362:
abundance). Off
California there were no specimens of any age recorded during the day at depth of less than 300m, and 90% of specimens collected during daylight were from 400 to 700m. By contrast, specimens occurred mainly at 100 to 500m, principally 300 to 400m at night. Smaller animals undertook the diel migration to the surface layers earlier than the larger ones. They also returned to depths sooner, possibly a behavioural adaptation to avoid the larger
85:
60:
33:
249:. The muscular arms are 40-45% of the mantle length and some are longer than others, arms III have well developed aboral keels. Arms I to III have 2 middle series of hooks and 2 marginal series of suckers; arm IV has no hooks and four series of suckers. The development of hooks on the arms does not occur until the animal reaches a mantle length of 35 to 45 mm. There is no
467:). The meat of this species is said to be highly palatable, and as it is an abundant species it is thought to have a high potential to support fisheries. However, it is the principal prey for many of valuable species of fish, and this ecological role is perhaps more important to local fisheries than any development of a fishery to target this species.
265:
which has four longitudinal nuchal folds of skin on either side of it. The muscular mantle is cylindrical and tapers to a blunt posterior. The muscular fins are short (40 to 45% of the mantle length), wide (65 to 80% of mantle length) and rhomboid in shape. There is no tail. The skin on the mantle is
500:
In the
Asiatic part of its range, two distinct populations are found, a more northerly population which matures at less than 180mm mantle length, and a more southern population found south of latitude 45°N to 47°N, which reached sexual maturity at larger than 220mm mantle length. The two populations
361:
habit at 200 to 1 375m, but it is most numerous in the midwater realm, with maximum abundance occurring at 300 to 500m, while only a few single specimens are caught below 1000 m (probably having been caught at much shallower depths while the open nets were retrieved through their zone of most
236:
is a medium-sized squid. There are three morphs: large bodied, slender bodied and small bodied; these may be separate taxa, but this needs more research. The main characteristics which distinguish this species from closely related species are that it has transverse rows of seven teeth on its
344:
zone, even reaching into the bathypelagic zone. It undertakes a diel vertical migration, moving up the water column at night, and for forming very large aggregations between the Spring and the early autumn, especially in both the eastern and western parts of its range. The abundance of
281:
on the dorsal part of the head. This consists of three transverse rows of chromatophores with a single chromatophore in the front row, two in the middle row and three in the rear row. They also have 6-10 chromatophores in the dorsal surface of the mantle.
442:
is an abundant species. In the Sea of Ohotsk in the summer months there is estimated to be a biomass of this species ranging from 278,000 tonnes to 500,000 tonnes, with estimates of 209,000 tonnes in the western Bering Sea, 285,000 tonnes off the western
225:. It is an abundant species which is currently caught mainly as a bycatch by fishing boats targeting other quarry. It is an important prey species for many commercially important species of fish, as well as for marine mammals.
340:
is an oceanic speciesand it is one of the most widely distributed and abundant species of the family
Gonatidae. It can be found in cold temperate waters, where it can occur from the surface to the
775:
827:
907:
749:
788:
541:
917:
840:
673:
658:
Cephalopods of the World an
Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Cephalopod Species Known to Date Volume 2 Myopsid and Oegopsid Squids
665:
293:
is found in the North
Pacific Ocean, where its range extends from northern Japan at a latitude of roughly 37°N to 40°N through the
349:
is indicated by it accounting for up to 68% of squid catches in the
Okhotsk Sea during the summer months. G. borealis is found in
879:
581:
793:
723:
84:
832:
586:
262:
630:
691:
381:, as well as fishes and other squid. They live for at least a year. Their predators include fish such as
728:
399:
270:. Mature males grow to a mantle length of 270mm ML while mature females reach mantle lengths of 330mm.
179:
884:
493:. Subsequently, this has been treated by some authorities as a separate genus. The generic status of
572:
819:
49:
555:
532:
497:
is yet to resolved, as is the taxonomic status of the three size morphs which have been recorded.
912:
871:
451:. The large morph of this species form the major part of any catch. It is caught as bycatch with
79:
780:
853:
736:
669:
460:
858:
806:
618:
550:
302:
246:
219:
386:
314:
622:
528:
420:
318:
306:
278:
242:
901:
801:
448:
195:
69:
64:
741:
354:
250:
32:
656:
43:
museum specimen from
National Chung Hsing University, Department of Life Science
866:
814:
762:
456:
428:
424:
363:
341:
294:
714:
366:
adults. This species preys on a diverse variety of pelagic crustaceans such as
367:
350:
310:
298:
274:
267:
156:
126:
483:
444:
374:
258:
254:
222:
146:
136:
96:
708:
502:
487:
412:
408:
394:
382:
378:
371:
322:
116:
754:
452:
416:
390:
358:
326:
767:
238:
106:
685:
215:
845:
245:
which have four rows of suckers near their tips, and a muscular
689:
482:
in having seven rather than five rows of teeth on the radula.
266:
dark reddish or purplish brown in colour and there are no
309:, south along the western coast of North America to
218:
from the North
Pacific Ocean. It is a member of the
698:
447:coast, and 100,000 tonnes in waters around the
556:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T162930A954587.en
8:
397:and grenadiers, as well as the larger squid
357:depths from the surface to 1500m. It has a
325:, some 15–30 miles (24–48 km) east of
686:
58:
31:
20:
554:
478:differs from other members of the genus
459:which are set to take salmonids and the
455:, and substantial numbers are caught in
542:The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
514:
522:
520:
518:
486:proposed that it be placed in its own
655:P. Jereb; C.F.E. Roper, eds. (2010).
650:
648:
646:
644:
642:
640:
613:
611:
609:
607:
605:
603:
505:in the waters off the Kuril Islands.
7:
407:. Other predators include seabirds,
277:are distinguished by the pattern of
908:IUCN Red List least concern species
261:stage. They have large eyes and a
14:
666:Food and Agriculture Organization
582:World Register of Marine Species
83:
1:
918:Cephalopods described in 1923
561:Downloaded on 05 March 2018.
241:, rather short blunt-tipped
317:at a latitude of 20°N. The
934:
212:Boreopacific armhook squid
587:Flanders Marine Institute
185:
178:
80:Scientific classification
78:
56:
47:
39:
30:
23:
668:Rome. pp. 215–216.
631:Tree of Life Web Project
465:Ommastrephes bartramii
400:Berryteuthis magister
571:Julian Finn (2016).
549:: e.T162930A954587.
700:Gonatopsis borealis
625:Gonatopsis borealis
575:Gonatopsis borealis
535:Gonatopsis borealis
476:Gonatopsis borealis
440:Gonatopsis borealis
338:Gonatopsis borealis
333:Habitat and biology
291:Gonatopsis borealis
234:Gonatopsis borealis
207:Gonatopsis borealis
189:Gonatopsis borealis
50:Conservation status
41:Gonatopsis borealis
25:Gonatopsis borealis
527:Barratt, I. &
403:and cannibalistic
353:, mesopelagic and
214:, is a species of
895:
894:
854:Open Tree of Life
692:Taxon identifiers
675:978-92-5-106720-8
461:neon flying squid
253:. The lose their
203:
202:
73:
925:
888:
887:
875:
874:
862:
861:
849:
848:
836:
835:
823:
822:
810:
809:
797:
796:
784:
783:
771:
770:
758:
757:
745:
744:
732:
731:
719:
718:
717:
687:
680:
679:
663:
652:
635:
634:
619:Tsunemi Kubodera
615:
598:
597:
595:
593:
568:
562:
560:
558:
524:
313:, even reaching
303:Aleutian Islands
191:
171:G. borealis
88:
87:
67:
62:
61:
35:
21:
16:Species of squid
933:
932:
928:
927:
926:
924:
923:
922:
898:
897:
896:
891:
883:
878:
870:
865:
857:
852:
844:
839:
831:
826:
818:
813:
805:
800:
792:
787:
779:
774:
766:
761:
753:
748:
740:
735:
727:
722:
713:
712:
707:
694:
684:
683:
676:
661:
654:
653:
638:
617:
616:
601:
591:
589:
570:
569:
565:
526:
525:
516:
511:
473:
437:
387:walleye Pollock
335:
315:Baja California
288:
231:
199:
193:
187:
174:
82:
74:
63:
59:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
931:
929:
921:
920:
915:
910:
900:
899:
893:
892:
890:
889:
876:
863:
850:
837:
824:
811:
798:
785:
772:
759:
746:
733:
720:
704:
702:
696:
695:
690:
682:
681:
674:
636:
599:
563:
513:
512:
510:
507:
472:
469:
457:drift gillnets
436:
433:
421:toothed whales
334:
331:
321:was taken off
307:Gulf of Alaska
301:all along the
287:
284:
279:chromatophores
230:
227:
201:
200:
194:
183:
182:
176:
175:
168:
166:
162:
161:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
76:
75:
57:
54:
53:
48:
45:
44:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
930:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
905:
903:
886:
881:
877:
873:
868:
864:
860:
855:
851:
847:
842:
838:
834:
829:
825:
821:
816:
812:
808:
803:
799:
795:
790:
786:
782:
777:
773:
769:
764:
760:
756:
751:
747:
743:
738:
734:
730:
725:
721:
716:
710:
706:
705:
703:
701:
697:
693:
688:
677:
671:
667:
660:
659:
651:
649:
647:
645:
643:
641:
637:
632:
628:
627:Sasaki, 1923"
626:
620:
614:
612:
610:
608:
606:
604:
600:
588:
584:
583:
578:
577:Sasaki, 1923"
576:
567:
564:
557:
552:
548:
544:
543:
538:
536:
530:
523:
521:
519:
515:
508:
506:
504:
503:sympatrically
498:
496:
492:
489:
485:
481:
477:
470:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
449:Kuril Islands
446:
441:
434:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
401:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
373:
369:
365:
364:cannibalistic
360:
356:
352:
348:
343:
339:
332:
330:
328:
324:
320:
319:type specimen
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
285:
283:
280:
276:
271:
269:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
235:
228:
226:
224:
221:
217:
213:
209:
208:
197:
192:
190:
184:
181:
180:Binomial name
177:
173:
172:
167:
164:
163:
160:
159:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
86:
81:
77:
71:
66:
65:Least Concern
55:
51:
46:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
699:
657:
624:
590:. Retrieved
580:
574:
566:
546:
540:
534:
499:
494:
491:Boreoteuthis
490:
479:
475:
474:
464:
439:
438:
429:pilot whales
404:
398:
355:bathypelagic
346:
337:
336:
290:
289:
286:Distribution
272:
263:nuchal crest
251:hectocotylus
233:
232:
211:
206:
205:
204:
188:
186:
170:
169:
157:
40:
24:
18:
867:SeaLifeBase
815:NatureServe
763:iNaturalist
529:Allcock, L.
495:G. borealis
425:sperm whale
405:G. borealis
368:euphausiids
347:G. borealis
342:mesopelagic
295:Okhotsk Sea
268:photophores
229:Description
127:Cephalopoda
902:Categories
509:References
501:are found
480:Gonatopsis
423:, such as
351:epipelagic
311:California
299:Bering Sea
275:paralarvae
158:Gonatopsis
913:Gonatidae
820:2.1130697
484:Kir Nesis
445:Kamchatka
435:Fisheries
413:sea lions
383:salmonids
375:amphipods
305:into the
259:paralarva
255:tentacles
223:Gonatidae
165:Species:
147:Gonatidae
137:Oegopsida
103:Kingdom:
97:Eukaryota
781:10241113
715:Q4370204
709:Wikidata
621:(2015).
531:(2014).
488:subgenus
471:Taxonomy
417:dolphins
395:albacore
379:copepods
372:hyperiid
323:Hokkaido
143:Family:
117:Mollusca
113:Phylum:
107:Animalia
93:Domain:
70:IUCN 3.1
859:1037311
755:2290049
592:5 March
391:pomfret
359:benthic
327:Kushiro
257:at the
153:Genus:
133:Order:
123:Class:
68: (
885:342326
846:342326
807:162930
768:432422
672:
247:mantle
239:radula
220:family
210:, the
198:, 1923
196:Sasaki
880:WoRMS
872:57426
833:93049
794:82417
776:IRMNG
742:6KP6T
729:25505
662:(PDF)
409:seals
216:squid
841:OBIS
828:NCBI
802:IUCN
789:ITIS
750:GBIF
724:BOLD
670:ISBN
594:2018
547:2014
453:jigs
427:and
419:and
377:and
273:The
243:arms
737:CoL
551:doi
904::
882::
869::
856::
843::
830::
817::
804::
791::
778::
765::
752::
739::
726::
711::
664:.
639:^
629:.
602:^
585:.
579:.
545:.
539:.
517:^
431:.
415:,
411:,
393:,
389:,
385:,
370:,
329:.
297:,
678:.
633:.
623:"
596:.
573:"
559:.
553::
537:"
533:"
463:(
72:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
