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354:(1185–1333), although one theory supposes that these three gods and various other disease-related deities were already loosely coalesced around the 9th century, probably around the year 877 when a major epidemic swept through Japan. In later versions of the Somin Shōrai legend, the deity in the story came to be identified as Gozu Tennō, who at this stage had become more or less synonymous with both Susanoo and Mutō (though one source instead applies the name 'Mutō' to Gozu Tennō's father).
346:. The story relates that Mutō was a god from the northern sea who stayed at the house of a poor man named Somin Shōrai after Somin Shōrai's wealthy brother refused to give him lodgings. Mutō later provided Somin Shōrai's family a magical means to save themselves from future epidemics as a reward for their hospitality and slew the rich man who rejected him. The earliest extant version of this legend dating from the
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The oldest version of the Somin Shōrai legend portrays the god Mutō as marrying the daughter of the god of the southern seas. In later forms of this story featuring Gozu Tennō, the princess is given the name
Harisaijo (頗梨采女 or 波利采女, also known as 'Harisainyo' or 'Barisainyo') or 'Harisai Tennyo'
350:(surviving in an extract quoted in a medieval work) has Mutō revealing himself to be Susanoo, suggesting that the two deities were already being conflated during the 8th century, if not earlier. Sources that equate Gozu Tennō with Susanoo first appear during the
298:
The origins and early development of the Gozu Tennō cult before it reached Japan, as well as the process of his amalgamation with other deities, are unclear and a matter of debate. One theory for instance claims that Gozu Tennō was originally a minor
465:
for instance shows him with three faces and four arms. Another statue in
Tsushima, Aichi Prefecture depicts him with twelve arms, four heads (two fierce human heads each with a single horn, a horse's head, and an ox's head), and bird
35:
481:
Several early modern depictions of
Susanoo identify the deity as Gozu Tennō and may even exhibit iconographic traits of the latter (e.g. the ox's head) such as the first two images in this article.
567:, is named after Gozu Tennō's children. Legend states that a monk named Myōkō (妙行) had a vision of Gozu Tennō and the Hachiōji while meditating at the hill where the castle would later be built,
368:
of the deity
Tenkeisei or Tengyōshō (天刑星, "Star of Heavenly Punishment") subduing and devouring demons of pestilence. Gozu Tennō is shown here being seized by Tenkeisei with his upper left arm.
528:
Gozu Tennō is said to have had eight children with
Harisaijo, collectively known as the 'Hachiōji' (八王子, lit. "Eight Princes"). These deities were amalgamated with both the Hasshōshin (
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The idea that Gozu Tennō had Korean roots stems in part from his association with these two gods. Mutō's name for instance is believed to derive from the Korean word
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Gozu Tennō was historically identified with a number of deities, foremost among these being
Susanoo, the impetuous storm god of classical
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Gozu Tennō was usually portrayed as a fierce-looking man with the head of an ox above his head. He is sometimes shown wielding an
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for feet. An ink drawing on a wooden panel (dating from 1490) which portrays the god with five heads is preserved in a temple in
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398:("ox-head(ed)") has been explained as being derived from 'Soshimori', here interpreted as a Korean toponym meaning "Bull's (
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777:
McMullin, Neil (February 1988). "On
Placating the Gods and Pacifying the Populace: The Case of the Gion "Goryō" Cult".
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name being reconstructed either as 'Gavagrīva' ("Ox-Necked") or 'Gośirsa Devarāja' ("Ox-Headed Divine King", a
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during the medieval and early modern periods. During the Meiji period, when the government mandated the
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both as a causer of and protector against epidemics and eventually became amalgamated with the native
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513:. As Gozu Tennō was amalgamated with Susanoo, Harisaijo was in turn identified with Susanoo's wife
457:. Some artworks might depict the deity with multiple arms and heads: a late Heian period statue in
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of 'Gozu Tennō'). From India, the deity's cult was supposedly transmitted to Japan via
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Tradition, Democracy and the
Townscape of Kyoto: Claiming a Right to the Past
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294:. The caption at the upper left identifies Susanoo as 'Gozu Tennō' (牛頭天皇).
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in the other, though other depictions may instead show him brandishing a
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Buddhist
Materiality: A Cultural History of Objects in Japanese Buddhism
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342:, and Mutō-no-Kami (武塔神), an obscure deity who appears in the legend of
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571:(formerly also known as Fukazawayama), during the early 10th century.
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Critical
Perspectives on Classicism in Japanese Painting: 1600 - 1700
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Buddhas and Kami in Japan: Honji Suijaku as a Combinatory Paradigm
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Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697
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503:(頗梨采天女) and is identified as the third daughter of the dragon (
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and from there crossed the sea to Japan. Indeed, the epithet
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2855: (in order of the size of the shrine network they head)
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Historical and Cultural Properties Archives of Tsushima City
16:
Japanese plague deity, historically conflated with Susanoo
1057:真言宗智山派 梅松山円泉寺 (Shingon-shū Chizan-ha Baishō-san Ensen-ji)
540:(Yashimajinumi, I(so)takeru, Ōya(tsu)hime, Tsumatsuhime,
517:. Harisaijo was also associated with the Onmyōdō goddess
390:, came down to a place called 'Soshimori' in the land of
335:. Another theory proposes a Korean origin for the deity.
1531:
Ekibyō-taisan. Nihon no gofu besuto 10 (疫病退散 日本の護符ベスト10)
386:(720 CE) claims that Susanoo, after his banishment from
843:. Jappan Mēru Shinbunsha. 1878-03-11. pp. 138–139.
751:
Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System (JAANUS)
825:日本古典文学大系 2 風土記 (Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei, 2: Fudoki)
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563:(which gets its name from this castle) in western
303:deity regarded as the protector of the monastery (
532:, "Eight Divine Generals"), the guardians of the
253:officially reidentified their enshrined deity as
928:. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. p.
1149:
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785:(3). The University of Chicago Press: 270–293.
1485:. The Asahi Shimbun Company / VOYAGE MARKETING
1354:. Stanford University Press. pp. 230–231.
1082:Chiyorozu.info - Religious Syncretism in Japan
904:
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818:
816:
2886:
1629:
640:Rambelli, Fabio; Teeuwen, Mark, eds. (2003).
192:. Originally imported to Japan from mainland
8:
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184:(牛頭天王, lit. "Ox-Headed Heavenly King") is a
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1586:(Gion Faith Research Center, in Japanese)
882:"牛頭天王と蘇民将来 (Gozu Tennō to Somin Shōrai)"
860:. Oxford University Press. p. 181.
525:), the presiding deity of the New Year.
488:
425:depiction of Gozu Tennō with three heads
356:
715:
713:
632:
2667:Modern system of ranked Shinto shrines
18:
1106:天台寺門宗 上願寺 (Tendai Jimon-shū Jōgan-ji)
7:
1596:Official Website of Take-dera Temple
28:God of plague, pestilence and health
1602:Official Website of Tsushima Shrine
1590:Official Website of Hiromine Shrine
827:. Iwanami Shoten. pp. 488–489.
43:as Gozu Tennō subjugating demons (
14:
1608:Official Website of Yasaka Shrine
1208:Chiba Prefecture Official Website
979:"忘れられた神「牛頭天王」に光を 旧神官家子孫が像など収集 京都"
663:Lillehoj, Elizabeth, ed. (2004).
380:", while a story recorded in the
211:separation of Shinto and Buddhism
2985:
1280:湖南三山 長壽寺 (Konan Sanzan Chōju-ji)
2742:Shrine Parishioner Registration
1008:Shinshiro City Official Website
217:dedicated to Gozu Tennō of the
1550:Hachioji City Official Website
1508:Yasaka Shrine Official Website
1454:Yasaka Shrine Official Website
1397:Yasaka Shrine Official Website
918:Aston, William George (1896).
823:Akimoto, Kichirō, ed. (1958).
669:. University of Hawaii Press.
188:Japanese deity of disease and
1:
908:McMullin (1988). pp. 266-267.
327:, where it was influenced by
2840:Two bows, two claps, one bow
886:民話の駅 蘇民 (Minwa no Eki Somin)
548:, Ōyabiko, and Suseribime).
538:Susanoo's sons and daughters
196:, he was regarded since the
2766:Misc practices for visitors
2752:Shrine Consolidation Policy
1365:Brumann, Christoph (2012).
1232:Sakai City Official Website
954:Takeo City Official Website
3252:
1576:, Encyclopedia of Shinto (
1371:. Routledge. p. 166.
264:
2983:
2946:Ashinazuchi and Tenazuchi
2853:
2053:
2042:
1707:honden / shinden / shōden
1666:
1653:
1184:Nishio City Official Site
1078:"祇園大明神 牛頭天王 (Gozu Tennō)"
559:, located in the city of
536:in Onmyōdō, and eight of
493:Harisai Tennyo, from the
33:
26:
3164:Other shrines of Susanoo
1528:Shimada, Hiromi (2020).
1350:Rambelli, Fabio (2007).
1155:"本物に触れ地域学ぶ＜京都府立山城郷土資料館＞"
854:Hardacre, Helen (2017).
3171:Hikawa Shrine (Saitama)
728:. Kokugakuin University
2327:Sannō Ichijitsu Shintō
2279:daughters of Amaterasu
1731:Architectonic elements
1584:Gion Shinkō Kenkyū-kai
726:Encyclopedia of Shinto
648:. Routledge. pp.
611:Ox-Head and Horse-Face
499:
426:
369:
295:
2747:Secular Shrine Theory
2662:Shinkai (divine rank)
1578:Kokugakuin University
1450:"八柱御子神【八大方位(凶方)を司る神】"
492:
485:Consort and offspring
421:
360:
282:
2197:Fushimi Inari Taisha
779:History of Religions
3050:Nanba Yasaka Shrine
2672:Engishiki Jinmyocho
2334:Kumano Nachi Taisha
1660:Shinto architecture
1534:. Cyzo. p. 25.
1059:. 17 September 2017
3148:Historical figures
3134:Shinano Kokubun-ji
2691:Buddhist elements
2647:Twenty-Two Shrines
747:"Gozu Tennou 牛頭天王"
720:Yonei, Teruyoshi.
500:
433:in one hand and a
427:
423:Nanboku-chō period
370:
340:Japanese mythology
296:
221:tradition such as
61:Mutō Tenjin (武塔天神)
3196:Buddhism in Japan
3183:
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3179:
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3040:Saginomori Shrine
2981:
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2258:Dazaifu Tenman-gū
2038:
2037:
2034:
2033:
1924:ishi-no-ma-zukuri
1431:. 23 October 2020
1332:. 23 October 2020
1307:. 23 October 2020
1133:. 24 October 2020
1034:. 27 October 2020
857:Shinto: A History
329:esoteric Buddhism
267:Susanoo-no-Mikoto
179:
178:
99:Major cult center
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2380:Tutelary deities
2317:Oyamakui no Kami
2231:Ise Grand Shrine
2055:
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1987:sumiyoshi-zukuri
1973:ryōnagare-zukuri
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1483:コトバンク (Kotobank)
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1456:. Archived from
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1399:. Archived from
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983:Mainichi Shimbun
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534:eight directions
476:Shiga Prefecture
463:Osaka Prefecture
292:Utagawa Kuniteru
288:Yamata no Orochi
251:Hyōgo Prefecture
243:Aichi Prefecture
126:
45:Utagawa Sadahide
38:
19:
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3226:Shinbutsu bunri
3221:Onmyōdō deities
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3014:Hiromine Shrine
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2275:Munakata Taisha
2251:Shinmei shrines
2224:Hachiman Shrine
2214:Usa Hachiman-gū
2183:
2049:
2030:
1999:
1945:misedana-zukuri
1903:hachiman-zukuri
1896:tsumairi-zukuri
1876:
1757:kaerumata: see
1726:
1679:chōzu or temizu
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557:Hachiōji Castle
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352:Kamakura period
277:
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247:Hiromine Shrine
235:Tsushima Shrine
175:(Eight Princes)
120:
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113:Tsushima Shrine
111:
108:Hiromine Shrine
106:
62:
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3155:Kibi no Makibi
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2657:Beppyo Shrines
2654:
2652:Gokoku Shrines
2649:
2643:
2641:
2640:Classification
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2307:Hiyoshi Taisha
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2023:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1980:shinmei-zukuri
1976:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1938:kibitsu-zukuri
1934:
1927:
1920:
1917:irimoya-zukuri
1913:
1910:hiyoshi-zukuri
1906:
1899:
1892:
1889:hirairi-zukuri
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1646:Shinto shrines
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1626:
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1612:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1569:
1568:External links
1566:
1563:
1562:
1552:. 29 June 2016
1537:
1520:
1495:
1470:
1441:
1413:
1384:
1377:
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1317:
1292:
1267:
1243:
1219:
1195:
1171:
1143:
1118:
1108:. 20 July 2020
1093:
1069:
1044:
1019:
995:
965:
941:
921:"Book I"
910:
898:
873:
866:
846:
840:The Japan Mail
830:
812:
791:10.1086/463123
762:
738:
709:
698:rodsshinto.com
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415:
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286:defeating the
262:
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215:Shinto shrines
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2:
3248:
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3216:Buddhist gods
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3201:Japanese gods
3199:
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3117:
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3107:
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3088:
3083:
3082:Katano Shrine
3080:
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3071:
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3064:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3028:Other Shrines
3026:
3020:
3017:
3015:
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3010:
3009:Yasaka Shrine
3007:
3006:
3004:
3000:
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2972:
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2964:
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2959:
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2951:Yashimajinumi
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2757:Shrine Shinto
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2682:Setsumatsusha
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2589:Miscellaneous
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2548:Matsuri float
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2512:(propagation)
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1994:taisha-zukuri
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1931:kasuga-zukuri
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1510:(in Japanese)
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1460:on 2012-08-29
1459:
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1403:on 2012-08-11
1402:
1398:
1394:
1393:"櫛稲田姫命 (歳徳神)"
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1159:Kyoto Shimbun
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1102:"牛頭天王疫病除けお守り"
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621:Yasaka Shrine
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37:
32:
25:
20:
3094:Hyōzu Shrine
3070:Awata Shrine
3035:Inano Shrine
2961:Somin Shōrai
2929:
2918:Main Deities
2799:Jinja Honchō
2792:Institutions
2711:Whale mounds
2701:
2694:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2577:
2570:
2553:Shinko-shiki
2479:
2415:Yama-no-Kami
2290:Takeminakata
2207:Inari shrine
2189:Head shrines
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1992:
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1978:
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1966:owari-zukuri
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1959:ōtori-zukuri
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1712:
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1691:
1684:
1677:
1554:. Retrieved
1549:
1546:"八王子市の名前の由来"
1540:
1530:
1523:
1512:. Retrieved
1507:
1498:
1487:. Retrieved
1482:
1473:
1462:. Retrieved
1458:the original
1453:
1444:
1433:. Retrieved
1428:
1405:. Retrieved
1401:the original
1396:
1387:
1367:
1360:
1351:
1345:
1334:. Retrieved
1329:
1320:
1309:. Retrieved
1304:
1295:
1284:. Retrieved
1279:
1270:
1259:. Retrieved
1255:
1246:
1235:. Retrieved
1231:
1222:
1211:. Retrieved
1207:
1198:
1187:. Retrieved
1183:
1174:
1163:. Retrieved
1161:. 2020-11-07
1158:
1135:. Retrieved
1130:
1121:
1110:. Retrieved
1105:
1096:
1085:. Retrieved
1081:
1072:
1061:. Retrieved
1056:
1047:
1036:. Retrieved
1031:
1022:
1011:. Retrieved
1007:
998:
987:. Retrieved
985:. 2020-12-14
982:
957:. Retrieved
953:
944:
934:– via
925:
913:
890:. Retrieved
885:
876:
856:
849:
839:
833:
824:
782:
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754:. Retrieved
750:
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730:. Retrieved
725:
722:"Gozu Tennō"
701:. Retrieved
697:
694:"Gozu-Tennō"
665:
658:
643:
635:
596:Gion Matsuri
555:
527:
519:Toshitokujin
504:
501:
494:
480:
451:Heian period
428:
405:
399:
395:
381:
373:
371:
363:Heian period
344:Somin Shōrai
337:
297:
271:Somin Shōrai
229:district of
201:
198:Heian period
181:
180:
172:
89:
57:Mutō-no-Kami
3211:Plague gods
3206:Health gods
3125: [
3097: [
3085: [
3073: [
3053: [
3045:Suga Shrine
3002:Head Shrine
2969: [
2726:Sōja shrine
2538:Arahitogami
2521:Jingu Taima
2491:(locations)
2430:Ubusunagami
2410:Jinushigami
2339:Kumano Kodō
2322:Sannō torii
2285:Suwa Taisha
2246:Jingu Taima
2202:Inari Ōkami
2108:Kagura suzu
2004:Decorations
1751:hidden roof
1425:"歳徳神八将神暦道図"
1326:"牛頭天王大蛇退治図"
1301:"素戔嗚尊牛頭天王図"
1204:"木造伝牛頭天王立像"
1127:"祇園牛頭天王荒魂図"
546:Ukanomitama
414:Iconography
383:Nihon Shoki
348:Nara period
311:, with his
121: [
82:Affiliation
53:Other names
3190:Categories
2939:Minor gods
2930:Gozu Tennō
2604:Kanjo Nawa
2393:Chinjugami
2312:Ōkuninushi
2295:Yasakatome
2073:Chōzubachi
2058:Implements
1714:kagura-den
1610:(Japanese)
1604:(Japanese)
1598:(Japanese)
1592:(Japanese)
1574:Gozu Tennō
1556:2021-01-08
1514:2020-10-19
1489:2021-01-09
1464:2021-01-09
1435:2021-01-08
1407:2021-01-08
1336:2021-01-08
1311:2021-01-08
1286:2021-01-18
1261:2021-01-08
1252:"木造牛頭天王倚像"
1237:2021-01-09
1213:2021-01-08
1189:2021-01-08
1180:"木造牛頭天王神像"
1165:2021-01-08
1137:2021-01-08
1112:2021-01-08
1087:2021-01-09
1063:2021-01-08
1038:2021-01-08
1013:2021-01-08
1004:"木造牛頭天王立像"
989:2021-01-08
959:2021-01-08
950:"木造牛頭天王坐像"
936:Wikisource
892:2020-06-17
756:2020-03-31
732:2020-03-31
703:2020-03-30
627:References
496:Butsuzōzui
265:See also:
182:Gozu Tennō
115:(formerly)
110:(formerly)
105:(formerly)
94:), Susanoo
77:牛頭天王, 牛頭天皇
22:Gozu Tennō
3236:Gion cult
3122:Take-dera
2903:Gion cult
2845:Jichinsai
2677:Chinjusha
2625:Miyamairi
2531:Senjafuda
2501:Kadomatsu
2495:Katashiro
2481:Meoto Iwa
2470:(forests)
2445:Yorishiro
2398:Garanshin
2368:Gion cult
2356:Gion cult
2236:Amaterasu
2166:Tamagushi
2026:Shimenawa
1822:nakazonae
1759:nakazonae
1738:Chinjusha
1671:Buildings
1276:"牛頭天王の板絵"
1053:"午頭天王のお姿"
807:162357693
591:Gion cult
586:Yamantaka
569:Shiroyama
378:shamaness
219:Gion cult
186:syncretic
162:Harisaijo
153:Genealogy
118:Take-dera
67:Daimyōjin
2815:Futomani
2773:Ō-mikuji
2721:Mitamaya
2716:Kamidana
2703:miyadera
2696:jingū-ji
2572:Kannushi
2476:(rocks)
2462:Shinboku
2435:Kunitama
2268:Tenmangū
2241:Jingūkyō
2219:Hachiman
2172:Masakaki
2094:Himorogi
1850:tamagaki
1829:shinboku
1794:katsuogi
1787:katōmado
1773:karahafu
1228:"牛頭天王坐像"
1028:"牛頭天王座像"
931:57
616:Shennong
606:Minotaur
575:See also
561:Hachiōji
455:clothing
404:) Head (
366:painting
313:Sanskrit
309:Jetavana
301:Buddhist
261:Overview
239:Tsushima
173:Hachiōji
168:Children
74:Japanese
3115:Temples
2925:Susanoo
2835:Hakushu
2735:History
2631:Shinshi
2543:Mikoshi
2526:Omamori
2497:(dolls)
2489:Kannabi
2474:Iwakura
2464:(trees)
2457:Mirrors
2449:Shintai
2420:Oyagami
2405:Dōsojin
2388:Ujigami
2152:Shinsen
2080:Chōzuya
1808:komainu
1780:karamon
1429:祇園信仰研究会
1330:祇園信仰研究会
1305:祇園信仰研究会
1131:祇園信仰研究会
1032:祇園信仰研究会
799:1062279
601:Gomukha
509:) king
447:halberd
284:Susanoo
255:Susanoo
225:in the
207:Susanoo
190:healing
158:Consort
147:halberd
69:(祇園大明神)
41:Susanoo
2995:Places
2830:Misogi
2825:Kagura
2687:Hokora
2618:Misaki
2611:Junrei
2506:Bunrei
2263:Tenjin
2122:Ō-nusa
2115:O-miki
2087:Hakama
2048:Others
2016:Saisen
1881:Styles
1700:hokora
1693:Heiden
1686:Haiden
1375:
864:
805:
797:
673:
581:Amabie
552:Legacy
542:Ōtoshi
511:Sāgara
468:talons
388:heaven
374:mudang
333:Taoism
317:calque
305:vihara
273:, and
131:Weapon
3129:]
3101:]
3089:]
3077:]
3065:]
2973:]
2820:Harae
2808:Rites
2778:Shuin
2564:Staff
2516:Ofuda
2510:Kanjō
2425:Sorei
2178:Washi
2145:Shide
2138:Sanbo
2129:Gohei
2021:Tomoe
2011:Sandō
1864:torii
1857:tokyō
1843:sōrin
1836:shōrō
1766:kairō
1744:chigi
1504:"御祭神"
1479:"八将神"
803:S2CID
795:JSTOR
565:Tokyo
472:Konan
459:Sakai
445:or a
443:sword
439:lasso
435:noose
392:Silla
361:Late
325:China
321:Tibet
307:) of
290:, by
231:Kyoto
143:sword
139:noose
125:]
91:honji
59:(武塔神)
2956:Hōdō
2911:Gods
2597:A-un
2579:Miko
2508:and
2447:and
2159:Suzu
1871:tōrō
1373:ISBN
862:ISBN
671:ISBN
652:–39.
506:nāga
410:)".
407:mari
396:gozu
331:and
323:and
227:Gion
203:kami
194:Asia
171:The
64:Gion
2783:Ema
2101:Jōe
1815:mon
787:doi
530:八将神
523:歳徳神
437:or
431:axe
376:, "
249:in
245:or
237:in
233:or
135:axe
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