Knowledge (XXG)

Politics of Bhutan

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in 1949, Bhutan and India agreed to a ten-article, perpetual treaty which effectively continued the relationship, but with India replacing the United Kingdom. India agreed not to interfere in Bhutan's internal relations, while Bhutan agreed "to be guided by the advice of the Government of India in
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from the accused. If this happens quickly, the sentencing may be lenient. If culpability is obvious but the accused refuses to admit to it, the sentence may be correspondingly severe. Judges may dismiss the case for lack of proof at any time. Recent
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In February 2007, the Indo-Bhutan Friendship Treaty was substantially revised with all references to phrases such as "will be guided" deleted, thus eliminating the last lingering doubts about the sovereign and independent status of Bhutan.
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The criminal justice system is based on trial before a panel of judges, and therefore resembles more the Napoleonic than the British or American adversarial systems. The prosecutor, a government employee, seeks to obtain an
1197: 811:(cabinet). At the time, candidates for the Council of Ministers were elected by the National Assembly for a fixed five-year term and had to be a part of the legislative assembly. The cabinet was headed by the 1011:, the Dzongkhag Courts are the civil and criminal courts of first instance. The High Court is the first court of appeal, and the Supreme Court is the court of final appeal. The Supreme Court also has 644:
and Election Commission. There are also agencies whose members are drawn from more than one branch of government, such as the Judicial Commission. In addition, there are several ministries within the
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Political pressure groups include the Buddhist clergy; ethnic Nepalese organizations leading militant anti-government campaign; Indian merchant community and the exiled United Front for Democracy.
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followed by a national referendum, which must pass by a simple majority in all twenty districts of the country. Prior to 2008, a similar abdication process existed under which the
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The trichotomy of secular government is not absolute. There are many independent commissions, agencies, and institutions that operate outside this general framework, such as the
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included provision for a two-party democratic system that was unveiled after four years of preparation. Previously, the candidates to the cabinet Council of Ministers (
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defines required proof of guilt more closely, providing increased protection against trivial or mistaken charges. Minor criminal offences may be tried by the
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Candidates for most elections and appointments in Bhutan must be non-partisan; however, political parties may slate candidates for seats in the
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regard to its external relations" (Article 2). The treaty also established free trade and full extradition between the two countries.
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over the twenty districts of the nation. Judicial appointments were made by the monarch, and could be recalled by him at any time.
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provides for a government consisting of three main branches – executive, legislative, and judicial – plus the de facto apolitical
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in anticipation of the National Assembly elections in the following year. In 2008, Bhutan adopted its first modern
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Bhutanese external relations and foreign policies were put under British control following the 1910
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in Bhutan at that time was unique in that each family unit, rather than individual, had one vote.
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had 150 members, 106 members elected at various dates for a three-year term in single-seat
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are overseen by the Election Commission, an independent government regulatory agency.
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over Constitutional questions and matters of national importance referred by the
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by the legislative branch. The legislative branch itself oversees devolved
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Tantric State: A Buddhist Approach to Democracy and Development in Bhutan
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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Robert L. Worden (September 1991). Andrea Matles Savada (ed.).
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are the courts of first instance. In all jurisdictions outside
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Regional Studies of the World: Far East and Australasia 2003
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Prior to 2008, the legislative branch was the unicameral
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powers were transferred to the Council of Ministers, or
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branches of government are unified in the person of the
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Bhutan's legal system is based on codes established by
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Psychology Press. p. 201. 973:in 17th century and influenced by Anglo-Indian 2452: 2047: 1672: 1034:was the highest court in the country and had 868:Bhutan elects its legislative branch through 493: 8: 1603:"Election Act of the Kingdom of Bhutan 2008" 796:and heads the executive cabinet, called the 1505:"The Constitution of the Kingdom of Bhutan" 2459: 2445: 2437: 2054: 2040: 2032: 1679: 1665: 1657: 500: 486: 28: 539:, or council of ministers, headed by the 1180:International organization participation 677: 1335: 31: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1487: 981:, the Judicial branch consists of the 1540:"Local Government Act of Bhutan 2009" 1371:Democracy Index 2023: Age of Conflict 831:), members nominated by the monarch. 765:is the highest religious official of 650:Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs 625:(Monastic Affairs Commission) of the 7: 777:. The 70th and present Je Khenpo is 117:Crown Prince Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck 1311:List of political parties in Bhutan 1090:Bhutan is divided in 20 districts ( 1069:Bhutan has not accepted compulsory 921:List of political parties in Bhutan 758:could force the king to abdicate. 25: 950:Bhutan Peace and Prosperity Party 2827: 2818: 2817: 2420: 2411: 2410: 1740: 1629: 1568:"Constitution of Bhutan (draft)" 41: 1389:from the original on 2024-06-09 1343:Sengupta, Somini (2007-04-24). 911:Political parties and elections 2785:British Indian Ocean Territory 2378:British Indian Ocean Territory 1071:International Court of Justice 1055:acknowledgement of culpability 880:is bicameral, consisting of a 704:Jigme Khesar Namgyal Wangchuck 648:executive branch, such as the 103:Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck 1: 1413:Tricycle: The Buddhist Review 1022:Before 2008 in the Bhutanese 1514:. 2008-07-18. Archived from 1026:, the monarch was the final 944:. The first Prime Minister, 151:(state religious commission) 1469:. The Hindu. Archived from 1461:Amrit Baruah (2007-03-07). 1379:Economist Intelligence Unit 849:National Assembly of Bhutan 576:Economist Intelligence Unit 547:is vested in the bicameral 416:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2875: 2021:Ethnic cleansing in Bhutan 1326:. Oxford University Press. 1083: 1045: 1032:Royal High Court of Bhutan 962: 931:elections, and referendums 914: 845:National Council of Bhutan 838: 667: 610: 2813: 2406: 1781:Dual system of government 1737: 1648:Federal Research Division 971:Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal 726:People's Democratic Party 692: 689: 686: 683: 2534:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 2127:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 1979:Gross National Happiness 1184:Bhutan is member of the 1096:, singular and plural); 1080:Administrative divisions 800:(Council of Ministers). 674:Prime Minister of Bhutan 642:Royal Monetary Authority 551:, both the upper house, 523:since 18 July 2008. The 344:Administrative divisions 2795:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 2388:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 1643:Bhutan: A Country Study 1322:William J. Long. 2019. 860:with his councilors at 803:In 1998, the monarch's 555:, and the lower house, 521:constitutional monarchy 1775:Christianity in Bhutan 1577:. 2005. Archived from 1306:Constitution of Bhutan 965:Royal Court of Justice 948:, was a member of the 865: 821:Constitution of Bhutan 752:National Assembly, or 619:Constitution of Bhutan 613:Constitution of Bhutan 607:Branches of government 432:Diplomatic missions of 240:Royal Court of Justice 207:(council of ministers) 1409:"Bhutan on the Brink" 1036:original jurisdiction 1013:original jurisdiction 999:jurisdictions in six 856: 631:secular and religious 611:Further information: 2859:Government of Bhutan 2709:United Arab Emirates 2302:United Arab Emirates 1974:Elections and voting 1610:Government of Bhutan 1575:Government of Bhutan 1547:Government of Bhutan 1512:Government of Bhutan 1434:"Indo-Bhutan Treaty" 979:Constitution of 2008 884:(upper house) and a 878:Bhutanese parliament 874:Constitution of 2008 841:Parliament of Bhutan 679:Main office-holders 629:state religion. The 535:is exercised by the 18:Government of Bhutan 2736:limited recognition 2329:limited recognition 2062:Governments of Asia 1788:Freedom of religion 1407:Varvaloucas, Emma. 1086:Districts of Bhutan 917:Elections in Bhutan 771:Dratshang Lhentshog 680: 623:Dratshang Lhentshog 596:Indian independence 351:Districts of Bhutan 147:Dratshang Lhentshog 2854:Politics of Bhutan 1765:Hinduism in Bhutan 1760:Buddhism in Bhutan 1714:Dzong architecture 1066:(District Judge). 1064:dzongkhag Drangpon 870:universal suffrage 866: 835:Legislative branch 825:Lhengye Zhungtshog 817:head of government 809:Lhengye Zhungtshog 798:Lhengye Zhungtshog 786:head of government 678: 637:(King of Bhutan). 569:multi-party system 537:Lhengye Zhungtshog 203:Lhengye Zhungtshog 34:Politics of Bhutan 2841: 2840: 2778:other territories 2468:Politics of Asia 2434: 2433: 2371:other territories 2029: 2028: 2011:Religious freedom 1688:Bhutanese society 938:National Assembly 927:political parties 886:National Assembly 794:National Assembly 734: 733: 658:local governments 592:Treaty of Punakha 561:political parties 557:National Assembly 545:Legislative power 510: 509: 454:Visa requirements 409:Foreign relations 331:Political parties 279:Recent elections 227:National Assembly 125:Wangchuck dynasty 16:(Redirected from 2866: 2831: 2821: 2820: 2790:Christmas Island 2476:Sovereign states 2461: 2454: 2447: 2438: 2424: 2414: 2413: 2383:Christmas Island 2069:Sovereign states 2056: 2049: 2042: 2033: 2007: 1929: 1922: 1915: 1908: 1901: 1894: 1887: 1880: 1863: 1856: 1849: 1842: 1835: 1821: 1816: 1745: 1744: 1681: 1674: 1667: 1658: 1652: 1651: 1633: 1632: 1627: 1621: 1620: 1618: 1617: 1607: 1599: 1593: 1592: 1590: 1589: 1583: 1572: 1564: 1558: 1557: 1555: 1554: 1544: 1536: 1530: 1529: 1527: 1526: 1520: 1509: 1501: 1482: 1481: 1479: 1478: 1467:AFPA News online 1458: 1452: 1451: 1429: 1423: 1422: 1420: 1419: 1404: 1398: 1397: 1395: 1394: 1388: 1382:(Report). 2024. 1375: 1367: 1361: 1360: 1358: 1357: 1340: 1170:Wangdue Phodrang 1138:Samdrup Jongkhar 991:Dzongkhag Courts 882:National Council 769:and head of the 730:10 January 2024 710:9 December 2006 681: 664:Executive branch 578:rated Bhutan a " 553:National Council 502: 495: 488: 255:Dzongkhag Courts 222:National Council 208: 152: 45: 29: 21: 2874: 2873: 2869: 2868: 2867: 2865: 2864: 2863: 2844: 2843: 2842: 2837: 2809: 2777: 2768: 2749:Northern Cyprus 2735: 2728: 2470: 2465: 2435: 2430: 2402: 2370: 2361: 2342:Northern Cyprus 2328: 2321: 2063: 2060: 2030: 2025: 2001: 1941: 1925: 1918: 1911: 1904: 1897: 1890: 1883: 1876: 1859: 1852: 1845: 1838: 1831: 1819: 1811: 1793: 1746: 1739: 1735: 1690: 1685: 1655: 1650:. Legal System. 1639: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1615: 1613: 1605: 1601: 1600: 1596: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1570: 1566: 1565: 1561: 1552: 1550: 1542: 1538: 1537: 1533: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1507: 1503: 1502: 1485: 1476: 1474: 1460: 1459: 1455: 1448: 1431: 1430: 1426: 1417: 1415: 1406: 1405: 1401: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1373: 1369: 1368: 1364: 1355: 1353: 1342: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1319: 1317:Further reading 1302: 1182: 1088: 1082: 1050: 1044: 1028:court of appeal 1024:judicial system 1005:Dungkhag Courts 993:. 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1693: 1689: 1682: 1677: 1675: 1670: 1668: 1663: 1662: 1659: 1649: 1645: 1644: 1637: 1636:public domain 1626: 1623: 1611: 1604: 1598: 1595: 1584:on 2011-07-22 1580: 1576: 1569: 1563: 1560: 1548: 1541: 1535: 1532: 1521:on 2011-07-06 1517: 1513: 1506: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1473:on 2011-07-07 1472: 1468: 1464: 1457: 1454: 1449: 1447:1-85743-133-2 1443: 1439: 1435: 1428: 1425: 1414: 1410: 1403: 1400: 1385: 1381: 1380: 1372: 1366: 1363: 1352: 1351: 1346: 1339: 1336: 1330: 1325: 1321: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1299: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1179: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1158:Trashiyangtse 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1094: 1087: 1079: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1049: 1048:Law of Bhutan 1041: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 997: 992: 989:, and twenty 988: 984: 983:Supreme Court 980: 976: 972: 966: 958: 956: 953: 951: 947: 946:Jigme Thinley 943: 939: 934: 932: 928: 922: 918: 910: 908: 906: 902: 898: 894: 889: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 863: 859: 855: 850: 846: 842: 834: 832: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 801: 799: 795: 791: 787: 782: 780: 779:Jigme Chhoeda 776: 772: 768: 764: 759: 757: 756: 751: 747: 743: 739: 738:head of state 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 713: 709: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 696: 682: 675: 671: 663: 661: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 638: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 614: 606: 604: 600: 597: 593: 585: 583: 581: 580:hybrid regime 577: 572: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 529:head of state 526: 522: 518: 517: 503: 498: 496: 491: 489: 484: 483: 481: 480: 474: 471: 470: 468: 467: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 441: 437: 433: 430: 429: 423: 419: 418: 417: 414: 413: 410: 405: 404: 397: 394: 389: 388: 384: 382: 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Retrieved 1612:. 2008-07-28 1597: 1586:. Retrieved 1579:the original 1562: 1551:. Retrieved 1549:. 2009-09-11 1534: 1523:. Retrieved 1516:the original 1475:. Retrieved 1471:the original 1466: 1456: 1437: 1432:Eur (2002). 1427: 1416:. Retrieved 1412: 1402: 1391:. Retrieved 1377: 1365: 1354:. Retrieved 1348: 1338: 1323: 1183: 1091: 1089: 1074:jurisdiction 1068: 1051: 1042:Legal system 1021: 1008: 994: 977:. Under the 968: 954: 935: 924: 890: 867: 829:Lodoi Tsokde 802: 783: 760: 753: 735: 639: 627:Drukpa Kagyu 616: 601: 589: 573: 565:Constitution 513: 511: 385: 378: 365: 358: 232: 214: 202: 191: 184: 160: 146: 69:Human rights 57:Constitution 33: 26: 2833:Asia portal 2734:States with 2654:Philippines 2594:South Korea 2589:North Korea 2484:Afghanistan 2426:Asia portal 2327:States with 2247:Philippines 2187:South Korea 2182:North Korea 2077:Afghanistan 1994:LGBT rights 1989:Immigration 1130:Pemagatshel 1060:legislation 925:In Bhutan, 742:Druk Gyalpo 654:legislation 635:Druk Gyalpo 586:Sovereignty 582:" in 2022. 519:has been a 459:Visa policy 422:Tandi Dorji 74:LGBT rights 2848:Categories 2714:Uzbekistan 2689:Tajikistan 2604:Kyrgyzstan 2584:Kazakhstan 2504:Bangladesh 2494:Azerbaijan 2307:Uzbekistan 2282:Tajikistan 2197:Kyrgyzstan 2177:Kazakhstan 2097:Bangladesh 2087:Azerbaijan 1959:Censorship 1827:Lhotshampa 1812:including 1616:2017-08-16 1588:2011-03-16 1553:2017-08-16 1525:2011-03-02 1477:2011-03-16 1418:2018-10-07 1393:2024-07-22 1356:2007-04-24 1331:References 1154:Trashirang 1001:Dzongkhags 987:High Court 975:common law 872:under the 750:unicameral 746:parliament 549:Parliament 420:Minister: 285:Assembly: 250:High Court 216:Parliament 176:Government 157:Chairman: 2800:Hong Kong 2754:Palestine 2679:Sri Lanka 2674:Singapore 2554:Indonesia 2393:Hong Kong 2347:Palestine 2272:Sri Lanka 2267:Singapore 2147:Indonesia 1964:Democracy 1936:Languages 1093:dzongkhag 1009:dungkhags 805:executive 784:Bhutan's 763:Je Khenpo 736:Bhutan's 436:in Bhutan 367:Dungkhags 302:Council: 273:Elections 234:Judiciary 180:Executive 161:Je Khenpo 2823:Category 2744:Abkhazia 2694:Thailand 2649:Pakistan 2629:Mongolia 2624:Maldives 2619:Malaysia 2519:Cambodia 2416:Category 2337:Abkhazia 2287:Thailand 2242:Pakistan 2222:Mongolia 2217:Maldives 2212:Malaysia 2112:Cambodia 2004:in Nepal 1999:Refugees 1951:politics 1869:Sharchop 1820:Bumthang 1752:Religion 1384:Archived 1300:See also 1238:Interpol 1234:Intelsat 1174:Zhemgang 1098:Bumthang 996:dungkhag 905:Suffrage 449:Passport 396:Villages 380:Thromdes 86:Monarchy 2719:Vietnam 2634:Myanmar 2614:Lebanon 2544:Georgia 2499:Bahrain 2489:Armenia 2312:Vietnam 2227:Myanmar 2207:Lebanon 2137:Georgia 2092:Bahrain 2082:Armenia 1709:Cuisine 1696:Culture 1190:BIMSTEC 1166:Tsirang 1162:Trongsa 1150:Thimphu 1146:Sarpang 1134:Punakha 1118:Lhuntse 897:Tshogdu 893:Tshogdu 862:Punakha 788:is its 755:Tshogdu 740:is the 684:Office 646:cabinet 527:is the 387:Chiwogs 319:Local: 292:2023–24 2764:Taiwan 2699:Turkey 2664:Russia 2599:Kuwait 2579:Jordan 2569:Israel 2529:Cyprus 2514:Brunei 2509:Bhutan 2357:Taiwan 2292:Turkey 2257:Russia 2192:Kuwait 2172:Jordan 2162:Israel 2122:Cyprus 2107:Brunei 2102:Bhutan 1906:Lepcha 1878:Brokpa 1847:Gurung 1840:Tamang 1833:Nepali 1807:Ngalop 1638:. 1444:  1270:UNESCO 1266:UNCTAD 1172:, and 1142:Samtse 1122:Mongar 1106:Dagana 1102:Chukha 985:, the 895:. The 876:. The 847:, and 767:Bhutan 693:Since 690:Party 531:. The 516:Bhutan 360:Gewogs 2805:Macau 2724:Yemen 2684:Syria 2659:Qatar 2639:Nepal 2574:Japan 2549:India 2539:Egypt 2524:China 2398:Macau 2317:Yemen 2277:Syria 2252:Qatar 2232:Nepal 2167:Japan 2142:India 2132:Egypt 2117:China 1920:Oraon 1899:Layap 1892:Monpa 1861:Limbu 1814:Kheng 1731:Women 1726:Music 1606:(PDF) 1582:(PDF) 1571:(PDF) 1543:(PDF) 1519:(PDF) 1508:(PDF) 1387:(PDF) 1374:(PDF) 1274:UNIDO 1258:SAARC 1198:ESCAP 687:Name 2644:Oman 2609:Laos 2564:Iraq 2559:Iran 2237:Oman 2202:Laos 2157:Iraq 2152:Iran 1949:and 1927:Toto 1913:Lhop 1885:Koch 1442:ISBN 1294:WToO 1286:WIPO 1254:OPCW 1222:IFAD 1214:ICAO 1210:IBRD 1206:G-77 1186:AsDB 1126:Paro 1110:Gasa 1017:King 919:and 761:The 699:King 672:and 617:The 574:The 512:The 321:2011 309:2023 304:2018 287:2018 159:The 96:list 92:King 2776:and 2369:and 1947:Law 1854:Rai 1704:Art 1290:WMO 1282:WHO 1278:UPU 1250:NAM 1246:ITU 1242:IOC 1230:IMF 1226:IFC 1218:IDA 1202:FAO 64:Law 2850:: 1646:. 1608:. 1573:. 1545:. 1510:. 1486:^ 1465:. 1436:. 1411:. 1376:. 1347:. 1296:. 1292:, 1288:, 1284:, 1280:, 1276:, 1272:, 1268:, 1264:, 1262:UN 1260:, 1256:, 1252:, 1248:, 1244:, 1240:, 1236:, 1232:, 1228:, 1224:, 1220:, 1216:, 1212:, 1208:, 1204:, 1200:, 1196:, 1194:CP 1192:, 1188:, 1176:. 1168:, 1164:, 1160:, 1156:, 1152:, 1148:, 1144:, 1140:, 1136:, 1132:, 1128:, 1124:, 1120:, 1116:, 1114:Ha 1112:, 1108:, 1104:, 1100:, 1076:. 1003:, 929:, 843:, 781:. 660:. 571:. 543:. 434:/ 98:) 2460:e 2453:t 2446:v 2055:e 2048:t 2041:v 2006:) 2002:( 1680:e 1673:t 1666:v 1619:. 1591:. 1556:. 1528:. 1480:. 1450:. 1421:. 1396:. 1359:. 501:e 494:t 487:v 94:( 20:)

Index

Government of Bhutan
Politics of Bhutan

Constitution
Law
Human rights
LGBT rights
King
list
Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck
Heir Apparent
Crown Prince Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck
Wangchuck dynasty
State religion
Dratshang Lhentshog
(state religious commission)

The Je Khenpo
Executive
Prime Minister
Lotay Tshering
Lhengye Zhungtshog
(council of ministers)

Parliament
National Council
National Assembly
Judiciary
Royal Court of Justice
Supreme Court
High Court
Dzongkhag Courts
Dungkhag Courts
Elections

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