374:, p. 791: "In the winter of 1256â1257, George Akropolites, exercising authority over the newly acquired provinces, felt free to travel around the region, after bringing together at Durazzo the ânotablesâ of Arbanon, among them, no doubt, Prince Gulam (of whom subsequently no more would be heard); he thus annexed without a murmur the statelet in which he was able to install a civil, military and fiscal administration which was thoroughly Byzantine."
305:, p. 161: "But he was overruled by Demetrios Chomatianos M. In due course the daughter of Kamonas married a local magnate called Golem (or Goulamos), and Kroia and Arbanon reverted to native rule. Golem was connected not only with the Serbian royal family but also by marriage with John Batatzes of Nicaea; and it was through this latter connexion that he was tempted into joining the winning side in Macedonia in 1252, when the armies..."
36:
189:. Both men were in the region of Kastoria with their armies in order to support Michael against Vatatzes but instead of preparing to fight against him, they reached an agreement with Vatatzes who had also camped in western Macedonia. The exact details of the agreement are not known but contemporary historian George Pachymeres writes that Golem (
417:(Berlin, 1873), p. 535 (table XI. 13) and Donald M. Nicol, The Despotate of Epiros (Oxford, 1957), pp. 152â53, 161â162, 237 (table III). Golem married the daughter of Gregorios Kamonas, Prince of Kroia c.1215 by his second wife, a daughter of Stefan II Prvovencani, King of Serbia and his first wife Eudokia Angelina."
180:
developed. In 1246, the two expanded in the region of
Macedonia and the new border between them in the area between Albania and western Macedonia. Golem was in control of Ohrid at the time. He, Theodore Petraliphas and others who were allies of Michael Doukas negotiated with Vatatzes and changed
347:, p. 152: "They had barely crossed the frontiers of Albania when Golem, the chieftain of Kroia and Elbassan, who had been helping Michael's army in the region of Kastoria, surrendered himself and his soldiers to Vatatzes.
332:, p. 134 "In 1252, Prince Golem of Arbanon submitted to the empire of Nicaea, but this did not last, since, in 1257/58, the Albanians rebelled again and rejoined the party of Michael II, ruler of Epirus."
241:
or south Slavic/Bulgarian and signified one's high status. In
Albanian historiography, those scholars who have favored the second hypothesis have proposed a possible connection to the
168:
expanded westwards. When he died in 1240, the
Despotate of Epirus under the Komneno-Doukai exerted again its influence in central Albania. This was the era of the rise of the
709:
262:
According to Donald M. Nicol, Golem was the "chieftain of Krujë and
Elbasan". Other modern sources also call him "Prince of Krujë and Elbasan", "Prince of Arbanon", or "
193:) was "honored with Roman dignities" by the Nicaean Emperor. Golem is last mentioned in the historical records among other 'notables' of Arbanon, in a meeting with
704:
201:
that occurred in the winter of 1256â1257. Akropolites subsequently annexed the statelet and installed a
Byzantine civil, military and fiscal administration.
699:
129:
and then succeeded him to rule
Arbanon. The ascension of Golem is regarded as a reversion to the native rule of Albania. Komnena was the daughter of
679:
684:
621:
589:
555:
534:
502:
694:
441:, p. 141: "Im Jahre 1253 wird als Landesherr von "Albanon' ein gewisser Golem, GoulĂąmos genannt, dessen Frau, Georgios..."
172:
which sought to take hold of all post-Byzantine states and reform the
Byzantine Empire. In this context, the struggle between
410:
689:
141:. This particular aspect of her origin would become important in later political developments as she was the niece of
714:
173:
177:
165:
157:
146:
130:
95:
43:
152:
The exact date of Golem's rise to power is unknown. In his time, Arbanon had moved from independence under
413:, p. 40 (Note #29): "29. For "Goulamos" or Golem, Prince of Kroia and Elbasan c.1254, see Karl Hopf,
98:, in its phase of semi-independency. He was the last ruler of Arbanon before its final annexation in the
426:
411:
Association for the
Promotion of Scholarship in Genealogy & American Society of Genealogists 1980
455:
Association for the
Promotion of Scholarship in Genealogy; American Society of Genealogists (1980).
438:
161:
153:
134:
126:
214:
194:
648:
617:
585:
551:
530:
498:
222:
122:
91:
263:
480:
466:
242:
142:
35:
488:
169:
138:
99:
429:, p. 114: "Als letzter einheimischer FĂŒrst von Arbanon wird 1253 Golem genannt."
673:
76:
61:
250:
427:Ăsterreichisches Ost- und SĂŒdosteuropa-Institut & Arbeitsgemeinschaft Ost 2003
632:
611:
605:(in German). Vol. 45. Wien: Ăsterreichisches Ost- und SĂŒdosteuropa-Institut.
600:
599:Ăsterreichisches Ost- und SĂŒdosteuropa-Institut; Arbeitsgemeinschaft Ost (2003).
577:
566:
545:
524:
513:
484:
470:
456:
631:
Universiteti Shtetëror i Tiranës: Instituti i
HistorisĂ« e GjuhsÌisĂ« (1964).
492:
88:
198:
526:
George Akropolites: The History â Introduction, Translation and Commentary
461:. New York: The Association for the Promotion of Scholarship in Genealogy.
186:
119:
103:
439:
Universiteti ShtetĂ«ror i TiranĂ«s: Instituti i HistorisĂ« e GjuhsÌisĂ« 1964
226:
182:
107:
584:. Pisa: Edizioni Plus â Pisa University Press. pp. 125â154.
118:
He rose to rule Arbanon through marriage with the daughter of
209:
Golem of Kruja is mentioned in two contemporary accounts. As
145:, Empress of Nicaea and thus related to the Nicaean Emperor
497:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 779â795.
494:
The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 5, c.1198âc.1300
547:
Studies in Late Byzantine History and Prosopography
529:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
71:
67:
57:
49:
42:
21:
156:to semi-independence under the high suzerainty of
580:. In Ellis, Steven G.; KlusĂĄkovĂĄ, Lud'a (eds.).
415:Chroniques gréco-romanes inedites ou peu connues
475:. Ăcole des Hautes Ătudes en Sciences Sociales.
406:
404:
237:, which had entered Albanian either via Latin
225:. Thus, his name could either be a variant of
355:
353:
313:
311:
8:
472:La façade maritime de l'Albanie au Moyen ùge
578:"The Ethnic Composition of Medieval Epirus"
340:
338:
298:
296:
642:
582:Imagining Frontiers, Contesting Identities
34:
18:
616:. Heidelberg: UniversitÀtsverlag Winter.
371:
710:Eastern Orthodox Christians from Albania
571:. Oxford: Blackwell & Mott, Limited.
518:(in German). Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz.
359:
317:
287:
181:sides. Golem was probably in control of
137:, the last Byzantine Emperor before the
329:
280:
395:
383:
344:
302:
7:
705:People from the Despotate of Epirus
544:Nicol, Donald MacGillivray (1986).
637:. Vol. 1. Tirana: L'Institut.
565:Nicol, Donald McGillivray (1957).
515:Albanische Forschungen, Issues 1â2
245:, some members of which also used
14:
700:People from the Empire of Nicaea
229:, which had entered Albanian as
680:13th-century monarchs in Europe
485:"Albania, Serbia and Bulgaria"
1:
550:. London: Variorum Reprints.
685:13th-century Albanian people
458:The Genealogist, Volumes 1â2
613:Indogermanische Frauennamen
100:reemerging Byzantine Empire
731:
695:Medieval Albanian nobility
655:Lord of Kruja and Elbasan
174:Michael II Komnenos Doukas
660:
653:
645:
576:Osswald, Brendan (2007).
33:
26:
602:Ăsterreichische Osthefte
178:John III Doukas Vatatzes
166:Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria
158:Theodore Komnenos Doukas
147:John III Doukas Vatatzes
131:Stefan the First-Crowned
102:. His holdings included
568:The Despotate of Epiros
523:Macrides, Ruth (2007).
512:Grimm, Gerhard (1964).
96:Principality of Arbanon
610:StĂŒber, Karin (2009).
133:and grand-daughter of
185:and Petraliphas of
162:Despotate of Epirus
135:Alexios III Angelos
690:Princes of Albania
215:George Akropolites
195:George Akropolites
715:Albanian monarchs
668:
667:
661:Succeeded by
649:Gregorios Kamonas
623:978-3-8253-5600-2
591:978-88-8492-466-7
557:978-0-86078-190-5
536:978-0-19-921067-1
223:George Pachymeres
205:In historiography
164:until 1230 when
123:Gregorios Kamonas
82:
81:
16:Albanian nobleman
722:
646:Preceded by
643:
638:
627:
606:
595:
572:
561:
540:
519:
508:
504:978-1-13905573-4
481:Ducellier, Alain
476:
467:Ducellier, Alain
462:
442:
436:
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363:
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348:
342:
333:
327:
321:
315:
306:
300:
291:
285:
264:Territorial lord
249:in their names (
154:Dhimitër Progoni
127:Komnena NemanjiÄ
38:
19:
730:
729:
725:
724:
723:
721:
720:
719:
670:
669:
664:
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634:Studia Albanica
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489:Abulafia, David
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243:Arianiti family
207:
143:Irene Laskarina
116:
17:
12:
11:
5:
728:
726:
718:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
672:
671:
666:
665:
663:Post abolished
662:
659:
658:fl. 1252â1254
652:
647:
640:
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628:
622:
607:
596:
590:
573:
562:
556:
541:
535:
520:
509:
503:
477:
463:
451:
449:
446:
444:
443:
431:
419:
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388:
376:
372:Ducellier 1999
364:
349:
334:
322:
307:
292:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
268:
267:
258:
255:
206:
203:
170:Nicaean Empire
139:Fourth Crusade
115:
112:
94:who ruled the
80:
79:
73:
69:
68:
65:
64:
59:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
40:
39:
31:
30:
24:
23:
22:Golem of Kruja
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
727:
716:
713:
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703:
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619:
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583:
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412:
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405:
401:
398:, p. 416
397:
392:
389:
386:, p. 170
385:
380:
377:
373:
368:
365:
362:, p. 257
361:
360:Macrides 2007
356:
354:
350:
346:
341:
339:
335:
331:
326:
323:
320:, p. 273
319:
318:Macrides 2007
314:
312:
308:
304:
299:
297:
293:
290:, p. 259
289:
288:Macrides 2007
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281:
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106:and probably
105:
101:
97:
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90:
86:
78:
77:Grigor Kamona
74:
70:
66:
63:
62:Grigor Kamona
60:
56:
52:
48:
45:
44:Lord of Krujë
41:
37:
32:
29:
28:Lord of Krujë
25:
20:
654:
633:
612:
601:
581:
567:
546:
525:
514:
493:
471:
457:
434:
422:
414:
391:
379:
367:
330:Osswald 2007
325:
283:
266:of Albanon".
251:Moisi Golemi
246:
238:
234:
230:
218:
210:
208:
190:
151:
117:
84:
83:
75:Daughter of
27:
396:StĂŒber 2009
221:in that of
213:in that of
58:Predecessor
674:Categories
384:Grimm 1964
345:Nicol 1957
303:Nicol 1986
271:References
219:Goulielmos
191:Goulielmos
276:Citations
239:Gulielmus
53:12??â1257
483:(1999).
469:(1981).
211:Goulamos
187:Kastoria
120:sebastos
92:nobleman
89:Albanian
491:(ed.).
448:Sources
231:Gulielm
227:William
217:and as
160:of the
87:was an
620:
588:
554:
533:
501:
199:Durrës
72:Spouse
487:. In
257:Notes
247:Golem
235:Golem
183:Ohrid
108:Ohrid
104:Krujë
85:Golem
50:Reign
618:ISBN
586:ISBN
552:ISBN
531:ISBN
499:ISBN
176:and
125:and
114:Rule
253:).
233:or
197:in
676::
403:^
352:^
337:^
310:^
295:^
149:.
110:.
626:.
594:.
560:.
539:.
507:.
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