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for "ecclesiastical, political defence" purposes, and for any purpose during "emergencies." He was permitted to veto, or even stop debate on, any bill. If he recommended the passage of a bill, but only one chamber cooperated, he could declare the bill passed over the objections of the other chamber. The legislature had no authority over foreign affairs and defence. The president of the
Council of State was appointed by the viceroy; the Legislative Assembly elected its president, but the election required the viceroy's approval.
999:
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396:. From 1858, to reflect the governor-general's new additional role as the monarch's representative in response to the fealty relationships vis the princely states, the additional title of Viceroy was granted, such that the new office was entitled "Viceroy and Governor-General of India". This was usually shortened to "Viceroy of India".
434:, though the practice was to have them serve five-year terms. A governor-general could have their commission rescinded; and if one was removed, or left, a provisional governor-general was sometimes appointed until a new holder of the office could be chosen. The first governor-general in India (of Bengal) was
789:
In 1919, an Indian legislature, consisting of a
Council of State and a Legislative Assembly, took over the legislative functions of the Viceroy's Council. The viceroy nonetheless retained significant power over legislation. He could authorise the expenditure of money without the Legislature's consent
785:
made several changes to the council's composition. Three members were to be appointed by the
Secretary of State for India, and two by the Sovereign. The power to appoint all five members passed to the Crown in 1869. The viceroy was empowered to appoint an additional 'six to twelve' members (changed
932:
augmented in the centre with the 'Star of India' surmounted by a crown. This flag was not the viceroy's personal flag; it was also used by governors, lieutenant governors, chief commissioners and other
British officers in India. When at sea, only the viceroy flew the flag from the mainmast, while
807:
and in the statutes of knightly orders. In usage, "viceroy" is employed where the governor-general's position as the monarch's representative is in view. The viceregal title was not used when the sovereign was present in India. It was meant to indicate new responsibilities, especially ritualistic
769:
The
Charter Act 1833 made further changes to the structure of the council. The Act was the first law to distinguish between the executive and legislative responsibilities of the governor-general. As provided under the Act, there were to be four members of the Council appointed by the Court of
1071:. Though construction began in 1912, it did not conclude until 1929; the palace was not formally inaugurated until 1931. The final cost exceeded £877,000 (over £35 million in modern terms)—more than twice the figure originally allocated. Today the residence, now known by the Hindi name of '
761:
provided for the election of four counsellors by the East India
Company's Court of Directors. The governor-general was to be assisted by an executive council of four members and was given a casting vote but no veto. The decision of the council was binding on the governor-general.
1935:
802:
converted the title into "governor-general of India", effective from 22 April 1834. The title "viceroy and governor-general" was first used in the queen's proclamation appointing
Viscount Canning in 1858. It was never conferred by an act of parliament but was used in
828:, meaning 'queen'). The Vicereine was referred to as 'Her Excellency' and was also addressed as 'Your Excellency'. Neither title was employed while the Sovereign was in India. However, the only British sovereign to visit India during the period of British rule was
523:
replaced the governor-general and
Council of Fort William with the governor-general and Council of India. The power to elect the governor-general was retained by the Court of Directors, but the choice became subject to the sovereign's approval via the
603:. The act provided that the other governors under the East India Company could not declare war, make peace or conclude a treaty with an Indian prince unless expressly directed to do so by the governor-general or by the company's Court of Directors.
765:
In 1784, the council was reduced to three members; the governor-general continued to have both an ordinary vote and a casting vote. In 1786, the power of the governor-general was increased even further, as
Council decisions ceased to be binding.
1928:
687:
to provide a forum in which the princely rulers could voice their needs and aspirations to the government. The chamber usually met only once a year, with the viceroy presiding, but it appointed a standing committee, which met more often.
427:, was responsible for instructing him on the exercise of their powers. After 1947, the sovereign continued to appoint the governor-general but thereafter did so on the advice of the government of the newly independent Dominion of India.
819:
and enjoyed precedence over all other government officials in India. He was referred to as 'His
Excellency' and addressed as 'Your Excellency'. From 1858 to 1947, the governor-general was known as the viceroy of India (from the French
773:
In 1858, the Court of Directors ceased to have the power to appoint members of the council. Instead, the one member who had a vote only on legislative questions came to be appointed by the sovereign, and the other three members by the
1921:
786:
to 'ten to sixteen' in 1892, and to 'sixty' in 1909). The five individuals appointed by the sovereign or the Indian secretary headed the executive departments, while those appointed by the viceroy debated and voted on legislation.
546:, remained governor-general of India for ten months after independence, but the two nations were otherwise headed by native governors-general. India became a secular republic in 1950; Pakistan became an Islamic one in 1956.
703:
became the only Indian governor-general. The governor-general's role was almost entirely ceremonial, with power being exercised on a day-to-day basis by the Indian cabinet. After the nation became a republic in 1950, the
753:
The governor-general was always advised by a Council on the exercise of his legislative and executive powers. The governor-general, while exercising many functions, was referred to as the "Governor-General in Council."
418:
Until 1858, the governor-general was selected by the Court of Directors of the East India Company, to whom he was responsible. Thereafter, he was appointed by the sovereign on the advice of the British Government; the
1824:
632:, to whom they were directly responsible; lieutenant governors, chief commissioners, and administrators, however, were appointed by and were subordinate to the viceroy. The viceroy also oversaw the most powerful
1047:
in 1912. Thereafter, the lieutenant governor of Bengal, who had hitherto resided in Belvedere House, was upgraded to a full governor and transferred to Government House. Now, it serves as the residence of the
610:, which granted him "superintendence, direction and control of the whole civil and military Government" of all of British India. The act also granted legislative powers to the governor-general and council.
970:
946:
2278:
539:
vested the power to appoint the governor-general in the sovereign. The governor-general, in turn, had the power to appoint all lieutenant governors in India, subject to the sovereign's approval.
337:
officials in India. Complete authority over all of British territory in the Indian subcontinent was granted in 1833, and the official came to be known as the "Governor-General of India".
620:
After 1858, the governor-general (now usually known as the viceroy) functioned as the chief administrator of India and as the sovereign's representative. India was divided into numerous
982:
958:
1944:
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2238:
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Directors. The first three members were permitted to participate on all occasions, but the fourth member was only allowed to sit and vote when legislation was being debated.
384:, and others. However, much of India was not ruled directly by the British Government; outside the provinces of British India, there were hundreds of nominally independent
1869:
1829:
936:
From 1947 to 1950, the governor-general of India used a dark blue flag bearing the royal crest (a lion standing on the Crown), beneath which was the word 'India' in gold
1849:
1657:
584:. The Regulating Act, however, granted the governor-general additional powers relating to foreign affairs and defence. The other presidencies of the East India Company (
1334:
2233:
2124:
543:
1839:
558:
596:) were not allowed to declare war on or make peace with an Indian prince without receiving the prior approval of the governor-general and Council of Fort William.
2431:
2400:
1746:
606:
While the governor-general thus became the controller of foreign policy in India, he was not the explicit head of British India. That status came only with the
542:
India and Pakistan acquired independence in 1947, but governors-general continued to be appointed over each nation until republican constitutions were written.
415:, but the office of governor-general continued to exist in each country separately until they adopted republican constitutions in 1950 and 1956, respectively.
2139:
1642:
1622:
1854:
1779:
1502:
The Marquis of Dalhousie's Administration of British India: Annexation of Pegu, Nagpor, and Oudh, and a general review of Lord Dalhousie's rule in India
940:. The same design is still used by many other Commonwealth Realm governors-general. This last flag was the personal flag of the governor-general only.
500:. In 1773, motivated by corruption in the company, the British government assumed partial control over the governance of India with the passage of the
2014:
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1043:, known as Government House in Calcutta, between 1799 and 1803. The mansion remained in use until the capital moved from Calcutta to
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The Cambridge History of India. Volume 6: The Indian Empire 1858–1918. With Chapters on the Development of Administration 1818–1858
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ones, but it conferred no new statutory authority. The governor-general regularly used the title in communications with the
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1974:
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was constructed. In 1854, the lieutenant governor of Bengal took up residence there. Now, the Belvedere Estate houses the
138:
1530:(2 vol. 1989) 1235pp; the fullest scholarly history of political and military events from a British top-down perspective;
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After the capital moved from Calcutta to Delhi, the viceroy occupied the newly built Viceroy's House, designed by Sir
246:
866:. Frequently, a viceroy who was already a peer would be granted a peerage of higher rank, as with the granting of a
388:
or "native states", whose relationship was not with the British Government or the United Kingdom, but rather one of
2320:
2034:
1989:
1984:
1672:
1443:
1426:
856:
844:
2365:
1662:
1184:
1022:
812:, but all legislation was made only in the name of the Governor-General-in-Council (or the Government of India).
505:
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each summer to escape the heat, and the government of India moved with them. The Viceregal Lodge now houses the
535:, the British East India Company's territories in India were put under the direct control of the sovereign. The
2325:
2273:
1262:
782:
532:
341:
2167:
798:
Until 1833, the title of the position was "governor-general of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal". The
344:
the previous year, the territories and assets of the East India Company came under the direct control of the
1486:
1468:
1295:
is mistakenly used to mean the same as the British Indian Empire, which included both the provinces and the
1266:
81:
1355:
1101:
in Shimla was also used by several viceroys, although the original building was destroyed by fire in 1981.
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2066:
1422:
879:
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501:
2258:
1716:
1677:
1199:
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412:
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1958:
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Viceregal Lodge, Delhi, where Viceroy Lord Hardinge stayed (1912–31), now the main building of the
600:
509:
481:
462:
101:
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1902:
1234:
1076:
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914: – as well as some provisional governors-general, had no honorific titles at all.
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641:
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334:
131:
107:
93:
1418:
Association of Commonwealth Archivists and Record Managers (1999) "Government Buildings – India"
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1487:
mountbattenofburma.com – Tribute & Memorial website to Louis, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma
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Upon independence in August 1947, the title of viceroy was abolished. The representative of
669:
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443:
326:
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236:
144:
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458:
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385:
209:
1514:
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The powers of the governor-general, in respect of foreign affairs, were increased by the
1500:
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1523:
1434:
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895:
633:
489:
161:
19:"Viceroy of India" redirects here. For viceroys and governors of Portuguese India, see
1165:
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1632:
1292:
1068:
1036:
653:
649:
361:
345:
676:, which were headed by representatives of the viceroy or by provincial authorities.
1431:
Selections from the State Papers of the Governors-General of India; Warren Hastings
1389:
The Cambridge History of the British Empire, Volume V: The Indian Empire, 1858–1918
1214:
1129:
837:
833:
824:, meaning 'king'), and wives of Viceroys were known as Vicereines (from the French
665:
1417:
624:, each under the head of a governor, lieutenant governor or chief commissioner or
1005:
served as the Governor-General's residence during most of the nineteenth century.
1053:
867:
525:
353:
57:
964:
Badge of the viceroy and governor-general (1904–1947) depicted with Tudor Crown
683:
was an institution established in 1920 by a royal proclamation of King-Emperor
469:
333:. The officer had direct control only over his presidency but supervised other
1119:
937:
929:
86:
1565:
1374:
696:
554:
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Throughout the British administration, governors-general retreated to the
952:
Badge of the viceroy of India (1876–1904) depicted with St. Edward's Crown
1014:
829:
684:
404:
1040:
887:
875:
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645:
357:
1090:
1032:
911:
735:
513:
1031:, who is reputed to have said that 'India should be governed from a
742:
1945:
Representatives of the monarch in Commonwealth realms and dominions
561:
in his robes as viceroy of India, a post he held from 1899 to 1905.
1044:
997:
741:
725:
738:, built in 1888, was the summer residence of the viceroy of India
360:) headed the central government of India, which administered the
903:
899:
516:. The first governor-general and Council were named in the Act.
392:
directly with the British monarch as sovereign successor to the
1917:
1569:
442:, and the first governor-general of the Dominion of India was
1548:, vol. 2, New Delhi and London: Penguin Books. Pp. 298,
906:. Only the first and last governors-general –
488:(founded in 1600), which nominally acted as the agent of the
26:
For a list of the office holders during the British Raj, see
928:
From around 1885, the viceroy of India was allowed to fly a
699:, became known once again as the governor-general. In 1948,
668:. The remaining princely rulers were overseen either by the
847:
was founded in 1861, the viceroy was made its grand master
438:, the first official governor-general of British India was
399:
The title of Viceroy was abandoned when British India was
976:
Standard of the viceroy and governor-general (1885–1947)
580:
The governor-general originally had power only over the
1387:
H. Verney Lovett, "The Indian Governments, 1858–1918",
476:, the first governor general of India from 1834 – 1835
1310:"Lord William Bentinck | British government official"
1362:
Speeches & Documents on Indian Policy, 1750–1921
325:. The office was created in 1773, with the title of
2308:
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2214:
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2095:
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1951:
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1760:
1707:
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260:
229:
205:
187:
160:
123:
92:
80:
44:
1465:Speeches and Documents on Indian Policy, 1750–1921
1009:The governor-general of Fort William resided in
544:Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma
33:For previous similar titles from 1680–1758, see
508:were appointed to rule over the Presidency of
1929:
1581:
1537:. London: H. Milford, Oxford University Press
1451:Raj: the Making and Unmaking of British India
8:
2279:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
2274:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
1604:Governors of the Presidency of Fort William
617:became the first governor general of India.
1391:(Cambridge University Press, 1932), p. 226.
1017:, until the early nineteenth century, when
933:other officials flew it from the foremast.
239:(21 February 1947 — 15 August 1947; as the
2049:
1936:
1922:
1914:
1588:
1574:
1566:
1528:The British Conquest and Dominion of India
1442:("British Empire" and "Viceroy"), London:
988:Standard of the governor-general (1947–50)
1535:The Viceroy and Governor-General of India
862:Most governors-general and viceroys were
708:continued to perform the same functions.
882:. Of those viceroys who were not peers,
564:
553:
468:
453:
249:(21 June 1948 — 26 January 1950; as the
1889:Governors-general of the Union of India
1761:Governors-general and viceroys of India
1519:Cambridge History of the British Empire
1255:"Flag of the Governor General of India"
1246:
942:
1476:Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia.
41:
35:List of governors of Bengal Presidency
2432:India and the Commonwealth of Nations
356:. The governor-general (now also the
303:viceroy and governor-general of India
301:(1833 to 1950, from 1858 to 1947 the
251:Governor-General of Dominion of India
45:Viceroy and Governor-General of India
21:List of governors of Portuguese India
7:
1453:London: Little, Brown & Company
582:Presidency of Fort William in Bengal
576:as Crown Representative in the 1940s
492:. Early British administrators were
16:Representative of the Indian monarch
321:in 1947, the representative of the
1230:List of governors-general of India
1111:List of governors-general of India
1095:Indian Institute of Advanced Study
628:. Governors were appointed by the
28:List of governors-general of India
14:
1517:; also published as vol 5 of the
2298:United Kingdom lieutenancy areas
2025:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1697:
1692:
1687:
1404:(Greenwood Press, 1986), p. 126.
1164:
1150:
1136:
1122:
981:
969:
957:
945:
851:. The viceroy was also made the
815:The governor-general was styled
461:, the first governor-general of
432:at the pleasure of the sovereign
309:) was the representative of the
65:
50:
2293:Other viceregal representatives
1505:. Saunders, Otley, and Company.
1474:Oldenburg, P. (2004). "India."
1375:"Queen Victoria's Proclamation"
2239:British Indian Ocean Territory
2160:Realm of New Zealand countries
1341:. 20 July 2011. Archived from
902:' because he was the son of a
1:
2097:Canadian lieutenant governors
1463:Keith, A. B. (editor) (1922)
859:upon its foundation in 1877.
484:were governed by the British
311:monarch of the United Kingdom
139:Monarch of the United Kingdom
2216:British Overseas Territories
1360:, Keith, Arthur Berriedale,
1357:Government of India Act 1833
1225:Indian independence movement
1056:, and is referred to by its
810:Imperial Legislative Council
800:Government of India Act 1833
776:secretary of state for India
537:Government of India Act 1858
430:The governor-general served
421:Secretary of State for India
285:Governor-General of Pakistan
2234:British Antarctic Territory
1402:The India Office, 1880–1910
1364:, see section 41 of the Act
912:Chakravarti Rajagopalachari
878:and later a marquessate to
722:Viceroy's Executive Council
247:Chakravarti Rajagopalachari
2455:
2427:Governors-general of India
2054:Australian state governors
1708:Governors-general of India
1597:Governors-general of India
1499:Arnold, Sir Edwin (1865).
1444:Cambridge University Press
1108:
921:
857:Order of the Indian Empire
845:Order of the Star of India
715:
362:provinces of British India
331:Presidency of Fort William
287:(in territory that became
32:
25:
18:
2125:Newfoundland and Labrador
1684:
1185:Commander-in-Chief, India
1023:National Library of India
506:Supreme Council of Bengal
504:. A governor-general and
403:into the two independent
313:in their capacity as the
299:governor-general of India
167:At His Majesty's pleasure
64:
49:
2284:Turks and Caicos Islands
1263:National Maritime Museum
783:Indian Councils Act 1861
533:Indian Rebellion of 1857
340:In 1858, because of the
315:Emperor/Empress of India
305:, commonly shortened to
1469:Oxford University Press
1449:James, Lawrence (1997)
1440:Encyclopædia Britannica
1314:Encyclopædia Britannica
1267:Royal Museums Greenwich
1087:(now Rashtrapati Niwas)
1052:of the Indian state of
1039:', constructed a grand
836:in 1911 with his wife,
494:presidents or governors
2244:British Virgin Islands
1335:"Imperial Impressions"
1006:
880:Freeman Freeman-Thomas
805:warrants of precedence
750:
739:
664:(Gaekwar) Maharaja of
577:
562:
502:Regulating Act of 1773
477:
466:
2015:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1533:Rudhra, A. B. (1940)
1446:, 1911, 11th edition,
1200:History of Bangladesh
1158:United Kingdom portal
1001:
892:Lord William Bentinck
745:
729:
615:Lord William Bentinck
568:
557:
474:Lord William Bentinck
472:
457:
440:Lord William Bentinck
352:was succeeded by the
350:company rule in India
219:Lord William Bentinck
2140:Prince Edward Island
1959:Counsellors of State
1400:Arnold P. Kaminsky,
1220:Indian Civil Service
924:Star of India (flag)
894:was entitled to the
855:grand master of the
674:Central India Agency
348:; as a consequence,
264:26 January 1950
71:Standard during the
56:Standard during the
2401:Trinidad and Tobago
1970:Antigua and Barbuda
1509:Dodwell H. H., ed.
1210:History of Pakistan
832:, who attended the
759:Regulating Act 1773
748:University of Delhi
482:Indian subcontinent
319:Indian independence
266: (74 years ago)
2437:Westminster system
2188:Crown Dependencies
1546:A History of India
1433:(2 vols), Oxford:
1429:, (editor) (1910)
1235:Partition of India
1099:Peterhoff building
1077:president of India
1075:', is used by the
1073:Rashtrapati Bhavan
1007:
751:
740:
706:president of India
701:C. Rajagopalachari
681:Chamber of Princes
642:Maharaja of Mysore
638:Nizam of Hyderabad
630:British government
578:
574:Chamber of Princes
563:
486:East India Company
480:Many parts of the
478:
467:
465:from 1773 to 1785.
423:, a member of the
335:East India Company
132:East India Company
2414:
2413:
2304:
2303:
2087:Western Australia
1965:Governors-general
1911:
1910:
1555:978-0-14-013836-8
918:Flag and insignia
693:India's sovereign
658:Jammu and Kashmir
498:Bengal Presidency
295:
294:
191:20 October 1773 (
2444:
2351:Irish Free State
2254:Falkland Islands
2110:British Columbia
2050:
2010:Papua New Guinea
1961:(United Kingdom)
1938:
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1924:
1915:
1701:
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1392:
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1371:
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1347:
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1345:on 17 July 2012.
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1306:
1300:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1269:. Archived from
1251:
1205:History of India
1195:Emperor of India
1190:Council of India
1174:
1169:
1168:
1160:
1155:
1154:
1153:
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1141:
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