
701:
698:
697:
696:
691:
684:
681:
638:
635:
625:
622:
608:
605:
543:
540:
528:Chinese coptis
484:
481:
451:
448:
410:
407:
403:
402:
399:
392:
390:
387:
380:
377:
376:
375:
330:
327:
279:yellow puccoon
260:
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208:
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68:
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64:
59:
56:
55:
49:
48:
40:
39:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3240:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3203:Ranunculaceae
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3176:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3113:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2434:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2381:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2184:Summer savory
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2009:
2004:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1902:0-665-98934-2
1898:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1866:
1864:0-394-50432-1
1860:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1639:Planta medica
1634:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1398:
1395:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1340:(5): 415–26.
1339:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1321:
1318:. 2011 Feb 7;
1317:
1311:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1270:
1259:on 2015-01-27
1258:
1254:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1227:. Prima 1997
1226:
1220:
1217:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1079:Planta Medica
1073:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
996:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
963:
960:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
928:
925:
920:
914:
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909:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
887:
876:
872:
866:
863:
852:
848:
841:
838:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
804:Plant Ecology
798:
796:
794:
790:
779:
775:
771:
770:
765:
763:
755:
753:
749:
743:
738:
734:
730:
726:
725:
720:
718:
709:
706:
699:
695:
692:
690:
687:
686:
682:
680:
677:
675:
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668:
664:
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652:
648:
644:
636:
634:
630:
623:
621:
617:
613:
606:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
567:
562:
558:
556:
551:
549:
541:
539:
537:
533:
529:
524:
522:
518:
517:unsustainable
514:
509:
507:
503:
497:
495:
491:
482:
480:
478:
477:
472:
471:
465:
461:
460:United States
457:
449:
447:
445:
441:
440:
434:
433:
428:
424:
420:
416:
408:
396:
391:
384:
379:
374:
372:
368:
364:
346:
342:
339:
335:
328:
326:
324:
323:
318:
314:
310:
305:
303:
299:
295:
294:Ranunculaceae
291:
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240:Binomial name
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138:Tracheophytes
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2698:tro-27100410
2402:
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2219:White willow
2189:Tea tree oil
2139:Marsh-mallow
2118:
2047:Asthma-plant
1977:
1972:
1934:
1920:
1910:
1887:
1854:
1845:
1834:. Retrieved
1830:
1827:"Goldenseal"
1821:
1810:. Retrieved
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1670:(1): 32–40.
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1272:
1261:. Retrieved
1257:the original
1253:"Goldenseal"
1224:
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1208:. Retrieved
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593:neuroleptics
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536:Oregon grape
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483:Conservation
474:
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174:Ranunculales
157:
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131:
52:
32:
3106:Wikispecies
2938:iNaturalist
2819:Wikispecies
2641:NatureServe
2553:iNaturalist
2427:Wikispecies
2342:Herb garden
2149:Opium poppy
2062:medical use
1807:Nlm.nih.gov
1464:: 547–552.
1014:Fitoterapia
607:Cultivation
589:fluvoxamine
587:except for
444:efflux pump
329:Description
190:Subfamily:
151:Angiosperms
94:Appendix II
38:Goldenseal
28:Orange-root
3223:Plant dyes
3192:Categories
2956:30058011-2
2767:WisFlora:
2693:Plant List
2362:Homeopathy
2352:Herbal tea
2204:Umckaloabo
2179:Star anise
2159:Peppermint
2124:Lemon balm
2119:Goldenseal
2052:Astragalus
1980:, Volume 3
1876:Literature
1836:2023-01-18
1812:2017-02-20
1277:Goldenseal
1263:2023-01-18
1210:2023-01-18
1204:HerbalGram
880:2021-01-16
856:2023-01-18
783:2017-12-12
700:References
659:ophthalmia
532:yellowroot
513:herbalists
415:hydrastine
338:herbaceous
275:orangeroot
265:Goldenseal
199:Rafinesque
76:Vulnerable
2825:Hydrastis
2795:Hydrastis
2519:220006616
2357:Herbalism
2129:Liquorice
2089:Fenugreek
2084:Chaparral
2079:Chamomile
2032:Aloe vera
1973:Hydrastis
1478:1432-1041
689:Coptisine
663:Eclectics
601:Metformin
464:deciduous
419:berberine
341:perennial
298:rootstock
290:buttercup
283:perennial
225:Species:
212:Hydrastis
121:Kingdom:
3172:VASCAN:
3097:Q5905589
3091:Wikidata
3054:VASCAN:
3047:40028821
3042:Tropicos
2810:Q9005595
2804:Wikidata
2757:VASCAN:
2750:27100410
2745:Tropicos
2732:Species+
2646:2.154701
2610:44340011
2584:10200830
2571:305699-2
2418:Q1051710
2412:Wikidata
2280:Shiitake
2209:Valerian
2199:Turmeric
2169:Rosemary
2134:Marigold
2099:Flaxseed
2094:Feverfew
2074:Cardamom
2057:Cannabis
2042:Borututu
1962:Archived
1885:(2005).
1788:84344771
1740:84421549
1692:85014533
1494:31679017
1486:15349706
1439:33174626
1387:16 March
1364:15900287
1302:30000926
1296:. 2006.
1279:, WebMD.
1034:20550958
954:14640583
683:See also
655:Cherokee
542:Toxicity
439:in vitro
427:canadine
180:Family:
164:Eudicots
81:IUCN 3.1
3165:5479020
3152:1463135
3008:1072049
2969:1315968
2917:3033109
2685:1072050
2628:MoBotPF
2532:3033110
2270:Meshima
2265:Maitake
2229:Za'atar
2214:Verbena
2154:Oregano
2114:Ginseng
2069:Caraway
2027:Alfalfa
1976:in the
1768:Bibcode
1720:Bibcode
1672:Bibcode
1430:8058163
1382:Fass.se
1355:1894911
1185:4126936
990:9784149
832:8956947
812:Bibcode
597:codeine
371:pistils
356:⁄
345:rhizome
302:rhizome
292:family
288:in the
281:, is a
207:Genus:
170:Order:
125:Plantae
96: (
79: (
3021:HYDRA2
3016:PLANTS
2943:118769
2904:115979
2891:115979
2839:445825
2706:PLANTS
2672:118848
2633:286138
2558:118768
2493:594852
2477:ECOS:
2457:445826
2347:Herbal
2224:Yarrow
2109:Ginkgo
2104:Ginger
1940:
1927:
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830:
599:, and
577:CYP3A5
573:CYP3A4
569:CYP2D6
538:root.
456:Canada
367:sepals
363:leaves
201:, 1815
2995:13568
2982:18780
2964:IRMNG
2878:1HDRG
2865:72685
2737:28204
2659:13569
2597:18781
2579:IRMNG
2545:19478
2506:HDRCA
2470:6MJ22
2441:APA:
2238:Fungi
2194:Thyme
2037:Anise
2020:Herbs
1831:NCCIH
1784:S2CID
1736:S2CID
1688:S2CID
1490:S2CID
1460:(8).
1181:JSTOR
828:S2CID
585:SSRIs
511:Many
490:CITES
336:is a
319:, as
317:genus
309:Japan
158:Clade
145:Clade
132:Clade
98:CITES
92:CITES
3147:NCBI
3139:1603
3134:GRIN
3057:1266
3029:POWO
2990:NCBI
2977:ITIS
2951:IPNI
2930:5890
2925:GRIN
2912:GBIF
2873:EPPO
2852:4ZQ3
2834:BOLD
2770:3893
2760:8489
2719:POWO
2711:HYCA
2654:NCBI
2620:2378
2605:IUCN
2592:ITIS
2566:IPNI
2540:GRIN
2527:GBIF
2501:EPPO
2480:7331
2452:BOLD
2444:3050
2174:Sage
2144:Neem
1938:ISBN
1925:ISBN
1897:ISBN
1859:ISBN
1482:PMID
1474:ISSN
1435:PMID
1389:2019
1360:PMID
1298:PMID
1229:ISBN
1081:2010
1030:PMID
986:PMID
950:PMID
913:ISBN
733:IUCN
637:Uses
575:and
286:herb
3175:344
3126:JQ2
3121:CoL
3065:WFO
2899:FoC
2886:FNA
2860:EoL
2847:CoL
2778:WFO
2514:FNA
2488:EoL
2465:CoL
1915:PDF
1776:doi
1728:doi
1680:doi
1549:156
1529:149
1466:doi
1425:PMC
1417:doi
1413:109
1350:PMC
1342:doi
1173:doi
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