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both involved in the administration of
Harvard, where their feud sometimes became ugly. For example, in 1776, while Hancock was simultaneously treasurer of Harvard and president of the Second Continental Congress, a committee headed by Bowdoin decided that securities physically held by Hancock were at risk because of the war, and a delegation was sent to Philadelphia to receive an accounting of them and physical custody of the papers. Hancock's dilatory responses and refusal to produce an accounting of the college books dragged on for several years, as a result of which Bowdoin orchestrated his censure by the Harvard board of overseers. The matter reached a peak of sorts in 1783 when the college's issues with Hancock were read and discussed in an open meeting at which Hancock was the presiding officer. Both Bowdoin and Hancock attended the
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856:, Bowdoin worked hard for its ratification, bringing a skeptical Samuel Adams and his supporters into the fold by inviting him to a dinner with other pro-ratification delegates, and offering Federalist support to John Hancock in future elections. Bowdoin's Federalist supporters backed Hancock in the 1789 election, even though Bowdoin also stood for election. He remained active in his charitable and scientific pursuits in his later years, continuing his leadership of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences as well as that of the Humane Society. He also continued to engage in new business ventures, buying in 1789 an interest in one of the first American merchant ships to sail to China.
737:. The campaign was at times nasty. Bowdoin and Samuel Adams went after the Hancock-Cushing faction, seizing on the recently established and locally controversial social club (known either as "Sans Souci" or the "Tea Assembly"), at which card play and dancing took place (these activities had previously been banned in socially conservative Boston), as a sign of moral decay that took place under Hancock's term. Cushing supporters accused Bowdoin of cowardice in the war and insulting the people for refusing the lieutenant governorship in 1780. The electorate gave no candidate a majority, and the General Court ended up choosing Bowdoin over the others in bitterly divisive voting.
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841:, giving the governor broad powers to act against the rebels. It also authorized state payments to reimburse Lincoln and the merchants who had funded the army, and authorized the recruitment of additional militia. On February 12 the legislature passed the Disqualification Act, seeking to prevent a legislative response by rebel sympathizers. This bill expressly forbade any acknowledged rebels from holding a variety of elected and appointed offices.
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316:. In 1785, following Hancock's resignation, he was elected governor. Due to the large debts of Massachusetts, incurred from the Revolutionary War, Bowdoin ran on a platform of fiscal responsibility. During his two years in office, the combination of poor economic conditions and his harsh fiscal policy laid down by his government led to the uprising known as
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684:. Bowdoin was cast by Hancock supporters as unpatriotic, citing among other things his refusal to serve in the First Continental Congress (even though it was due to his illness). Bowdoin's supporters, who were principally well-off commercial interests from Massachusetts coastal communities, cast Hancock as a
513:, where he was frequently involved in legal proceedings with squatters on the land, and with competing land interests. The dealings with squatters in particular left Bowdoin with a dislike of the lower classes in Massachusetts society, something that affected his politics. His inheritance also included
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Governor
Hancock had, during his time in office, refused to vigorously act to collect delinquent taxes. Bowdoin, seeking to make payments the state owed against the nation's foreign debt, raised taxes and stepped up collection of back taxes. These actions, which were combined with a general post-war
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head of the
Massachusetts government. Citing his ongoing poor health, he resigned the post and withdrew from public view. He continued to correspond with other revolutionaries, and enjoyed their confidence, although his absence from the war effort would lead to later political difficulties. He began
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In 1785, apparently sensitive to rising unrest in western
Massachusetts over the poor economy, Hancock offered to resign, expecting to be asked to stay in office. However, the legislature made no such request, and he eventually did resign, pleading poor health. The gubernatorial race that year was
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In the first gubernatorial election, held in 1780, Bowdoin ran for the office against John
Hancock. In the absence of formal party politics, the contest was one of personality, popularity, and patriotism. Hancock was immensely popular, and unquestionably patriotic given his personal sacrifices and
525:) that he sold in 1770, apparently because it was too time-consuming to manage. Despite the upheavals of the Revolution, Bowdoin was careful to always manage his financial affairs. He supported the cause of independence financially, but he did so without damaging his own business interests, unlike
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Bowdoin ran against
Hancock in subsequent elections, but was never able to overcome Hancock's enormous popularity. The contest between the two men was just one element of a long-running rivalry that encompassed business, politics, and religion, and was apparently deeply personal. The two men were
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in the 1760s. By 1769 Bowdoin was one of the principal spokesmen of the opposition to the governor on the council. In that year
Bernard rejected Bowdoin's renewed election to the council. Bowdoin, however, was instrumental in causing Bernard's downfall from office. Private letters critical of the
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was shut down by similar action on
September 5, the county militia (composed mainly of men sympathetic to the protestors) refused to turn out, much to Bowdoin's chagrin. The closure of the Worcester court was followed by closings in Concord and Taunton, and when the militia marched into Great
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in 1756. Although at first supportive of the royal governor, his politics became more radical as
British colonial policy became increasingly unpopular, and Bowdoin believed those policies would have a negative effect on the New England economy. Personal factors may also have played a role in
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Because the federal government had been unable to raise any significant number of troops and
Bowdoin could no longer trust local militias in the western counties, he proposed in early January 1787 the creation of a private militia to be funded by eastern merchants. Revolutionary War General
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The crushing of the rebellion and the harsh terms of reconciliation imposed by the Disqualification Act all worked against Governor Bowdoin politically. In the election held in April 1787, Bowdoin received few votes from the rural parts of the state and was trounced by John Hancock.
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401:), before finally settling in Boston in 1690. James Bowdoin I had a modest inheritance from his parents, but greatly expanded his father's merchant business and land holdings to become one of the wealthiest men in the province. Young James attended the South Grammar School (now
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These court closings mirrored closings in 1774, when colonists had shut down the King's business everywhere west of Boston. Fearing a new Revolution, and continuing to ignore the farmers' petitions, Bowdoin and Samuel Adams and their legislature enacted a Riot Act, suspended
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Barrington to force court open there, one of the Judges, William Whiting asked the militiamen to take sides. 800 of the 1,000 men took the people's side of the road. By October, one correspondent wrote, "We are now in a state of Anarchy and Confusion bordering on Civil War".
756:, wrought havoc throughout the rural parts of the state. Conventions organized in the rural parts of the state submitted letters of protest to the state legislature, which was dominated by Bowdoin and the conservative wholesale merchants of the coastal portions of the state.
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troops that were stationed in Boston, and is characterized by historian Francis Walett as one of the major propaganda pieces influencing public opinion in the colonies. Bowdoin's opposition to British policies continued during the Hutchinson administration, and when
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provincial government that Bernard had written were published in 1769 to great outrage. Bowdoin rebutted the charges and claims made in Bernard's letters, and published a highly polemic pamphlet arguing for Bernard's removal that was sent to the colonial secretary,
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Bowdoin also had extensive business interests. Although he was often characterized as a merchant, and he engaged in the Atlantic trade, his principal interest was in land. His inheritance included major tracts of land, most of which he kept, in present-day
794:, and passed a bill that unsuccessfully attempted to address the financial reasons for the protests. By January 1787, the protests, which began as demands for reform, had grown to become a direct attack on the "tyrannical government of Massachusetts".
320:. Bowdoin personally funded militia forces that were instrumental in putting down the uprising. His high-handed treatment of the rebels may have contributed to his loss of the 1787 election, in which the populist Hancock was returned to office.
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offered Bowdoin either the lieutenant governorship or a seat in the state senate, but Bowdoin declined both on account of his poor health. After the election Hancock appointed him to a commission to revise and consolidate the state's laws.
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from the 1750s to the 1770s. Although he was initially supportive of the royal governors, he opposed British colonial policy and eventually became an influential advocate of independence. He authored a highly political report on the 1770
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captured the differences between the two men: "I don't envy either of them their feelings. the Vanity of one will Sting like an Adder if it is disappointed, and the Advancements made by the other if they dont succeed will hurt his
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in 1745. When his father died in 1747, he inherited a considerable fortune. He married Elizabeth Erving, sister of his Harvard roommate, in 1748. They had two children. That same year, he received his master's degree from Harvard.
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He died in Boston on November 6, 1790, of "putrid fever and dysentery". Bowdoin's funeral was one of the largest of the time in Boston, with people lining the streets to view the funeral procession. He was interred in Boston's
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442:. Through the offices of Franklin, some of Bowdoin's letters were read to the Society. Bowdoin was instrumental in gaining support in the provincial assembly for an expedition to Newfoundland to observe the 1761
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acquiesced to Bowdoin's return to the council, reasoning that he was less dangerous there than as an outspoken critic in the lower house. However, the seat Bowdoin vacated in the assembly was taken by
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to return to public life in 1778, and when Massachusetts wrote its own constitution in 1779, he was president of the convention called to create it, and chairman of the committee that drafted it.
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to outrage similar to the Bernard letters affair, Bowdoin again penned works highly critical of the governor and calling for his removal. Hutchinson's successor, General
676:, also a committee member, is generally credited as the major author of the new constitution, although Bowdoin and Samuel Adams likely made significant contributions.
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to meet with Franklin. Bowdoin was interested in Franklin's experiments on electricity, and Franklin solicited his advice on papers he prepared for submission to the
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as early as 1743, and the two became frequent collaborators and correspondents on scientific subjects. During his Harvard years, he was educated in the sciences by
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constructed by clockmaker Joseph Pope, now in Harvard's science department, includes bronze figures of Bowdoin and Benjamin Franklin that were supposedly cast by
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Bowdoin won reelection to the assembly in 1770, and was promptly reelected to the council the same year, soon after Bernard left the province. Acting Governor
712:, where they competed with each other over the size and quality of the improvements to the building (and even the location of a new one) that they funded.
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663:.) Despite his convalescence he was kept apprised of events occurring in and around Boston, and was elected president of the executive council of the
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to serve on a committee that investigated the affair. The committee took depositions and produced a report describing the event that was published as
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that has been described by historian Francis Walett as one of the most influential pieces of writing that shaped public opinion in the colonies.
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After the legislature adjourned on July 18, 1786, without substantively addressing these complaints, rural Massachusetts protestors organized
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473:. He served as its first president until his death and left the society his library. Bowdoin published not only scientific papers, but
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588:, another leading political opponent of the royal governors, and Hutchinson was faced with the prospect of opposition on both fronts.
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616:, vetoed Bowdoin's reelection to the council in 1774, citing "express orders from His Majesty" that he be excluded from that body.
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and the following decade. He initially gained fame and influence as a wealthy merchant. He served in both branches of the
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880:. Among his bequests was a gift to Harvard College for awards that are now known as the Bowdoin Prizes. His son
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on January 25 resulted in the death of several rebels, and Lincoln broke the main rebel force on February 4 in
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540:(an organization initially devoted to rescuing survivors from shipwrecks and other water-based disasters).
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The same day that Lincoln arrived at Petersham, the state legislature passed bills authorizing a state of
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in 1774 but did not attend, citing the poor health of his wife. A bout of poor health, probably caused by
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733:(who was widely viewed as a stand-in for Hancock but lacked his charisma), and Revolutionary War General
568:, the local customs commissioner and Bowdoin's son in law, was embroiled in nasty disputes with Governor
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who pandered to the populace. Hancock won the election easily, receiving more than 90% of the vote. The
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off the state's south coast. Bowdoin expanded his holdings, eventually acquiring property in all of the
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In addition to his political activities, Bowdoin was active in scientific pursuits, collaborating with
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Bowdoin maintained a lifelong interest in the sciences. In 1780 he was one of the founders of the
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James Bowdoin II was born in Boston to Hannah Portage Bowdoin and James Bowdoin, a wealthy Boston
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2012:
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903:. (Bowdoin was responsible for having the device rescued when Pope's house caught fire in 1787.)
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2106:
Woolf, Harry (October 1956). "British Preparations for Observing the Transit of Venus of 1761".
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631:(British mezzotint, 1775) was a perennial opponent of Bowdoin in matters political and personal.
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The colonists' account of the Boston Massacre, which Bowdoin was partly responsible for writing
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1987:
Stearns, Raymond (April 1951). "Colonial Fellows of the Royal Society of London, 1661–1788".
1942:
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1996:
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276:; August 7, 1726 – November 6, 1790) was an American political and intellectual leader from
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Bowdoin was elected to the provincial assembly in 1753 and served there until named to the
462:'s theory that light was transmitted by "corpuscles", citing both natural observations and
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926:(incorporated 1762) was named either for his grandfather Pierre or his brother William.
659:, where he resided until 1778. (Bowdoin's Beacon Street mansion was occupied by General
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434:, and developed an interest in electricity and astronomy. In 1750, Bowdoin traveled to
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603:. The work was highly critical not only of the governor, but also the behavior of the
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Adams, p. 10; Adams makes incorrect statements about their relationships and origins.
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In 1788 Bowdoin served as a member of the Massachusetts convention that ratified the
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broke out, and the family was relocated from British-occupied Boston (which was then
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1829:
Greene, John (December 1954). "Some Aspects of American Astronomy 1750–1815".
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in his pioneering research on electricity. He was elected a Fellow of the
2048:
Walett, Francis (September 1950). "James Bowdoin, Patriot Propagandist".
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643:, at the time also affected him. Bowdoin was again ill in 1775 when the
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2008:
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pride." The rivalry between the men was so bitter that the founding of
394:
2069:
1850:
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head of the Massachusetts government. He was elected president of the
1773:
Revolts, Protests, Demonstrations, and Rebellions in American History
896:
509:. He was one of the managing proprietors of a large territory on the
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was the first such honor bestowed on an American after independence.
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390:
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147:
2119:
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1842:
863:
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725:, named in his honor, had to be delayed until after Hancock died.
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economic depression and a credit squeeze caused by a shortage of
814:
beginning to organize for an attack on government institutions.
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in 1779, and ran unsuccessfully for governor in 1780, losing to
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3139:
Members of the colonial Massachusetts House of Representatives
806:
Counties) had become a hotbed of rebellion, with leaders like
685:
1324:
1322:
763:
This contemporary woodcut depicts two of the rebel leaders,
30:
For his son, the American philanthropist and statesman, see
458:. In 1785 he published a series of memoirs arguing against
251:
822:
raised funds and men for the effort, and had 3,000 men in
2030:
Shays's Rebellion: The Making of an Agrarian Insurrection
1962:
Shays's Rebellion: The American Revolution's Final Battle
1744:
Maine Place Names and the Peopling of its Towns, Volume 5
257:
922:, incorporated 1788, was named for Bowdoin; neighboring
667:. This position, which he held until 1777, made him the
1914:
Manuel, Frank Edward; Manuel, Fritzie Prigohzy (2004).
532:
In later years he served as the first president of the
485:
and made a fellow of Harvard. His 1788 election to the
1944:
The Federalist Party in Massachusetts to the Year 1800
543:
906:
Landmarks bearing the Bowdoin name in Boston include
335:
in 1787. He was a founder and first president of the
269:
260:
3104:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
254:
248:
2614:
2448:
2416:
2290:
1898:
James Bowdoin, Patriot and Man of the Enlightenment
1698:
Samuel Adams: the Life of an American Revolutionary
595:on March 5, 1770, Bowdoin was chosen by the Boston
245:
218:
210:
187:
179:
161:
134:
129:
113:
99:
87:
68:
41:
1964:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
1872:. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
1799:
1741:
347:was named in his honor after a bequest by his son
1869:Politics Without Parties: Massachusetts 1780–1791
544:Governor's Council and opposition to British rule
450:across the sun, and in the same year published a
296:From 1775 to 1777, he served as president of the
3129:Huguenot participants in the American Revolution
1989:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
1918:. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.
1676:The History of the Town of Bowdoinham, 1762–1912
798:in particular (which then included what are now
536:in 1784 and was also the first president of the
1679:. Fairfield, ME: Fairfield Publishing. p.
1285:
1283:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1156:
1154:
3169:Members of the American Philosophical Society
2268:
1947:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
947:American Philosophical Society Member History
477:in both English and Latin. He was awarded an
397:, then to eastern Massachusetts (present-day
8:
966:
964:
888:, as well as funds and books, to establish
2275:
2261:
2253:
2209:
1916:James Bowdoin and the Patriot Philosophers
729:dominated by Bowdoin, Lieutenant Governor
385:. His grandfather, Pierre Baudouin, was a
331:of London and was elected a member of the
49:
38:
2174:A Short Narrative of the Horrid Massacre
1700:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
1591:"Harvard University: Prize Descriptions"
884:donated lands from the family estate in
601:A Short Narrative of the Horrid Massacre
529:, whose business suffered from neglect.
417:
2138:A People's History of the United States
1103:
1101:
1099:
934:
3174:18th-century Massachusetts politicians
693:Massachusetts House of Representatives
635:Bowdoin as named as a delegate to the
497:as well as in the agriculturally rich
3099:18th-century deaths from tuberculosis
2080:The Life and Service of James Bowdoin
2033:. University of Massachusetts Press.
1026:
1024:
987:
985:
471:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
339:, to whom he bequeathed his library.
337:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
7:
3134:Tuberculosis deaths in Massachusetts
1619:. Harvard University. Archived from
1593:. Harvard University. Archived from
610:letters by Hutchinson were published
83:May 27, 1785 – May 30, 1787
1901:. Brunswick, ME: Bowdoin College.
393:. Pierre took his family first to
363:Portrait of Bowdoin as a child by
25:
3094:Burials at Granary Burying Ground
834:, ending large-scale resistance.
826:by January 19. A standoff at the
665:Massachusetts Provincial Congress
298:Massachusetts Provincial Congress
2407:
2197:
1748:. Portland, ME: B. Wheelwright.
949:. American Philosophical Society
374:Portrait of Elizabeth Erving by
241:
222:
1775:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
1725:John Hancock: Patriot in Purple
454:suggesting improvements to the
200:
27:American politician (1726–1790)
2108:The William and Mary Quarterly
1298:Manuel and Manuel, pp. 143–145
1241:Manuel and Manuel, pp. 109–110
333:American Philosophical Society
1:
3159:18th-century writers in Latin
3059:indicate acting officeholders
1093:Manuel and Manuel, pp. 53, 84
422:Coat of Arms of James Bowdoin
414:Scientific and other pursuits
152:Province of Massachusetts Bay
3109:Fellows of the Royal Society
2177:. London: W. Bingley. 1770.
1960:Richards, Leonard L (2002).
1806:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
1205:Manuel and Manuel, pp. 96–97
1084:Manuel and Manuel, pp. 52–57
538:Massachusetts Humane Society
280:, Massachusetts, during the
3154:18th-century American poets
3144:People from colonial Boston
2141:. New York: HarperCollins.
682:Second Continental Congress
620:Government of Massachusetts
286:Massachusetts General Court
3190:
3119:Governors of Massachusetts
3089:Boston Latin School alumni
2284:Governors of Massachusetts
850:United States Constitution
744:
651:by area militia) first to
645:American Revolutionary War
637:First Continental Congress
564:Bowdoin's shift in views:
300:'s executive council, the
29:
3164:American writers in Latin
3052:
2405:
2241:
2235:Governor of Massachusetts
2232:
2217:
2212:
2083:. Boston: Little, Brown.
2077:Winthrop, Robert (1852).
2050:The New England Quarterly
1641:Manuel and Manuel, p. 237
1571:Manuel and Manuel, p. 247
1562:Manuel and Manuel, p. 240
1553:Manuel and Manuel, p. 238
1517:Manuel and Manuel, p. 241
1328:Manuel and Manuel, p. 249
1316:Manuel and Manuel, p. 146
1307:Manuel and Manuel, p. 142
1223:Manuel and Manuel, p. 101
306:constitutional convention
230:
125:
76:
71:Governor of Massachusetts
64:
48:
1895:Kershaw, Gordon (1976).
1802:The Baron of Beacon Hill
1798:Fowler, William (1980).
1740:Chadbourne, Ava (1955).
1696:Alexander, John (2011).
1268:Manuel and Manuel, p. 39
1196:Manuel and Manuel, p. 93
1125:Manuel and Manuel, p. 88
1107:Manuel and Manuel, p. 86
1030:Manuel and Manuel, p. 74
991:Manuel and Manuel, p. 44
852:. A strong supporter of
740:
310:the state's constitution
1866:Hall, Van Beck (1972).
1771:Danver, Steven (2010).
1727:. New York: Macmillan.
1723:Allan, Herbert (1948).
487:Royal Society of London
483:University of Edinburgh
405:), then graduated from
3124:Harvard College alumni
3114:Independent scientists
2001:10.1098/rsnr.1951.0017
1382:Szatmary, pp. 38–42,45
878:Granary Burying Ground
872:
870:Granary Burying Ground
868:Bowdoin's tomb in the
772:
704:
703:James Bowdoin portrait
680:his leadership of the
632:
556:
423:
378:
367:
18:Governor James Bowdoin
2135:Zinn, Howard (2005).
1941:Morse, Anson (1909).
1673:Adams, Silas (1912).
1481:Szatmary, pp. 102–105
1066:Kersaw, pp. 62, 66–69
867:
762:
710:Brattle Street Church
702:
627:
551:
426:Bowdoin may have met
421:
373:
362:
1057:Stearns, pp. 243–244
916:Bowdoin MBTA station
655:, and eventually to
109:(as acting governor)
1623:on December 5, 2014
1508:Richards, pp. 38–39
1472:Szatmary, pp. 84–86
1463:Szatmary, pp. 98–99
1409:Szatmary, pp. 79–80
1373:Richards, pp. 87–88
1232:Winthrop, pp. 60–61
1214:Winthrop, pp. 58–60
1148:Walett, pp. 324–325
1048:Greene, pp. 355–356
979:Winthrop, pp. 91–94
403:Boston Latin School
282:American Revolution
2668:Governor's Council
2578:Governor's Council
2499:Governor's Council
2487:Governor's Council
2227:as acting governor
2213:Political offices
2025:Szatmary, David P.
1659:Chadbourne, p. 241
1535:Allan, pp. 328–329
1039:Woolf, pp. 501–502
873:
828:Springfield Armory
773:
705:
633:
561:governor's council
557:
534:Massachusetts Bank
479:honorary doctorate
424:
379:
368:
3066:
3065:
2251:
2250:
2242:Succeeded by
2230:
2202:Works related to
2148:978-0-06-083865-2
2040:978-0-87023-419-4
1971:978-0-8122-1870-1
1925:978-0-87169-247-4
1879:978-0-8229-3234-5
1782:978-1-59884-221-0
1755:978-0-87027-112-0
1707:978-0-7425-7033-7
1391:Richards, pp. 6–9
1355:Hall, pp. 137–138
1346:Hall, pp. 136–137
1139:Alexander, p. 112
924:Bowdoinham, Maine
582:Thomas Hutchinson
575:Lord Hillsborough
499:Elizabeth Islands
428:Benjamin Franklin
325:Benjamin Franklin
234:
233:
32:James Bowdoin III
16:(Redirected from
3181:
2620:
2454:
2422:
2411:
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2224:
2218:Preceded by
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1983:
1956:
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1604:
1602:
1597:on June 19, 2017
1587:
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1580:Winthrop, p. 130
1578:
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1277:Winthrop, p. 111
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1250:Morse, pp. 21–22
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1160:Winthrop, p. 104
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886:Brunswick, Maine
860:Death and legacy
820:Benjamin Lincoln
796:Hampshire County
747:Shays' Rebellion
741:Shays' Rebellion
735:Benjamin Lincoln
318:Shays' Rebellion
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943:"James Bowdoin"
941:
940:
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932:
890:Bowdoin College
862:
749:
743:
723:Bowdoin College
622:
593:Boston Massacre
570:Francis Bernard
554:Francis Bernard
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407:Harvard College
357:
341:Bowdoin College
291:Boston Massacre
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2192:External links
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2114:(4): 499–518.
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920:Bowdoin, Maine
912:Bowdoin Square
908:Bowdoin Street
892:in his honor.
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745:Main article:
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1544:Allan, p. 333
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19:
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3021:
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2666:
2659:
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2619:(since 1776)
2588:
2576:
2569:
2557:
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2509:
2497:
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2245:John Hancock
2233:
2226:
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2137:
2111:
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2079:
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2049:
2029:
1992:
1988:
1961:
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1627:February 24,
1625:. Retrieved
1621:the original
1611:
1601:February 23,
1599:. Retrieved
1595:the original
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1289:Hall, p. 136
1273:
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1259:Hall, p. 134
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1246:
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1192:
1187:Morse, p. 22
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1080:
1071:
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1053:
1044:
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1005:
996:
975:
951:. Retrieved
946:
937:
905:
894:
874:
847:
843:
836:
816:
808:Daniel Shays
789:
786:
774:
769:Job Shattuck
765:Daniel Shays
750:
727:
718:
714:James Warren
706:
678:
668:
641:tuberculosis
634:
629:John Hancock
605:British Army
600:
597:town meeting
590:
586:Samuel Adams
579:
558:
531:
527:John Hancock
515:an ironworks
507:Rhode Island
491:
468:
460:Isaac Newton
436:Philadelphia
425:
380:
365:John Smibert
322:
314:John Hancock
301:
295:
236:
235:
167:(1790-11-06)
120:John Hancock
115:Succeeded by
78:
55:Portrait by
36:
3084:1790 deaths
3079:1726 births
2947:Saltonstall
2805:W. Washburn
2775:E. Washburn
2723:Lincoln Jr.
2685:Lincoln Sr.
2453:(1692–1776)
2421:(1686–1689)
2295:(1629–1686)
1445:Zinn, p. 93
953:December 8,
901:Paul Revere
839:martial law
649:under siege
614:Thomas Gage
566:John Temple
523:Bridgewater
503:New England
376:Robert Feke
101:Preceded by
57:Robert Feke
3073:Categories
2862:Greenhalge
2601:Hutchinson
2590:Hutchinson
2440:Bradstreet
2399:Bradstreet
2389:Bellingham
2379:Bellingham
2339:Bellingham
2239:1785–1787
1666:References
914:, and the
854:Federalism
674:John Adams
653:Dorchester
591:After the
355:Early life
141:1726-08-07
89:Lieutenant
2734:Armstrong
2505:J. Dudley
2493:J. Dudley
2480:Stoughton
2474:Bellomont
2468:Stoughton
2450:Province
2430:J. Dudley
2418:Dominion
2369:T. Dudley
2354:T. Dudley
2334:T. Dudley
2314:T. Dudley
2183:510892519
2017:145506021
1934:231993575
1859:145808158
1822:163369557
1791:475446571
1716:678924183
882:James III
832:Petersham
824:Worcester
781:Worcester
689:demagogue
552:Governor
519:Attleboro
464:Scripture
456:telescope
349:James III
219:Signature
79:In office
3017:Cellucci
2957:Bradford
2912:Coolidge
2852:Brackett
2842:Robinson
2770:Clifford
2765:Boutwell
2679:Sullivan
2571:S. Phips
2559:S. Phips
2462:W. Phips
2394:Leverett
2384:Endecott
2374:Endecott
2364:Endecott
2359:Winthrop
2349:Endecott
2344:Winthrop
2329:Winthrop
2309:Winthrop
2304:Endecott
2157:61265580
2027:(1980).
1980:56029217
812:Luke Day
804:Franklin
669:de facto
452:treatise
387:Huguenot
383:merchant
302:de facto
211:Children
171:Boston,
69:2nd
3057:Italics
3034:Patrick
3007:Dukakis
2997:Dukakis
2992:Sargent
2982:Peabody
2972:Furcolo
2882:Douglas
2867:Wolcott
2857:Russell
2800:Claflin
2795:Bullock
2780:Gardner
2740:Everett
2645:Hancock
2640:Bowdoin
2634:Cushing
2628:Hancock
2596:Bernard
2584:Pownall
2565:Shirley
2553:Shirley
2548:Belcher
2292:Colony
2128:1917021
2009:3087199
1907:3117145
1764:1231296
1689:5816084
800:Hampden
686:foppish
481:by the
444:transit
395:Ireland
205:
197:
3044:Healey
3029:Romney
2967:Herter
2942:Hurley
2937:Curley
2922:Fuller
2907:McCall
2892:Draper
2837:Butler
2827:Talbot
2817:Gaston
2811:Talbot
2790:Andrew
2760:Briggs
2755:Morton
2745:Morton
2717:Morton
2711:Eustis
2706:Brooks
2701:Strong
2674:Strong
2655:Sumner
2542:Tailer
2535:Dummer
2529:Burnet
2523:Dummer
2511:Tailer
2435:Andros
2319:Haynes
2181:
2155:
2145:
2126:
2099:296634
2097:
2087:
2070:361420
2068:
2037:
2015:
2007:
1978:
1968:
1953:718724
1951:
1932:
1922:
1905:
1888:315459
1886:
1876:
1857:
1851:226781
1849:
1820:
1810:
1789:
1779:
1762:
1752:
1733:424881
1731:
1714:
1704:
1687:
897:orrery
719:Modest
475:poetry
391:France
278:Boston
188:Spouse
175:, U.S.
148:Boston
59:, 1748
3039:Baker
3023:Swift
2987:Volpe
2977:Volpe
2962:Dever
2952:Tobin
2927:Allen
2902:Walsh
2887:Guild
2877:Bates
2872:Crane
2785:Banks
2750:Davis
2728:Davis
2696:Gerry
2650:Adams
2517:Shute
2124:JSTOR
2066:JSTOR
2013:S2CID
2005:JSTOR
1855:S2CID
1847:JSTOR
930:Notes
521:(now
495:Maine
448:Venus
399:Maine
345:Maine
199:(
195:
3012:Weld
3002:King
2897:Foss
2847:Ames
2832:Long
2822:Rice
2691:Gore
2661:Gill
2606:Gage
2324:Vane
2179:OCLC
2153:OCLC
2143:ISBN
2095:OCLC
2085:ISBN
2035:ISBN
1976:OCLC
1966:ISBN
1949:OCLC
1930:OCLC
1920:ISBN
1903:OCLC
1884:OCLC
1874:ISBN
1831:Isis
1818:OCLC
1808:ISBN
1787:OCLC
1777:ISBN
1760:OCLC
1750:ISBN
1729:OCLC
1712:OCLC
1702:ISBN
1685:OCLC
1629:2012
1603:2012
955:2020
810:and
802:and
767:and
273:-din
183:None
162:Died
135:Born
2932:Ely
2917:Cox
2116:doi
2058:doi
1997:doi
1839:doi
895:An
517:in
446:of
343:in
271:BOH
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2122:.
2112:13
2110:.
2093:.
2064:.
2054:23
2052:.
2011:.
2003:.
1991:.
1974:.
1928:.
1882:.
1853:.
1845:.
1835:45
1833:.
1816:.
1785:.
1758:.
1710:.
1683:.
1681:10
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1153:^
1130:^
1098:^
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963:^
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2101:.
2072:.
2060::
2043:.
2019:.
1999::
1993:8
1982:.
1955:.
1936:.
1909:.
1890:.
1861:.
1841::
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1766:.
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264:/
261:n
258:ɪ
255:d
249:b
246:ˈ
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239:(
214:2
143:)
139:(
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20:)
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