203:
578:
547:
372:
518:
327:
264:
418:
94:
27:
144:
179:
at the rear of the body used to firmly hold females during mating. The complex structure of gonopods is a primary method of distinguishing closely related species of millipede, although the terminology used to describe the same structures may vary between authors. The complex morphology of millipede
198:
Gonopods develop gradually during the growth of an individual. In early developmental stages, all legs are of the walking type, and cannot be used to determine sex. Through successive molts, the walking legs metamorphose into mature gonopods.
903:
218:). A: juvenile with walking legs on segment 7 (asterisk). B: subsequent stage with walking legs replaced by gonopod primordia. C: adult stage with gonopods (colored) in place of walking legs.
77:, and can be used to differentiate and identify closely related species. Gonopods generally occur in one or more pairs, as opposed to the single (un-paired) reproductive organs such as the
163:—containing most orders and the vast majority of species—where they are located on the seventh body segment consisting of leg pairs 8 and/or 9. Males of the subgroup
188:, with some structures serving to scoop out or displace sperm of other males, and others acting to stimulate females into becoming sexually receptive.
159:, gonopods consist of one or two pairs of often highly modified walking legs in mature males, and are primarily found in members of the subgroup
135:). The anterior two pair of pleopods in males are modified for sperm transferring, with differing degree of morphological diversification.
790:
Sierwald, Petra; Bond, Jason E. (2007). "Current Status of the
Myriapod Class Diplopoda (Millipedes): Taxonomic Diversity and Phylogeny".
110:
In insects, gonopods are appendages of the genital segment that may be used in insemination, or that comprise the egg-laying apparatus.
202:
872:
732:
705:
792:
577:
1013:
546:
517:
326:
842:
294:
31:
371:
1018:
958:"Structural aspects of leg-to-gonopod metamorphosis in male helminthomorph millipedes (Diplopoda)"
263:
772:
668:
103:
58:
417:
695:
93:
989:
935:
809:
728:
722:
701:
298:
181:
74:
26:
979:
969:
925:
915:
850:
801:
764:
522:
185:
19:
This article is about the modified limbs of arthropods. For the modified fins of fish, see
805:
533:
484:
191:
Millipede gonopods do not produce sperm directly, but rather gather sperm produced from a
160:
119:
82:
880:
846:
984:
957:
930:
868:
591:
502:
340:
290:
172:
297:
LP9 sperm-transferring, LP10 reduced, and both LP10 and LP11 with coxal gland; in the
1007:
830:
750:"Phylogenetic Trends in Sperm Transfer and Storage Complexity in Decapod Crustaceans"
278:
73:. Gonopods may be highly decorated with elaborate structures which may play roles in
70:
143:
551:
467:
385:
268:
168:
749:
609:
562:
449:
403:
302:
248:
215:
62:
658:
432:
422:
164:
128:
66:
53:
used in reproduction or egg-laying. In males, they facilitate the transfer of
20:
956:
Drago, Leandro; Fusco, Giuseppe; Garollo, Elena; Minelli, Alessandro (2011).
920:
312:
289:
Gonopods and other accessory mating legs vary within the four suborders: In
156:
50:
46:
993:
974:
939:
813:
293:
LP9 sperm-transferring, LP10 is reduced, and LP11 possess coxal glands; in
673:
192:
125:
78:
305:, LP8 sperm-transferring, LP9 modified, LP10 and LP11 with coxal glands
854:
776:
664:
132:
356:
211:
768:
727:. Pitam Pura, New Delhi: New India Publishing Agency. p. 183.
576:
545:
516:
416:
370:
325:
262:
201:
54:
25:
904:"A review of the Western Australian keeled millipede genus
57:
from male to female during mating, and thus are a type of
573:
LP9 sperm-transferring, LP8 fused into single structure.
175:) lack gonopods but possess enlarged appendages known as
322:
Not involved with sperm transfer, only clasping females
661:, a modified fin for sperm transfer found in some fish
151:
species (Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae) from
Tanzania
676:, appendages of arachnids involved in sperm-transfer
700:(2nd ed.). Dordrecht: Springer. p. 1633.
951:
949:
16:Specialized reproductive appendages in arthropods
38:). Scale bar: 0.2 mm or approximately 1/127 in
131:, gonopods are modified swimming appendages (
8:
908:(Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae)"
825:
823:
221:
983:
973:
929:
919:
667:, pelvic fins modified for copulation in
142:
92:
686:
645:not necessarily representative of order
629:
195:on the base of the third body segment.
902:Car, Catherine; Harvey, Mark (2013).
806:10.1146/annurev.ento.52.111805.090210
526:, arrow pointing to anterior gonopods
7:
724:Illustrated Dictionary of Entomology
620:LP8 sperm-transferring; LP9 reduced
378:right anterior (1) and posterior (2)
584:anterior (A) and left posterior (B)
333:walking legs (A, B) and telopod (C)
513:leg-like; LP 9 sperm-transferring
495:leg-like, LP 9 sperm-transferring
460:leg-like; LP 9 sperm-transferring
396:Leg-like; LP 9 sperm-transferring
14:
877:External Anatomy of Polydesmida
694:Capinera, John L., ed. (2008).
1:
757:Journal of Crustacean Biology
793:Annual Review of Entomology
101:) on the male genitalia of
30:One of two gonopods of the
1035:
748:Bauer, Raymond T. (1986).
697:Encyclopedia of Entomology
180:gonopods may be driven by
117:
18:
921:10.3897/zookeys.290.5114
331:Glomeris troglokabyliana
147:Gonopod diversity in 20
71:walking or swimming legs
69:, gonopods are modified
602:LP8 sperm-transferring
582:Aphistogoniulus jeekeli
442:Indirect fertilization
376:Ommatoiulus chambiensis
367:LP9 sperm-transferring
206:Gonopod development in
975:10.1186/1742-9994-8-19
585:
556:
527:
426:
379:
334:
272:
219:
171:(pill millipedes) and
152:
107:
39:
833:(1999). "Millipeds".
580:
552:Sphaeromimus vatovavy
549:
520:
420:
374:
329:
269:Sinocallipus steineri
266:
233:Leg pair(s) modified!
205:
146:
96:
29:
962:Frontiers in Zoology
721:Nath, Paras (2007).
423:Desmoxytes lingulata
295:Heterochordeumatidea
167:(which includes the
32:greenhouse millipede
847:1999AmSci..87..232S
228:Number of pairs of
83:penis of harvestmen
855:10.1511/1999.3.232
835:American Scientist
669:cartilaginous fish
636:counting from head
586:
557:
555:posterior telopods
528:
427:
380:
335:
273:
220:
184:or other forms of
153:
108:
104:Corydalus cornutus
81:of insects or the
59:intromittent organ
40:
1014:Arthropod anatomy
831:Shear, William A.
626:
625:
299:Craspedosomatidea
240:
230:gonopods/telopods
182:sperm competition
97:Paired gonopods (
75:sperm competition
1026:
998:
997:
987:
977:
953:
944:
943:
933:
923:
899:
893:
892:
890:
888:
879:. Archived from
865:
859:
858:
827:
818:
817:
787:
781:
780:
754:
745:
739:
738:
718:
712:
711:
691:
646:
643:
637:
634:
523:Illacme plenipes
238:
222:
208:Nopoiulus kochii
186:sexual selection
45:are specialized
1034:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1004:
1003:
1002:
1001:
955:
954:
947:
901:
900:
896:
886:
884:
869:Mesibov, Robert
867:
866:
862:
829:
828:
821:
789:
788:
784:
769:10.2307/1548173
752:
747:
746:
742:
735:
720:
719:
715:
708:
693:
692:
688:
683:
655:
650:
649:
644:
640:
635:
631:
534:Sphaerotheriida
510:9th & 10th
492:9th & 10th
485:Siphonocryptida
457:9th & 10th
393:9th & 10th
259:LP9 is reduced
237:
229:
161:Helminthomorpha
141:
122:
120:Decapod anatomy
116:
91:
36:Oxidus gracilis
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1032:
1030:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1006:
1005:
1000:
999:
945:
894:
883:on 9 July 2017
860:
841:(3): 232–240.
819:
800:(1): 401–420.
782:
763:(3): 313–325.
740:
733:
713:
706:
685:
684:
682:
679:
678:
677:
671:
662:
654:
651:
648:
647:
638:
628:
627:
624:
623:
621:
618:
615:
612:
606:
605:
603:
600:
599:8th & 9th
597:
594:
592:Spirostreptida
588:
587:
574:
571:
570:8th & 9th
568:
565:
559:
558:
543:
541:
539:
536:
530:
529:
514:
511:
508:
505:
503:Siphonophorida
499:
498:
496:
493:
490:
487:
481:
480:
478:
476:
473:
470:
464:
463:
461:
458:
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429:
428:
414:
412:
409:
406:
400:
399:
397:
394:
391:
388:
382:
381:
368:
365:
364:8th & 9th
362:
359:
353:
352:
350:
348:
346:
343:
341:Glomeridesmida
337:
336:
323:
320:
318:
315:
309:
308:
306:
291:Chordeumatidea
287:
286:8th & 9th
284:
281:
275:
274:
260:
257:
254:
251:
245:
244:
241:
239:LP = Leg pair
234:
231:
226:
173:Glomeridesmida
140:
137:
118:Main article:
115:
112:
90:
87:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1031:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1009:
995:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
967:
963:
959:
952:
950:
946:
941:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
914:(290): 1–19.
913:
909:
907:
906:Boreohesperus
898:
895:
882:
878:
874:
870:
864:
861:
856:
852:
848:
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836:
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736:
734:9788189422561
730:
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709:
707:9781402062421
703:
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589:
583:
579:
575:
572:
569:
566:
564:
561:
560:
554:
553:
548:
544:
542:
540:
538:2 (telopods)
537:
535:
532:
531:
525:
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519:
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512:
509:
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500:
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377:
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349:
347:
345:1 (telopods)
344:
342:
339:
338:
332:
328:
324:
321:
319:
317:2 (telopods)
316:
314:
311:
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296:
292:
288:
285:
282:
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279:Chordeumatida
277:
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56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
33:
28:
22:
965:
961:
911:
905:
897:
885:. Retrieved
881:the original
876:
863:
838:
834:
797:
791:
785:
760:
756:
743:
723:
716:
696:
689:
641:
632:
581:
550:
521:
468:Siphoniulida
421:
386:Platydesmida
375:
330:
267:
207:
197:
190:
176:
169:Oniscomorpha
154:
148:
123:
109:
102:
98:
42:
41:
35:
610:Stemmiulida
563:Spirobolida
450:Polyzoniida
404:Polydesmida
303:Striariidea
249:Callipodida
216:Blaniulidae
149:Chaleponcus
129:crustaceans
114:Crustaceans
63:crustaceans
49:of various
1019:Sex organs
1008:Categories
887:27 October
873:"Gonopods"
681:References
659:Gonopodium
433:Polyxenida
165:Pentazonia
157:millipedes
139:Millipedes
67:millipedes
51:arthropods
47:appendages
21:Gonopodium
968:(1): 19.
674:Pedipalps
313:Glomerida
994:21859471
940:23794855
814:17163800
665:Claspers
653:See also
193:gonopore
177:telopods
133:pleopods
124:In male
79:aedeagus
43:Gonopods
985:3170261
931:3677291
912:ZooKeys
843:Bibcode
777:1548173
126:decapod
89:Insects
992:
982:
938:
928:
812:
775:
731:
704:
357:Julida
243:Image
212:Julida
773:JSTOR
753:(PDF)
236:Notes
225:Order
61:. In
55:sperm
990:PMID
936:PMID
889:2013
810:PMID
729:ISBN
702:ISBN
617:8th
475:8th
411:8th
301:and
256:8th
65:and
980:PMC
970:doi
926:PMC
916:doi
851:doi
802:doi
765:doi
155:In
1010::
988:.
978:.
964:.
960:.
948:^
934:.
924:.
910:.
875:.
871:.
849:.
839:87
837:.
822:^
808:.
798:52
796:.
771:.
759:.
755:.
614:1
596:2
567:2
507:2
489:2
472:1
454:2
437:0
408:1
390:2
361:2
283:2
253:1
214:,
85:.
996:.
972::
966:8
942:.
918::
891:.
857:.
853::
845::
816:.
804::
779:.
767::
761:6
737:.
710:.
210:(
99:g
34:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
