41:
300:, the Franciscans began to force the indigenous people to live in communities adjacent to the missions rather than dispersed in small groups as was their custom. The rebellion of Juan Santos Atahualpa, beginning in 1742, destroyed the missionary enterprise and left the Gran Pajonal in Asháninka control for 150 years although they suffered from periodic epidemics of European diseases and in the late 19th century from slave raids by businesses engaged in the gathering of
34:
145:
255:
August). The natural vegetation is tropical rain forest except for the anthropogenic grasslands, totaling about 9,700 hectares (24,000 acres) and deriving from hundreds or thousands of years of cultivation by the indigenous people. In 2004 another 3,500 hectares (8,600 acres) of grasslands used as pasture had been created since 1975 by immigrants to the area, mostly farmers from the
328:, the Asháninka achieved legal title to land belonging to 36 communities in the Gran Pajonal. Non-Asháninka, mostly people of Andean origin, were allowed to reside and own land only in the community of Oventeni. Some of the Asháninka worked as cattle herders or coffee harvesters for the outsiders; others practiced traditional agriculture on the lands within their communities.
371:
At the center of the Gran
Pajonal is the community of Oventeni, elevation 1,003 metres (3,291 ft) surrounded in every direction by the patches of grassland which gave the Gran Pajonal its name. The 36 communities of Asháninka had a population of about 6,500 in 2002 and the non-Asháninka numbered
307:
In 1896 and 1897, a
Franciscan priest, Gabriel Sala, visited the Grand Pajonal along with a group of armed men. In the wake of his expedition, various plans to build roads, railroads, and establish Catholic missions in the Pajonal came to nothing until 1935 when three missions were established and in
254:
The elevation of the Gran
Pajonal results in lower average temperatures than the Amazon lowlands. Average temperatures on the plateau range from 21 °C (70 °F) to 23 °C (73 °F). Annual precipitation is more than 2,100 millimetres (83 in) with a three-month dry period (June to
267:
The indigenous people inhabiting the Gran
Pajonal at the time of its discovery by the Spanish were called Campa, Anti, or Chuncho by the Spaniards and are known to scholars and themselves as Asháninka, a widespread people of the Amazon Basin of Peru and neighboring Brazil. The Asháninka of the Gran
214:
The plateau area of the Gran
Pajonal as defined by different scholars is between 2,000 square kilometres (770 sq mi) to 4,000 square kilometres (1,500 sq mi). The term Gran Pajonal is often applied loosely to a much larger area. The Gran Pajonal has elevations ranging from about
319:
began work in the
Pajonal and the majority of the missionaries became Protestants rather than Roman Catholics. The Protestant presence coincided with the growing consciousness of the Asháninka that they must organize to meet the challenges facing them from outsiders. In the 1980s, with assistance
295:
The Gran
Pajonal was difficult of access due to its elevation and lack of navigable rivers. The first Spaniard to visit was Juan Bautista de la Marca, a Franciscan missionary, in 1733. The area was immediately attractive to both missionaries and settlers due to its relatively dense population of
205:
Beginning again in 1897, missionaries, collectors of rubber, settlers, and the government of Peru began to encroach on the Gran
Pajonal. In the 1980s, the Asháninka achieved a measure of security when most of the land of the Gran Pajonal was deeded to 36 communities. The population of the Gran
296:
indigenous people and more salubrious climate than the Amazon lowlands. In 1735, an armed expedition including three
Franciscans began missionary work and by 1739 the Franciscans were working in 10 villages. Following the common Spanish strategy of
250:
and mountains border the
Pajonal on the north. The Cerro de la Sal mountain range outlines its southern boundary. Mountains around the edge of the plateau have elevations of more than 1,800 metres (5,900 ft).
389:
634:
222:, it features patches of small grasslands amounting to about 4 percent of its total area. The Pajonal has no definite boundaries, but lies east of the
599:
111:
308:
1938 an airstrip was built in Oventeni, the largest of the mission communities. In 1965, the Peruvian army defeated a guerrilla organization, the
614:
604:
609:
309:
272:
as their language is distinct from other divisions of the ethnic group. Like most peoples of the Amazon rainforest, they practiced
198:
established missions in the Gran Pajonal, but the missions were destroyed in the 1740s by the Ashaninka under the leadership of
557:
467:
104:
33:
629:
438:"The role of introduced forage species in sustainable cattle-pasture development in the Gran Pajonal, Amazonian Peru"
349:
215:
900 metres (3,000 ft) to 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) and is incised by the headwaters of several small rivers.
624:
496:
247:
292:, and many other useful plants. The Asháninka farmer might grow as many as 50 different plants on his farm.
177:
93:
61:
619:
199:
316:
437:
312:
in a battle in the Pajonal and the army remained in Oventeni for 3 years. The missions were closed.
361:
345:
243:
169:
85:
53:
144:
553:
463:
353:
337:
497:"Toponimia en el Gran Paronal con especial atencion a los toponomos de afiliacion ashaninka"
357:
341:
173:
89:
57:
365:
223:
273:
189:
593:
235:
231:
239:
195:
165:
269:
184:
or Ashéninka people along with late-twentieth century immigrants largely from the
181:
219:
321:
297:
192:
126:
113:
462:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 85, 113–116, 123–129, 134.
206:
Pajonal in 2002 was estimated at 7,000, of which 90 percent were Asháninka.
218:
The Gran Pajonal was named by the Spanish because, in a region of tropical
325:
281:
301:
285:
277:
289:
256:
227:
185:
143:
552:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 74. 77–78.
97:
65:
336:
The Gran Pajonal laps over the borders of three Departments:
103:
81:
76:
21:
390:"Colonization and Conflict on the Amazon Frontier"
238:on the east and is bordered on the south by the
635:History of indigenous peoples of South America
548:Brown, Michael F.; Fernandez, Eduardo (1991).
226:(Salt Mountain) area and is an outlier of the
315:In 1965, another religious organization, the
168:of Peru. It is located in the departments of
164:) is an isolated interfluvial plateau in the
8:
396:. Danish Institute of International Studies
18:
535:
523:
380:
482:
276:agriculture. Their principle crop was
504:Universidad Mayor de San Marcos, Lima
7:
445:Prairie Perspectives, Volume 7, 2004
40:
581:
414:
180:. The plateau is inhabited by the
14:
495:Miranda, Romani; Mabell, Maggie.
280:(yuka), but they also cultivated
188:mountains of Peru. In the 1730s,
600:Natural regions of South America
39:
32:
1:
332:Administration and population
268:Pajonal are sometimes called
605:Geography of Ucayali Region
310:Left Revolutionary Movement
651:
615:Geography of JunĂn Region
610:Geography of Pasco Region
447:. University of Winnipeg.
26:
458:Varese, Stefano (2002).
350:Puerto BermĂşdez District
248:El Sira Communal Reserve
436:Scott, Geoffrey A. J.
360:; and a small part of
230:. It rises above the
149:
368:in JunĂn Department.
200:Juan Santos Atahualpa
147:
536:Miranda & Mabell
524:Miranda & Mabell
460:Salt of the Mountain
317:Wycliffe Translators
234:on the west and the
584:, pp. 224–226.
148:An Asháninka woman.
123: /
630:Christian missions
362:Rio Tambo District
346:Ucayali Department
150:
86:Ucayali Department
54:Ucayali Department
625:Geography of Peru
538:, pp. 91–98.
526:, pp. 88–91.
485:, pp. 85–88.
354:Oxapampa Province
338:Raimondi District
142:
141:
127:10.754°S 74.220°W
105:Range coordinates
642:
585:
579:
573:
570:
564:
563:
545:
539:
533:
527:
521:
515:
514:
512:
510:
501:
492:
486:
480:
474:
473:
455:
449:
448:
442:
433:
427:
424:
418:
412:
406:
405:
403:
401:
388:Hvalkof, Soren.
385:
358:Pasco Department
342:Atalaya Province
138:
137:
135:
134:
133:
132:-10.754; -74.220
128:
124:
121:
120:
119:
116:
94:JunĂn Department
90:Pasco Department
62:JunĂn Department
58:Pasco Department
43:
42:
36:
19:
16:Peruvian plateau
650:
649:
645:
644:
643:
641:
640:
639:
590:
589:
588:
580:
576:
571:
567:
560:
547:
546:
542:
534:
530:
522:
518:
508:
506:
499:
494:
493:
489:
481:
477:
470:
457:
456:
452:
440:
435:
434:
430:
425:
421:
413:
409:
399:
397:
387:
386:
382:
378:
366:Satipo Province
334:
265:
224:Cerro de la Sal
212:
158:Great Scrubland
131:
129:
125:
122:
117:
114:
112:
110:
109:
72:
71:
70:
69:
68:
51:
50:
49:
48:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
648:
646:
638:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
592:
591:
587:
586:
574:
565:
558:
550:War of Shadows
540:
528:
516:
487:
475:
468:
450:
428:
419:
407:
379:
377:
374:
333:
330:
274:slash-and-burn
264:
261:
211:
208:
190:Roman Catholic
140:
139:
107:
101:
100:
83:
79:
78:
74:
73:
52:
46:
45:
38:
37:
31:
30:
29:
28:
27:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
647:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
597:
595:
583:
578:
575:
569:
566:
561:
555:
551:
544:
541:
537:
532:
529:
525:
520:
517:
505:
498:
491:
488:
484:
479:
476:
471:
465:
461:
454:
451:
446:
439:
432:
429:
423:
420:
416:
411:
408:
395:
391:
384:
381:
375:
373:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
331:
329:
327:
323:
318:
313:
311:
305:
303:
299:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
262:
260:
258:
252:
249:
245:
241:
237:
236:Ucayali River
233:
232:Palcazu River
229:
225:
221:
216:
209:
207:
203:
201:
197:
194:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
162:Great Savanna
159:
155:
146:
136:
108:
106:
102:
99:
95:
91:
87:
84:
80:
75:
67:
63:
59:
55:
35:
25:
20:
620:Upper Amazon
577:
572:Google Earth
568:
549:
543:
531:
519:
507:. Retrieved
503:
490:
478:
459:
453:
444:
431:
426:Google Earth
422:
410:
398:. Retrieved
393:
383:
370:
335:
314:
306:
294:
266:
253:
246:rivers. The
217:
213:
204:
196:missionaries
166:Amazon Basin
161:
157:
154:Gran Pajonal
153:
151:
47:Gran Pajonal
22:Gran Pajonal
483:Varese 2002
372:about 650.
220:rain forest
210:Description
130: /
594:Categories
559:0520074483
469:0806134461
376:References
322:World Bank
298:reductions
193:Franciscan
118:74°13′12″W
115:10°45′14″S
320:from the
270:Ashéninka
182:Asháninka
77:Geography
394:Academia
82:Location
582:Hvalkof
509:20 July
415:Hvalkof
400:20 July
352:in the
340:in the
326:Denmark
286:peanuts
282:bananas
263:History
170:Ucayali
556:
466:
302:rubber
278:manioc
240:Perene
500:(PDF)
441:(PDF)
290:beans
257:Andes
244:Tambo
228:Andes
186:Andes
178:JunĂn
174:Pasco
554:ISBN
511:2020
464:ISBN
402:2020
324:and
242:and
176:and
152:The
98:Peru
66:Peru
364:of
356:of
344:of
160:or
596::
502:.
443:.
392:.
348:;
304:.
288:,
284:,
259:.
202:.
172:,
96:,
92:,
88:,
64:,
60:,
56:,
562:.
513:.
472:.
417:.
404:.
156:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
