40:
31:
290:
black to dark coloured is “unspecialised” being relatively short and straight; while the irises are brown and tarsus black. The tail is forked with the central pair of feathers bronze-green while the other tail feathers have chestnut edges and bronze-green tips. Undertail coverts are a deep fawn colour and wings are purplish-brown. It is noted that there is some variation in plumage for this species, but these differences do not relate to location and is minimal when considering the wide range.
101:
236:
59:
301:
the male but are somewhat duller coloured and have a green crown. They have a slightly larger bill than the male (with a Lovich-Gibbons ratio of 0.030). The chin feathers have buff tips and the throat is greyish with green discs. Females also feature a malar stripe (from the base of the bill towards the neck) which is buff to chestnut coloured.
386:
There have been several incidents of range expansion since the species was first described. Gould suggested the range was probably east of the Andes in
Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil (in Zimmer). The Venezuelan population was first encountered in 1941. At this time, the southern boundary was considered to
300:
Males have shining grass green upperparts with the sides of the neck and lower throat glittering golden green bordered by a distinctive orange/rufous breast band. The chin, lores and upper throat are velvety black while the rest of the underparts are shining green. Females appear generally similar to
402:
is typically found in the understorey of lowland humid tropical forests, particularly near streams, and only rarely at forest edges. In Brazil it has been observed in tall forest impacted by logging, seen feeding at flowers in the canopy of “a small patch of semi-deciduous forest surrounded by terra
382:
is not known, but considered unusual since the other members of the genus have very narrow or restricted ranges, often at higher elevations in the Andes. It is widely distributed at elevations from 250m to 1150m and has been reported at elevations as high as 1450m. The northern boundary of the range
289:
ranges in size from 11 to 12 cm, with an average weight of about 6.2g. This is a sexually dimorphic species with minor differences in plumage and bill lengths between sexes. Both sexes have a narrow frontlet of glittering purplish-blue which is underdeveloped in immature individuals. The bill,
435:
sp. in Brazil. 53% of specimens examined in 1986 had traces of arthropods in the gut. While typically a generalist understorey species, they have been observed feeding from flowers in tall trees; and visiting feeding stations in
Ecuador, where they showed some aggression towards other birds in the
448:
Very little is known of the reproductive biology. Breeding is thought to occur between June and
September with a clutch of two eggs incubated by the female. Two descriptions of female specimens indicate their gonads are well developed in February and April; but a single male specimen obtained in
460:
is classified as Least
Concern by the IUCN. There are suggestions the species is in decline but not at a rate which warrants classification as endangered. Numerous studies indicate the species is present but uncommon, with many long term studies only producing small numbers of observations (E.G.
383:
is in southern
Venezuela, which continues south through central Ecuador and Peru. The southern boundary is located in Bolivia. It occupies a large area of north-western Brazil where the eastern boundary of the range is found in the State of Para.
1171:
Beja, P.; Santos, C.D.; Santana, J.; Pereira, M.J.; Marques, J.T.; Queiroz, H.L.; Palmeirim, J.M. (2010). "Seasonal patterns of spatial variation in understory bird assemblages across a mosaic of flooded and unflooded
Amazonian forests".
410:
was found only in old secondary growth and never in young secondary growth or undisturbed understory; but was observed in primary forest in a later survey. It has been found both in mature floodplain forest and terra firme in Peru.
1124:
Lees, A.C.; Zimmer, K.J.; Marantz, C.A.; Whittaker, A.; Davis, B.J.W.; Whitney, B.M. (2013). "Alta
Floresta revisited: an updated review of the avifauna of the most intensively surveyed locality in south-central Amazonia".
403:
firme”. Cotton observed it in both varzea forest and terra firme but not in riverine vegetation. Another
Brazilian study found them in terra firme in both the wet and dry seasons but in várzea only during the dry season.
699:
Willard, D.E.; Foster, M.S.; Barrowclough, G.F.; Dickerman, R.W.; Cannell, P.F.; Coats, S.L.; Cracraft, J.L.; O'Neill, J.P. (1991). "The birds of Cerro de la
Neblina, Territorio Federal Amazonas, Venezuela".
293:
Specimens examined by Peter Cotton had an average wing length of 60.5mm and exposed culmen length of 18.5mm. Gould's original specimen had a bill of 2.5 cm and tail length of 31.75mm. The average
440:
was not generally territorial but they were omitted from the analysis of food plant use due to there being too few observations, with only three specimens netted in a two-year survey.
461:
Cotton 1998, Lees et al., 2013) A density of 1 individual per 100 hectares was determined in Peru when only one individual was observed in a 100Ha study site in a three-month survey.
1207:
Andrade, G.I.; Rubio-Torgler, H. (1994). "Sustainable Use of the
Tropical Rain Forest: Evidence from the Avifauna in a Shifting-Cultivation Habitat Mosaic in the Colombian Amazon".
941:
Weller, A.A.; Renner, S.C. (2001). "A new subspecies of Heliodoxa xanthogonys (Aves, Trochilidae) from the southern Pantepui highlands, with biogeographical and taxonomic notes".
724:
Zimmer, J.T. (1951). "Studies of Peruvian birds. No. 60. The genera Heliodoxa, Phlogophilus, Urosticte, Polyplancta, Adelomyia, Coeligena, Ensifera, Oreotrochilus, and Topaza".
423:
is primarily nectarivous supplementing the diet with small arthropods hawked from the air. Little is known about the specific diet but they have been observed feeding on
661:
Feinsinger, P.; Colwell, R.K.; Terborgh, J.; Chaplin, S.B. (1979). "Elevation and the Morphology, Flight Energetics, and Foraging Ecology of Tropical Hummingbirds".
1505:
1544:
1624:
1317:
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265:. It is found in tropical and equatorial South America. This is an uncommon species with an unusually large range compared to the other members of
1634:
1518:
1237:
Terborgh, J.; Robinson, S.K.; Parker, T.A.; Munn, C.A.; Pierpont, N. (1990). "Structure and Organization of an Amazonian Forest Bird Community".
852:
Berns, C.M.; Adams, D.C. (2013). "Becoming Different But Staying Alike: Patterns of Sexual Size and Shape Dimorphism in Bills of Hummingbirds".
1272:
Svensson, O. (2014). "Does small-scale land use affect the understory birds negative in the Peruvian National Reserve Allpahuayo Mishana?".
391:
was detected in Bolivia in 1984 and in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso in 2004. Otherwise the species is considered sedentary.
39:
1639:
990:
Salaman, P.G.W.; Donegan, T.M.; Cuervo, A.M. (1999). "Ornithological surveys in Serrania de 10s Churumbelos, southern Colombia".
887:
Gerwin, J.A.; Zink, R.A. (1989). "Phylogenetic Patterns in the Genus Heliodoxa (Aves: Trochilidae): An Allozymic Perspective".
1523:
906:
McGuire, J.A.; Witt, C.C.; Remsen, J.V.Jr.; Dudley, R.; Altshuler, D.L. (2009). "A higher-level taxonomy for hummingbirds".
1009:
1644:
1430:
1549:
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Remsen, J.V.Jr.; Stiles, F.G.; Scott, P.E. (1986). "Frequency of Arthropods in Stomachs of Tropical Hummingbirds".
100:
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1012:; Stotz, D.F.; Pequeño, T.; Fitzpatrick, J.W. (2006). Patterson, E.D.; Stotz, D.F.; Solari, S. (eds.).
1346:
505:
1409:
1309:
48:
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354:; a finding confirmed by subsequent research. These studies indicate it is closely related to the
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330:, however this was challenged as early as 1951 by Zimmer who suggested that it belonged in
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1144:
Johns, A.D. (1991). "Responses of Amazonian Rain Forest Birds to Habitat Modification".
482:
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Cotton, P.A. (1998). "The hummingbird community of a lowland Amazonian rainforest".
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area. An extensive study on feeding guilds in Brazilian hummingbirds indicated that
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Cotton, P.A. (1998). "Coevolution in an Amazonian hummingbird-plant community".
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346:. Due to the absence of any synapomorphies in either grouping, it remained in
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of the genome is 1.1135pg based on four specimens ranging from 1.045-1.162pg.
275:
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Gould, John (1846). "On twenty new species of Trochilidae or humming birds".
702:
Fieldiana- Journal of the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois
314:
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until 1989 when morphological data indicated the species is embedded in
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The common name commemorates the English ornithologist and bird artist
1347:
Gould's description in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
122:
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1471:
1351:
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805:"Metabolic 'engines' of flight drive genome size reduction in birds"
1048:"Flowers and Feeders: A Comparison of Hummingbird Feeding Activity"
674:
595:
Whose Bird? Men and Women Commemorated in the Common Names of Birds
1583:
1466:
1077:
Schuchman, K.L. (1984). "Two hummingbird species new to Bolivia".
85:
79:
613:
Gilliard, E. (1941). "The birds of Mt. Auyan-Tepui, Venezuela".
142:
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Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
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334:. Some ornithologists thought it to be closely related to the
1030:
10.3158/0015-0754(2006)110[1:mabotm]2.0.co;2
1014:"Mammals and Birds of the Manu Biosphere Reserve, Peru"
1052:
Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. Paper 542
578:
del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A.; Sargatal, J., eds. (1999).
1364:
1342:Cornell Ornithology Lab's Neotropical Birds Portal
1096:Bond, J. (1954). "Notes on Peruvian Trochilidae".
985:
983:
506:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22687731A93166380.en
1332:Lynx Edicions Handbook to the Birds of the World
803:Wright, N.A.; Gregory, T.R.; Witt, C.C. (2014).
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318:(the “Brilliants”). It was first described by
597:. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 145–146.
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326:. It was later placed in the monotypic genus
8:
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580:Handbook of the birds of the world. Volume 5
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962:"Gould's Jewelfront (Heliodoxa aurescens)"
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582:. Barcelona: Lynx edicions. p. 615.
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593:Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael (2003).
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312:is one of nine species in the genus
1625:IUCN Red List least concern species
1221:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08020545.x
492:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
790:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1998.tb04709.x
760:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1998.tb04613.x
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406:In a one-year survey in Columbia
943:Brazilian Journal of Ornithology
99:
481:BirdLife International (2016).
1635:Birds of the Amazon rainforest
1:
449:February had “small” gonads.
342:) and sometimes placed it in
968:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology
1146:Journal of Tropical Ecology
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378:The exact distribution of
1186:10.1007/s10531-009-9711-6
1158:10.1017/s0266467400005812
920:10.1007/s10336-008-0330-x
866:10.1007/s11692-012-9206-3
726:American Museum Novitates
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96:Scientific classification
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1327:Xeno-Canto audio samples
966:Neotropical Birds Online
499:: e.T22687731A93166380.
419:Like most hummingbirds,
387:be La Pampa in Peru but
356:Black-throated brilliant
305:Systematics and taxonomy
1640:Birds described in 1846
663:The American Naturalist
364:Velvet-browed brilliant
1337:Birdlife International
1276:. Halmstad University.
821:10.1098/rspb.2013.2780
1239:Ecological Monographs
1079:Bull. Brit. Orn. Club
641:Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond
322:in 1846 who named it
1209:Conservation Biology
615:Bull Am Mus Nat Hist
528:"Appendices | CITES"
340:Heliodoxa rubricauda
257:) is a medium-sized
1645:Birds of the Tepuis
1602:Heliodoxa-aurescens
1396:Heliodoxa aurescens
1366:Heliodoxa aurescens
1046:McHugh, C. (2008).
889:The Wilson Bulletin
485:Heliodoxa aurescens
453:Conservation status
324:Trochilus aurescens
310:Heliodoxa aurescens
254:Heliodoxa aurescens
218:Heliodoxa aurescens
49:Conservation status
24:Gould's jewelfront
1320:2016-03-11 at the
1018:Fieldiana: Zoology
960:Schulenberg, T.S.
815:(1779): 20132780.
245:Gould's jewelfront
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1571:Open Tree of Life
1358:Taxon identifiers
1315:Catalogue of Life
1174:Biodivers Conserv
429:Bromelia balansae
249:Gould's brilliant
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1558:Neotropical
1493:iNaturalist
1390:Wikispecies
1180:: 129–152.
1127:Bull. B.O.C
914:: 155–165.
512:13 November
458:H.aurescens
438:H.aurescens
421:H.aurescens
408:H.aurescens
400:H.aurescens
389:H.aurescens
380:H.aurescens
348:Polyplancta
328:Polyplancta
287:H.aurescens
282:Description
263:Trochilidae
259:hummingbird
176:Trochilidae
166:Apodiformes
82:Appendix II
1619:Categories
1597:Xeno-canto
1295:: 436–441.
1133:: 178–239.
1104:: 165–183.
1010:Walker, B.
908:J Ornithol
537:2022-01-14
465:References
425:Bromeliads
344:Clytolaema
320:John Gould
276:John Gould
1630:Heliodoxa
1085:(1): 5–7.
1024:: 23–49.
854:Evol Biol
532:cites.org
352:Heliodoxa
332:Heliodoxa
315:Heliodoxa
268:Heliodoxa
194:Species:
187:Heliodoxa
156:Strisores
119:Kingdom:
113:Eukaryota
1584:Species+
1537:22687731
1511:10213472
1423:22687731
1418:BirdLife
1381:Q1035118
1375:Wikidata
1318:Archived
1194:42013055
1057:27 April
998:: 29–39.
972:27 April
839:24478299
683:85317341
647:: 85–90.
427:such as
172:Family:
133:Chordata
129:Phylum:
123:Animalia
109:Domain:
69:IUCN 3.1
1576:1046934
1563:goujew1
1485:2476943
1472:goujew1
1446:goujew1
1405:Avibase
1310:Avibase
1259:1943045
992:Cotinga
928:1918245
830:3924074
395:Habitat
295:c-value
228:, 1846)
182:Genus:
162:Order:
139:Class:
84: (
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1550:472824
1524:555203
1257:
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874:276492
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433:Costus
1506:IRMNG
1467:eBird
1459:3KB7P
1443:BOW:
1436:95468
1255:JSTOR
1190:S2CID
924:S2CID
870:S2CID
679:S2CID
226:Gould
150:Clade
86:CITES
80:CITES
1589:6134
1545:NCBI
1532:IUCN
1519:ITIS
1498:5920
1480:GBIF
1431:BOLD
1059:2015
974:2015
835:PMID
778:Ibis
748:Ibis
514:2021
497:2016
431:and
415:Diet
143:Aves
1454:CoL
1293:103
1289:Auk
1247:doi
1217:doi
1182:doi
1154:doi
1131:133
1102:106
1083:104
1026:doi
1022:110
916:doi
912:150
893:101
862:doi
825:PMC
817:doi
813:281
786:doi
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