3585:
benevolent and malevolent features, to mark their roles as gentle to supplicants, and also fierce to wrongdoers. They are associated with agriculture, harvests, rain, and are regarded to be embodiments of fertility. These deities are often venerated in the open fields, or in the form of shrines. Most of them are not accompanied by a male consort. Their shrines could sometimes be composed of a pile of stones or a flag. While some of these shrines are maintained and served by priests, others merely have a keeper who is not accorded a special status. Gramadevatas often share common suffixes in their names, such as
3754:
3662:
3790:
3766:
3742:
31:
3778:
4580:
3447:
129:
3584:
Gramadevatas are believed to serve as the protectors of fields and the general countryside, preventing plagues, famines, pestilence, war, as well as natural disasters. They are also venerated to honour their task of guarding villagers from evil. These deities, predominantly goddesses, possess both
3529:. The plaque shows a figure holding a parasol, evidently a goddess, being worshipped with earthen pots, fruits, flowers and other offerings similar to those given to modern-day village goddesses. Another group of common iconography related to gramadevatas are the
92:
Of diverse origins, gramadevatas are regarded to protect the inhabitants of their villages from bandits, epidemics, and natural disasters when propitiated, failing which they are believed to cause these afflictions. A gramadevata is typically female in
3519:
sites, including a woman with a plant emerging from her womb and a woman in a tree (believed to be a goddess) being worshipped by another woman, with seven figures below. Due to their association with agriculture, the idea of the earth spirit of
3524:
is still a common association with villages today just as it was in
Harappan times. Evidence of continued veneration of a female village deity comes from a terracotta fragment Chandraketugarh from what is now eastern West Bengal dating to the
3621:, is regarded by local adherents to be the brother of Gangamma, a gramadevata. Mainstream Hindu deities and gramadevatas are often ritually worshipped together due to their integrated traditions. Due to the prevalence of
3575:
to the earth, where they were assigned the task of protecting mankind from evil and malicious forces. Thus, the gramadevatas are honoured for their duty through festivals and temples dedicated to their worship.
3601:. Animal sacrifices and blood are often served as offerings to placate these goddesses by their devotees, including chickens, goats, and occasionally buffaloes, traditionally requiring them to be male.
3543:
indicates a non-Vedic origin for these goddesses. In addition to the fertility goddesses, the various disease goddesses include deities described with unappealing physical characteristics like
4426:
3609:
While various gramadevatas possess discrete worlds and forms of worship from mainstream
Hinduism, others have been syncretised as members of the greater pantheon of
3789:
4144:
Genealogy of the South Indian
Deities: An English Translation of BartholomƤus Ziegenbalg's Original German Manuscript with a Textual Analysis and Glossary
177:
97:. In this region, a village goddess, acting as a fertility figure, is enshrined, and a guardian of the village is situated at the village boundary.
2354:
940:
3777:
3753:
3547:
and Mata. These goddesses could be represented in the
Harappan period by a goddess with weapons in her hair. Similarly, goddesses absorbed into
4419:
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4314:
4287:
4260:
4233:
4206:
4179:
4152:
4125:
3989:
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3908:
3881:
3854:
3827:
3741:
3900:
Encyclopedia of Earth Myths: An
Insider's A-Z Guide to Mythic People, Places, Objects, and Events Central to the Earth's Visionary Geography
2233:
3110:
3515:. These figurines are believed to represent the "Mother Goddess." Similar female figurines are found in 3rd-2nd millennium figures from
3571:. Nine forms of this Shakti, collectively designated as the Navashakti, were created. Due to their arrogance, they were banished from
3477:
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1687:
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2183:
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1308:
620:
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197:
182:
105:
The term gramadevata is derived from the
Sanskrit words grÄma, "village, village settlement" and devatÄ, "deity".
4883:
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915:
60:
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1989:
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1000:
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72:
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Scoffing at
Scripture: A Commoner Reads the World's Holy Writ and Rejects Traditional Religion
4283:
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4175:
4148:
4121:
4071:
3985:
3958:
3931:
3904:
3877:
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3535:, the "seven mothers." The first mention of these goddesses occurs in the later layers of the
3463:
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2253:
2074:
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2019:
1859:
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1079:
821:
112:
51:
4054:
Elgood, Heather (1 September 2004). "Exploring the roots of village
Hinduism in South Asia".
2623:
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3187:
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3035:
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2529:
2278:
2258:
2129:
2004:
1984:
1904:
1595:
1581:
1479:
1459:
1422:
1014:
1009:
736:
615:
579:
524:
519:
346:
1143:
1138:
920:
826:
596:
966:
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192:
4537:
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3173:
3021:
2672:
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2515:
2318:
2144:
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2014:
1999:
1964:
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1816:
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1331:
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875:
677:
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1064:
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285:
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A South Indian legend states that the gramadevatas trace their origin to the first
3531:
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38:
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2149:
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1199:
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703:
432:
232:
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3227:
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2417:
2377:
2308:
2154:
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2069:
2039:
1974:
1894:
1793:
1763:
1743:
1427:
1371:
1336:
1321:
1240:
1235:
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543:
457:
388:
327:
1024:
558:
17:
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870:
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816:
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682:
293:
251:
246:
120:
82:
4333:
Adi Deo Arya Devata: A Panoramic View oF Tribal-Hindu
Cultural Interface
3629:, it is common to find representations of male gramadevatas as forms of
4854:
4827:
4688:
4663:
4643:
4611:
4606:
4596:
4522:
4502:
4497:
4487:
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4030:
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3646:
3642:
3638:
3568:
3268:
3232:
3222:
2972:
2893:
2885:
2702:
2628:
2613:
2410:
2109:
2054:
1788:
1738:
1708:
1703:
1575:
1550:
1437:
1114:
1109:
1069:
976:
971:
961:
948:
935:
925:
900:
811:
801:
610:
574:
462:
447:
442:
378:
373:
337:
332:
319:
4798:
4793:
4758:
4746:
4736:
4703:
4693:
4628:
4547:
4527:
4465:
4460:
3699:
3689:
3630:
3618:
3572:
3564:
3237:
3051:
2367:
2094:
1979:
1879:
1849:
1844:
1778:
1753:
1542:
1412:
1255:
1230:
1169:
1054:
1049:
1039:
981:
905:
865:
860:
791:
716:
651:
636:
538:
482:
467:
413:
393:
306:
301:
138:
34:
4022:
4822:
4741:
4673:
4633:
4618:
4542:
4507:
4470:
3660:
3634:
3552:
3254:
3124:
2889:
2846:
2401:
1939:
1803:
1713:
1560:
1514:
1494:
1174:
1159:
1099:
1089:
1074:
1059:
1034:
885:
855:
741:
641:
472:
437:
408:
403:
398:
383:
311:
86:
29:
4773:
4713:
4678:
4648:
4588:
4562:
4552:
4532:
4477:
1723:
1504:
1474:
1417:
1164:
1151:
1044:
646:
487:
477:
452:
418:
368:
350:
4408:
4276:
Coulter, Charles
Russell; Turner, Patricia (6 December 2021).
4385:
The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions, Vol. 1
3954:
The Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Philosophy of Religion
3783:
Ayyanar, a guardian kuladevata, accompanied by two consorts
3539:
dating to the 1st century CE, and their lack of mention in
591:
128:
3927:
In Gods We Trust: The Evolutionary Landscape of Religion
4007:"The Hindu Pantheon and the Legitimation of Hierarchy"
65:
3555:, appear around the 1st century BCEā1st century CE.
4811:
4729:
4587:
4446:
3795:
The goddess Muthyalamma, the kuladevata of Gudilova
4249:Flueckiger, Joyce Burkhalter (23 February 2015).
3978:Flueckiger, Joyce Burkhalter (23 February 2015).
4171:A Comparative Study of Religions: Second Edition
4103:. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. p. 540.
4420:
3471:
8:
3870:Becchio, Bruno; SchadƩ, Johannes P. (2006).
4388:. Asian Educational Services. p. 482.
4174:. University of Nairobi Press. p. 71.
4427:
4413:
4405:
3478:
3464:
107:
85:, primarily worshipped in the villages of
4228:. Harvard University Press. p. 181.
3903:. Hampton Roads Publishing. p. 555.
3846:Encyclopaedia of Hindu Gods and Goddesses
3822:. Intellectual Book Corner. p. 385.
3747:Mariamman in a temple festival procession
4117:Classical Hindu Thought: An Introduction
3930:. Oxford University Press. p. 125.
4120:. Oxford University Press. p. 65.
3808:
3737:
2355:Sources and classification of scripture
119:
4049:
4047:
3637:, and female gramadevatas as forms of
4303:Kelly, Frank Bolger (February 2011).
4255:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 34.
4201:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 68.
4141:Jeyaraj, Daniel (23 September 2004).
3984:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 30.
977:Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)
972:ArthÄpatti (postulation, presumption)
7:
3897:Leviton, Richard (14 October 2005).
3876:. Foreign Media Group. p. 112.
3649:, have been completely adopted into
37:, the gramadevata of the village of
4309:. Dog Ear Publishing. p. 647.
25:
3849:. Sarup & Sons. p. 111.
4578:
4195:Elgood, Heather (1 April 2000).
4168:J.N.K, Mugambi (16 March 2015).
3924:Atran, Scott (9 December 2004).
3788:
3776:
3764:
3752:
3740:
3495:The earliest appearance of the "
3445:
127:
77:'village deity') is the
4330:Jain, Sandhya (19 March 2022).
4279:Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities
4198:Hinduism and the Religious Arts
4100:A Classical Dictionary of India
3873:Encyclopedia of World Religions
4358:"Dharma-Thakur | Indian deity"
3951:Oppy, Graham (17 April 2015).
215:Epic-Puranic royal genealogies
1:
4382:Syed Siraj Ul Hassan (1920).
4336:. Notion Press. p. 138.
3276:Other society-related topics:
967:UpamÄį¹a (comparison, analogy)
4222:Blurton, T. Richard (1993).
4005:Fuller, C. J. (March 1988).
3645:. Few gramadevatas, such as
3387:Hinduism and other religions
2184:Chandrashekarendra Saraswati
4068:10.1080/0043824042000282777
3132:Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram
3104:Naalayira Divya Prabandham
832:Arishadvargas (six enemies)
776:Antaįø„karaį¹a (mental organs)
771:SÅ«kį¹£ma ÅarÄ«ra (subtle body)
66:
27:Village deities in Hinduism
4952:
4282:. McFarland. p. 196.
4147:. Routledge. p. 114.
3957:. Routledge. p. 128.
3816:Iyengar, T. R. R. (2004).
3613:. For instance, the deity
3008:Naalayira Divya Prabandham
1688:Gurus, sants, philosophers
1624:Akshar Purushottam Darshan
812:Uparati (self-settledness)
4900:
4576:
3597:root word for mother, or
2174:Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati
827:Samadhana (concentration)
691:Three paths to liberation
198:Tribal religions in India
183:Historical Vedic religion
178:Indus Valley Civilisation
55:
4884:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
3843:Chandra, Suresh (1998).
3511:figurines dating to the
1003:, sacrifice, and charity
4362:Encyclopedia Britannica
4114:Sharma, Arvind (2000).
3181:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam
2394:Timeline of Hindu texts
2299:Siddharameshwar Maharaj
1327:Pumsavana Simantonayana
982:Åabda (word, testimony)
220:Epic-Puranic chronology
188:Dravidian folk religion
81:of a given locality in
4097:Garrett, John (1971).
3670:
3507:in the form of female
3146:Eighteen Greater Texts
2775:Brahma Vaivarta Purana
2204:Krishnananda Saraswati
1443:Vijayadashami-Dussehra
957:Pratyakį¹£a (perception)
817:Titiksha (forbearance)
41:
3759:Sculpture of Chamunda
3664:
3517:Harappan civilization
3262:Varna-related topics:
3153:Eighteen Lesser Texts
2726:Devi Bhagavata Purana
1617:Svabhavika Bhedabheda
1603:Achintya Bheda Abheda
1535:Philosophical schools
837:Ahamkara (attachment)
797:Vairagya (dispassion)
725:Mokį¹£a-related topics:
33:
3669:, a male gramadevata
3394:Hinduism and Jainism
2324:Vethathiri Maharishi
2229:Nisargadatta Maharaj
792:Viveka (discernment)
167:(500/200 BCEā300 CE)
3452:Hinduism portal
3331:Hinduism by country
3167:Iraiyanar Akapporul
3111:TirumurukÄį¹į¹uppaį¹ai
2194:Dayananda Saraswati
2179:Bhaktivinoda Thakur
2085:Sripada Srivallabha
2025:Raghunatha Siromani
1990:Narasimha Saraswati
1890:Santadas Kathiababa
962:AnumÄį¹a (inference)
3671:
3513:4th millennium BCE
3346:Caribbean Shaktism
3065:Kanakadhara Stotra
2314:U. G. Krishnamurti
2294:Satyadhyana Tirtha
1885:Gangesha Upadhyaya
1543:Six Astika schools
787:Änanda (happiness)
766:AnÄtman (non-self)
42:
4918:
4917:
4343:979-8-88530-378-1
4316:978-1-60844-808-1
4289:978-0-7864-9179-7
4262:978-1-118-52818-1
4252:Everyday Hinduism
4235:978-0-674-39189-5
4208:978-0-8264-9865-6
4181:978-9966-846-89-1
4154:978-1-134-28703-1
4127:978-0-19-564441-8
4056:World Archaeology
3991:978-1-118-52818-1
3981:Everyday Hinduism
3964:978-1-317-51592-0
3937:978-0-19-803405-6
3910:978-1-61283-298-2
3883:978-1-60136-000-7
3856:978-81-7625-039-9
3829:978-81-7076-104-4
3567:, created by the
3488:
3487:
3339:Balinese Hinduism
2838:Markandeya Purana
2075:Satyanatha Tirtha
2030:Raghuttama Tirtha
2020:Raghavendra Swami
1860:Ramdas Kathiababa
941:Sources of dharma
807:Dama (temperance)
802:Sama (equanimity)
168:
76:
64:
16:(Redirected from
4943:
4931:Tutelary deities
4582:
4429:
4422:
4415:
4406:
4400:
4399:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4192:
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4185:
4165:
4159:
4158:
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4131:
4111:
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3995:
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3894:
3888:
3887:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3813:
3792:
3780:
3771:Bhadrakali Amman
3768:
3756:
3744:
3549:Puranic Hinduism
3480:
3473:
3466:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3410:and Christianity
3380:Pilgrimage sites
3310:Reform movements
3188:Vinayagar Agaval
3139:Five Great Epics
3088:Tamil literature
2987:Sushruta Samhita
2782:Bhavishya Purana
2768:Brahmanda Purana
2719:Bhagavata Purana
2647:Other scriptures
2209:Mahavatar Babaji
1784:Satyakama Jabala
1455:Ganesh Chaturthi
1309:Rites of passage
822:Shraddha (faith)
240:Major traditions
166:
131:
108:
71:
69:
59:
57:
21:
4951:
4950:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4940:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4914:
4910:Hindu mythology
4896:
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4583:
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4442:
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4403:
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4380:
4376:
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4344:
4329:
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4317:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4290:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4263:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4236:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4209:
4194:
4193:
4189:
4182:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4155:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4128:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4053:
4052:
4045:
4035:
4033:
4023:10.2307/2803031
4004:
4003:
3999:
3992:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3965:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3938:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3911:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3884:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3857:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3830:
3819:Hindu Mythology
3815:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3784:
3781:
3772:
3769:
3760:
3757:
3748:
3745:
3733:
3659:
3607:
3582:
3561:
3527:1st century BCE
3493:
3484:
3446:
3444:
3425:
3424:
3418:
3388:
3354:
3333:
3325:
3315:
3314:
3277:
3210:
3202:
3194:
3193:
3090:
3058:
2980:Charaka Samhita
2959:VaiÅeį¹£ika SÅ«tra
2917:Shilpa Shastras
2896:
2849:
2733:Naradiya Purana
2705:
2700:
2675:
2649:
2608:
2472:
2404:
2388:
2357:
2349:
2339:
2338:
2284:Shirdi Sai Baba
2279:Sathya Sai Baba
2259:Ramana Maharshi
2163:
2130:Vadiraja Tirtha
2125:VÄcaspati MiÅra
2005:Srinivasacharya
1985:Narahari Tirtha
1965:Matsyendranatha
1950:KumÄrila Bhaį¹į¹a
1915:Jagannatha Dasa
1905:Haridasa Thakur
1819:
1698:
1690:
1680:
1679:
1635:
1596:Vishishtadvaita
1545:
1537:
1527:
1526:
1480:Makar Sankranti
1460:Vasant Panchami
1423:Maha Shivaratri
1407:
1311:
1220:
1154:
1123:
1004:
995:
987:
986:
951:
845:
782:PrajƱa (wisdom)
778:
755:
719:
693:
662:
631:
629:Meaning of life
616:God in Hinduism
605:
569:
567:Supreme reality
544:Subtle elements
533:
514:
508:
498:
497:
353:
322:
296:
288:
278:
277:
274:
241:
235:
225:
224:
169:
164:Hindu synthesis
160:
155:
103:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4949:
4947:
4939:
4938:
4933:
4923:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4907:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4887:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4864:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4819:
4817:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4739:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4593:
4591:
4585:
4584:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4452:
4450:
4444:
4443:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4424:
4417:
4409:
4402:
4401:
4394:
4374:
4349:
4342:
4322:
4315:
4295:
4288:
4268:
4261:
4241:
4234:
4214:
4207:
4187:
4180:
4160:
4153:
4133:
4126:
4106:
4089:
4062:(3): 326ā342.
4043:
3997:
3990:
3970:
3963:
3943:
3936:
3916:
3909:
3889:
3882:
3862:
3855:
3835:
3828:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3794:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3725:Kasba Ganapati
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3658:
3655:
3606:
3603:
3581:
3578:
3560:
3557:
3497:Mother Goddess
3492:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3416:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3326:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3283:Discrimination
3279:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3184:
3177:
3174:Abirami Antati
3170:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3060:
3059:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3022:Ramcharitmanas
3018:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2973:Pramana Sutras
2969:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2945:Mimamsa Sutras
2941:
2938:Samkhya Sutras
2934:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2903:Dharma Shastra
2898:
2897:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2685:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2659:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2578:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2563:
2555:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2540:
2537:Shvetashvatara
2533:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2509:Brihadaranyaka
2504:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2489:
2481:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2350:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2319:Upasni Maharaj
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2145:Vedanta Desika
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2065:Samarth Ramdas
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2015:Purandara Dasa
2012:
2007:
2002:
2000:Nimbarkacharya
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1920:Jayanta Bhatta
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1691:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1450:Raksha Bandhan
1447:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1332:Simantonnayana
1329:
1324:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1281:Carnatic music
1278:
1273:
1268:
1266:Bhagavata Mela
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1210:Kundalini yoga
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1006:
1005:
999:
996:
993:
992:
989:
988:
985:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
953:
952:
947:
944:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
847:
846:
843:
840:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
773:
768:
763:
757:
756:
753:
750:
749:
744:
739:
734:
728:
727:
721:
720:
715:
712:
711:
706:
701:
695:
694:
689:
686:
685:
680:
675:
670:
664:
663:
660:Stages of life
658:
655:
654:
649:
644:
639:
633:
632:
627:
624:
623:
621:God and gender
618:
613:
607:
606:
603:
600:
599:
594:
589:
588:
587:
582:
571:
570:
565:
562:
561:
556:
554:Gross elements
551:
546:
541:
535:
534:
531:
528:
527:
522:
516:
515:
512:
509:
504:
503:
500:
499:
496:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
429:
428:
422:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
365:
364:
355:
354:
344:
341:
340:
335:
330:
324:
323:
318:
315:
314:
309:
304:
298:
297:
292:
289:
284:
283:
280:
279:
276:
275:
268:
265:
264:
259:
254:
249:
243:
242:
239:
236:
231:
230:
227:
226:
223:
222:
217:
212:
210:Itihasa-Purana
201:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
156:
153:
152:
149:
148:
147:
146:
141:
133:
132:
124:
123:
117:
116:
102:
99:
79:tutelary deity
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4948:
4937:
4936:Hindu deities
4934:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4899:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4876:
4875:Bhagavad Gita
4872:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4810:
4804:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4730:Other deities
4728:
4722:
4721:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4586:
4581:
4571:
4570:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4436:Hindu deities
4430:
4425:
4423:
4418:
4416:
4411:
4410:
4407:
4397:
4391:
4387:
4386:
4378:
4375:
4363:
4359:
4353:
4350:
4345:
4339:
4335:
4334:
4326:
4323:
4318:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4299:
4296:
4291:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4272:
4269:
4264:
4258:
4254:
4253:
4245:
4242:
4237:
4231:
4227:
4226:
4218:
4215:
4210:
4204:
4200:
4199:
4191:
4188:
4183:
4177:
4173:
4172:
4164:
4161:
4156:
4150:
4146:
4145:
4137:
4134:
4129:
4123:
4119:
4118:
4110:
4107:
4102:
4101:
4093:
4090:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4001:
3998:
3993:
3987:
3983:
3982:
3974:
3971:
3966:
3960:
3956:
3955:
3947:
3944:
3939:
3933:
3929:
3928:
3920:
3917:
3912:
3906:
3902:
3901:
3893:
3890:
3885:
3879:
3875:
3874:
3866:
3863:
3858:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3839:
3836:
3831:
3825:
3821:
3820:
3812:
3809:
3803:
3791:
3786:
3779:
3774:
3767:
3762:
3755:
3750:
3743:
3738:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3715:Kala Bhairava
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3663:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3615:Venkateshvara
3612:
3611:Hindu deities
3604:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3569:Supreme Being
3566:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3532:sapta matrika
3528:
3523:
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3353:Hindu culture
3351:
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3305:Organisations
3303:
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3029:Yoga Vasistha
3026:
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3019:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3005:
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3002:
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2994:Natya Shastra
2991:
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2931:Brahma Sutras
2928:
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2877:Sthapatyaveda
2874:
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2870:Gandharvaveda
2867:
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2857:
2853:
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2843:
2840:
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2831:Varaha Purana
2828:
2826:
2825:
2824:Skanda Purana
2821:
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2818:
2814:
2812:
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2807:
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2761:Brahma Purana
2758:
2756:
2755:
2754:Garuda Purana
2751:
2749:
2748:
2747:Matsya Purana
2744:
2742:
2741:
2740:VÄmana Purana
2737:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2712:Vishnu Purana
2709:
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2656:Bhagavad Gita
2653:
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2255:
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2240:
2239:Radhakrishnan
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2219:Narayana Guru
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2199:Jaggi Vasudev
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2189:Chinmayananda
2187:
2185:
2182:
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2050:Ramprasad Sen
2048:
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1900:Gorakshanatha
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1840:Allama Prabhu
1838:
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1835:Akka Mahadevi
1833:
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1825:Abhinavagupta
1823:
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1634:Other schools
1632:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1614:
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1611:
1610:Shuddhadvaita
1607:
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1291:Kalaripayattu
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1226:Bharatanatyam
1224:
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1127:
1126:
1120:
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1113:
1111:
1108:
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1105:Nritta-Nritya
1103:
1101:
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266:
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98:
96:
90:
88:
84:
80:
74:
68:
62:
53:
49:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
4889:
4882:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4784:Gramadevatas
4783:
4718:
4567:
4384:
4377:
4365:. Retrieved
4361:
4352:
4332:
4325:
4305:
4298:
4278:
4271:
4251:
4244:
4224:
4217:
4197:
4190:
4170:
4163:
4143:
4136:
4116:
4109:
4099:
4092:
4059:
4055:
4034:. Retrieved
4017:(1): 22ā39.
4014:
4010:
4000:
3980:
3973:
3953:
3946:
3926:
3919:
3899:
3892:
3872:
3865:
3845:
3838:
3818:
3811:
3710:Dharmathakur
3685:Dharmathakur
3617:, a form of
3608:
3598:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3562:
3530:
3521:
3494:
3412: /
3408: /
3404: /
3400: /
3398:and Buddhism
3396: /
3360:Architecture
3323:Other topics
3261:
3244:
3216:Four varnas:
3215:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3006:
3001:Panchatantra
2999:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2952:NyÄya SÅ«tras
2950:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2910:Artha Åastra
2908:
2901:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2817:KÅ«rma Purana
2815:
2810:Linga Purana
2808:
2803:Shiva Purana
2801:
2794:
2789:Padma Purana
2787:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2687:
2680:
2665:s (Hinduism)
2662:
2654:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2575:Atharvaveda:
2574:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2439:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2289:Shraddhanand
2264:Ravi Shankar
2244:R. D. Ranade
2105:ÅyÄma Åastri
2100:Swaminarayan
2060:Rupa Goswami
1970:Morya Gosavi
1930:Jiva Goswami
1830:Adi Shankara
1656:PratyabhijƱa
1622:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1387:Samavartanam
1367:VidyÄraį¹bhaį¹
1352:Annaprashana
1276:Dandiya Raas
1251:Mohiniyattam
1144:NididhyÄsana
949:Epistemology
881:Brahmacharya
761:Ätman (self)
724:
668:Brahmacharya
597:SaccidÄnanda
549:Panchikarana
425:
358:
349: /
345:Other major
269:
203:
202:
157:
104:
91:
47:
45:
43:
4868:Mahabharata
4779:Kuladevatas
4558:Vishvakarma
4367:14 February
3705:Siparia Mai
3667:Munishvarar
3623:Vaishnavism
3537:Mahabharata
3499:" found in
3491:Development
3406:and Judaism
3402:and Sikhism
3370:Iconography
3295:Nationalism
3288:Persecution
3072:Shiva Stuti
2966:Yoga Sutras
2796:Agni Purana
2698:Other texts
2689:Mahabharata
2432:Atharvaveda
2329:Vivekananda
2254:Rama Tirtha
2249:Ramakrishna
2224:Nigamananda
2214:Mahesh Yogi
2090:Sripadaraja
2080:Siddheshwar
1975:MukundarÄja
1955:Madhusūdana
1945:Kanaka Dasa
1865:Chakradhara
1809:Yajnavalkya
1799:Vishvamitra
1668:Pancharatra
1566:Vaisheshika
1522:Ratha Yatra
1470:Janmashtami
1465:Rama Navami
1382:Ritushuddhi
1357:Chudakarana
1347:Nishkramana
1317:Garbhadhana
1286:Pandav Lila
1195:Bhakti yoga
1080:PrÄyaÅcitta
851:Niti Åastra
699:Bhakti yoga
678:VÄnaprastha
493:Vishvakarma
426:Post-Vedic:
262:Vaishnavism
204:Traditional
95:South India
67:GrÄmadevatÄ
48:gramadevata
39:Nathanallur
18:GrÄmadevatÄ
4925:Categories
4850:Upanishads
4769:Gandharvas
4493:Dattatreya
4395:8120604881
3804:References
3695:Bhadrakali
3675:Ankalamman
3665:Statue of
3653:Hinduism.
3605:Syncretism
3580:Veneration
3509:terracotta
3501:South Asia
3246:Varna-less
3118:Tiruppukal
3079:Vayu Stuti
3043:Panchadasi
3036:Swara yoga
2924:Kama Sutra
2863:Dhanurveda
2523:Taittiriya
2501:Yajurveda:
2493:Kaushitaki
2470:Upanishads
2462:Upanishads
2386:Scriptures
2234:Prabhupada
2150:Vidyaranya
2035:Ram Charan
2010:PrabhÄkara
1925:Jayatīrtha
1875:Dadu Dayal
1870:ChÄngadeva
1729:Bharadwaja
1719:Ashtavakra
1485:Kumbh Mela
1433:Durga Puja
1362:Karnavedha
1342:NÄmakaraį¹a
1271:Yakshagana
1200:Karma yoga
1190:Jnana yoga
1185:Hatha yoga
1122:Meditation
1095:Tirthadana
876:Aparigraha
732:ParamÄtman
717:Liberation
709:Karma yoga
704:Jnana yoga
433:Dattatreya
233:Traditions
158:Historical
56:ą¤ą„ą¤°ą¤¾ą¤®ą¤¦ą„ą¤µą¤¤ą¤¾
4789:Rakshasas
4659:Mahavidya
4602:Saraswati
4589:Goddesses
4518:Kartikeya
4225:Hindu Art
4084:144268377
4076:0043-8243
3680:Mariamman
3595:Dravidian
3545:Mariamman
3541:the Vedas
3420:Criticism
3414:and Islam
3375:Mythology
3228:Kshatriya
3160:Athichudi
3097:Tirumurai
3015:Tirumurai
2624:VyÄkaraį¹a
2560:Chandogya
2552:Samaveda:
2440:Divisions
2418:Yajurveda
2378:Ätmatuį¹£į¹i
2334:Yogananda
2309:Trailanga
2304:Sivananda
2169:Aurobindo
2155:Vyasaraja
2120:Tyagaraja
2070:Sankardev
2040:Ramananda
1935:JƱÄneÅvar
1910:Harivansh
1895:Gaudapada
1855:Chaitanya
1794:Vashistha
1764:Patanjali
1744:Jamadagni
1663:Vaishnava
1651:Pashupata
1428:Navaratri
1405:Festivals
1372:Upanayana
1337:Jatakarma
1322:Pumsavana
1241:Kuchipudi
1236:Kathakali
1205:RÄja yoga
1139:SamÄdhÄna
1020:Prarthana
994:Practices
921:SvÄdhyÄya
525:Mythology
520:Cosmology
513:Worldview
458:Kartikeya
389:Prajapati
328:Saraswati
101:Etymology
61:romanized
4905:Hinduism
4861:Ramayana
4803:Yakshini
4709:Shashthi
4669:Matrikas
4654:Mahadevi
4456:Trimurti
3690:Ellamman
3657:Examples
3627:Shaivism
3505:Mehrgarh
3433:Glossary
3365:Calendar
3300:Hindutva
3223:Brahmana
2894:samhitas
2886:Shastras
2856:Ayurveda
2847:Upavedas
2682:Ramayana
2673:Itihasas
2639:Jyotisha
2606:Vedangas
2590:Mandukya
2486:Aitareya
2478:Rigveda:
2457:Aranyaka
2452:Brahmana
2425:Samaveda
2140:Valluvar
2135:Vallabha
2115:Tulsidas
2045:Ramanuja
1995:Nayanars
1980:Namadeva
1817:Medieval
1759:Kashyapa
1675:Charvaka
1646:Kapalika
1510:Puthandu
1500:Vaisakhi
1397:Antyesti
1377:Keshanta
1301:Adimurai
1296:Silambam
1261:Sattriya
1246:Manipuri
931:Mitahara
911:Santosha
871:Achourya
683:Sannyasa
673:Gį¹hastha
532:Ontology
506:Concepts
294:Trimurti
257:Smartism
252:Shaktism
247:Shaivism
121:Hinduism
113:a series
111:Part of
83:Hinduism
52:Sanskrit
35:Ellamman
4855:Puranas
4843:Atharva
4812:Texts (
4799:Yakshas
4794:Vahanas
4764:DikpÄla
4737:Apsaras
4689:Rukmini
4664:Matangi
4612:Parvati
4607:Lakshmi
4597:Tridevi
4523:Krishna
4503:Hanuman
4498:Ganesha
4488:Chandra
4483:Ashvins
4036:5 March
4031:2803031
3731:Gallery
3720:Jathera
3651:Puranic
3647:Ganesha
3643:Parvati
3639:Lakshmi
3551:, like
3438:Outline
3233:Vaishya
3201:Society
3052:Stotras
2703:Puranas
2629:Nirukta
2619:Chandas
2614:Shiksha
2597:Prashna
2583:Mundaka
2447:Samhita
2411:Rigveda
2274:Samarth
2110:Tukaram
2055:Ravidas
1789:Valmiki
1739:Jaimini
1709:Angiras
1704:Agastya
1696:Ancient
1582:Advaita
1576:Vedanta
1571:MÄ«mÄį¹sÄ
1551:Samkhya
1438:Ramlila
1180:SÄdhanÄ
1070:Tarpana
1055:KÄ«rtana
1050:Bhajana
1001:Worship
926:Shaucha
901:Akrodha
747:Saį¹sÄra
611:Ishvara
580:Nirguna
575:Brahman
539:Tattvas
463:Krishna
448:Hanuman
443:Ganesha
379:Chandra
374:Ashvins
338:Parvati
333:Lakshmi
320:Tridevi
286:Deities
193:Åramaį¹a
173:History
154:Origins
144:History
75:
63::
4759:Devata
4752:Danava
4747:Daitya
4742:Asuras
4704:Shakti
4694:Sanjna
4684:Rohini
4644:Shachi
4629:Chhaya
4548:Varuna
4538:Shasta
4528:Kubera
4466:Vishnu
4461:Brahma
4392:
4340:
4313:
4286:
4259:
4232:
4205:
4178:
4151:
4124:
4082:
4074:
4029:
3988:
3961:
3934:
3907:
3880:
3853:
3826:
3700:Pitari
3631:Vishnu
3619:Vishnu
3593:, the
3573:heaven
3565:Shakti
3559:Legend
3503:is in
3238:Shudra
3056:stutis
2892:, and
2890:sutras
2544:Maitri
2269:Ramdas
2162:Modern
2095:Surdas
1960:Madhva
1880:Eknath
1850:Basava
1845:Alvars
1779:Raikva
1769:PÄį¹ini
1754:Kapila
1749:Kanada
1734:Gotama
1641:Shaiva
1589:Dvaita
1490:Pongal
1413:Diwali
1392:Vivaha
1256:Odissi
1231:Kathak
1170:Yogini
1134:Dhyana
1085:Tirtha
1040:Bhakti
1030:Temple
1025:Årauta
906:Arjava
866:Ahimsa
861:Niyama
844:Ethics
652:Moksha
637:Dharma
585:Saguna
483:Shakti
468:Kubera
414:Varuna
394:Pushan
307:Vishnu
302:Brahma
139:Hindus
4838:Yajur
4823:Vedas
4674:Radha
4639:Ganga
4634:Durga
4624:Bhumi
4619:Aditi
4543:Surya
4508:Indra
4471:Shiva
4440:texts
4080:S2CID
4027:JSTOR
3635:Shiva
3587:amman
3553:Durga
3522:bhumi
3255:Dalit
3208:Varna
3125:Kural
2663:Agama
2634:Kalpa
2530:Katha
2402:Vedas
2373:ÄcÄra
2368:Smį¹ti
2363:Åruti
2347:Texts
1940:Kabir
1804:Vyasa
1714:Aruni
1561:Nyaya
1515:Vishu
1495:Ugadi
1175:Asana
1160:Sadhu
1129:Tapas
1100:Matha
1090:Yatra
1075:Vrata
1060:Yajna
1035:Murti
916:Tapas
891:Damah
886:Satya
856:Yamas
742:Karma
642:Artha
559:Guį¹as
473:Radha
438:Durga
409:Ushas
404:Surya
399:Rudra
384:Indra
360:Vedic
351:Devis
347:Devas
312:Shiva
87:India
4891:more
4833:Sama
4814:list
4774:Gana
4720:more
4714:Sita
4699:Sati
4679:Rati
4649:Kali
4569:more
4563:Yama
4553:Vayu
4533:Rama
4513:Kama
4478:Agni
4448:Gods
4438:and
4390:ISBN
4369:2020
4338:ISBN
4311:ISBN
4284:ISBN
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4230:ISBN
4203:ISBN
4176:ISBN
4149:ISBN
4122:ISBN
4072:ISSN
4038:2021
3986:ISBN
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3932:ISBN
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3851:ISBN
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3641:and
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3269:JÄti
3054:and
2567:Kena
2516:Isha
1724:Atri
1556:Yoga
1505:Bihu
1475:Onam
1418:Holi
1218:Arts
1165:Yogi
1152:Yoga
1115:SevÄ
1110:DÄna
1065:Homa
1045:Japa
1015:ÄrtÄ«
1010:Puja
936:DÄna
896:DayÄ
754:Mind
737:Maya
647:Kama
488:Sita
478:Rama
453:Kali
419:Vayu
369:Agni
271:List
73:lit.
4828:Rig
4064:doi
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