Goma - Knowledge (XXG)

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physical and psychological pressures, including fear of reprisals from AFDL/RPA soldiers. There were reports of AFDL/RPA soldiers killing refugees who expressed a desire to return to Rwanda. Determining the exact number of refugees killed by AFDL/RPA soldiers in attacks along the Goma to Rutshuru road was challenging. However, local NGOs involved in burial operations provided insights into the scale of the atrocities. The United Nations Mapping Report Team documented numerous alleged incidents, including mass burials and killings in and around refugee camps between November 1996 and April 1997. The violence extended beyond the dismantling of refugee camps; Hutu survivors faced persecution while attempting to flee. In November 1996, AFDL/RPA soldiers reportedly targeted Hutu survivors from Kahindo and Katale camps, executing adult males. These survivors, along with others who resettled in makeshift camps, were subjected to further attacks in the Virunga National Park, resulting in additional casualties. The atrocities persisted for several months, with killings reported well into 1997. Witness testimonies highlighted the grim reality faced by refugees, with bodies discovered daily in former camp sites. On April 11, 1997, AFDL/RPA soldiers allegedly massacred hundreds of refugees near Kibumba village. These refugees, intercepted while attempting to return to Rwanda, were detained and subsequently killed by AFDL/RPA forces.

2650: 995: 2144: 2133: 2122: 2839: 2416: 2455: 71: 2428: 2404: 2392: 6905: 6957: 3117: 951: 2532: 2374: 1287: 1387: 2440: 55: 6592: 2556: 2028: 3189: 809:. The Kibumba camp, situated twenty-five kilometers north of Goma, was the first to fall under assault. On the night of October 25-26, 1996, AFDL and RPA soldiers bombarded the Kibumba camp, resulting in casualties among Hutu refugees and the destruction of the camp's hospital. Subsequently, approximately 194,000 refugees fled Kibumba towards the Mugunga camp. The Katale camp also faced attacks on the same night, but 2367:) with Kembo and Mazingi, CLB with Tshiaba, Kainos, and Robert De Souza, and Ngoma with Mpozayo Jean-Paul, among others. The shows were held at the city's Ciné Palace hall. Additionally, the Goma Institute organized a school troupe under the leadership of the then-prefect Lumaya Ombwel, featuring talented student actors like Robert De Souza, also known as Kablan or Gilima, and Mwamba, alias Ringo. 722:, forcing them out. Over two million Hutus fled the country to Zaire and many Tutsis and Hutus were internally displaced within Rwanda. Various UN missions attempted to establish safe zones and facilitate the movement of refugees. Between June 13 and July 14, 1994, an overwhelming number of refugees, ranging from 10,000 to 12,000 per day, fled across the border to Goma, resulting in a severe 739: 1059:(MSF) teams treated 674 victims of sexual violence in camps like Bulengo, Lushagala, and Rusayo, with 360 cases reported solely from the latter, a recently established and densely inhabited settlement situated to the west of Goma. The vast majority of these victims were attacked while venturing outside the displaced sites in search of basic necessities like 2929:, comprising industrial activities that transform materials, is less developed in Goma but holds potential for growth, given the city's dense population, which provides abundant labor and potentially mitigates production overheads for entrepreneurs. Notable production units include the MTC (Master Tabac Congo) conglomerate producing premium-grade 78: 2272:

methane as an additional hazard – though concentration of carbon dioxide is much lower than in Lake Nyos. Nearly two million people, including the population of Goma, live in the vicinity of Lake Kivu and could be in danger from a limnic eruption triggered by one of the nearby volcanoes and the earthquakes associated with them.

613:, which later transformed into a civil status office. Around 1930, the Goma precinct accommodated camps for laborers of the Eastern Railway (CFE), initially sited along Lake Kivu's eastern shores. By the mid-20th century, Goma had become an essential hub, serving as the endpoint of the vici-Goma network and a port for the 2143: 2132: 2121: 2302:

and boasts a vibrant entertainment and performing arts scene that encompasses various media forms, including television productions, radio broadcasts, theatre, cinematic expressions, multimedia installations, and print publications. Like many cities in DRC, Goma is renowned for its lively music scene

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The roads in Goma were in poor repair for about 2 decades, and also many roads were heavily damaged from the volcanic lava flow disasters. Many roads began to be rebuilt as of 2011, primarily by Chinese contractors, and the city is being renovated either by public and private contractors, as well as

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initiatives. NGOs such as the Congolese Initiative for Autonomous Management of Populations and the Association of Support for Grassroots Initiatives provide credit and assistance to entrepreneurs and small businesses. The city is also home to quasi-public non-bank financial institutions exemplified

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In the aftermath of AFDL/RPA offensives in North Kivu, some refugees opted to return to Rwanda, though their numbers remained small. UNHCR reported approximately 900 Hutu refugees returning to Rwanda between October 26 and October 31, 1996. The reluctance of many refugees to return stemmed from both

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200 metres (219 yd) to one kilometre (1,100 yards) wide and up to two metres (6½ ft) deep through the center of the city as far as the lake shore. Agencies monitoring the volcano were able to give a warning and most of the population of Goma evacuated to Gisenyi. The lava destroyed 40% of

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profile. Hills such as Mount Goma, Mount Ndosho, Mount Mugunga, and Mount Busara punctuate the landscape, although some areas are relatively flat. Mount Goma, an extinct volcano, lies at the public port of Goma. This hill was formed during ancient volcanic eruptions and marks the southeastern limit

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by road and regular buses travel between these cities in under four hours. However, road safety concerns, particularly pertaining to motorcycle taxicabs, have impelled municipal authorities to enact regulatory measures. Proposals such as mandating helmets and insignia-adorned passenger vests have

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The city's significance continued to rise, leading to its designation as an extra-customary center in 1945, with an estimated population of 8,600 residents. In 1951, Goma was elevated to the territorial and capital level of North Kivu, reflecting its economic importance and the influx of settlers

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luxury accommodations, including over 100 opulent rooms and a comprehensive array of amenities such as conference facilities, fine dining restaurants, rejuvenating spas, and state-of-the-art fitness centers. Other notable hotels include Hotel des Grands Lacs, Karibu Hotel, Ihusi Hotel, Hotel Cap

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region along with international artists and representatives of different ethnic groups from the region. Goma also houses Yole! Africa, a youth cultural center promoting peace through art, music, dance, and film. The renowned spectacle "Au Chemin des Urnes", hosted by the French Institute (IF) of

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goods are openly sold in the markets, with numerous criminals attaining notoriety within their neighborhoods and certain gang leaders achieving city-wide renown. During the night, security conditions worsen and become more violent. Most residents return to their homes, while mixed patrols of the

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or "lake overturns", catastrophic releases of suffocating carbon dioxide probably triggered by landslides. Lake Nyos's overturn in 1986 was particularly lethal, killing nearly two thousand people in the area around the lake. Kivu is 2,000 times bigger than Lake Nyos and also contains dissolved

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Despite initial setbacks and repulsions by FARDC's 9th Integrated Brigade, Nkunda's forces maintained control over certain areas like Bunagana and Runyoni, displacing over 80,000 people by December 2006, with a significant portion seeking refuge in the outskirts of Goma. The conflict escalated

4765:[The granting of microcredits by microfinance institutions and the improvement of the socio-economic conditions of households in the city of Goma] (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural des Grands Lacs (ISDR-GL) 966:, who accused the government of neglecting to assimilate his military faction into the national army and failing to safeguard their interests. Numerous heinous crimes were committed by Nkunda during his reign of terror. In 2002, he sanctioned the massacre of over 150 people in 4790:[The emergence of the M23 in North Kivu and its impact on the socio-economic situation of the inhabitants of the city of Goma] (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural des Grands Lacs (ISDR-GL) 2641:(IT) training, language training centers, and customs agencies that facilitate import-export transactions. Ventures such as DATCO, Info service, Megabyte, and Network also provide the sale and maintenance of computer equipment, as well as internet navigation services. 663:

On December 25, 1966, North Kivu regained its district status before becoming a region following the constitutional referendum of June 1967. By July 10, 1988, North Kivu attained its regional autonomy, promulgating its status as a sovereign entity within the

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destination. The Maman Rica farm (Malaïka Lodge), located 120 kilometers from Goma, is home to horses, cows, donkeys, and mountainous vegetation. Additionally, it is home to Goma Serena Hotel, one of the city's prominent hospitality establishments, offering

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in the late 1990s, Goma is a popular destination for tourists. The insecurity during those times caused a significant decline in tourism across the North Kivu Province, deterring foreign visitors and locals from patronizing tourist sites and utilizing hotel

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units repelled the assailants initially. However, on October 26, 1996, AFDL and RPA forces attacked the Katale camp, resulting in numerous Hutu refugee casualties and the death of a Zairian soldier. They also allegedly killed several Hutu refugees using

911:(FAC). The 10th Brigade of the FAC mutinied, leading to the swift capture of Goma by the RCD and Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA), with minimal resistance. Goma remained beyond the reach of the Kinshasa government's forces for nearly three years, save for 982:

of innocent civilians, mainly targeting young girls. Human Rights Watch clamored for Nkunda's arrest in February 2006, but it wasn't until June of that year that his military faction made significant territorial gains, capturing localities like

1414:, including trees planted by landowners, which mitigates temperature fluctuations. Hydrographically, Goma benefits from its southern proximity to Lake Kivu and smaller lakes such as Green Lake in Mugunga and Black Lake in Buhimba to the west. 1101:

On February 12, South Africa announced it would send 2,900 troops as part of its contribution to the SADC force deployed to tackle armed groups in the eastern DRC. On February 15, two South African soldiers were killed and three wounded by a

1086:. This influx of displaced people strains already limited resources and infrastructure, making it increasingly challenging to meet the needs of affected communities. Some regional initiatives have addressed the crisis, with the deployment of 845:. However, AFDL and RPA troops had blocked the road to Goma, complicating the refugees' escape routes. On October 31, 1996, AFDL and RPA soldiers allegedly massacred hundreds of Hutu refugees who remained in the Kahindo and Katale camps. 1050:

As of March 2022, the clashes between the FARDC, the M23, and various armed groups in North Kivu have displaced over one million people. Among them, more than 600,000 have fled to overcrowded and unsanitary camps on the fringes of Goma.

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during the late 1940s and early 1950s. This period also witnessed movements advocating for administrative separation between Goma and Rutshuru, leading to the establishment of deliberative and executive bodies in Kirotshe and later in

656:). The latter was limited to contemporary Birere, a densely populated neighborhood abutting the Rwandan border. Meanwhile, the neighborhoods allocated for European settlers were concentrated within the contemporary city center ( 2182:. The lava stopped flowing around 3 a.m. on May 30, 2021, and the Congolese government ordered the city's evacuation plan to be set in motion. On the same day, residents returned to Goma to check on their homes. However, the 1007:

of his militias in North Kivu wearing variegated Rwandan army uniforms. The crisis deteriorated rapidly as clashes between the FARDC and Nkunda's troops intensified, leading to mass displacements and asylum-seeking in Goma.

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road, even before formal hostilities began. On the evening of June 27, 1996, an infiltrated group allegedly carried out an attack on the Kibumba refugee camp, resulting in casualties among Hutu refugees, soldiers from the

915:. Amidst these conflicts, the RCD's bias towards the local Tutsi community, Rwandan interference in provincial affairs, and the brutality of RCD and RPA troops towards civilians in North Kivu prompted many locals to join 1214:, and coercive measures employed by security personnel in Ndosho. Brigandage and petty crime have evolved into a viable means of subsistence for many and are part of an urban economy of survival and enrichment. Pilfered 734:

outbreak swept through the Hutu refugee camps near Goma, claiming thousands of lives. RPF-aligned forces, which had fought in the conflict, crossed the border to Zaire and in acts of revenge also claimed several lives.

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Kivu, Rif Hotel, Mbiza Hotel, and Hotel Pyramide, which offer a range of amenities and services to business and leisure travelers. Apart from the hotel industry, various other activities are emerging in Goma, including

2064:, isolating the terminal and apron which were at that end. The lava can easily be seen in satellite photographs, and aircraft can be seen using the 2-km (6,500-ft) southern section of the runway which is clear of lava. 926:

intensified ambushes and pillaging against RCD/RPA soldiers and civilian populations. Consequently, RCD/RPA control was limited to certain urban areas. In response, they increased search operations in various regions.

7217: 5392:[Analysis of the population of the city of Goma on the programs of the community radio television Tayna "rtct" 2011-2012] (in French). Goma, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Université du CEPROMAD 4875:[Analysis of the population of the city of Goma on the programs of the community radio television Tayna “rtct” 2011-2012] (in French). Goma, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Université du CEPROMAD 301:. With an approximate area of 75.72 km (29.24 sq mi), the city has an estimated population of nearly 2 million people according to the 2022 census, while the 1984 estimate placed the number at 80,000. 2649: 1032: 6230:[Raising laying hens and its impact on economic life in the city of Goma from 2018-2020] (in French). Goma, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural de Goma 6019:

Plumptre, A. J.; Davenport, T. R.; Behangana, M.; Kityo, R.; Eilu, G.; Ssegawa, P.; Ewango, C.; Meirte, D.; Kahindo, C.; Herremans, M. & Peterhans, J. K. (2007). "The biodiversity of the Albertine Rift".

6366:[The opportunity for tourism development in North Kivu. Case of the city of Goma] (in French). Goma, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur de Tourisme de Goma (ISTou-Goma) 6344:[The opportunity for tourism development in North Kivu. Case of the city of Goma] (in French). Goma, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur de Tourisme de Goma (ISTou-Goma) 3715:[The opportunity for tourism development in North Kivu. Case of the city of Goma] (in French). Goma, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur de Tourisme de Goma (ISTou-Goma) 3441:[The opportunity for tourism development in North Kivu. Case of the city of Goma] (in French). Goma, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur de Tourisme de Goma (ISTou-Goma) 4949:[Analysis of the population of the city of Goma on the programs of the community radio television Tayna “rtct” 2011-2012] (in French). Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Université du CEPROMAD 3462:

Kakozi, Willy Missumba; Katembo, Barry; Mazirane, Pierrot; Lukusa, Patricia Mishika; Baluntu, Edo; Makombe, Espe ́rance; Bahire, Claudine Munyatwari; Murabazi, Justin; Mukuku, Olivier (December 17, 2022).

2174:. Parts of Virunga Energies's electricity facilities, which supplied electricity to nearly 15,000 homes in the city, were destroyed. Thousands of people fled to nearby regions, with some boarding boats on 1027:

on November 20, 2012. During the M23's brief rule, the city endured ten days of chaos, marked by looting and executions, bringing economic activities to a standstill and forcing residents into seclusion.

3093: 3221:. Notably, boats such as Emmanuel 2, assembled locally by Congolese engineer Emmanuel Semmanyenzi, provide an alternative mode of transport, significantly reducing travel time compared to road travel. 6606: 4531: 726:, as there was an acute lack of shelter, food and water. However, the Zaïrean government took it upon itself to garner attention for the situation. Shortly after the arrival of nearly one million 3027:, provide training, and facilitate access to resources for local businesses. These entities, alongside public enterprises like SONAS and INSS promote economic growth and sustainability in Goma. 2427: 597:, following the footsteps of an earlier missionary, was traveling to Rwanda from the eastern coast of Africa and passed through the village, which he recorded as Goma. In 1906, officers of the 994: 3042: 1271: 1243: 5923:[Chapter I: Description of the city of Goma] (in French). Goma, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Conbgo: Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural des Grands Lacs (ISDR-GL) 822:. Following confrontations with FAZ soldiers and ex-FAR/Interahamwe units from the Katale camp, who offered reinforcement, AFDL and RPA forces seized control of the FAZ military camp at 5389: 4946: 4872: 7222: 2403: 2015:

flows destroying nearby villages, neighborhoods, and roads north of the city. The 1923 and 1997 eruptions caused significant damage and loss of life, with lava flows encroaching upon

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Usanov, Artur; Ridder, Marjolein de; Auping, Willem; Lingemann, Stephanie; Espinoza, Luis Tercero; Ericsson, Magnus; Farooki, Masuma; Sievers, Henrike; Liedtke, Maren (2013-06-05).

2778:, Sauti ya Injili, Radio La Colombe, Radio Télévision Taina (RTCT), Kivu 1, Mishapi Voice TV, Mutaani, Sauti ya Matumaini, RAO FM, COMICO, and Source de Vie, offering various news, 2031:

Computer image of Nyiragongo volcano generated from satellite photographs, showing the Goma-Gisenyi conurbation on the lake shore in the foreground. In the background, left, is the

1074:, roughly twenty kilometers from Goma, exposed civilians to heavy fighting and forced more displacement towards Goma and previously settled sites or with host families on the Sake- 6649: 5285:"Investigations in Lake Kivu(East Central Africa) after the Nyiragongo Eruption of January 2002: Specific study of the impact of the sub-water lava inflow on the lake stability" 4762: 1159: 959: 4706: 2178:, which lies on the border of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda. Around 5,000 people crossed the border into Rwanda, while another 25,000 went northwest towards 1106:

launched by M23 rebels. The road to lasting peace remains fraught with challenges, including the need for direct dialogue between the Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda.

3382: 3173:. However, the aviation industry in Goma has changed over the years with the emergence and departure of various carriers. While enterprises such as Virunga Air, Charter, and 3209: 2961:

dominates Goma's economy, encompassing a broad spectrum of service-based activities such as public administration, commerce, education, healthcare, and law enforcement. The

2878:, these activities typically employ artisanal methods and antiquated production techniques. Agricultural products are primarily sourced from neighboring territories such as 1363:. Nyiragongo, in particular, has been active since the early 1900s, featuring an active lava lake and periodic eruptions, including notable events in 1977, 2002, and 2021. 6275: 4650: 4472: 4426: 3764: 3409: 6956: 6904: 6659: 4326: 2186:

reported that more than 170 children were still missing. The official report on the number of deaths is yet to be released, but the Minister of Communication and Media,

908: 771: 149: 5235: 6363: 6341: 5209: 1886: 1194:), gravitate towards Ndosho during daylight hours, lured by its superior commercial prospects. Throughout the day, encounters with insecurity primarily revolve around 919:

armed groups to defend their communities. The Mayi-Mayi militias utilized forested areas and national parks as bases for launching attacks against RCD and RPA forces.

161: 2838: 2454: 4561: 2507:, as well as fostering the proliferation and commercialization of indigenous culture and artistic expression within the North Kivu Province. The city also hosts the 4454: 1151: 1016: 3712: 3438: 3359: 1422: 895: 38: 781:, from mid-October 1996, Rwandan infiltrations intensified, accompanied by sporadic attacks on refugee camps along the Goma to Rutshuru road by the newly formed 4273: 758: 714:(RPF), formed by Tutsi refugees from Uganda, who already held control over significant portions of northern Rwanda after their invasion in 1990 and the ongoing 693: 3227:, presided over by private operators, is vital for intra-city and inter-city movement of people and goods. This sector encompasses various vehicles, including 958:

Since the conclusion of the Second Congo War, Goma has been plagued by conflict despite the peace agreements of 2002. In 2006, it became a focal point for the

5994: 5284: 5045: 2815: 347: 1353:. Elevations in the northern part of the plain range from 1640 to 2000 meters, with the volcanic fields of Nyamuragira and Nyiragongo exhibiting continuous 5671: 2373: 4023: 2771: 903: 7120: 6610: 5722: 3491:

Revue de l'urbanisation en République démocratique du Congo: Des villes productives et inclusives pour l'émergence de la République démocratique du Congo

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found himself in conflict with his former allies, and in 1998, the Rwandan government threw its support behind a Goma-based rebel movement known as the

6536: 7125: 6642: 5358:"GIS-based Modeling of Nyiragongo's Lava Flow Inundation Probability And Mazuku: A Spatial Environment for a Successful Evacuation Plan for Goma City" 4763:"L'octroi des microcrédits par les institutions de microfinance et l'amélioration des conditions socio-économiques des ménages dans la ville de Goma" 4218: 648:

The urban sprawl of Goma adhered to the tenets of a classic colonial planning paradigm with the demarcation of separate neighborhoods for Europeans (

7212: 7145: 5697: 4613: 4587: 4243: 3997: 6056: 5464: 1020: 7202: 4815:"Differences in volcanic risk perception among Goma's population before the Nyiragongo eruption of May 2021, Virunga volcanic province (DR Congo)" 2218:

over the crater increased sharply on May 19, indicating an increase in the outpouring of lava, but the activity was still confined to the summit.

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from 2008 to 2010 and 2012 to 2013. Although the camps have been dismantled, the neighborhood is characterized by a high number of former IDPs (

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The Foyer Culturel de Goma is the city's most significant cultural center, which plays a pivotal role in nurturing emerging talents, including

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Goma's administrative division was established through the enactment of Ordinance Law No. 48-127 of May 22, 1989, which delineated the city's

1433:). Goma is much milder than most climates of its latitude due to the city's high altitude, and sees warm days and pleasant nights year-round. 4117: 4090: 4063: 4033: 3918: 3830: 3803: 3744: 3499: 2067:

In March 2004, emissions from Nyiragongo volcano polluted the surrounding areas of North Kivu, including Rusayo, Bishusha, Birambizo, Tongo,

6635: 6248: 3020: 2823: 5179: 365:. The aftermath of these events was still having effects on the city and its surroundings in 2010. The city was captured by rebels of the 5357: 6946: 6486: 4107: 4053: 1230:

and under the cloak of darkness, it becomes easier for bandits, thieves, and even unscrupulous police and military officers to operate.

4140: 5645: 5390:"Analyse de la population de la ville de goma sur les programmes de la radio television communautaire Tayna Â« rtct Â» 2011-2012" 4947:"Analyse de la population de la ville de goma sur les programmes de la radio television communautaire Tayna Â« rtct Â» 2011-2012" 4873:"Analyse de la population de la ville de goma sur les programmes de la radio television communautaire Tayna Â« rtct Â» 2011-2012" 4401: 4194: 3820: 3609:

Vinesett, A.L.; Whaley, R.R.; Woods-Giscombe, C.; Dennis, P.; Johnson, M.; Li, Y.; Mounzeo, P.; Baegne, M. & Wilson, K.H. (2017).

4532:"RDC : MSF demande une augmentation rapide et concrète de l'aide humanitaire face à une crise d'ampleur historique au Nord-Kivu" 4298: 3908: 2255:

is one of three lakes in Africa identified as having huge quantities of dissolved gas held at pressure in its depths. The other two,

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Marie-Vianney, Mpozayo Beru Jean; Michigan, Sebunyenzi Sebakunzi; Eric, Kamori Bazirukize; Katembo, Sivendire (September 3, 2012).

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has high resolution photographs showing the affected part of the airport at coordinates −1.658, 29.237. Retrieved 3 September 2007.

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In response to concerns related to population density, administrative adjustments were made that resulted in the creation of new

938:-supported insurgent factions wearied of the conflict, and discord surfaced between them and Rwanda. In 2002 and 2003, a tenuous 865: 274: 142: 91: 3157:, which serves as the city's principal gateway, handles passenger and cargo traffic and facilitates two international routes to 3116: 105: 6602: 6295: 5619: 4678: 4434: 3036: 2926: 4813:

Mafuko Nyandwi, Blaise; Kervyn, Matthieu; Habiyaremye, François Muhashy; Kervyn, François; Michellier, Caroline (2023-03-03).

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has also soared in the region, resulting in the prevalence of a pervasive culture of impunity. Between April 17 and 30, 2023,

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on the violation of human rights in Zaire, estimated the casualties and highlighted the brutality inflicted on the refugees.

1056: 864:, driving out Mobutu and leading to Laurent-Désiré Kabila proclaiming himself president on May 17, renaming the country the 660:) and an enclave of the Himbi neighborhood, which persists as the most urbanized, affluent, and wealthy parts of the city. 5100:"Mount Nyiragongo: At least 15 dead, over 170 children feared missing after volcano erupts in eastern Congo, officials say" 3177:

have ceased operations, stalwart aviation entities like société de Transports et Messageries au Kivu SARL (TMK), alongside

2747:, which facilitate communication exchanges locally and internationally and play an integral role in business transactions, 5920: 3001: 2439: 887: 810: 6108: 5600:(in French). Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur de Tourisme de Goma (ISTou-Goma). pp. 27–31 2492:) aesthetic that weaves together historical narratives to confront contemporary sociopolitical and cultural paradigms. 950: 339: 3952: 3265:

accepts commercial charter flights and also, passenger flights operated by Ethiopian Airlines & Jambojet travel to

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Microfinance institutions, including SOMIF/NFT, IMF Hekima, and PAIDEK, contribute to financial inclusion and support

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communes, with diurnal activities centered along this road. A significant number of Mugunga's inhabitants, including

883: 786: 6627: 4994:"Volcanic risk communication challenges in the Global South: the case of Goma, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo" 1386: 5291: 4788:"L'émergence du M23 au Nord-Kivu et son impact sur la situation socio-économique des habitants de la ville de Goma" 4562:"Évaluation Rapide de Crise M23: Rapport 15, Province du Nord Kivu, 1 mars 2024 - Democratic Republic of the Congo" 4376: 3262: 3154: 3120: 2803: 2724: 2163: 2061: 2048:

the city (more than 4,500 houses and buildings). There were some fatalities caused by the lava and by emissions of

594: 321: 6562: 6160: 4993: 2484:. The city is home to Petna Ndaliko Katondolo's acclaimed multigenre film productions, which embrace a decolonial 1286: 898:(FDLR), morphed into battlegrounds as Rwandan government forces and the RCD clashed with them to assert dominion. 5849: 3302: 2977: 2855: 1220: 6134: 894:. The Goma refugee encampments, where Hutu refugees and Interahamwe militants had forged a militia known as the 6384: 2915: 2363:

During the 1970s, theatrical activities in Goma flourished, with well-organized theater troupes such as AMIKI (

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further in May 2007 with the arrest of 14 Rwandans, including soldiers from Nkunda's brigade, and reports from

819: 802: 254: 4501: 2214:. While the lava flows do not harm the population, the volcano emits large amounts of gas and fine particles. 6939: 4992:

Nyandwi, Blaise Mafuko; Kervyn, Matthieu; François, Habiyaremye Muhashy; Kervyn, François (April 30, 2021).

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was unprecedented in Africa for the loss of civilian life in massacres and atrocities. By 2003, the Rwandan

711: 6607:"The 1994 Rwandan Refugee Crisis: Cultural Awareness in Managing Natural Disasters" (1h28m streaming video) 3464: 6563:"Citizenship – Funding opportunities 2013 – Action1 – Measure 1.1 Town Twinning citizens meetings – EACEA" 5969: 5356:

Muhambya, Katya; Chaubey, Nirbhay Kumar; Kasereka, Selain K.; Mulondo, Kayitoghera G. (October 16, 2023).

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Cuisine in Goma reflects the region's agricultural abundance and diverse influences. Staple foods include

2638: 2344: 185: 5130:"At Least 15 Dead After Congo's Mount Nyiragongo Volcano Erupts; Lava Engulfs Neighborhood | Weather.com" 3882: 6434: 2973: 2616: 2211: 1167: 1040: 842: 637:'s jurisdiction, experiencing a rapid demographic upsurge with approximately 1,000 inhabitants by 1948. 585:

The village of Ngoma was a port for lake traffic and a crossroads for the overland trade routes between

328: 17: 6228:"L'elevage des poules pondeuses et son impact sur la vie economique dans la ville de goma de 2018-2020" 4918: 2194:, four died while trying to escape from the central prison of Munzenze, and two were calcined by lava. 5210:"Lava flows on the flanks of Nyamulagira volcano, large emissions of gas and fine particles, DR Congo" 3910:

Designing Criminal Tribunals: Sovereignty and International Concerns in the Protection of Human Rights

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Congolese women with painted national flags on their cheeks, celebrating at the Amani Festival in Goma

1943:

Kahembe, Katoyi, Majengo, Mabanga-Nord, Mabanga-Sud, Kasika, Murara, Virunga, Ndosho, Mugunga, Bujovu

7074: 6029: 5775: 5259: 4826: 3150: 3008: 1295: 1044: 790: 6253: 3465:"Determinants of knowledge, attitudes, and preventive practices for COVID-19 infection in Goma, DRC" 3272:

Goma has four or five lakeside wharves totaling about 130 m, the longest being about 80 m.

7010: 6987: 3934: 3349: 3287: 2922:

and fostering interdependence with neighboring territories and countries for supplementary yields.

2519: 2340: 2336: 1984: 1935: 1253: 1239: 1179: 1127: 912: 723: 335: 325: 309: 233: 172: 5997:[North Kivu: tense situation in Kibumba on the front line between the FARDC and the M23]. 4968: 2230:

on May 19 and 20 showed that the current eruption at the volcano was emitting enormous amounts of

7084: 7079: 6932: 6276:"RDC : le maire de Goma accuse le M23 de causer l'insécurité dans la périphérie de sa ville" 4683: 3196: 3178: 3166: 3132: 2993: 2962: 2883: 2819: 988: 829:

By October 30, refugees from Katale and Kahindo camps began to depart, with some heading towards

634: 606: 343: 5593: 1979:. Parenthetically, the provincial authorities granted permission for the establishment of a new 680:. As a result, Goma became the provincial capital of the newly established North Kivu Province. 5331: 5314: 4329:[North Kivu: the Fardc retake two of the three localities occupied by Laurent Nkunda]. 4004:. Geneva, Switzerland, New York City, United States: DRC Mapping Exercise Report. June 15, 2009 3252:

been tabled, although implementation has faced challenges due to resistance from some drivers.

3213:(SNCC) and private operators like Rafiki and Ihusi Hotel facilitate the movement of people and 5438: 4844: 4113: 4086: 4059: 4029: 3914: 3863: 3826: 3799: 3740: 3547:(in French). Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Université Libre des Pays des Grands Lacs 3495: 3182: 2811: 2752: 2580: 2227: 2219: 2215: 2191: 2000: 1814: 1411: 1322: 846: 715: 622: 366: 294: 214: 5995:"Nord-Kivu : situation tendue à Kibumba sur la ligne de front entre les FARDC et le M23" 7176: 7069: 7064: 6037: 5700:[Goma: Screening of the film "Boy who tamed the wind" at the Goma cultural center]. 4834: 4327:"Nord-Kivu : les Fardc reprennent deux des trois localités occupées par Laurent Nkunda" 3855: 3630: 3622: 3343: 3024: 2879: 2859: 2759: 2720: 2548: 2512: 2324: 2268: 1330: 1303: 1147: 1083: 931: 877: 798: 699: 598: 580: 421: 362: 354: 298: 286: 244: 5514: 2555: 2027: 1893:(quarters). The city is divided into two communes, each of which is further segmented into 1223:(PNC) and Police Militaire (PM) units, along with gangs, prowl around the streets. Without 6674: 6461: 5076: 3847: 3685:(in French). Brussels, Belgium: Société scientifique de Bruxelles. 1914. pp. 336–337. 3146: 2894:

along its shores twice a week. Cultivation primarily focuses on garden crops and selected

2767: 2748: 2596: 2544: 2332: 2328: 2308: 2299: 2247: 2162:

On May 22, 2021, Mount Nyiragongo erupted with lava flows closing a road and reaching the

1346: 1314: 1191: 1139: 1103: 975: 939: 778: 752: 689: 358: 5646:"RDC : Goma la volcanique, comme on ne vous l'a jamais racontée - Jeune Afrique.com" 806: 6591: 6057:"Une nécessité dangereuse et illégale : la réforme du charbon introduite à Virunga" 6033: 5489: 5020: 4830: 3188: 7059: 7002: 6983: 6439: 6280: 5698:"Goma : Projection du film " Garçon qui dopta le vent " au foyer culturel de Goma" 4175:. Washington, D.C., United States: United States Institute of Peace. September 23, 2002 3635: 3610: 3224: 3136: 2944: 2666: 2508: 2383: 2348: 2276: 2231: 2092: 2056:. The lava also covered over the northern 1 km of the 3-kilometre (9,800 ft) 2049: 1922: 1354: 1350: 1275: 1260: 1175: 1150:, alongside sizable IDPs settlements during periods of heightened conflict between the 1036: 1012: 963: 838: 586: 413: 377: 305: 290: 168: 5072:"Congo volcano erupts for first time in years, sending people fleeing from major city" 4564:[M23 Rapid Crisis Assessment: Report 15, North Kivu Province, March 1, 2024]. 4055:

Genocide and Crisis in Central Africa: Conflict Roots, Mass Violence, and Regional War

2543:

Despite facing significant challenges, especially during the convulsive throes of the

2468:

Goma is a hub of art and craftsmanship, with skilled artisans creating intricate wood

962:'s 81st and 83rd Brigades, who remained faithful to Congolese Tutsi military defector 7197: 7191: 6800: 6364:"De l'opportunité du développement du tourisme au nord Kivu. Cas de la ville de Goma" 6342:"De l'opportunité du développement du tourisme au nord Kivu. Cas de la ville de Goma" 5564: 5539: 5467:[Who is Voldie Mapenzi, the Great Lakes trumpet with an astonishing voice!]. 4814: 3713:"De l'opportunité du développement du tourisme au nord Kivu. Cas de la ville de Goma" 3439:"De l'opportunité du développement du tourisme au nord Kivu. Cas de la ville de Goma" 3199:

is also an essential mode of transportation, connecting Goma with nearby cities like

2938: 2919: 2794:

Goma is home to several Christian churches and temples including the churches of the

2779: 2728: 2568: 2560: 2460: 2352: 1342: 1215: 1195: 1155: 1091: 1024: 1015:

broke out in the city between the Congolese army, supported by MONUSCO, and Nkunda's

614: 397: 370: 317: 5410: 1294:

The city's boundaries are defined by various geographic features; to the north lies

7140: 5465:"Qui est Voldie Mapenzi, la trompette des Grands Lacs à la voie stupéfiante !" 3859: 2997: 2875: 2863: 2633: 2489: 2379: 2053: 1338: 1334: 1163: 935: 590: 405: 401: 332: 320:" in the English lexicon. The city is home to several notable landmarks, including 266: 5620:"Goma Culture : quand la danse et la peinture s'allient pour dénoncer le mal" 5260:"Global Volcanism Program | Report on Nyamulagira (DR Congo) — 17 May-23 May 2023" 4147:. Geneva, Switzerland, New York City, United States: United Nations. June 15, 2009 3998:"Attacks against hutu refugees in camps on the Goma to Rutshuru road (North Kivu)" 3275:

As of 2014, an art gallery had opened, featuring local woodcarving, painting, and

2210:. By May 17, a large glow above the volcano was visible, leading to lava flows in 1263:

announced that students in Rwanda would cease attending school in Goma due to the

6041: 5723:"FOYER CULTUREL DE GOMA: Directeur ou d'une Directrice du Foyer Culturel de Goma" 4080: 3793: 3734: 3680: 3651: 3565: 7100: 3333: 3266: 3214: 3004:

fortified with credit components cater to various fiscal needs within the city.

2948: 2943:

exemplified by Au Bon Pain and Boulangerie Mont Carmel, bottling facilities for

2895: 2891: 2851: 2843: 2799: 2775: 2628: 2504: 2320: 2260: 2207: 2076: 2032: 1326: 1131: 814: 794: 618: 6258: 6249:"Adolphe Lumanu Nomme Un Nouveau Maire À La Tête La Ville De Goma Au Nord-Kivu" 5023:

Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo. Retrieved 3 September 2007.

6960: 6881: 6845: 5154: 4839: 4221:[Goma: towards the mix between FARDC and elements of Laurent Nkunda]. 3795:

Do Not Disturb: The Story of a Political Murder and an African Regime Gone Bad

3338: 3328: 3240: 3204: 3128: 2736: 2700: 2600: 2295: 2040: 2011:. Over time, volcanic eruptions have directly impacted Goma, with significant 2004: 1407: 1224: 1211: 1183: 1123: 1079: 1064: 673: 669: 393: 270: 154: 4848: 3867: 3611:"Modified African Ngoma healing ceremony for stress reduction: A pilot study" 3494:(in French). NW, Washington, D.C.: World Bank Publications. August 23, 2018. 120: 107: 7150: 7130: 7029: 6818: 6719: 4896: 4588:"South Africa to deploy 2,900 troops to fight armed groups in eastern Congo" 3323: 3218: 2930: 2887: 2686: 2536: 2481: 2264: 2252: 2175: 2068: 2016: 1391: 1360: 1318: 1199: 1095: 1075: 967: 823: 610: 278: 224: 6595: 6183: 2810:), the Baptist Community in the Center of Africa (World Baptist Alliance), 297:, and is only 13–18 km (8.1–11.2 mi) south of the active volcano 5725:[FOYER CULTURAL DE GOMA: Director of the Foyer Culturel de Goma]. 5674:[In Goma, if you have a chukudu, you are the king of the street]. 5622:[Goma Culture: when dance and painting combine to denounce evil]. 4028:. Hague, Netherlands: The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. p. 36. 3626: 3094:

Poursuite de l'opération ‹ destruction des constructions anarchiques›

2862:

often involve foreign currencies. Primarily centered on the production of

2854:, with a significant proportion of its population engaged in the trade of 2627:

species. Tchegera Island, located in the southwest part of the city, is a

2433:

A large crowd at the Amani Festival to celebrate music, culture, and peace

2355:, Voldie Mapenzi, Mista Faba, Belamy Paluku, Willow Miller, and Vicky YM. 738: 7160: 7014: 6890: 6872: 4082:

Women and War in Rwanda: Gender, Media and the Representation of Genocide

3310: 3170: 3142: 2744: 2604: 2515: 2496: 2312: 2256: 2088: 1267:, which has claimed the lives of over 1,800 people within the past year. 1060: 861: 762: 409: 282: 5880:"Goma Culture : quand le slam s'invite dans le processus électoral" 5856:[Goma-culture: presentation of the show “Au Chemin des Urnes”]. 5757:. Goma, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 2014. pp. 4–5 3591: 2166:. The Buhene neighborhood, located on the edge of Goma, was engulfed in 1306:. Goma is strategically located on the Goma plain, which is composed of 7110: 7041: 7022: 7006: 6854: 6827: 6791: 6773: 6764: 6537:"Inauguration du nouveau bâtiment de l'état civil de la mairie de Goma" 5800: 4614:"South African military: 2 soldiers killed, 3 wounded on Congo mission" 4404:[Goma: the displaced people of Sake still without assistance]. 4141:"Second Congo War – Attacks on other civilian populations – North Kivu" 3353: 3306: 3295: 3276: 3244: 3162: 3158: 2951: 2871: 2867: 2763: 2732: 2662: 2612: 2592: 2588: 2572: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2445: 2304: 2223: 2222:

increased further on May 20, forming two large lobes — one outside the

2008: 1399: 1379: 1367: 1307: 1227: 1135: 1119: 1019:

rebels; 200,000 refugees fled the town. On 3 November 2012 there was a

1004: 916: 731: 727: 677: 602: 380:

which celebrates peace and in 2020 it attracted an audience of 36,000.

137: 4085:. London, England, United Kingdom: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 26. 2657:

are small fish that are traditionally fried and consumed in the region

2619:, located a few kilometers from northern Goma, boasts more than 3,000 7155: 7037: 7033: 6863: 6836: 6782: 6746: 6728: 6692: 6683: 6315:"Goma: Pour se maintenir au poste de maire, Mwisa Kyese file au PPRD" 4276:[Human Rights Watch calls for the arrest of Laurent Nkunda]. 4244:"Nord-Kivu : début de mixage des troupes de Nkunda et des FARDC" 3248: 3200: 3174: 2934: 2911: 2899: 2827: 2708: 2624: 2584: 2523:

Goma, celebrates the city's poetic, musical, and rhythmic tapestry.

2283: 2203: 2183: 2057: 1375: 1299: 1249: 1115: 971: 830: 719: 626: 353:

The recent history of Goma has been dominated by the volcano and the

229: 5596:[Cultural tourism in the city of Goma, North Kivu Province] 4112:. Thames, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom: Routledge. pp. 144–146. 1256:

in the region was found in mid-July 2019 to have travelled to Goma.

757:

As early as mid-1996, infiltrated units from Rwanda began targeting

6314: 6001:(in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 2023-10-29 5729:(in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 2021-01-12 5186:(in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 2021-05-23 5052:(in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 2004-03-17 4408:(in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 2006-11-28 4383:(in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 2007-06-03 4358:(in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 2006-12-20 4333:(in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 2006-12-06 4305:(in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 2007-02-28 4280:(in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 2006-02-02 4250:(in French). Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. 2007-01-20 1126:

have plagued outlying neighborhoods, notably Ndosho and Mugunga in

7135: 7115: 6809: 6755: 6701: 5648:[DRC: Volcanic Goma, as we have never told you about it]. 5417:. Goma, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. January 2024 5182:[Eruption of the Nyiragongo volcano: 15 dead (Official)]. 5021:"Cooperative Observations at Nyiragongo Volcano in D.R. of Congo". 4246:[North Kivu: start of mixing of Nkunda and FARDC troops]. 3825:. Cambridge, England, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. 3228: 3187: 2907: 2903: 2691: 2670: 2648: 2620: 2167: 2026: 1930:

The Volcanoes, Mikeno, Mapendo, Katindo, Himbi, Keshero, Lac Vert

1403: 1146:, formerly hosted extensive refugee camps in the aftermath of the 993: 949: 703: 373:

in late 2012, but it has since been retaken by government forces.

4897:"Climate: Goma – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table" 3471:. Others: Zacharie Kibendelwa Tsongo, Stanis Okitotsho Wembonyama 1090:(SADC) forces and summits between heads of state to relaunch the 5882:[Goma Culture: when slam enters the electoral process]. 5594:"Tourisme culturel dans la ville de Goma, Province du Nord-Kivu" 5046:"Le gaz de Nyiragongo, un danger pour les villages environnants" 4732: 4301:[South Kivu: 6 FARDC officers pushed back from Bukavu]. 4219:"Goma: vers le mixage entre FARDC et éléments de Laurent Nkunda" 3598:(Corrected ed.). Makhanda, South Africa: Rhodes University. 2966: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2608: 2500: 2316: 2171: 2044: 2012: 1371: 1310: 1207: 1143: 782: 707: 665: 630: 450: 304:

Goma is administratively divided into two urban municipalities:

6928: 6631: 5236:"Volcanoes are erupting, spewing ash on these three continents" 2409:

A Burundian drummer and dancer performing at the Amani Festival

1023:

on the border just north of Goma. Goma was later seized by the

841:, while others attempted to reach the Mugunga camp through the 4430: 4195:"Rwanda, Congo drifting toward war again as rebels surge anew" 3566:"Amani Festival: The DR Congo music festival celebrating life" 3540: 3236: 3232: 2576: 2397:

A traditional instrumentalist performing at the Amani Festival

2156:

forced many residents to flee their homes in search of safety.

5048:[Nyiragongo gas, a danger for surrounding villages]. 6903: 4274:"Human Rights Watch demande l'arrestation de Laurent Nkunda" 2226:

to the west and another to the south. Although not visible,

1166:

and Hutu) who settled in Mugunga. Both neighborhoods border

942:

ensued among the myriad factions embroiled in the conflict.

445: 6085:[Lake Kivu: Tchegera Island, an earthly paradise]. 5032: 4707:"Italian ambassador to DR Congo killed in UN convoy attack" 3656:(in French). Paris, France: Hachette Livre. pp. 14–16. 2914:

substrata. Nevertheless, the dense population necessitates

2842:

Cassava cultivation on the highlands surrounding the green

2035:

volcano. Note that the vertical scale has been exaggerated.

702:

was executed by the interim Rwandan government against the

5180:"Eruption du volcan Nyiragongo : 15 morts (Officiel)" 4502:"Congo Violence: Tens of Thousands of Civilians Flee Goma" 2319:. Notable figures in Goma's popular culture scene include 4586:

Felix, Bate (February 12, 2024). Choy, Marguerita (ed.).

3798:. New York City, New York, United States: PublicAffairs. 3383:"Goma, Republic of Congo Metro Area Population 1950-2021" 2976:

serving the city's population. Banking institutions like

2858:. However, due to the instability of the local currency, 1272:

COVID-19 pandemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

1244:

COVID-19 pandemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

783:

Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo

7218:

Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda border crossings

4612:

Peyton, Nellie (February 15, 2024). Russell, Ros (ed.).

2202:

On May 9, 2023, lava flows were seen inside the central

6111:[The 5 Best Things to Do in the City of Goma]. 6109:"Les 5 Meilleures Choses À Faire Dans La Ville De Goma" 5825:"Yole! Africa: Salaam Kivu International Film Festival" 4660:. Nairobi, Kenya: Rift Valley Institute. pp. 22–27 4651:"Insecurity in Goma: Experiences, actors and responses" 4473:"Insecurity in Goma: Experiences, actors and responses" 3765:"Insecurity in Goma: Experiences, actors and responses" 3410:"Insecurity in Goma: Experiences, actors and responses" 907:(RTNC) in Goma that a rebellion had erupted within the 6487:"Goma : 8 km de routes asphaltées par la MONUSCO" 6410:"Ethiopian Airlines reprend ses vols directs sur Goma" 6083:"Lac Kivu : l'île Tchegera, un paradis terrestre" 5972:[Virunga Park: a tenuous but tenacious hope]. 5321:, Thursday 4 April 2002. Summarised at www.bbc.co.uk. 4354:[North Kivu: more than 80,000 war displaced]. 4299:"Sud-Kivu : 6 officiers FARDC refoulés de Bukavu" 3668:

Conflict and Social Transformation in Eastern DR Congo

3207:. Boats and ferries operated by companies such as the 2711:

sauce) are popular among both residents and visitors.

2190:, said at least 15 people died. Nine people died in a 901:

On August 2, 1998, General Sylvain Buki announced via

6137:[DRC: Serena Hotel, a 5-star jewel in Goma]. 2286:

has recently caused the death of people and animals.

1278:

in 2021 but it resumed as usual in February of 2022.

6135:"RDC : Serena Hôtel, un bijou 5 étoiles à Goma" 5970:"Parc des Virunga : un espoir ténu mais tenace" 5155:""Je n'ai pas pu sauver mon mari malade de la lave"" 4649:

Hendriks, Maarten; Büscher, Karen (September 2019).

4568:. New York City, New York, United States. 2024-03-01 3763:

Hendriks, Maarten; Büscher, Karen (September 2019).

3590:

Van Niekerk, T.; Le Du, B. & Slater, R. (2023).

3408:

Hendriks, Maarten; Büscher, Karen (September 2019).

1039:, was killed in an apparent kidnapping attempt near 7169: 7093: 7052: 7021: 6994: 6974: 6967: 5945:"DR Congo hoteliers bet on luxury in troubled east" 5672:"A Goma, si t'as un chukudu, t'es le roi de la rue" 5332:"NOVA – Transcripts – Volcano Under the City – PBS" 4919:"Goma Climate and Weather Averages, Congo-Kinshasa" 4891: 4889: 4733:"Le Festival Amani à Goma - Du 4 au 6 février 2022" 4482:. Nairobi, Kenya: Rift Valley Institute. p. 17 4402:"Goma: les déplacés de Sake encore sans assistance" 3774:. Nairobi, Kenya: Rift Valley Institute. p. 14 3185:persist in operating and rendering their services. 2910:, leveraging the fertile volcanic soil enriched by 1370:, with only a small portion consisting of slightly 1290:

Goma's most-traveled Tcukudu roundabout, April 2022

801:'s regime and accused him of excluding Tutsis from 250: 240: 223: 212: 207: 199: 194: 183: 178: 160: 148: 136: 28: 23:

Provincial capital and city in North Kivu, DR Congo

3516:"Université Libre des Pays des Grands Lacs(ULPGL)" 3419:. Nairobi, Kenya: Rift Valley Institute. p. 9 3348:Twinning between the city of Goma and the town of 3243:. Goma lies on the Rwandan border and neighboring 3145:is a significant transport mode linking Goma with 2003:being pulled apart, the area experiences frequent 1070:The M23's offensive in early February 2024 around 4471:Hendriks, Maarten; Büscher, Karen (August 2019). 4427:"U.N. says recent Congo fighting uproots 200,000" 3913:. Thames, Oxfordshire United Kingdom: Routledge. 3615:Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2607:. Mount Nyiragongo, the world's largest block of 1975:was divided into Mabanga North and Mabanga South 4461:, November 20, 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2012. 4193:Aktas, Tufan; Kavak, Gokhan (February 3, 2023). 3012:by SONAS (national insurance company) and INSS ( 1987:, comprising cells from the Majengo and Virunga 350:, which supports local development initiatives. 3953:"The long wait – the Rwandan refugees in Zaire" 2019:'s shores and destroying sections of the city. 1234:2018–2020: Ebola epidemic and COVID-19 pandemic 7223:Cities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 5463:Kribios-Kauta, Adjuvant (September 12, 2019). 4352:"Nord-Kivu: plus de 80 000 déplacés de guerre" 3360:List of twin towns and sister cities in Europe 3019:Goma benefits from support organizations like 922:With support from Kinshasa, the Mayi-Mayi and 6940: 6643: 6165:, Washington, D.C., United States: Voa Africa 4679:"First Ebola patient in DR Congo's Goma dies" 3739:(in French). Peeters Publishers. p. 84. 3653:Le Tour du monde: nouveau journal des voyages 3210:Société Nationale des Chemins de fer du Congo 2567:Goma offers a variety of attractions such as 896:Democratic Force for the Liberation of Rwanda 768:Contingent Zaïrois pour la sécurité des camps 742:Aerial photograph of the Mihanda refugee camp 694:Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War 8: 6908:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 5921:"Chapitre I: Descripion de la ville de Goma" 4455:"Congolese rebels seize Goma, take airport." 4109:Encyclopedia of Conflicts Since World War II 3377: 3375: 1298:, to the south, Lake Kivu, to the east, the 1142:, while Mugunga, predominantly populated by 860:By the end of 1997, AFDL rebels advanced to 436: 348:Free University of the Great Lakes Countries 6435:"Helping artists in the middle of conflict" 3192:Goma International Airport in December 2010 2937:processing factories like SOTRAKI and ONC, 2611:, is located in the city and overflows its 1423:Köppen-Geiger climate classification system 1138:, is characterized by high crime rates and 424:word meaning "strength of the panther" and 6971: 6947: 6933: 6925: 6650: 6636: 6628: 6611:University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 5439:"REDCAT: Films by Petna Ndaliko Katondolo" 4058:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 266. 2996:, while non-banking entities inclusive of 2170:, and more than 500 homes were covered in 1436: 1325:, which comprises prominent peaks such as 1021:clash between Congolese and Rwandan troops 974:, in 2004, his cohorts, alongside Colonel 435: 25: 5850:"Goma-culture: présentation du spectacle 4838: 4819:Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 4620:. (ed.). Oatis, Jonathan. London, England 4538:(in French). Paris, France. June 21, 2023 3634: 3086:Francois-Xavier Nzabara Masetsa 1998–2005 3014:Institution Nationale de Sécurité Sociale 1114:Since early 2019, violent crimes such as 277:. It is located on the northern shore of 6618:Life and Death in the Great Lakes Region 6133:Tukinalwa, Faithful Kitsa (2021-05-10). 5644:Kibangula, Treasure (October 30, 2015). 4761:Mulumeoderhwa, Didier Mugalihya (2012). 3115: 3023:, APIBA, UWEKI, and CAFED, which foster 2837: 2816:Province of the Anglican Church of Congo 2615:daily with occasional jets of lava. The 2554: 2530: 2098: 2082: 1899: 1398:The vegetation in Goma is predominantly 1385: 1285: 1259:In August 2019, Rwandan Health Minister 737: 6385:"Lake Kivu becomes major transport hub" 6221: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6203: 5411:"Festival Amani (Goma RDC): Jazz Music" 3992: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3736:Le français au Rwanda: enquête lexicale 3666:Koen Vlassenroot, Timothy Raeymaekers, 3371: 3127:Goma's transportation network includes 2369: 1864:, altitude: 1,531 metres or 5,023 feet 312:, which are further subdivided into 18 239: 222: 206: 193: 177: 159: 135: 100: 63: 51: 44: 6296:"Dieudonné Malere nommé maire de Goma" 6284:(in French), DR Congo, 27 January 2013 6162:Managing a 5-Star Hotel in Eastern DRC 6107:Musambaghani, Veridical (2020-09-01). 5939: 5937: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5776:"Confronting Conflict with Creativity" 5204: 5202: 5200: 5123: 5121: 5119: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4379:[Goma: 14 Rwandans arrested]. 4321: 4319: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4047: 4045: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3282:Goma hosts a Catholic priest seminary 3092:Roger Rachid Tumbula, circa 2008–2011 3077:Athanase Kahanya Kimuha Tasi 1991–1999 2990:Banque Commerciale et de Développement 2677:, often served alongside a variety of 1088:Southern African Development Community 666:tripartite division of the Kivu region 273:Province in the eastern region of the 5587: 5585: 5433: 5431: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5283:Halbwachs; et al. (2002-03-09). 5234:Pulver, Dinah Voyles (May 22, 2023). 4940: 4938: 4936: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4781: 4779: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4166:"Peace Agreements Digital Collection" 4052:Scherrer, Christian P. (2001-11-30). 3881:Dizolele, Mvemba Phezo (2024-02-22). 3758: 3756: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 2282:-rich gas location, known locally as 904:Radio-Télévision Nationale Congolaise 396:, which is generally associated with 285:to the north, Rwanda to the east and 249: 211: 203:75.72 km (29.24 sq mi) 198: 182: 147: 7: 6917:Provinces are shown between brackets 5670:Younger, Veronica the (2017-11-06). 5388:Buchekabiri, Ephrem Chiruza (2013). 4945:Buchekabiri, Ephrem Chiruza (2013). 4871:Buchekabiri, Ephrem Chiruza (2013). 4377:"Goma : 14 Rwandais aux arrêts" 3670:, Academia Press, USA, 2004, p. 105 3596:Dictionary for South African English 3457: 3455: 2824:World Communion of Reformed Churches 2822:), Presbyterian Community in Congo ( 1047:(WFP). Two others were also killed. 6462:"Seminar Redemptoris Mater in Goma" 6313:Mukosasenge, Valéry (9 July 2018). 3883:"The Dark Side of Rwanda's Rebirth" 3822:The Politics of Collective Violence 2886:, supplemented by the resources of 2770:language radio stations, including 1967:was divided into Kasika and Katoyi 1366:The predominant terrain of Goma is 954:Aerial view of Goma in October 2010 718:, overthrew the Hutu government in 357:of 1994, which in turn fuelled the 6081:Muhima, Georges Ben (2023-05-03). 3107:Timothée Mwisa Kyese, 2018–present 3098:Jean Busanga Malihaseme, In 2011–? 3089:Polydore Wundi Kwavwirwa 2005–2008 3045:by five deputies/Representatives: 1374:soil. The surface is covered with 1170:to the north and the main road to 289:to the west. The city lies in the 14: 6512:"Defeated Congo rebels surrender" 5780:TRANSCEND Art & Peace Network 5136:. Atlanta, Georgia, United States 4500:Pete Jones; Jerome Delay (2012). 4457:Melanie Goubyrukmini Callimachi, 3889:. Washington, D.C., United States 3846:Bentrovato, Denise (2015-07-06). 3682:Revue des questions scientifiques 2359:Entertainment and performing arts 2198:2023 Nyamulagira volcano eruption 1130:. Ndosho, known for its bustling 882:Within a year of assuming power, 629:. In 1945, Goma burgeoned into a 605:as a military outpost to oversee 6955: 6664:Democratic Republic of the Congo 6590: 6362:Karumba, Janvier Bagula (2011). 6340:Karumba, Janvier Bagula (2011). 3711:Karumba, Janvier Bagula (2011). 3437:Karumba, Janvier Bagula (2011). 2850:Goma's economy relies mainly on 2453: 2438: 2426: 2414: 2402: 2390: 2372: 2142: 2131: 2120: 2106:2021 Nyiragongo volcano eruption 2023:2002 Nyiragongo volcano eruption 1991:, namely Byahi and Tyazo cells. 866:Democratic Republic of the Congo 785:(AFDL), a rebel movement led by 275:Democratic Republic of the Congo 76: 69: 53: 7213:Cities in the Great Rift Valley 6603:United States Geological Survey 5363:. Researchsquare.com. p. 2 4786:Mussa, Kanambe Juakaly (2012). 4079:Holmes, Georgina (2013-10-25). 3907:Roper, Steven D. (2017-11-30). 3037:List of governors of North Kivu 1425:classifies Goma's climate as a 1321:. The plain is bordered by the 1274:caused the cancellation of the 1110:Ongoing neighborhood insecurity 1078:axis towards the province from 890:(RCD), occasionally denoted as 813:(FAZ)/CZSC soldiers and ex-FAR/ 601:established Goma post opposite 376:Goma is the home of the annual 281:and shares borders with Bukumu 7203:Populated places in North Kivu 6264:(in French), 30 September 2011 6182:James, Walter (July 1, 2009). 5696:Mutebwa, Emilie (2023-12-02). 5290:. Solidarities. Archived from 5128:Brackett, Ron (May 23, 2021). 3860:10.4000/etudesafricaines.18095 2796:Roman Catholic Diocese of Goma 2535:Tchegera Island is located on 2518:drawing participants from the 2184:United Nations Children's Fund 2154:2021 Mount Nyiragongo eruption 2112:2021 Mount Nyiragongo eruption 1410:appeal is further enhanced by 316:, colloquially recognized as " 1: 7208:Populated places on Lake Kivu 6055:Salazar, Maria (2017-01-18). 5565:"Biographie de Vicky Ym Yaga" 5540:"Biographie de Willow Miller" 4969:"Volcano Nyiragongo in Congo" 3819:Tilly, Charles (2003-03-17). 3792:Wrong, Michela (2021-03-30). 2758:The city boasts a variety of 2043:erupted, sending a stream of 1699:Average rainfall mm (inches) 1390:Construction on the banks of 1254:2018–2020 Kivu Ebola epidemic 888:Congolese Rally for Democracy 6598:travel guide from Wikivoyage 6061:Nouvelles de l'environnement 6042:10.1016/j.biocon.2006.08.021 5976:(in French). August 19, 2016 4433:. 2008-10-27. Archived from 4106:Ciment, James (2015-03-27). 3957:radionetherlandsarchives.org 3939:radionetherlandsarchives.org 3854:(in French) (218): 231–254. 3101:Kubuya Ndoole Naason, 2012–? 3080:Mashako Mamba Sebi 1993–1999 3049:Jean Batiste Kasekwa (ECIDE) 2689:. Local specialties such as 2303:with popular genres such as 1873:for rainy days and sunshine 1043:. He was part of the U.N.'s 998:View of houses in Goma, 2014 710:moderates. In response, the 652:) and indigenous Congolese ( 340:Adventist University of Goma 293:, the western branch of the 77: 6622:The NIBR International Blog 6302:(in French), 30 August 2015 5878:Isse, Albert (2023-05-01). 5848:Isse, Albert (2023-05-09). 5618:Isse, Albert (2023-10-03). 3852:Cahiers d'études africaines 3074:Mingale Mwenemalibu in 1991 3041:Goma is represented in the 2965:plays a pivotal role, with 2331:, Petna Ndaliko Katondolo, 1629:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1489:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1221:Police Nationale Congolaise 1174:to the south, dividing the 1031:On, February 22, 2021, the 392:is possibly related to the 7239: 6613:on vulcanology around Goma 6416:(in French). 5 August 2015 6391:. Lyon, France. 2018-07-12 6159:Ndiho, Paul (2023-05-10), 5919:Kwiraviwe, Jonas Muhindo. 5678:(in French). Paris, France 5652:(in French). Paris, France 4025:Coltan, Congo and Conflict 3733:Jouannet, Francis (1984). 3263:Goma International Airport 3155:Goma International Airport 3121:Goma International Airport 3071:Kana Guzangamana 1989–1991 3034: 2804:Baptist Community of Congo 2707:(cassava leaves cooked in 2245: 2109: 2062:Goma International Airport 1903:Communes (municipalities) 1868: 1859: 1439: 1237: 991:, located 80 km from Goma. 875: 750: 687: 578: 346:. The city also hosts the 326:UNESCO World Heritage Site 322:Goma International Airport 15: 6915: 6901: 6670: 5098:Katumwa, Justin Kabumba. 4840:10.5194/nhess-23-933-2023 3935:"Healers without borders" 3848:"Rwanda, Twenty Years On" 3650:Charton, Edouard (1892). 3303:United Nations Volunteers 3083:Kisuba Shebaeni 1996–1998 2866:, including agriculture, 2826:). There are also Muslim 2715:Mobile networks and media 2242:Threat posed by Lake Kivu 2007:and the formation of new 1812: 1768: 1698: 1628: 1558: 1488: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1011:On October 27, 2008, the 797:, who aimed to overthrow 573:— 463:— 101: 64: 52: 45: 35: 5829:Eastern Congo Initiative 5070:Knowles, H. (May 2021). 3104:Dieudonné Malere, 2015–? 2982:Banque Centrale du Congo 2786:, and cultural content. 1427:tropical savanna climate 1057:Médecins Sans Frontières 978:, perpetrated rapes and 803:political representation 700:Rwandan genocide of 1994 684:1994 Hutu refugee crisis 593:. In 1894, the explorer 269:and largest city of the 6493:(in French). 2017-02-04 6226:Muhindo, Yusuf (2020). 6022:Biological Conservation 5521:(in French). 2015-10-08 5496:(in French). 2015-03-25 5161:(in French). 2021-05-25 4225:(in French). 2007-01-05 3520:Prototypes for Humanity 3055:Patrick Munyomo (AFDC) 2954:typified by Fujicolor. 2890:, which hosts thriving 2188:Patrick Muyaya Katembwe 1963:. For instance, Katoyi 811:Forces Armées Zaïroises 805:and failing to prevent 712:Rwandan Patriotic Front 595:Gustav Adolf von Götzen 37:Provincial capital and 6909: 6601:Tom Casadevall of the 4459:Bloomberg BusinessWeek 3256:Other features of Goma 3193: 3124: 2992:), and others provide 2986:Banque Privée du Congo 2974:financial institutions 2847: 2846:in Goma, December 2015 2808:World Baptist Alliance 2658: 2639:information technology 2571:, mountains, museums, 2564: 2540: 2345:Julien Paluku Kahongya 2036: 1440:Climate data for Goma 1395: 1323:Virunga volcanic chain 1291: 999: 955: 909:Congolese Armed Forces 791:Rwandan Patriotic Army 743: 6907: 6886:(Kasaï Oriental) 6616:Jordhus-Lier, David: 5801:"Youth & Artists" 3627:10.1089/acm.2016.0410 3191: 3119: 3052:Hubert Furuguta (UNC) 2860:economic transactions 2856:agricultural products 2841: 2784:religious programming 2652: 2617:Virunga National Park 2558: 2534: 2337:El Weezya Fantastikoh 2212:Virunga National Park 2110:Further information: 2030: 1983:, Bujovu, within the 1889:(municipalities) and 1389: 1289: 1238:Further information: 1168:Virunga National Park 1053:Gender-based violence 1041:Virunga National Park 997: 953: 884:Laurent-Désiré Kabila 876:Further information: 843:Virunga National Park 787:Laurent-Désiré Kabila 751:Further information: 741: 688:Further information: 437:Historical population 329:Virunga National Park 18:Goma (disambiguation) 6516:Reuters / Gulf Times 5852:Au Chemin des Urnes 5805:Friends of the Congo 5569:musique.243stars.com 5544:musique.243stars.com 5469:Kribiosuniversal.com 5003:. Göttingen, Germany 3959:. November 13, 1995. 3941:. February 15, 1995. 3009:economic development 2741:Congo Chine Télécoms 2719:Goma offers various 1985:commune of Karisimbi 1296:Nyiragongo Territory 1252:infected during the 1140:ethnic heterogeneity 1045:World Food Programme 980:arbitrary detentions 658:quartier les Volcans 416:. In western Congo, 190:Timothée Mwisa Kyese 121:1.67944°S 29.23361°E 16:For other uses, see 6968:Cities and communes 6961:North Kivu Province 6609:. Lecture given at 6034:2007BCons.134..178P 5134:The Weather Channel 4831:2023NHESS..23..933M 4437:on October 29, 2008 3350:Woluwe-Saint-Pierre 3288:Neocatechumenal Way 3205:South Kivu Province 3061:Josue Mufula (LDIC) 2749:social interactions 2695:(a starchy dough), 2520:African Great Lakes 2341:Christophe Madihano 2294:Goma serves as the 2208:Nyamulagira volcano 1769:Average rainy days 1559:Daily mean °C (°F) 1412:artificial greenery 1302:, and to the west, 1240:Kivu Ebola epidemic 724:humanitarian crisis 438: 117: / 59:Goma, November 2022 6910: 6567:eacea.ec.europa.eu 6113:Kwafrikatravel.com 5445:. January 31, 2022 4899:. Climate-Data.org 4713:. 22 February 2021 4684:Al Jazeera English 4145:Mapping-report.org 4002:Mapping-report.org 3301:On March 16, 2013 3197:Maritime transport 3194: 3179:Wimbi Dira Airways 3167:Ethiopian Airlines 3125: 3058:Elvis Mutiri (ADR) 2994:financial services 2848: 2820:Anglican Communion 2800:Kimbanguist Church 2753:emergency services 2659: 2565: 2541: 2463:at Amani Festival 2037: 1402:interspersed with 1396: 1378:flows, creating a 1300:Republic of Rwanda 1292: 1154:(and subsequently 1033:Italian ambassador 1000: 989:Rutshuru Territory 956: 851:Special Rapporteur 759:Hutu refugee camps 744: 635:Rutshuru Territory 623:building materials 344:University of Goma 126:-1.67944; 29.23361 7185: 7184: 7048: 7047: 6922: 6921: 6087:Kivu Morning Post 5755:Amanifestival.com 5702:Kivu Morning Post 5415:amanifestival.com 4737:amanifestival.com 4594:. London, England 4119:978-1-317-47186-8 4092:978-0-85772-317-8 4065:978-0-313-01617-2 4035:978-94-91040-81-8 3920:978-1-351-16010-0 3832:978-1-107-49480-0 3805:978-1-61039-843-5 3746:978-2-85297-170-7 3501:978-1-4648-1206-4 3284:Redemptoris Mater 3183:Hewa Bora Airways 3139:means of travel. 3043:National Assembly 3000:institutions and 2812:Assemblies of God 2790:Places of worship 2723:services such as 2549:Second Congo Wars 2503:, thespians, and 2448:at Amani Festival 2220:Effusive eruption 2216:Thermal radiation 2164:municipal airport 2039:In January 2002, 2001:Great Rift Valley 1995:Volcanic activity 1957: 1956: 1877: 1876: 1128:Karisimbi commune 577: 576: 428:means "to give". 367:March 23 Movement 363:Second Congo Wars 295:East African Rift 260: 259: 241:National language 200: • City 7230: 7177:Mount Nyiragongo 7094:Populated places 6972: 6959: 6949: 6942: 6935: 6926: 6896: 6887: 6878: 6869: 6860: 6851: 6842: 6833: 6824: 6815: 6806: 6797: 6788: 6779: 6770: 6761: 6752: 6743: 6734: 6725: 6716: 6707: 6698: 6689: 6680: 6658:Capitals of the 6652: 6645: 6638: 6629: 6594: 6578: 6577: 6575: 6573: 6559: 6553: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6533: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6523: 6508: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6498: 6483: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6473: 6466:Vicariatus Urbis 6458: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6448: 6431: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6421: 6406: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6396: 6381: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6371: 6359: 6353: 6352: 6350: 6349: 6337: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6310: 6304: 6303: 6292: 6286: 6285: 6272: 6266: 6265: 6262: 6245: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6235: 6223: 6198: 6197: 6195: 6194: 6179: 6173: 6172: 6171: 6170: 6156: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6146: 6130: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6120: 6104: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6094: 6078: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6068: 6052: 6046: 6045: 6016: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6006: 5991: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5981: 5966: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5956: 5941: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5928: 5916: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5891: 5875: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5865: 5845: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5835: 5821: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5811: 5797: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5787: 5772: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5762: 5752: 5748:"AMANI FESTIVAL" 5744: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5734: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5709: 5693: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5683: 5667: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5657: 5650:JeuneAfrique.com 5641: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5631: 5615: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5605: 5599: 5589: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5576: 5561: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5551: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5526: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5501: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5476: 5460: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5450: 5435: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5422: 5407: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5397: 5385: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5368: 5362: 5353: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5328: 5322: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5302: 5296: 5289: 5280: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5270: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5246: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5221: 5206: 5195: 5194: 5192: 5191: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5166: 5159:BBC News Afrique 5151: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5141: 5125: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5110: 5095: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5057: 5042: 5036: 5030: 5024: 5018: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5008: 4998: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4979: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4954: 4942: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4921:. Weather2Travel 4915: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4893: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4880: 4868: 4853: 4852: 4842: 4810: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4795: 4783: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4770: 4758: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4743: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4666: 4665: 4655: 4646: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4625: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4599: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4573: 4558: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4543: 4528: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4487: 4477: 4468: 4462: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4442: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4413: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4388: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4363: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4339: 4338: 4323: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4310: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4285: 4270: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4255: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4230: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4205: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4180: 4170: 4162: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4152: 4137: 4124: 4123: 4103: 4097: 4096: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4049: 4040: 4039: 4019: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4009: 3994: 3961: 3960: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3894: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3779: 3769: 3760: 3751: 3750: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3720: 3708: 3687: 3686: 3677: 3671: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3578: 3577: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3552: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3527: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3476: 3459: 3450: 3449: 3447: 3446: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3424: 3414: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3379: 3344:Mount Nyiragongo 3247:is connected to 3025:entrepreneurship 2963:financial sector 2927:secondary sector 2721:cellular network 2581:exhibition halls 2457: 2442: 2430: 2418: 2406: 2394: 2376: 2325:Jonathan Kuminga 2269:limnic eruptions 2228:satellite images 2192:traffic accident 2146: 2135: 2124: 2101: 2086: 1971:, while Mabanga 1900: 1862:Climate-Data.org 1437: 1304:Masisi Territory 1148:Rwandan genocide 1098:in the region. 1084:Kalehe Territory 946:Ongoing conflict 940:negotiated peace 932:Second Congo War 913:sporadic barrage 878:Second Congo War 872:Second Congo War 847:Roberto Garretón 668:into provinces: 621:commodities and 599:Congo Free State 581:Timeline of Goma 452: 447: 439: 400:and used by the 355:Rwandan genocide 299:Mount Nyiragongo 287:Masisi Territory 132: 131: 129: 128: 127: 122: 118: 115: 114: 113: 110: 90:Location in the 80: 79: 73: 57: 26: 7238: 7237: 7233: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7228: 7227: 7188: 7187: 7186: 7181: 7165: 7089: 7044: 7017: 6990: 6963: 6953: 6923: 6918: 6911: 6899: 6894: 6885: 6876: 6868:(Kongo Central) 6867: 6858: 6849: 6840: 6831: 6822: 6813: 6804: 6796:(Kasai-Central) 6795: 6786: 6777: 6768: 6759: 6750: 6741: 6732: 6723: 6714: 6705: 6696: 6687: 6678: 6666: 6656: 6587: 6582: 6581: 6571: 6569: 6561: 6560: 6556: 6546: 6544: 6535: 6534: 6530: 6521: 6519: 6510: 6509: 6505: 6496: 6494: 6485: 6484: 6480: 6471: 6469: 6460: 6459: 6455: 6446: 6444: 6433: 6432: 6428: 6419: 6417: 6408: 6407: 6403: 6394: 6392: 6383: 6382: 6378: 6369: 6367: 6361: 6360: 6356: 6347: 6345: 6339: 6338: 6334: 6324: 6322: 6312: 6311: 6307: 6294: 6293: 6289: 6274: 6273: 6269: 6256: 6247: 6246: 6242: 6233: 6231: 6225: 6224: 6201: 6192: 6190: 6188:Advocacynet.org 6181: 6180: 6176: 6168: 6166: 6158: 6157: 6153: 6144: 6142: 6132: 6131: 6127: 6118: 6116: 6106: 6105: 6101: 6092: 6090: 6080: 6079: 6075: 6066: 6064: 6054: 6053: 6049: 6018: 6017: 6013: 6004: 6002: 5993: 5992: 5988: 5979: 5977: 5968: 5967: 5963: 5954: 5952: 5943: 5942: 5935: 5926: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5898: 5889: 5887: 5877: 5876: 5872: 5863: 5861: 5847: 5846: 5842: 5833: 5831: 5823: 5822: 5818: 5809: 5807: 5799: 5798: 5794: 5785: 5783: 5774: 5773: 5769: 5760: 5758: 5750: 5746: 5745: 5741: 5732: 5730: 5721: 5720: 5716: 5707: 5705: 5695: 5694: 5690: 5681: 5679: 5669: 5668: 5664: 5655: 5653: 5643: 5642: 5638: 5629: 5627: 5617: 5616: 5612: 5603: 5601: 5597: 5591: 5590: 5583: 5574: 5572: 5563: 5562: 5558: 5549: 5547: 5538: 5537: 5533: 5524: 5522: 5519:Music In Africa 5515:"Belamy Paluku" 5513: 5512: 5508: 5499: 5497: 5494:Music In Africa 5488: 5487: 5483: 5474: 5472: 5462: 5461: 5457: 5448: 5446: 5437: 5436: 5429: 5420: 5418: 5409: 5408: 5404: 5395: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5375: 5366: 5364: 5360: 5355: 5354: 5350: 5340: 5338: 5330: 5329: 5325: 5313: 5309: 5300: 5298: 5294: 5287: 5282: 5281: 5277: 5268: 5266: 5258: 5257: 5253: 5244: 5242: 5233: 5232: 5228: 5219: 5217: 5208: 5207: 5198: 5189: 5187: 5178: 5177: 5173: 5164: 5162: 5153: 5152: 5148: 5139: 5137: 5127: 5126: 5117: 5108: 5106: 5097: 5096: 5092: 5082: 5080: 5077:Washington Post 5069: 5068: 5064: 5055: 5053: 5044: 5043: 5039: 5031: 5027: 5019: 5015: 5006: 5004: 4996: 4991: 4990: 4986: 4977: 4975: 4973:www.vulkane.net 4967:Szeglat, Marc. 4966: 4965: 4961: 4952: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4934: 4924: 4922: 4917: 4916: 4912: 4902: 4900: 4895: 4894: 4887: 4878: 4876: 4870: 4869: 4856: 4812: 4811: 4802: 4793: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4777: 4768: 4766: 4760: 4759: 4750: 4741: 4739: 4731: 4730: 4726: 4716: 4714: 4705: 4704: 4700: 4690: 4688: 4687:. July 16, 2019 4677: 4676: 4672: 4663: 4661: 4653: 4648: 4647: 4632: 4623: 4621: 4611: 4610: 4606: 4597: 4595: 4585: 4584: 4580: 4571: 4569: 4560: 4559: 4550: 4541: 4539: 4530: 4529: 4520: 4510: 4508: 4506:Huffington Post 4499: 4498: 4494: 4485: 4483: 4475: 4470: 4469: 4465: 4453: 4449: 4440: 4438: 4425: 4424: 4420: 4411: 4409: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4386: 4384: 4375: 4374: 4370: 4361: 4359: 4350: 4349: 4345: 4336: 4334: 4325: 4324: 4317: 4308: 4306: 4297: 4296: 4292: 4283: 4281: 4272: 4271: 4262: 4253: 4251: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4228: 4226: 4217: 4216: 4212: 4203: 4201: 4192: 4191: 4187: 4178: 4176: 4168: 4164: 4163: 4159: 4150: 4148: 4139: 4138: 4127: 4120: 4105: 4104: 4100: 4093: 4078: 4077: 4073: 4066: 4051: 4050: 4043: 4036: 4021: 4020: 4016: 4007: 4005: 3996: 3995: 3964: 3951: 3950: 3946: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3921: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3892: 3890: 3880: 3879: 3875: 3845: 3844: 3840: 3833: 3818: 3817: 3813: 3806: 3791: 3790: 3786: 3777: 3775: 3767: 3762: 3761: 3754: 3747: 3732: 3731: 3727: 3718: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3690: 3679: 3678: 3674: 3665: 3661: 3649: 3648: 3644: 3621:(10): 800–804. 3608: 3607: 3603: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3575: 3573: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3550: 3548: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3525: 3523: 3514: 3513: 3509: 3502: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3474: 3472: 3461: 3460: 3453: 3444: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3422: 3420: 3412: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3392: 3390: 3381: 3380: 3373: 3368: 3320: 3258: 3114: 3068: 3039: 3033: 2959:tertiary sector 2916:diversification 2836: 2792: 2717: 2647: 2552:accommodations. 2529: 2490:Afro-futuristic 2464: 2458: 2449: 2443: 2434: 2431: 2422: 2419: 2410: 2407: 2398: 2395: 2386: 2377: 2361: 2333:Alicios Theluji 2329:Rebecca Kabugho 2309:Congolese rumba 2300:cultural center 2292: 2280: 2250: 2248:Limnic eruption 2244: 2237: 2200: 2160: 2159: 2158: 2157: 2149: 2148: 2147: 2138: 2137: 2136: 2127: 2126: 2125: 2114: 2108: 2100: 2096: 2084: 2080: 2052:, which causes 2025: 1997: 1883: 1878: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1420: 1358: 1317:gently towards 1284: 1246: 1236: 1192:street children 1112: 976:Jules Mutebutsi 948: 880: 874: 779:First Congo War 755: 753:First Congo War 749: 747:First Congo War 706:population and 696: 690:First Congo War 686: 650:cité Européenne 583: 434: 386: 125: 123: 119: 116: 111: 108: 106: 104: 103: 97: 96: 95: 94: 88: 87: 86: 85: 81: 60: 41: 31: 24: 21: 12: 11: 5: 7236: 7234: 7226: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7190: 7189: 7183: 7182: 7180: 7179: 7173: 7171: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7097: 7095: 7091: 7090: 7088: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7056: 7054: 7050: 7049: 7046: 7045: 7027: 7025: 7019: 7018: 7000: 6998: 6992: 6991: 6981: 6979: 6969: 6965: 6964: 6954: 6952: 6951: 6944: 6937: 6929: 6920: 6919: 6916: 6913: 6912: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6897: 6888: 6879: 6870: 6861: 6852: 6850:(Haut‑Katanga) 6843: 6834: 6825: 6816: 6807: 6798: 6789: 6780: 6771: 6762: 6753: 6744: 6735: 6726: 6717: 6708: 6699: 6690: 6681: 6671: 6668: 6667: 6657: 6655: 6654: 6647: 6640: 6632: 6626: 6625: 6614: 6599: 6586: 6585:External links 6583: 6580: 6579: 6554: 6528: 6503: 6478: 6453: 6440:Deutsche Welle 6426: 6401: 6389:Africanews.com 6376: 6354: 6332: 6305: 6300:Radiookapi.net 6287: 6281:Radiookapi.net 6267: 6254:Lecongolais.cd 6240: 6199: 6184:"Bon Appetit!" 6174: 6151: 6125: 6099: 6073: 6047: 6028:(2): 178–194. 6011: 5986: 5974:Justicepaix.be 5961: 5933: 5896: 5870: 5840: 5816: 5792: 5767: 5739: 5714: 5688: 5662: 5636: 5610: 5581: 5556: 5531: 5506: 5481: 5455: 5443:www.redcat.org 5427: 5402: 5373: 5348: 5323: 5315:"Killer Lakes" 5307: 5275: 5264:volcano.si.edu 5251: 5226: 5196: 5171: 5146: 5115: 5090: 5062: 5037: 5025: 5013: 5001:Copernicus.org 4984: 4959: 4932: 4910: 4885: 4854: 4825:(2): 933–953. 4800: 4775: 4748: 4724: 4698: 4670: 4658:Riftvalley.net 4630: 4604: 4578: 4548: 4518: 4492: 4480:Riftvalley.net 4463: 4447: 4418: 4393: 4368: 4343: 4315: 4290: 4260: 4235: 4210: 4185: 4157: 4125: 4118: 4098: 4091: 4071: 4064: 4041: 4034: 4014: 3962: 3944: 3926: 3919: 3899: 3887:Foreign Policy 3873: 3838: 3831: 3811: 3804: 3784: 3772:Riftvalley.net 3752: 3745: 3725: 3688: 3672: 3659: 3642: 3601: 3582: 3557: 3532: 3507: 3500: 3481: 3451: 3429: 3417:Riftvalley.net 3400: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3363: 3362: 3357: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3319: 3316: 3315: 3314: 3299: 3291: 3280: 3273: 3270: 3257: 3254: 3225:Road transport 3165:, serviced by 3153:destinations. 3123:, October 2009 3113: 3110: 3109: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3067: 3066:List of mayors 3064: 3063: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3032: 3029: 2835: 2832: 2791: 2788: 2716: 2713: 2646: 2643: 2569:national parks 2528: 2525: 2509:Amani Festival 2505:visual artists 2466: 2465: 2459: 2452: 2450: 2444: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2389: 2387: 2384:Amani Festival 2378: 2371: 2360: 2357: 2353:Patient Ligodi 2349:Benedict Lombe 2291: 2288: 2278: 2267:, experienced 2246:Main article: 2243: 2240: 2235: 2232:sulfur dioxide 2199: 2196: 2151: 2150: 2141: 2140: 2139: 2130: 2129: 2128: 2119: 2118: 2117: 2116: 2115: 2107: 2104: 2093:carbon dioxide 2050:carbon dioxide 2024: 2021: 1996: 1993: 1955: 1954: 1951: 1945: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1932: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1919: 1918: 1910: 1904: 1882: 1879: 1875: 1874: 1871:Weather2Travel 1866: 1865: 1857: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1815:sunshine hours 1810: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1766: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 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