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local aristocracy in an effort to maintain order and keep administrative costs down, but found that many subjects detested these colonial chiefs and rulers and tended to gravitate towards their local marabouts. Marabouts were admired for their transparency and righteousness as they were known to renounce political powers, while ensuring economic, social, and religious stability within their communities. Since the judgment of marabouts is so influential, the success or failure of a politician would be almost entirely contingent on the support of more prominent marabouts. Because of this, politicians would try to appease marabouts by agreeing to promote their Sufi brotherhood's best interests in turn for their endorsement, with some politicians believing that winning an election would be impossible without the support of a marabout. This political dynamic, based on patronage and exchanges, would lead to a somewhat of an alliance between marabouts and the French colonizers. Along with endorsing certain politicians in exchange for favors, French colonial administrators sought out marabouts and heads of Sufi brotherhoods to act as intermediaries between colonial administrators and West
African Muslims to ensure appropriate allocation of power and resources to avoid any potential conflict.
921:(l origin, called "warrior marabouts," completely rejected the authority of local chiefs and sought to install a theocratic Muslim state. As the authority of chiefs and royal armies were undermined by propaganda and military force used by the warrior marabouts, Muslim resistors turned to local marabouts for guidance and protection from their oppressors. After three decades of war and conflict, the warrior marabouts were gradually ousted from the Wolof states as French colonists began to take a tighter hold on the region. As confidence in the leadership abilities of chiefs and rulers declined as a result of the conflict, marabouts emerged as the most trusted and revered source of leadership in Wolof communities.
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946:, have continued to play influential roles in Senegalese politics. Some have questioned the utility of having clientelist relationships between marabouts and government officials in a modern democracy. The new "grandson" generation of marabouts has cultivated a more independent and secular political outlook and have proven that they are willing to question the authority of their predecessors. In Senegal's 1988 presidential election,
2319:, Cheikh Ahmadou Bamba Mbacké (1853-1927) (Aamadu Bàmba Mbàkke in Wolof, Shaykh Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Ḥabīb Allāh in Arabic, also known as Khadīmu 'l-Rasūl or "The Servant of the messenger" in Arabic, and as Sëriñ Tuubaa or "Cheikh of Tuubaa" in Wolof), was a Muslim Sufi religious leader in Senegal and the founder of the large Mouride Brotherhood (the Muridiyya). See Muslim brotherhoods of Senegal. Cheikh
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Islam with indigenous beliefs and practices. Some marabouts practices resemble those of getba, with
Islamic verses replacing cowries. Most marabouts receive gifts or money for their services, with the most respected and renowned marabouts drawing substantial income from their practice. However, these practices are generally disapproved by Islamic disorthodoxy.
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The spread in sub-Saharan Africa of the marabout's role from the eighth through thirteenth centuries created in some places a mixture of roles with pre-Islamic priests and divines. Thus many fortune tellers and self-styled spiritual guides take the name "marabout" (something rejected by more orthodox
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In 1997, a rural council of Touba Mosquée in
Senegal issued a set of new taxes meant to fund an ambitions development project in the holy city. City merchants promptly voiced their displeasure of the new taxes and threatened to kick the rural council, whose members were all appointed by the Mouride
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French colonizers had difficulties adjusting to ruling over Muslim societies. Particularly in West Africa, constructing institutions of colonial rule that did not favor certain constituencies while neglecting others proved to be a tricky task. The French opted for forms of indirect rule through the
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was a mystic and religious leader who produced a prodigious quantity of poems and tracts on meditation, rituals, work, and Qur'anic study. Politically, Ahmadou Bamba led a pacifist struggle against French colonialism while not waging outright war on the French as several prominent Tijaan marabouts
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out of the city. Although tax revolts are not uncommon elsewhere, this incident was particularly noteworthy as the merchants' blatant refusal exhibited a departure from typical state-society relations in
Senegal. Declining economic performance in Senegal may lead to more taxes in the future, which
900:
society since the arrival of Sufi brotherhoods from the
Maghreb in the 15th century. Their advanced knowledge of the Quran and esteemed reputation have often allowed them to act as traders, priests, judges, or magicians in conjunction with their roles of community religious leaders. Additionally,
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Marabouts are
Islamic spiritualists who are also believed to have the capacity to foresee but not control the future. These spiritualists range from conventional Islamic priests (Limam) who are versed in the Qu'ran and preside over services at local mosques, to local healers and diviners who mix
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The marabouts' expanding influence in politics paired with their unique allegiance of the Muslim community eventually posed a real threat to the chiefs who had appointed them. In 1683, rising tensions between chiefs and the Muslim population led to a Muslim revolt in the Wolof kingdom of
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base their structures on respect for teachers and religious leaders who, south of the Sahara, often are called marabouts. Those who devote themselves to prayer or study, either based in communities, religious centers, or wandering in the larger society, are named marabouts. In
832:, these Marabouts rely on donations to live. Often there is a traditional bond to support a specific marabout that has accumulated over generations within a family. Marabouts normally dress in traditional West African robes and live a simple, ascetic life.
917:. In the years following the revolt, relations between marabouts and Wolof chiefs remained relatively calm until a period of militant Islam in the Wolof states in the middle of the 19th century. Militant marabouts primarily of
978:' in support of a presidential candidate in previous elections, several marabouts of the "grandson" generation openly rejected the command by voting for the opposition instead. These marabouts believed that the
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religious brotherhoods) are one of the main organizing forms of West
African Islam, and with the spread of Sufi ideas into the area, the marabout's role combined with local practices throughout
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because of their ability to read and write, village chiefs would frequently appoint marabouts as secretaries or advisers as a means to communicate with neighboring rulers.
1085:. Many cities in Morocco got their names from local marabouts, and the name of those cities usually begins with "Sidi" followed by the name of the local marabout.
853:, Marabô, is believed to have carried this esoteric and shamanic role into Brazil. Contemporary marabouts in Senegal advertise on television and have hot lines.
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religious leader and teacher who historically had the function of a chaplain serving as a part of an
Islamic army, notably in North Africa and the Sahara, in
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at Qur'anic schools, or distinguished religious leaders and scholars, both in and out of the Sufi brotherhoods which dominate spiritual life in
Senegambia.
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in particular) has brought this tradition to Europe and North
America, where some marabouts advertise their services as fortune tellers. An
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Roncoli, Carla; Kirshen, Paul; Boom, Keith (June 2002). "Reading the Rains: Local Knowledge and Rainfall Forecasting in Burkina Faso".
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means political actors may have to adjust or fundamentally alter their clientelist relationships with marabouts and
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Sidi Ahmed ou Saïd du hameau Mestiga, village of Adeni in Kabylia (between Tizi Ouzou and L'Arbaâ Nath Irathen)
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to all members of the Mouride Brotherhood) that proclaimed that all men must vote for Diouf. Although multiple
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2631:, Paris, Université de Paris, 1976, 2 vol. 594 p. (Thèse d’État, remaniée et publiée en 1981 sous le titre
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2532:"LE SOUFISME: Problèmes de terminologie : soufi, marabout, fakir et derviche" from www.nuitdorient.com
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violated their secular political rights, which was a sentiment shared among many other Mourides in Touba.
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among Berbers in the Maghreb, were called marabouts by the local population due to their saintly lives.
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for reelection. Both as public endorsement and as a reward for installing new roads and street lamps in
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1119:"dome") of a venerated saint, and such places have become holy centers and places of pious reflection.
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Beck, Linda J. (2001). "Reining in the Marabouts? Democratization and Local Governance in Senegal".
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Today marabouts can be traveling holy men who survive on alms, religious teachers who take in young
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870:: An article discussing Europeans who collect calling card like advertisements by "marabouts".
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The Mourides of Senegal: The Political and Economic Organization of an Islamic Brotherhood
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785:"Guide". Marabout was also adopted by French colonial officials, and applied to most any
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Note zāwiyas are not places of formal pilgrimage, which are limited in Islam to the
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Saints and Politicians: Essays in the organisation of a Senegalese peasant society
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and in general refers to Sufi Muslim teachers who head a lodge or school called a
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The pronunciation of that word varies by language. For example, it is pronounced
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Liliane Kuczynski. Les marabouts africains à Paris. CNRS Editions, Paris (2003)
803:, marabouts are organized in elaborate hierarchies; the highest marabout of the
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1022:"one who is garrisoned": religious students and military volunteers who manned
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Muslims and Sufi brotherhoods alike). The recent diaspora of West Africans (to
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in 1960, marabouts and leaders of Sufi Brotherhoods (also marabouts), or the
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Islamic Society and State Power in Senegal: Disciples and Citizens in Fatick
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Culture berbère (amazighe) et cultures méditerrannéeennes: Le vivre-ensemble
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Le rôle joué par les marabouts toucouleurs dans l’islamisation du Sénégal
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Exploration scientifique de l'Algerie pendant les annees 1840,1841,1842
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at the time of the conquest. Today, marabout means "saint" in the
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781:. Here, Sufi believers follow a marabout, elsewhere known as a
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2378:. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. p. 187.
2499:. Edinburgh, U.K.: Edinburgh University Press. p. 96.
2187:, French-Algerian imam and marabout who saved Jews during
1034:
associated with a specific school or tradition, called a
911:, which concluded with the installation of a marabout as
2405:. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. pp.
1854:
Sidi Ahmed Ben Idris Al-Fassi (Idrissiya and Sanoussiya)
2438:. New York City, U.S.A.: Palgrave Macmillan. pp.
1883:
Sidi Moulay Outman (Khaldy-yeen, Beni Arouse), Morocco
3976:
2633:
Le marabout et le prince. Islam et pouvoir au Sénégal
815:). Older, North African based traditions such as the
2629:
Pouvoir maraboutique et pouvoir politique au Sénégal
2203:, Gambian surname indicating descent from a marabout
1925:
Zaouia Sidi Outman (Khaldyeen, Beni Arouse), Morocco
1035:
807:, for example, has been elevated to the status of a
643:
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2010:
Sidi Harrat Benaissa El Idrissi (Zemmora, Relizane)
1963:of 'Aïn Madhi, around Laghouat Province founder of
2578:Boucrout, Marc (9 July 2020). Ennaji, Moha (ed.).
2349:. London, U.K.: Oxford University Press. pp.
2283:The Crown and the Turban: Muslims and West African
2616:. Volume 5, Imprimerie Nationale Publisher(1848).
702:("Guides"), or leaders of religious communities.
1880:Sidi Muhammad ben Issa al-Barnusi al-Fasi Zarruq
27:Sufi religious leader and teacher in West Africa
1956:sidi Mohand Rezag Ou Assous from akfadou bejaia
1886:Sidi Mbarek (Khaldy-yeen, Beni Arouse), Morocco
1871:Sidi Muhammad ibn Sulayman al-Jazuli al-Simlali
655:'one who is attached/garrisoned') is a
1889:Sidi Heddi (Khaldy-yeen, Beni Arouse), Morocco
2710:
2584:(in French). KARTHALA Editions. p. 198.
1865:Sidi Moulay Abdeslam ibn Mchich Alami (Jbala)
1784:
605:
8:
1094:
1076:
2550:. University Press of America. p. 12.
1123:Some Zāwiyas linked with specific marabouts
2717:
2703:
2695:
2654:France and Islam in West Africa, 1860-1960
2520:marabout -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia
2497:Islamic Reform in Twentieth Century Africa
1791:
1777:
1137:
612:
598:
43:
2000:Sidi M'hend oumalek (Tifrit nait oumalek)
896:Marabouts have been prominent members of
705:The term "marabout" is also used for the
687:. The marabout is often a scholar of the
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2022:Sidi Abou AbdAllah Ech Choudi El Halloui
3983:
2544:Hemminger, William J. (26 April 2012).
2232:. Constantine: Insaniyat. p. 1997.
2218:
1149:
317:
152:
67:
58:
2104:Zaouia de Sidi Benamar (Fillaoussenne)
2684:, Cambridge University Press, (1995)
2463:
2461:
2459:
1877:Sidi Abu Abdallah al-Qaim bi Amrillah
1014:The term marabout appears during the
7:
2151:Zaouïa de Sidi Baba Ali Smadhi. Béja
2035:Sidi Ben-Ali (Aïn el Hout - Tlemcen)
2016:Sidi Abdelkader djilali (tizi-ouzou)
876:: Parisian advertisement collection.
2434:Islam and Muslim Politics in Africa
2376:Muslim Societies in African History
2229:Sainteté maraboutique et mysticisme
1111:
1095:
1077:
1045:
633:
2166:Zaouïa de Sidi Abdel Hamid. Sousse
657:descendant of the Prophet Muhammad
25:
2163:Zaouïa de Sidi Bou Jaafar. Sousse
2160:Zaouïa de Sidi El Mazri. Monastir
2139:Zaouïa de Sidi Salah Zlaoui. Béja
2041:Sidi Ben-Azzouz (Borj Ben Azzouz)
1874:Sidi Abu Abdallah Mohammed Amghar
1868:Sidi Muhammad al-Arabi al-Darqawi
1839:Sidi Hajj Hamza Qadiri Boutchichi
966:(a binding command issued by the
4022:
4010:
3998:
3986:
2133:Zaouïa de Sidi Ben Azzouz. Nefta
2077:Sidi Mohammed Ben Omar El Houari
1758:
1157:
1018:. It is derived from the Arabic
882:: A collection of French flyers.
2142:Zaouïa de Sidi Abdelkader. Béja
2136:Zaouïa de Sidi Bouteffaha. Béja
1102:A marabout may also refer to a
950:Abdou Lahatte Mbakke supported
709:of such religious leaders (cf.
2062:Sioud anta' El-Eubbad es-Saffi
1842:Sidi Sheikh Abdul Qadir Jilani
1016:Muslim conquest of the Maghreb
801:Muslim brotherhoods of Senegal
1:
2399:Cruise O'Brien, D.B. (1975).
2343:Cruise O'Brien, D.B. (1971).
2245:Society and Natural Resources
2145:Zaouïa de Sidi Bou Arba. Béja
1987:Sidi Abder Rahman El Thaelebi
749:Picture of a marabout in the
2675:Ritual and Belief in Morocco
2649:, 1983 (Mémoire de Maîtrise)
2635:, Paris, Pedone, XII-317 p.)
2430:Soares, Benjamin F. (2007).
2101:Sidi Soumeymane Ben Abdallah
2083:Sidi Moh'amed Ou'l Il'afian.
2028:Sidi Bel Abbes (namesake of
2019:Sidi Abid Echerrif (Guentis)
683:, and (historically) in the
2680:Leonardo Alfonso Villalón.
2207:Traditional Berber religion
2110:Sidi Yahia el Aidly (Akbou)
1332:("Stories of the Prophets")
1036:
644:
4111:
4055:Religious leadership roles
2658:Cambridge University Press
2148:Zaouïa de Sidi Taieb. Béja
2080:Sidi Mohammed bou Semah'a,
2074:Sî ibn 'Alî Sharîf (Akbou)
2013:Sidi Abd-Allah ben Mançour
1919:Zaouia Jazouliya semlaliya
1056:, both living as Catholic
1007:Marabout's tomb, southern
811:or ruler of the faithful (
318:Legal vocations and titles
36:
29:
2923:
2482:10.1093/afraf/100.401.601
2257:10.1080/08941920252866774
1892:(alternatively) Zawiyas:
1845:Sidi Abdel Kader el Alami
1071:. Marabouts are known as
938:After Senegal gained its
741:Muslim religious teachers
4085:Arabic words and phrases
2495:Loimeier, Roman (2016).
2374:Robinson, David (2004).
1973:Sidi M'hamed Bou Qobrine
1821:Sidi Abdelah ben Hassoun
1421:Medieval Islamic science
940:independence from France
925:Post-French colonization
30:Not to be confused with
4060:History of North Africa
2306:Contemporary marabouts.
2038:Sidi Ben-Ali (Nédromah)
1851:Sidi Mohammed Ben Aissa
1830:Sidi el Arbi ben sayyeh
1815:Sidi Rhaj Amar (Arabda)
892:Pre-French colonization
836:Syncretic spiritualists
751:Republic of Upper Volta
2930:
2652:Christopher Harrison.
2025:Sidi A'hmed el Mejdoub
2003:Sidi Moh'Ali oulhadj (
1940:
1862:Sidi Abu Lhcen Shadili
1836:Sidi Moulay Ali sherif
1818:Sidi Allal el Behraoui
1431:Succession to Muhammad
1087:Modern Standard Arabic
1011:
874:L'officiel du Marabout
758:
2929:
2226:Kamel Filali (1997).
2044:Sidi Bicinti el basco
1934:
1006:
958:while in office, the
748:
4090:Religious syncretism
3154:Raising hands in Dua
2098:Sidi ghiles (tipaza)
2005:Tifrit n'Aït el Hadj
1470:Association football
2647:Université de Dakar
1848:Sidi Moulay Ibrahim
1231:Profession of Faith
1204:Day of Resurrection
1050:Charles de Foucauld
887:Political influence
4095:Islamic honorifics
4075:French West Africa
4070:Religion in Africa
2931:
2627:Christian Coulon,
1941:
1913:Zaouia Al Qadiriya
1824:Sidi Moulay Idriss
1012:
775:Niger River Valley
759:
37:For the game, see
4065:Islamic mysticism
3974:
3973:
3709:Sufis persecution
2751:Al-Insān al-Kāmil
2591:978-2-8111-2574-5
2557:978-0-7618-5844-7
2281:Lamin O. Sanneh,
2185:Bel Hadj El Maafi
2156:Sidi Ali El Mekki
1989:, founder of the
1922:Zaouia Hamdouchia
1916:Zaouia Al Alamiya
1910:Zaouia Sanoussiya
1898:Zaouïa Cherqaouia
1833:Sidi Ahmed Tijani
1812:Sidi Ali el Goumi
1801:
1800:
1731:Deobandi jihadism
1054:Albert Peyriguère
976:ndiggël politique
934:Post-independence
880:Magopinaciophiles
868:Magopinaciophilie
863:978-2-271-06087-7
654:
642:
622:
621:
16:(Redirected from
4102:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4015:
4014:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3991:
3990:
3982:
3699:Sufi metaphysics
3655:
3597:
3488:
3456:
3444:
3382:
3370:
3358:
3296:
3269:
3257:
3245:
3233:
3206:
3194:
3172:
3130:
3118:
3101:
3089:
2964:
2952:
2908:
2845:Nass al-Houdhour
2836:
2809:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2696:
2640:
2626:
2617:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2465:
2454:
2453:
2437:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2340:
2325:
2314:
2308:
2303:
2297:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2223:
2116:Oulad bel Kacem
1907:Zaouia Idrissiya
1904:Zaouia Tidjaniya
1901:Zaouia Aïssaouia
1793:
1786:
1779:
1765:Islam portal
1763:
1762:
1761:
1161:
1138:
1113:
1098:
1097:
1089:for "saint" is "
1080:
1079:
1047:
1039:
1028:Berber languages
988:Khalife-Général,
813:Amir al-Mu'minin
659:(Arabic: سـيّد,
649:
647:
637:
635:
614:
607:
600:
576:Tabi' al-Tabi'in
44:
21:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4050:Islam in Africa
4035:
4034:
4033:
4023:
4021:
4009:
3999:
3997:
3985:
3977:
3975:
3970:
3884:
3733:
3724:Sufi psychology
3714:Sufi philosophy
3694:Sufi literature
3649:
3635:
3591:
3537:
3501:
3482:
3450:
3438:
3376:
3364:
3352:
3326:
3290:
3263:
3251:
3239:
3227:
3200:
3188:
3166:
3124:
3112:
3095:
3083:
3062:
2958:
2946:
2932:
2921:
2902:
2900:The Seven ranks
2830:
2803:
2729:
2723:
2641:Bassirou Diop,
2638:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2610:
2606:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2534:, 3 April 2003.
2530:
2526:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2470:African Affairs
2467:
2466:
2457:
2450:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2342:
2341:
2328:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2300:
2280:
2276:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2197:
2173:
2123:
2071:Sidi Hamadouche
2047:Sidi Bou Adjami
1975:Founder of the
1961:Ahmed al Tijani
1946:
1939:marabout (1853)
1806:
1797:
1759:
1757:
1750:
1749:
1726:Salafi jihadism
1684:Other religions
1679:Arabic language
1641:
1631:
1630:
1559:Moral teachings
1450:
1436:
1435:
1426:Spread of Islam
1371:
1361:
1360:
1348:(jurisprudence)
1330:Qisas al-Anbiya
1279:
1278:
1258:
1257:
1226:
1216:
1215:
1171:
1125:
1083:Maghrebi Arabic
1001:
993:Khalife-Général
972:Khalife-Général
968:Khalife-Général
960:Khalife-Général
948:Khalife-Général
944:Khalife-Général
936:
927:
894:
889:
838:
743:
738:
618:
386:Hujjat al-Islam
331:Shaykh al-Islām
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4108:
4106:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
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4019:
4007:
3995:
3972:
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3913:
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3903:
3898:
3892:
3890:
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3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
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3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3689:Sufism history
3686:
3684:Sufi cosmology
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
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3538:
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3509:
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3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3494:
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3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3445:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3371:
3359:
3347:
3342:
3336:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3302:
3297:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3258:
3246:
3234:
3222:
3217:
3215:Sufism pillars
3212:
3207:
3195:
3183:
3178:
3176:Salat al-Fatih
3173:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3119:
3107:
3102:
3090:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3023:Lataif-e-Sitta
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2956:Aayane Thabita
2953:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2897:
2892:
2887:
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2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2798:
2793:
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2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2678:
2677:. London 1926.
2671:E. Westermarck
2668:
2650:
2636:
2619:
2618:
2604:
2590:
2570:
2556:
2536:
2524:
2512:
2505:
2487:
2455:
2448:
2422:
2415:
2391:
2384:
2366:
2359:
2326:
2309:
2298:
2287:Westview Press
2274:
2251:(2): 409–427.
2235:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2092:Sidi Bel-Ezrag
2090:
2087:
2086:Sidi Moulebhar
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2065:Sidi En-Naceur
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2053:Sidi Boudjemaa
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:Sidi Bel Abbès
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2001:
1998:
1984:
1970:
1967:
1957:
1945:
1942:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1895:Zaouïa Naciria
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1855:
1852:
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1822:
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1813:
1805:
1802:
1799:
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1707:
1706:
1701:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1642:
1639:Related topics
1637:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1621:Social welfare
1618:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1601:
1596:
1591:
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1434:
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1407:
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1399:
1392:
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1383:
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1372:
1367:
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1326:
1318:
1309:
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1250:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1211:Predestination
1207:
1206:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1192:Revealed Books
1189:
1183:
1182:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1154:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1124:
1121:
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997:
935:
932:
926:
923:
893:
890:
888:
885:
884:
883:
877:
871:
865:
837:
834:
742:
739:
737:
734:
620:
619:
617:
616:
609:
602:
594:
591:
590:
589:
588:
583:
581:Da'i al-Mutlaq
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
320:
319:
315:
314:
313:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
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247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
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159:
158:
150:
149:
148:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
74:
73:
65:
64:
56:
55:
26:
24:
18:Grand Marabout
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4107:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4030:
4020:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4006:
3996:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3980:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3780:Jama'at Khana
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3755:Datuk Keramat
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3729:Sufi whirling
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3513:Antinomianism
3511:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2928:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2746:Ahl al-Khutwa
2744:
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2738:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2720:
2715:
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2708:
2706:
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2700:
2697:
2691:
2690:0-521-46007-7
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2666:0-521-35230-4
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2506:9780748695430
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2449:9781403979636
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2416:9780521205726
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2327:
2322:
2321:Ahmadou Bamba
2318:
2317:Ahmadou Bamba
2313:
2310:
2307:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2295:0-8133-3059-9
2292:
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2100:
2097:
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2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2068:Sidi Et Toumi
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2050:Sidi Boudarga
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1968:
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1962:
1958:
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1766:
1756:
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1743:
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1737:
1736:Military laws
1734:
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1600:
1597:
1595:
1594:Proselytizing
1592:
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1503:
1502:Denominations
1500:
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1092:
1088:
1084:
1074:
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1066:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1043:
1040:"way, path" (
1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1005:
998:
996:
994:
989:
983:
981:
977:
974:have issued '
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
933:
931:
924:
922:
920:
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869:
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848:
844:
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833:
831:
827:
822:
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814:
810:
806:
802:
797:
795:
790:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
757:) around 1970
756:
752:
747:
740:
735:
733:
731:
729:
724:
720:
719:
714:
713:
708:
703:
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631:
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569:
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559:
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549:
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544:
542:
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537:
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434:
432:
429:
427:
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419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
401:Seghatoleslam
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
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347:
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321:
316:
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288:
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168:
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163:
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157:
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146:
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138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
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121:
118:
116:
113:
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108:
106:
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101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
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76:
75:
72:
71:
66:
63:
62:
57:
54:
50:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
3659:Madih nabawi
2795:
2681:
2674:
2653:
2642:
2632:
2628:
2612:
2607:
2595:. Retrieved
2580:
2573:
2563:10 September
2561:. Retrieved
2546:
2539:
2527:
2515:
2496:
2490:
2476:(401): 602.
2473:
2469:
2433:
2425:
2401:
2394:
2375:
2369:
2345:
2312:
2301:
2282:
2277:
2268:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2228:
2221:
2189:World War II
2174:
2124:
2113:Sidi Yakkout
2095:Sidi Serhane
1983:and Bounouh)
1947:
1858:Ahmad u Musa
1808:In Morocco:
1807:
1711:Islamophobia
1490:Demographics
1485:Circumcision
1401:
1394:
1387:
1353:
1345:
1329:
1321:
1313:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1283:
1126:
1114:
1101:
1072:
1064:
1062:
1048:). However,
1019:
1013:
992:
987:
984:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
947:
943:
937:
928:
912:
906:
903:
895:
839:
798:
791:
760:
755:Burkina Faso
726:
717:
711:
704:
668:
664:
625:
623:
510:
153:
68:
61:Usul al-Fiqh
59:
4080:West Africa
3775:Jama masjid
3719:Sufi poetry
3650: [
3611:Sufi orders
3592: [
3506:Misconducts
3483: [
3451: [
3439: [
3377: [
3365: [
3353: [
3291: [
3264: [
3252: [
3240: [
3228: [
3201: [
3189: [
3167: [
3125: [
3113: [
3096: [
3084: [
2959: [
2947: [
2903: [
2890:Sufis ranks
2831: [
2804: [
2756:Bash Hezzab
2728:terminology
2639:(in French)
2625:(in French)
2597:3 September
2547:African Son
2107:Sidi-Wahhab
2059:Sidi Daoudi
2056:Sidi Brahim
1389:Ahl al-Bayt
1274:Foundations
962:declared a
952:Abdou Diouf
779:Futa Jallon
736:West Africa
681:West Africa
381:Grand Mufti
4039:Categories
4029:Psychology
3941:Prayer rug
3704:Sufi music
3564:Hizb Rateb
3542:Ceremonies
3310:Zarruqiyya
3018:Ismul Azam
2385:0521826276
2360:0198216629
2213:References
2154:Zaouïa de
2089:Sidi Qadir
1991:Thaalibiya
1965:Tijaniyyah
1937:Toucouleur
1579:Philosophy
1316:(exegesis)
1253:Pilgrimage
1243:Almsgiving
821:Qadiriyyah
817:Tijaniyyah
777:, and the
771:Senegambia
536:Mujahideen
4017:Education
3951:Tagelmust
3946:Qashabiya
3921:Jellabiya
3825:Mausoleum
3518:Rahbaniya
3332:Waridates
3149:Muraqabah
3144:Muhasabah
2828:Mutahaqiq
2645:, Dakar,
2324:had done.
2265:154758380
1977:Rahmaniya
1827:Sidi fath
1699:terrorism
1651:Criticism
1604:Sexuality
1574:Mysticism
1544:Festivals
1524:Education
1519:Economics
1455:Academics
1411:Caliphate
1224:Practices
1133:Jerusalem
851:Quimbanda
723:Palestine
661:romanized
639:romanized
516:Ulu'l-amr
491:Muhaddith
396:Ayatollah
371:Mohyeddin
260:Istishhad
255:Istighfar
170:Mustahabb
3993:Religion
3961:Tarboosh
3916:Gandoura
3911:Djellaba
3528:Taqabbur
3278:Tawassul
3273:Tawakkul
2937:Concepts
2855:Qalandar
2818:Muqarrab
2813:Muqaddam
2796:Marabout
2195:See also
1745:Glossary
1721:Jihadism
1694:Violence
1689:Islamism
1660:Muhammad
1646:Apostasy
1589:Politics
1539:Feminism
1534:Exorcism
1495:Diaspora
1480:Children
1475:Calendar
1403:Rashidun
1381:Muhammad
1376:Timeline
1337:Mathnawi
1199:Prophets
1143:a series
1141:Part of
1065:amrabadh
819:and the
805:Mourides
707:mausolea
700:Murshids
675:) and a
626:marabout
586:al-Dawla
526:Mu'azzin
511:Marabout
496:Mujaddid
466:Mufassir
391:Mujtahid
120:Madrasah
110:Istishab
105:Istihsan
100:Istihlal
95:Ikhtilaf
49:a series
47:Part of
4045:Maghreb
3979:Portals
3956:Taqiyah
3931:Misbaha
3906:Burnous
3889:Objects
3840:Musalla
3820:Maqbara
3810:Madrasa
3800:Külliye
3795:Khanqah
3790:Khalawi
3770:Gongbei
3674:Qawwali
3664:Nasheed
3647:Ashewiq
3631:Ziyarat
3606:Silsila
3533:Zandaqa
3492:Walayah
3470:Tajalli
3426:Ma'rifa
3411:Karamat
3391:Hidayah
3345:Basirah
3340:Barakah
3283:Tazkiah
3261:Tawajud
3249:Takhlia
3220:Tafakur
3181:Salawat
2988:Ghaflah
2870:Rabbani
2823:Murshid
2801:Mudaqiq
2791:Majzoob
2761:Dervish
2660:(1988)
2289:(1997)
2127:Tunisia
2121:Tunisia
1995:Algiers
1981:Algiers
1950:Algeria
1944:Algeria
1804:Morocco
1616:Slavery
1599:Science
1554:Madrasa
1549:Finance
1460:Animals
1448:society
1444:Culture
1416:Imamate
1396:Sahabah
1369:History
1339:(Poems)
1324:(creed)
1248:Fasting
1176:Oneness
1169:Beliefs
1131:and to
1069:Tarifit
1058:hermits
1037:ṭarīqah
1020:murābiṭ
1009:Morocco
999:Maghreb
980:ndiggël
964:ndiggël
919:Tukulor
826:Senegal
799:In the
794:talibes
783:murshid
763:tariqah
761:Muslim
685:Maghreb
673:Maghreb
671:in the
653:
645:murābiṭ
641::
634:مُرابِط
571:Tabi'un
566:Sahabah
471:Murshid
456:Mawlānā
451:Khawaja
441:Mawlawi
366:Allamah
300:Tazkiah
290:Taqiyya
245:Hirabah
210:Fahisha
125:Maslaha
115:Madhhab
90:Ijtihad
39:Mancala
32:Marabou
3966:Turban
3936:Miswak
3926:Khirqa
3901:Balgha
3896:Ammama
3880:Zawiya
3870:Turbah
3835:Mosque
3805:Kuttab
3785:Khalwa
3765:Gonbad
3760:Eidgah
3750:Dargah
3738:Places
3626:Wezeea
3621:Tweeza
3616:Tariqa
3601:Sebiba
3579:Mawsim
3574:Mawlid
3569:Idjaza
3554:Bay'ah
3549:Ashura
3475:Thawab
3465:Secret
3448:Rabita
3421:Khatir
3406:Ishrak
3386:Haqiqa
3362:Djadba
3305:Wazifa
3237:Tahlia
3225:Tahara
3198:Shuhud
3139:Lazimi
3134:Latifa
3122:Ichara
3081:Djamaa
3058:Yaqeen
2944:Aayane
2895:Talibe
2885:Siddiq
2880:Sheikh
2786:Khatib
2776:Hezzab
2726:Sufism
2688:
2664:
2588:
2554:
2503:
2446:
2413:
2382:
2357:
2293:
2263:
2201:Touray
2177:France
2171:France
1670:Hadith
1584:Poetry
1564:Mosque
1529:Ethics
1354:Sharia
1322:Aqidah
1314:Tafsir
1298:Hadith
1292:Sunnah
1236:Prayer
1187:Angels
1108:Arabic
1042:Arabic
1032:zāwiya
1024:ribats
861:
809:Caliph
773:, the
689:Qur'an
677:Muslim
665:sayyid
630:Arabic
546:Shahid
506:Sheikh
486:Akhund
446:Khatib
431:Mullah
406:Marja'
361:Faqeeh
351:Hadrat
346:Ashraf
341:Sharif
336:Sayyid
326:Caliph
305:Thawab
295:Tawbah
285:Taghut
280:Tafsir
275:Sunnah
230:Ghibah
205:Bid'ah
195:Baligh
185:Makruh
135:Taqlid
80:Ijazah
4005:Islam
3875:Türbe
3865:Takya
3860:Surau
3855:Ribat
3850:Rauza
3845:Qubba
3830:Mazar
3815:Maqam
3745:Daara
3669:Naʽat
3654:]
3596:]
3589:Sbooa
3584:Salka
3559:Haḍra
3523:Shath
3497:Warid
3487:]
3460:Ru'ya
3455:]
3443:]
3436:Qabdh
3416:Kashf
3401:Irfan
3396:Ilham
3381:]
3369:]
3357:]
3295:]
3268:]
3256:]
3244:]
3232:]
3210:Shukr
3205:]
3193:]
3171:]
3164:Sahar
3129:]
3117:]
3110:Ibara
3100:]
3093:Djoua
3088:]
3076:Dhikr
3068:Awrad
3028:Maqam
3008:Ihsan
2998:Hijab
2978:Dhawq
2973:Baqaa
2963:]
2951:]
2917:Wasil
2907:]
2875:Salik
2860:Qāriʾ
2840:Murid
2835:]
2808:]
2771:Hafiz
2766:Fakir
2741:Abdal
2734:Sufis
2261:S2CID
2183:Sidi
1959:Sidi
1716:Jihad
1665:Quran
1626:Women
1569:Music
1507:Sunni
1356:(law)
1304:Sirah
1285:Quran
1269:Texts
1151:Islam
1116:qubba
1112:قُبّة
1081:) in
1046:طريقه
956:Touba
914:Damel
908:Cayor
898:Wolof
843:Paris
753:(now
730:/weli
725:also
721:, in
718:mazar
712:maqam
561:Salaf
556:Ansar
551:Hajji
541:Ghazi
531:Murid
521:Ustad
461:Mawla
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