143:
691:
159:
188:
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203:
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1539:) and always handsomely treated by us, had not ceased to take a leading part in the struggles against our country. The Grand Duke Frederick, Grand Duke by the will of Napoleon, has done France all the harm he could. But French opinion itself renders justice to the probity of his character and to the ardour of his patriotism, and nobody will feel surprise at the homage with which Germany feels bound to surround his old age.
1081:(1830) in France did not cause any disturbances in Baden, but the new grand duke showed liberal tendencies from the beginning. The elections of 1830 proceeded without interference, and resulted in the return of a Liberal majority. The next few years saw the introduction, under successive ministries, of liberal reforms in the constitution, in criminal and civil law, and in education. In 1832, the adhesion of Baden to the
2945:
27:
1226:, consisting entirely of the most "advanced" politicians, assembled. It had little chance of doing more than make speeches. The country remained in the hands of an armed mob of civilians and mutinous soldiers. Meanwhile, the Grand Duke of Baden had joined with Bavaria in requesting the armed intervention of Prussia, which
1069:
the chambers after three months of unproductive debate. The reaction that followed was as severe in Baden as elsewhere in
Germany, and culminated in 1823 when, on the refusal of the chambers to vote on the military budget, the grand duke dissolved them and levied the taxes on his own authority. In
1045:
In Baden, the conditions were not favourable for success. During the revolutionary period, the people had fallen completely under the influence of French ideas, and this was sufficiently illustrated by the temper of the new chambers, which tended to model their activity on the proceedings of the
1623:
From 10 to 14 November, soldiers' councils called for the government to declare a republic and remove
Frederick II. Frederick II called this government unconstitutional, but did not contest it and dismissed his ministers. He renounced his governmental powers on 13 November, and abdicated on 22
1534:
on the other, gave the Grand Duke 500,000 new subjects. He believed that the recognition of the prince and the artificial ethnical formation of the principality would be pledges of security for France. But in 1813 Baden joined the coalition, and since then that nation created of odds and ends
1187:
In the beginning of 1849, however, the issue of a new constitution in accordance with the resolutions of the
Frankfurt parliament, led to more serious trouble. It did little to satisfy the radicals, angered by the refusal of the second chamber to agree to their proposal for the summoning of a
1135:
brought agitation to a head. Numerous public meetings were held and the
Offenburg programme was adopted. On 4 March 1848, under the influence of popular excitement, the lower chamber accepted this programme almost unanimously. As in other German states, the government bowed to the storm,
2123:
Owing to its physical configuration, Baden presents great extremes of heat and cold. The Rhine valley is the warmest district in
Germany, but the higher elevations of the Black Forest record the greatest degrees of cold experienced in the south. The mean temperature of the Rhine valley is
1275:
Grand Duke
Leopold returned on 10 August and at once dissolved the diet. The following elections resulted in a majority favourable to the new ministry, which passed a series of laws of a reactionary tendency with a view to strengthening the government.
1808:, with an area of barely 1,300 sq mi (3,400 km) and a population of 210,000. Subsequently, the grand duchy acquired more territory so that, by 1905, it had 5,823 sq mi (15,082 km) and a population of 2,010,728. Of that number, 61% were
1495:(whom he had married in 1856), gave him a peculiar influence in the councils of Berlin. When, on 20 September 1906, the Grand Duke celebrated at once the jubilee of his reign and his golden wedding anniversary, all Europe honoured him. King
1264:, dispersed. The insurgent leaders who were caught, notably the ex-officers, suffered military execution. The army was dispersed among Prussian garrison towns, and Prussian troops occupied Baden for a time. Franz Trefzger managed to escape to
1155:
Disorder, fomented by republican agitators, continued nonetheless. The efforts of the government to suppress the agitators with the aid of federal troops led to an armed insurrection, which was mastered without much difficulty. The
1724:
The lower chamber consisted of 73 popular representatives, of whom 24 were elected by the burgesses of certain communities, and 49 by rural communities. Every citizen of 25 years of age, who had not been convicted and was not a
1019:(created countess Hochberg), capable of succeeding to the crown. A controversy between Bavaria and Baden ensued, which was only decided in favour of the Hochberg claims by a treaty signed by Baden and the four great powers at
1070:
January 1825, owing to official pressure, only three
Liberals were returned to the chamber. A law was passed making the budget presentable only every three years, and the constitution ceased to have any active existence.
1529:
aggrandized the margravate at the expense of
Austria; transformed it into a sovereign principality and raised it to a Grand Duchy. It was he too who, by the secularization on the one hand and by the dismemberment of
3336:
2471:
was the great market centre for exports down the Rhine and had substantial river traffic. It was also the chief manufacturing town for the duchy and an important administrative centre for its northern region.
1219:(1813–1891), who represented the more moderate radicals against the republicans, established itself in the capital in an attempt to direct affairs pending the establishment of a provisional government.
4717:
3784:
1820:, and the remainder of other religions. At that time, about half of the population was rural, living in communities of less than 2,000; the density of the rest was about 330/sq mi (130/km).
1026:
Meanwhile, the dispute had wide-ranging effects. In order to secure popular support for the
Hochberg heir, in 1818 Grand Duke Charles granted to the grand duchy, under Article XIII of the
2072:
The greater part of Baden belongs to the basin of the Rhine, which receives upwards of twenty tributaries from the highlands; the north-eastern portion of the territory is also watered by the
2838:
4747:
3329:
1737:), the latter selecting the representatives. The chambers met at least every two years. The lower chambers were elected for four years, half the members retiring every two years.
1260:, and suffered complete defeat. On 25 June, Prince William entered Karlsruhe and, at the end of the month, the members of the provisional government, who had taken refuge at
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3109:
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of 9 June. However, in the haste of winding up the
Congress, the question of the succession to the grand duchy did not get settled, a matter that would soon become acute.
1717:, a deputy from each of the universities and the technical high school, eight members elected by the territorial nobility for four years, three representatives elected by the
1207:
on 11 May showed that the army sympathised with the revolution, which was proclaimed two days later at Offenburg amid tumultuous scenes. Also, on 13 May a mutiny at
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371:
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Amid all these contests, the statesmanlike moderation of Grand Duke Frederick won him universal esteem. By the treaty under which Baden had become an integral part of the
1396:, however, did not end. In 1867, on the accession to the premiership of Julius von Jolly (1823–1891), several constitutional changes in a secular direction occurred:
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3322:
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1500:
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is practised throughout the country. A greater proportion of Baden than any other south German state is occupied by forests. In these, the predominant trees are
1721:, two by that of agriculture, one by the trades, two mayors of municipalities, and eight members (two of them legal functionaries) nominated by the Grand Duke.
2010:
The grand duchy had an area of 15,081 km (5,823 sq mi) and consisted of a considerable portion of the eastern half of the fertile valley of the
187:
1449:
had a majority of just one in the diet. From 1893, they could stay in power only with the aid of the Conservatives and, in 1897, a coalition of the Catholic
1437:
communities. Not until 1880, after the fall of the ministry of Jolly, did Baden reconcile with Rome. In 1882 the archbishopric of Freiburg was again filled.
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158:
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the previous year at a meeting now considered the first-ever democratic program in Germany. With the collapse of the German Empire it became part of the
1740:
The executive consisted of four departments: the interior, foreign and grand-ducal affairs; finance; justice; and ecclesiastical affairs and education.
1042:. The outcome was important far beyond the narrow limits of the duchy, as all of Germany watched the constitutional experiments in the southern states.
37:
991:
were settled, also supported Bavaria's claim to the Palatine parts of Baden on the east bank of the Rhine and reaffirmed the succession rights of King
4307:
1245:), invaded Baden in the middle of June 1849. Afraid of a military escalation, Brentano reacted hesitantly – too hesitantly for the more radical
1652:
as its capital; this area was declared in its 1947 constitution to be the true successor of the duchy. The northern half was combined with northern
1027:
142:
4752:
2041:
into two districts of different elevation. To the south of the Kinzig the mean height is 945 m (3,100 ft)), and the highest summit, the
1692:
A constitution was adopted on 22 August 1814, and existed with some changes until the end of the duchy. The Grand Duchy of Baden was a hereditary
1292:(died 22 January 1858), was incapable of ruling. The internal affairs of Baden during the period that followed have little general interest.
1589:
2540:
2512:
846:
342:
4373:
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793:, or Song of the People of Baden, which has four or five traditional verses and many more added: there are collections with up to 591 verses.
2449:
of Baden consisted mostly of the above goods and were considerable, but the bulk of its trade consisted of transit. The grand duchy had many
1334:
a good excuse for intervention, but the opposition of Baden to the formation of a South German confederation made the union inevitable. The
4727:
4300:
202:
1751:
and domains. The railways were operated by the state, and formed the only source of major public debt, about 22 million pounds sterling.
1404:, and compulsory education. On 6 September 1867, a law compelled all candidates for the priesthood to pass government examinations.
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In his relations with the German Empire, too, Frederick proved himself more of a great German noble than a sovereign prince actuated by
2766:
517:
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1268:. In the months following, no fewer than 80,000 people left Baden for America. Many of these migrants would later participate in the
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was responsible for the bulk of the grand duchy's wealth, but this was superseded by industrial production. The chief products were
1657:
1582:
1548:
357:
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1054:(ruled 1818–1830), who had succeeded in 1818, was unpopular, and the administration was in the hands of hide-bound and inefficient
95:
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1299:(ruled 1856–1907) opposed the war with Prussia from the first, but yielded to popular resentment at the policy of Prussia on the
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1285:
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and promised reforms. The ministry remodelled itself in a more liberal direction, and sent a new delegate to the federal diet at
67:
1521:, and he alone, who created this whole state in 1803 to reward in the person of the little margrave of Baden a relative of the
1315:, the second chamber petitioned the grand duke to end the war and enter into an offensive and defensive alliance with Prussia.
3200:
Exner, Konrad (2016). "Die politischen und wirtschaftlichen Ereignisse der Republik Baden in der Zeit der Weimarer Republik".
2655:
2613:
1566:
went on strike in January 1918. Members of the garrisons of Lahr and Offenburg formed a soldiers' council on 8 November 1918.
4400:
3226:
2045:, reaches about 1,493 m (4,898 ft), while to the north the mean height is only 640 metres (2,100 ft), and the
996:
992:
52:
2619:
74:
2730:
2080:, which there takes its rise in a number of mountain streams. Among the numerous lakes which belonged to the duchy are the
1709:
The upper chamber included all the princes of the ruling family of full age, the heads of all the mediatized families, the
4722:
4707:
3617:
3612:
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2736:
2688:
2568:
2504:
2038:
1990:
1289:
862:
1517:
Nothing more clearly demonstrates the sterile paradox of the Napoleonic work than the history of the Grand Duchy. It was
1392:
responsible for education, though admitting the priests to a share in the management. The quarrel between secularism and
2561:
2554:
2547:
1938:
1890:
1389:
1074:
1051:
917:
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are extensively cultivated. There is a considerable extent of pasture-land, and the rearing of cattle, sheep, pigs and
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group, nearly 16 km in length and 8 km in breadth, the highest point of which is 536 metres (1,759 ft).
1480:. The army, the post office, railways and the conduct of foreign relations passed to the effective control of Prussia.
4553:
4323:
4166:
3680:
2049:, the culminating point of the whole, does not exceed 1,164 metres (3,819 ft). To the north of the Neckar is the
1714:
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81:
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Selgert, Felix. "Performance, pay and promotion: implementing a Weberian bureaucracy in nineteenth century Baden."
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List of ministers-president of Baden-Württemberg § Ministers-President of the Grand Duchy of Baden (1809–1918)
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1327:
1016:
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937:
898:
878:
838:
743:
390:
299:
222:
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2625:
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4424:
4235:
3853:
3717:
3383:
2712:
2533:
1975:
1488:
1242:
1132:
913:
882:
834:
786:
323:
63:
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and cede his territories on the left bank of the Rhine to France. In 1803, largely owing to the good offices of
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3648:
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1961:
1567:
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Mieroslawski reduced the insurgents to some semblance of order. On 20 June, 1849, he met the Prussians at
964:
Monument to the Constitution of Baden (and the Grand Duke for granting it), in Rondellplatz, Karlsruhe, Germany
925:
805:
and subsequently split into various smaller territories that were unified in 1771. In 1803 Baden was raised to
746:, before being reunified in 1771. The territory grew and assumed its ducal status after the dissolution of the
280:
1433:
raged in Baden, as in the rest of Germany, and, here as elsewhere, the government encouraged the formation of
916:. Having quadrupled the area of Baden, Charles Frederick died in June 1811, and was succeeded by his grandson
2643:
4353:
2682:
2649:
2042:
1697:
1484:
1409:
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980:
909:
315:
276:
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4230:
4197:
3712:
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2212:
1710:
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of 1870, and it was Grand Duke Frederick of Baden, who, in the historic assembly of the German princes at
1211:
forced Grand Duke Leopold to flee, and the next day his ministers followed. Meanwhile, a committee of the
1117:
502:
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The internal politics of Baden, both before and after 1870, centered in the main around the question of
854:
842:
164:
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2825:
The Lives of Hans Luther, 1879 - 1962: German Chancellor, Reichsbank President, and Hitler's Ambassador
2694:
1625:
1620:, the chair of the SPD in Baden and vice-president of the Landtag, chaired the provisional government.
1108:
once more began to raise its head in Baden. On 12 September 1847, a popular demonstration held at
1000:
2076:
and the Neckar. A part, however, of the eastern slope of the Black Forest belongs to the basin of the
4476:
4456:
4382:
4222:
4045:
4029:
3915:
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3707:
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3404:
1952:
1902:
1849:
1836:
1677:
1661:
1649:
1593:
1526:
1401:
1343:
1319:
1308:
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1237:
From this moment, the revolution in Baden was doomed, and with it the revolution across Germany. The
1189:
1149:
969:
866:
822:
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228:
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4404:
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3472:
2516:
2371:
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2226:
In the valleys the soil is particularly fertile, yielding luxuriant crops of wheat, maize, barley,
1986:
1855:
1718:
1504:
1424:
1381:
1339:
1304:
1250:
1121:
1047:
1012:
806:
671:
478:
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2796:
1696:
with executive power vested in the Grand Duke; legislative authority was shared between him and a
1612:
formed a provisional government, with Bodman's recognition, on 10 November. Five SPD members, two
1555:, was popular due her supports of artistic endeavors and treatment of the wounded soldiers during
1307:
of 1866, Austria's contingents, under Prince William, had two sharp engagements with the Prussian
960:
845:. The conflict devastated the margraviate's countryside. Baden was defeated in 1796 with Margrave
437:
88:
4499:
4396:
4343:
4338:
3935:
3848:
3838:
3833:
3762:
3622:
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2511:
consisting of a prelate, 48 elected and 7 nominated lay and clerical members. The Roman Catholic
2089:
1965:
1942:
1477:
1405:
1300:
1269:
1125:
1004:
988:
973:
770:
2216:
1335:
2220:
2085:
2017:
The mountainous part was by far the most extensive, forming nearly 80% of the whole area. From
4419:
4388:
4013:
3940:
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3531:
3378:
3245:
3222:
3022:
2997:
2351:
2208:
2105:
1734:
1629:
1522:
1323:
1312:
945:
818:
810:
763:
747:
684:
633:
3279:
Liebel, Helen P. "Enlightened bureaucracy versus enlightened despotism in Baden, 1750–1792."
1865:
The capital of the duchy was Karlsruhe, and important towns other than those listed included
1596:'s resignation on 9 November, due to fears that violence would break out in Mannheim. Kaiser
1574:
initiated the demonstration. Another soldiers' council was formed in Mannheim on 9 November.
4133:
4000:
3968:
3685:
3600:
2950:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
2700:
2465:). A rail-line ran mostly parallel with the Rhine, with oblique branches from East to West.
2399:
2125:
1775:
1609:
1161:
1099:
1062:
751:
627:
272:
1050:(1792–1795) in the earlier days of the French Revolution. Additionally, the new Grand Duke
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4143:
4123:
4105:
3984:
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3724:
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3420:
3021:(Reissued, 1967, by Russell & Russell ed.). New York: Columbia University Press.
2480:
There were numerous educational institutions in Baden. There were three universities, one
2030:
1921:
1809:
1216:
1157:
1078:
984:
932:
894:
890:
759:
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712:
293:
260:
3274:
The Politics of Harmony: Civil Service, Liberalism, and Social Reform in Baden, 1800–1850
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4522:
4514:
4504:
4392:
4255:
4061:
4021:
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3017:
Lonn, Ella (1950). "VII. The Forty-Eighters in the Civil War". In Zucker, A. E. (ed.).
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2018:
1910:
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1416:
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1668:
upon the latter's formation in 1949, but in 1952 they merged with each other and with
1445:
The political tendency of Baden, meanwhile, mirrored that of all Germany. In 1892 the
4701:
4174:
4090:
4085:
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3670:
3660:
3595:
3564:
2956:
2951:
2439:
2347:
1788:
1473:
1462:
1246:
1238:
728:
234:
193:
148:
1885:. The population was most thickly clustered in the north and near the Swiss city of
1384:, led to a constitutional struggle. This struggle ended in 1863 with the victory of
1034:, under which two chambers were constituted and their assent declared necessary for
821:
in 1806, Baden became the much-enlarged Grand Duchy of Baden. In 1815 it joined the
4652:
4643:
4532:
4412:
4357:
2427:
2311:
2073:
2054:
2046:
2026:
1665:
1641:
1434:
1331:
1284:
Grand Duke Leopold died on 24 April 1852 and was succeeded by his second son,
1231:
1196:
1031:
621:
615:
1648:, at first called South Baden, out of the southern half of the former duchy, with
44:
1419:
did not allay the strife, which reached its climax after the proclamation of the
1322:
and, on 17 August 1866, signed a treaty of peace and alliance with Prussia.
4443:
3559:
2327:
2204:
2200:
2117:
2002:
1870:
1805:
1645:
1617:
1571:
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1429:
1393:
1265:
1176:, which they held, fell on 24 April and, on 27 April, a Franco–German
1112:
passed resolutions demanding the conversion of the regular army into a national
1035:
782:
446:
431:
26:
1729:, had a vote. The elections were, however, indirect. The citizens selected the
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2706:
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2423:
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1831:
1813:
1767:
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1385:
1181:
1145:
1086:
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902:
790:
178:
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2199:
of Baden are still very numerous and have acquired great celebrity, those of
2435:
2415:
2375:
2287:
2081:
2057:, an extreme of 603 metres (1,978 ft). Lying between the Rhine and the
1882:
1844:
1840:
1763:
1755:
1680:– still the only merger of states to have taken place in the history of the
1605:
1373:
1365:
1257:
1208:
1141:
1109:
1066:
1020:
912:
in 1809, it was rewarded with accessions of territory at the expense of the
850:
755:
250:
2128:
6 °C (43 °F). July is the hottest month and January the coldest.
1199:
that broke out proved a more formidable affair than the first. A military
3607:
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3295:
Science, Medicine, and the State in Germany: The Case of Baden, 1815–1871
2468:
2419:
2367:
2255:
2066:
2050:
1906:
1894:
1889:. The inhabitants of Baden are of various origins, those to the south of
1874:
1859:
1827:
1783:
1779:
1759:
1693:
1601:
1563:
1518:
1509:
1369:
1361:
1173:
1165:
1039:
886:
874:
2366:
Around 1910, 56.8% of the region's land mass was cultivated and 38% was
4599:
4265:
3019:
The Forty-Eighters: Political Refugees of the German Revolution of 1848
2450:
2403:
2395:
2307:
2168:
2132:
2113:
2058:
1866:
1817:
1793:
1771:
1702:
1673:
1212:
1204:
1169:
1137:
1113:
1082:
972:
established by the Act of 8 June, annexed to the Final Act of the
422:
2457:
for transporting goods by ship. Railways were run by the state as the
1632:
was formed on 14 November, and elections scheduled on 5 January 1919.
1073:
In 1830 Grand Duke Louis was succeeded by his half-brother Grand Duke
4349:
2446:
2383:
2355:
2323:
2303:
2239:
2180:
2172:
2164:
2156:
2152:
2077:
2022:
1898:
1726:
1544:
1377:
1227:
1200:
935:
was adopted in 1810, and remained in force until the adoption of the
858:
813:, with ecclesiastical and secular territories added to it during the
1570:
stated that a member of Replacement Battalion 171 who returned from
1616:, two Centrists, and two National Liberals made up the government.
1547:
on 28 September 1907. He was succeeded by his son, Grand Duke
4486:
2755:
2508:
2454:
2411:
2407:
2391:
2319:
2291:
2283:
2227:
2011:
1920:
1886:
1576:
1476:
in 1871, he had reserved only the exclusive right to tax beer and
1420:
999:
to all of Baden, upon the expected event of the extinction of the
959:
778:
720:
1003:. As a counter to this, in 1817, the Grand Duke Charles issued a
3026:
2387:
2379:
2315:
2295:
2279:
2275:
2267:
2251:
2247:
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2235:
2192:
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2160:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
1878:
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1608:
formed Welfare Committees. The Karlsruhe Welfare Committee and
1222:
This was accomplished on 1 June and, on 10 June, the
1061:
The result was a deadlock. Even before the promulgation of the
2431:
2263:
2259:
2231:
1744:
1116:, which should take an oath to the constitution, as well as a
869:, and other smaller districts, together with the dignity of a
20:
2302:
is Germany's third largest in terms of vineyard surface. The
2053:
Range, with a mean of 439 metres (1,440 ft), and in the
1249:
and his followers, who overthrew him and established a Pole,
719:) was a state in south-west Germany on the east bank of the
3074:
3072:
2578:(1826–1907), (since 1852 Regent, since 1856 with the title
2124:
approximately 10 °C (50 °F) and that of the high
1628:. He was one of the last German monarchs to abdicate. The
769:
The Grand Duchy of Baden was bordered to the north by the
2354:, are well represented. A third, at least, of the annual
2294:
of excellent quality. Viticulture is increasing, and the
1507:. But more significant, perhaps, was the tribute paid by
908:
Baden continued to assist France militarily, and by the
873:. Baden then changed sides in 1805 to join France under
2426:
was also manufactured on a large scale, as were wooden
1077:(ruled 1830–1852), the first of the Höchberg line. The
48:
3110:
State Center for Political Education Baden-Württemberg
2290:
are fairly abundant, while the mountain streams yield
1823:
The country was divided into the following districts:
1743:
The chief sources of revenue were direct and indirect
1311:. However, on 24 July 1866, two days before the
1090:
did much for the material prosperity of the country.
944:
Charles fought for his father-in-law until after the
801:
Baden came into existence in the 12th century as the
2996:((paperback) ed.). Penguin Books. p. 212.
2258:
and tobacco; and even in the more mountainous part,
1664:. Both Baden and Württemberg-Baden became states of
1469:) won a majority for the opposition in the chamber.
4629:
4613:
4585:
4531:
4485:
4442:
4331:
4248:
4221:
4188:
4114:
4074:
4012:
3967:
3924:
3878:
3862:
3826:
3801:
3631:
3578:
3530:
3521:
3491:
3465:
3449:
3442:
3413:
3392:
3366:
3354:
1230:granted on the condition that Baden would join the
1011:) declaring the counts of Hochberg, the issue of a
608:
594:
584:
575:
565:
560:
546:
536:
513:
498:
488:
475:
463:
458:
443:
428:
418:
399:
384:
370:
351:
336:
322:
310:
286:
266:
256:
246:
212:
118:
4718:Former states and territories of Baden-Württemberg
3281:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
2839:"The Salmen – a monument of national significance"
2112:) of Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria, and partly to
1804:At the beginning of the 19th century, Baden was a
1487:ambitions. His position as husband of the Emperor
1905:derives its name from the adjacent German tribe (
1303:question. The ministry, as one, resigned. In the
3311:(Kohlhammer, 1993), heavily illustrated history.
2503:The grand-duke was a Protestant; under him, the
881:. France and its allies won the war, and in the
2096:, but none of them is of any significant size.
1346:, was the first to hail the king of Prussia as
1144:, empowered to vote for the establishment of a
2014:and of the mountains which form its boundary.
1672:, which was southern Württemberg and a former
1326:himself resisted the adhesion of Baden to the
754:in 1848, whose demands had been formulated in
4748:States and territories disestablished in 1918
4308:
3778:
3330:
1015:between the Grand Duke Charles Frederick and
8:
4650:
4641:
2969:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2635:Wilhelm Ludwig Leopold Reinhard von Berstett
1120:, and a fair adjustment of the interests of
983:, by which the territorial disputes between
123:
53:introducing citations to additional sources
3208:(2). Landesverein Badische Heimat: 291–300.
3164:
3162:
3160:
1644:the French military government created the
1600:abdicated the same day while the mayors of
1408:resisted, and, on his death in April 1868,
734:The duchy's 12th-century origins were as a
727:from 1806 to 1871 and later as part of the
4743:States and territories established in 1806
4315:
4301:
4293:
4078:
3928:
3785:
3771:
3763:
3527:
3446:
3363:
3337:
3323:
3315:
3151:
3127:
3063:
3051:
3039:
2979:
2507:was governed by a nominated council and a
1624:November, ending 600 years of rule by the
901:, declared himself a sovereign prince and
201:
186:
115:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2463:Großherzoglich Badische Staatseisenbahnen
2310:supply an abundance of fruit, especially
2037:), which is divided by the valley of the
4738:States of the Confederation of the Rhine
2866:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2656:Friedrich Landolin Karl von Blittersdorf
2614:Conrad Karl Friedrich von Andlau-Birseck
1551:(ruled 1907–1918, died 1928). His wife,
1364:. The signing on 28 June 1859 of a
1318:Baden announced her withdrawal from the
897:. In 1806, Charles Frederick joined the
207:Map of the Grand Duchy of Baden (orange)
43:Relevant discussion may be found on the
3309:Geschichte Badens in Bildern, 1100–1918
2788:
924:(1789–1860) a cousin of French empress
574:
564:
559:
457:
442:
265:
2620:Christian Heinrich Gayling von Altheim
1715:Protestant Evangelical Church of Baden
571:15,082 km (5,823 sq mi)
16:State in southwest Germany (1806–1918)
3276:(University of Delaware Press, 1980).
3269:(Univ of North Carolina Press, 1983).
3267:The Nazi Movement in Baden, 1920–1945
3215:The Nazi Movement in Baden, 1920-1945
3139:
3117:from the original on 1 February 2024.
3090:
3078:
2731:Carl Ludwig Wilhelm Arthur von Brauer
2639:1832–1833: Sigismund von Reitzenstein
2630:1817–1818: Sigismund von Reitzenstein
1830:district had the towns Mannheim, and
1380:and facilitated the establishment of
1272:as abolitionists and union soldiers.
968:In 1815 Baden became a member of the
905:, and received additional territory.
789:. Its unofficial anthem has been the
593:
583:
579:
545:
535:
531:
512:
497:
487:
474:
470:
427:
398:
383:
379:
369:
350:
335:
331:
321:
7:
2689:Ludwig Rüdt von Collenberg-Bödigheim
2151:of excellent quality were produced;
1133:revolution of February 1848 in Paris
1065:in October 1819, the grand duke had
192:The Grand Duchy of Baden within the
2179:was found in abundance, as well as
2175:were obtained in small quantities.
2135:wealth of Baden was not great, but
1786:, from which appeals passed to the
1499:appointed him, by the hands of the
1241:, under Prince William (afterwards
4733:States of the German Confederation
3794:States of the German Confederation
3219:University of North Carolina Press
2666:1845–1846: Karl Friedrich Nebenius
2459:Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway
1592:(FVP) parties requested President
928:and adopted daughter of Napoleon.
885:the same year, Baden obtained the
14:
4758:1918 disestablishments in Germany
3242:Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
3105:"Novemberrevolution im Südwesten"
2025:in the north is a portion of the
956:Baden in the German Confederation
861:, Charles Frederick received the
4433:
3817:
3433:
3297:(Oxford University Press, 1993).
2943:
2772:November 1918 in Alsace-Lorraine
1897:and those to the north from the
1338:took a conspicuous share in the
785:, and to the east mainly by the
738:that eventually split into two,
689:
664:
157:
141:
36:relies largely or entirely on a
25:
3238:Die Revolution 1918/19 in Baden
2827:. Lexington Books. p. 142.
2594:Ministers-President (1809–1918)
2496:, and a research university in
1630:Free People's Republic of Baden
1543:Grand Duke Frederick I died at
1288:, as regent, since the eldest,
1180:, which had invaded Baden from
4753:1806 establishments in Germany
4144:Reuß-Lobenstein und Ebersdorf
3307:Schwarzmaier, Hansmartin, ed.
2767:German Revolution of 1918–1919
2662:Christian Friedrich von Boeckh
1706:) consisting of two chambers.
1581:The abdication certificate of
1513:, the leading Parisian paper:
997:House of Palatinate-Birkenfeld
993:Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria
837:in 1792 saw Baden joining the
829:French Revolution and Napoleon
817:. Upon the dissolution of the
1:
2270:is extensively practised. Of
1562:22,000 industrial workers in
1415:In 1869, the introduction of
1290:Louis II, Grand Duke of Baden
863:Prince-Bishopric of Constance
723:. It originally existed as a
2719:Ludwig Karl Friedrich Turban
2626:Karl Christian von Berckheim
1939:County Palatine of the Rhine
1931: Grand Duchy of Baden
1614:Independent Social Democrats
1184:, was routed at Dossenbach.
981:treaty of 16 April 1816
948:in 1813, when he joined the
4728:States of the German Empire
4324:States of the German Empire
3236:Schmidgall, Markus (2012).
2338:, but many others, such as
2298:continue to sell well. The
2223:being the most frequented.
1688:Constitution and government
1682:Federal Republic of Germany
1568:Wilhelm Engelbert Oeftering
1376:under the oversight of the
1253:(1814–1878), in his place.
1232:Alliance of the Three Kings
1192:on 10 February, 1849.
391:Sigismund Reitzenstein
4781:
3347:Confederation of the Rhine
2992:Evans, Richard J. (2016).
2823:Edmund C. Clingan (2010).
2608:Sigismund von Reitzenstein
2597:
2531:
2453:and roads, as well as the
2021:in the south to the river
1852:district included Freiburg
1792:(the supreme tribunal) in
1754:The supreme courts lay in
1406:The archbishop of Freiburg
1328:North German Confederation
1097:
1017:Luise Geyer von Geyersberg
899:Confederation of the Rhine
879:War of the Third Coalition
849:being compelled to pay an
4763:Modern history of Germany
4572:Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
4431:
4279:
4081:
3931:
3815:
3737:
3431:
3213:Grill, Johnpeter (1983).
2534:List of monarchs of Baden
1925:Baden from 1819 to 1945:
1893:being descended from the
1660:and forming the state of
1330:. He had no wish to give
1280:Towards the German Empire
1243:William I, German Emperor
926:Josephine's first husband
889:and other territories in
835:French Revolutionary Wars
643:
604:
580:
556:
532:
528:
471:
414:
380:
366:
332:
200:
185:
173:
137:
132:
4379:Lauenburg and Bütow Land
3265:Grill, Johnpeter Horst.
2777:Bavarian Soviet Republic
2358:production is exported.
2104:) belongs partly to the
1670:Württemberg-Hohenzollern
1553:Princess Hilda of Nassau
922:Stéphanie de Beauharnais
2966:Encyclopædia Britannica
2802:Encyclopædia Britannica
2650:Karl Friedrich Nebenius
2644:Ludwig Georg von Winter
2528:Grand Dukes (1806–1918)
1713:, the president of the
1698:representative assembly
1656:, becoming part of the
1388:principles, making the
1172:on 20 April 1848.
938:Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch
316:Constitutional monarchy
4651:
4642:
4637:German colonial empire
4567:Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
2683:Friedrich Adolf Klüber
2513:Archbishop of Freiburg
2476:Education and religion
2034:
2007:
1976:Kingdom of Württemberg
1711:Archbishop of Freiburg
1658:American-occupied zone
1585:
1541:
1525:. It was he who after
1118:progressive income tax
1023:on 10 July 1819.
965:
914:Kingdom of Württemberg
893:at the expense of the
787:Kingdom of Württemberg
716:
548:• Disestablished
124:
64:"Grand Duchy of Baden"
3175:Catholic Encyclopedia
2961:Baden, Grand Duchy of
2106:German federal states
1924:
1588:The NLP, Centre, and
1580:
1515:
1094:1849 Baden Revolution
963:
920:, who was married to
777:, to the west by the
4723:Former grand duchies
4708:Grand Duchy of Baden
4614:Imperial Territories
4467:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
4462:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
4383:Starostwo of Draheim
3906:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
3901:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
3618:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
3613:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
2994:The Pursuit of Power
2519:of the Upper Rhine.
2494:Freiburg im Breisgau
1953:Grand Duchy of Hesse
1850:Freiburg im Breisgau
1441:In the German Empire
1402:freedom of the press
1382:religious institutes
1320:German Confederation
1190:constituent assembly
1028:Act of Confederation
970:German Confederation
910:Treaty of Schönbrunn
833:The outbreak of the
823:German Confederation
815:German mediatisation
803:Margraviate of Baden
775:Grand Duchy of Hesse
709:Grand Duchy of Baden
229:German Confederation
120:Grand Duchy of Baden
49:improve this article
4680: /
4577:Waldeck and Pyrmont
4106:Waldeck and Pyrmont
3290:8.1 (2014): 79–113.
3283:55.5 (1965): 1–132.
3103:Engehausen, Frank.
2743:Heinrich von Bodman
2737:Alexander von Dusch
2677:Karl Georg Hoffmann
2671:Johann Baptist Bekk
2372:agricultural sector
2370:. Before 1870, the
2003:Swiss Confederation
1719:chamber of commerce
1505:Order of the Garter
1425:papal infallibility
1340:Franco-Prussian War
1305:Austro-Prussian War
1251:Ludwig Mieroslawski
1048:National Convention
1013:morganatic marriage
717:Großherzogtum Baden
672:Electorate of Baden
538:• Established
490:• Grand Duchy
223:Rhine Confederation
125:Großherzogtum Baden
4401:Schleswig-Holstein
3130:, p. 123-127.
3081:, p. 291-294.
3066:, p. 100-102.
2725:Franz Wilhelm Nokk
2505:Evangelical Church
2008:
1993:from 1814–48, etc)
1966:Kingdom of Prussia
1943:Kingdom of Bavaria
1839:district included
1626:House of Zähringen
1586:
1537:de bric et de broc
1503:, a Knight of the
1491:'s only daughter,
1301:Schleswig-Holstein
1270:American Civil War
1005:pragmatic sanction
1001:House of Zähringen
974:Congress of Vienna
966:
883:Peace of Pressburg
867:Rhenish Palatinate
781:, to the south by
771:Kingdom of Bavaria
503:German Unification
372:Minister-President
4663:
4662:
4290:
4289:
4244:
4243:
4170:
4157:
4070:
4069:
4014:Ernestine duchies
3760:
3759:
3733:
3732:
3517:
3516:
3429:
3428:
3293:Tuchman, Arleen.
2695:Franz von Stengel
2541:Charles Frederick
2352:coast Douglas-fir
2300:Baden wine region
2065:, an independent
1678:Baden-Württemberg
1676:exclave, to form
1662:Württemberg-Baden
1523:emperor of Russia
1501:Duke of Connaught
1447:National Liberals
1412:remained vacant.
1313:Battle of Werbach
1164:and Franz Joseph
946:Battle of Leipzig
847:Charles Frederick
819:Holy Roman Empire
811:Holy Roman Empire
807:Electoral dignity
764:Republic of Baden
748:Holy Roman Empire
705:
704:
701:
700:
697:
696:
685:Republic of Baden
677:
676:
518:German Revolution
401:• 1917–1918
386:• 1809–1810
353:• 1907–1918
343:Charles Frederick
338:• 1806–1811
257:Official language
114:
113:
99:
4770:
4713:History of Baden
4695:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4684:49.017°N 8.400°E
4681:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4673:
4656:
4647:
4562:Schaumburg-Lippe
4557:
4549:
4519:
4437:
4416:
4386:
4317:
4310:
4303:
4294:
4214:
4213:
4204:
4203:
4181:
4180:
4168:
4163:
4162:
4155:
4150:
4149:
4140:
4139:
4134:Reuss-Lobenstein
4130:
4129:
4101:Schaumburg-Lippe
4079:
4058:
4050:
4042:
4034:
4026:
4005:
3997:
3989:
3981:
3969:Anhalt (Ascania)
3950:
3929:
3821:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3764:
3703:Schaumburg-Lippe
3528:
3447:
3437:
3364:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3316:
3255:
3232:
3209:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3166:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3131:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3100:
3094:
3093:, p. 15-16.
3088:
3082:
3076:
3067:
3061:
3055:
3049:
3043:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3014:
3008:
3007:
2989:
2983:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2940:
2843:
2842:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2793:
2701:Anton von Stabel
1999:
1983:
1973:
1959:
1950:
1936:
1930:
1909:), who lived in
1459:Social Democrats
1309:Army of the Main
1224:constituent diet
1162:Friedrich Hecker
1131:The news of the
1100:Baden Revolution
1063:Carlsbad Decrees
855:Tsar Alexander I
693:
692:
681:
680:
668:
667:
661:
660:
645:
644:
524:14 November 1918
520:
505:
410:
395:
362:
347:
318:
277:South Franconian
268:Common languages
239:
205:
190:
161:
145:
127:
116:
109:
106:
100:
98:
57:
29:
21:
4780:
4779:
4773:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4698:
4697:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4679:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4659:
4625:
4621:Alsace–Lorraine
4609:
4581:
4555:
4547:
4527:
4517:
4481:
4477:Weimar-Eisenach
4457:Hesse-Darmstadt
4438:
4429:
4381:and the former
4377:(including the
4376:
4347:
4327:
4321:
4291:
4286:
4275:
4240:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4201:
4200:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4160:
4159:
4147:
4146:
4137:
4136:
4127:
4126:
4124:Reuss-Ebersdorf
4110:
4066:
4056:
4048:
4046:Gotha-Altenburg
4040:
4032:
4030:Coburg-Saalfeld
4024:
4008:
4003:
3995:
3987:
3979:
3963:
3948:
3920:
3916:Weimar-Eisenach
3891:Hesse-Darmstadt
3874:
3858:
3822:
3813:
3797:
3791:
3761:
3756:
3729:
3627:
3574:
3570:Weimar-Eisenach
3545:Gotha-Altenburg
3540:Coburg-Saalfeld
3523:
3513:
3487:
3461:
3438:
3425:
3409:
3388:
3356:
3350:
3343:
3304:
3262:
3260:Further reading
3252:
3235:
3229:
3212:
3202:Badische Heimat
3199:
3196:
3191:
3190:
3180:
3178:
3168:
3167:
3158:
3152:Schmidgall 2012
3150:
3146:
3138:
3134:
3128:Schmidgall 2012
3126:
3122:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3089:
3085:
3077:
3070:
3064:Schmidgall 2012
3062:
3058:
3052:Schmidgall 2012
3050:
3046:
3040:Schmidgall 2012
3038:
3034:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3004:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2980:Schmidgall 2012
2978:
2974:
2959:, ed. (1911). "
2955:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2846:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2807:
2805:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2752:
2747:
2602:
2596:
2536:
2530:
2525:
2478:
2364:
2350:and the exotic
2197:mineral springs
2006:
1997:
1995:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1971:
1969:
1957:
1955:
1948:
1946:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1926:
1919:
1903:Swabian Plateau
1810:Roman Catholics
1802:
1690:
1638:
1594:Heinrich Bodman
1443:
1372:, which placed
1358:
1282:
1217:Lorenz Brentano
1102:
1096:
1079:July Revolution
958:
950:Sixth Coalition
933:Napoleonic Code
895:Austrian Empire
891:Further Austria
839:First Coalition
831:
799:
762:under the name
760:Weimar Republic
750:but suffered a
725:sovereign state
690:
665:
639:
597:
587:
568:
549:
539:
521:
516:
509:18 January 1871
506:
501:
494:24 October 1806
491:
481:
449:
434:
408:
406:Heinrich Bodman
402:
393:
387:
360:
354:
345:
339:
314:
306:
302:
269:
242:
237:
208:
196:
181:
169:
168:
167:
162:
154:
153:
151:
146:
128:
121:
110:
104:
101:
58:
56:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4778:
4777:
4774:
4766:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4700:
4699:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4648:
4639:
4633:
4631:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4623:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4591:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4551:
4543:
4537:
4535:
4533:Principalities
4529:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4491:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4448:
4446:
4440:
4439:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4341:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4328:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4312:
4305:
4297:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4227:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4205:
4194:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4172:
4164:
4151:
4141:
4131:
4120:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4082:
4076:
4075:Principalities
4072:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4054:Hildburghausen
4051:
4043:
4035:
4027:
4018:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
3998:
3990:
3982:
3973:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3943:
3938:
3932:
3926:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3823:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3798:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3767:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3635:
3633:
3632:Principalities
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3550:Hildburghausen
3547:
3542:
3536:
3534:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3495:
3493:
3492:Principalities
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3453:
3451:
3444:
3443:States created
3440:
3439:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3370:
3368:
3361:
3352:
3351:
3345:States of the
3344:
3342:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3250:
3233:
3227:
3210:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3156:
3144:
3132:
3120:
3095:
3083:
3068:
3056:
3044:
3042:, p. 123.
3032:
3009:
3002:
2984:
2972:
2957:Chisholm, Hugh
2844:
2830:
2815:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2603:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2583:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2490:Roman Catholic
2477:
2474:
2363:
2360:
2340:sweet chestnut
2332:European beech
2312:sweet cherries
2189:potter's earth
2098:Lake Constance
2019:Lake Constance
1996:
1980:
1970:
1956:
1947:
1933:
1927:
1918:
1915:
1863:
1862:
1853:
1847:
1834:
1801:
1798:
1689:
1686:
1646:State of Baden
1637:
1634:
1442:
1439:
1417:civil marriage
1400:of ministers,
1398:responsibility
1357:
1352:
1348:German Emperor
1281:
1278:
1168:, was lost at
1150:united Germany
1136:proclaimed an
1098:Main article:
1095:
1092:
957:
954:
871:prince-elector
865:, part of the
830:
827:
798:
795:
703:
702:
699:
698:
695:
694:
687:
678:
675:
674:
669:
657:
656:
651:
641:
640:
638:
637:
631:
625:
619:
612:
610:
606:
605:
602:
601:
598:
595:
592:
591:
588:
585:
582:
581:
578:
577:
573:
572:
569:
566:
563:
562:
558:
557:
554:
553:
550:
547:
544:
543:
540:
537:
534:
533:
530:
529:
526:
525:
522:
514:
511:
510:
507:
499:
496:
495:
492:
489:
486:
485:
482:
476:
473:
472:
469:
468:
465:
461:
460:
456:
455:
450:
444:
441:
440:
435:
429:
426:
425:
420:
416:
415:
412:
411:
403:
400:
397:
396:
388:
385:
382:
381:
378:
377:
374:
368:
367:
364:
363:
355:
352:
349:
348:
340:
337:
334:
333:
330:
329:
326:
320:
319:
312:
308:
307:
305:
304:
297:
290:
288:
284:
283:
270:
267:
264:
263:
258:
254:
253:
248:
244:
243:
241:
240:
232:
226:
220:
216:
214:
210:
209:
206:
198:
197:
191:
183:
182:
171:
170:
163:
156:
155:
147:
140:
139:
138:
135:
134:
130:
129:
122:
119:
112:
111:
47:. Please help
33:
31:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4776:
4775:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4696:
4693:
4689:49.017; 8.400
4655:
4654:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4628:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4612:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4584:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4552:
4550:
4548:(Junior Line)
4544:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4524:
4521:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4444:Grand Duchies
4441:
4436:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4384:
4380:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4325:
4318:
4313:
4311:
4306:
4304:
4299:
4298:
4295:
4282:
4281:
4278:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4237:
4236:Sondershausen
4234:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4209:
4206:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4176:
4175:Reuss-Schleiz
4173:
4171:
4165:
4158:
4156:(Junior Line)
4152:
4145:
4142:
4135:
4132:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4091:Liechtenstein
4089:
4087:
4086:Hesse-Homburg
4084:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4073:
4063:
4060:
4055:
4052:
4047:
4044:
4039:
4036:
4031:
4028:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4002:
3999:
3994:
3991:
3986:
3983:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3879:Grand duchies
3877:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3820:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3800:
3795:
3788:
3783:
3781:
3776:
3774:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3736:
3726:
3723:
3719:
3718:Sondershausen
3716:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3666:Lippe-Detmold
3664:
3662:
3661:Liechtenstein
3659:
3657:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3579:Other duchies
3577:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3532:Saxon duchies
3529:
3526:
3520:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3499:Aschaffenburg
3497:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3466:Grand Duchies
3464:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3436:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3393:Grand Duchies
3391:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3355:Rank elevated
3353:
3348:
3340:
3335:
3333:
3328:
3326:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3272:Lee, Loyd E.
3271:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3251:9783866447271
3247:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3154:, p. 19.
3153:
3148:
3145:
3142:, p. 16.
3141:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3057:
3054:, p. 88.
3053:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3013:
3010:
3005:
3003:9780143110422
2999:
2995:
2988:
2985:
2982:, p. 18.
2981:
2976:
2973:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2952:public domain
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2826:
2819:
2816:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2527:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2348:Norway spruce
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2005:
2004:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1987:French Empire
1977:
1967:
1963:
1954:
1944:
1940:
1923:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1858:district had
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1789:Reichsgericht
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1485:particularist
1481:
1479:
1475:
1474:German Empire
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1427:in 1870. The
1426:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
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1298:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1247:Gustav Struve
1244:
1240:
1239:Prussian Army
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
977:
975:
971:
962:
955:
953:
951:
947:
942:
940:
939:
934:
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
906:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
828:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
796:
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
740:Baden-Durlach
737:
732:
730:
729:German Empire
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
688:
686:
683:
682:
679:
673:
670:
663:
662:
659:
658:
655:
652:
650:
647:
646:
642:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
589:
570:
555:
551:
541:
527:
523:
519:
508:
504:
493:
484:27 April 1803
483:
480:
466:
462:
459:Establishment
454:
453:Zweite Kammer
451:
448:
439:
436:
433:
424:
421:
417:
413:
407:
404:
392:
389:
375:
373:
365:
359:
356:
344:
341:
327:
325:
317:
313:
309:
301:
300:Protestantism
298:
295:
292:
291:
289:
285:
282:
278:
274:
271:
262:
259:
255:
252:
249:
245:
236:
235:German Empire
233:
230:
227:
224:
221:
219:State of the:
218:
217:
215:
211:
204:
199:
195:
194:German Empire
189:
184:
180:
176:
172:
166:
160:
150:
144:
136:
131:
126:
117:
108:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73:
69:
66: –
65:
61:
60:Find sources:
54:
50:
46:
40:
39:
38:single source
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
4665:
4653:Mitteleuropa
4644:Mittelafrika
4556:(Elder Line)
4554:Reuss-Greiz
4518:(until 1876)
4510:Coburg-Gotha
4451:
4413:West Prussia
4370:Hohenzollern
4366:Hesse-Nassau
4358:East Prussia
4212:(until 1850)
4202:(until 1850)
4190:Hohenzollern
4179:(until 1848)
4169:(Elder Line)
4167:Reuss-Greiz
4138:(until 1824)
4128:(until 1824)
4057:(until 1826)
4049:(until 1826)
4038:Coburg-Gotha
4033:(until 1826)
4004:(until 1847)
3996:(until 1863)
3988:(until 1863)
3885:
3870:Hesse-Kassel
3639:Hohenzollern
3522:Pre-existing
3399:
3308:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3237:
3214:
3205:
3201:
3179:. Retrieved
3173:
3147:
3135:
3123:
3108:
3098:
3086:
3059:
3047:
3035:
3018:
3012:
2993:
2987:
2975:
2964:
2833:
2824:
2818:
2806:. Retrieved
2800:
2791:
2713:Julius Jolly
2587:Frederick II
2579:
2517:Metropolitan
2502:
2479:
2467:
2462:
2444:
2365:
2262:, wheat and
2225:
2130:
2122:
2109:
2101:
2071:
2055:Katzenbuckel
2047:Hornisgrinde
2027:Black Forest
2016:
2009:
2001:
1985:
1962:Hohenzollern
1901:, while the
1864:
1822:
1803:
1787:
1753:
1742:
1739:
1730:
1723:
1708:
1701:
1691:
1666:West Germany
1642:World War II
1639:
1622:
1587:
1583:Frederick II
1561:
1549:Frederick II
1542:
1536:
1516:
1508:
1482:
1471:
1466:
1451:Centre Party
1444:
1435:Old Catholic
1428:
1414:
1359:
1354:
1332:Napoleon III
1317:
1294:
1283:
1274:
1255:
1236:
1223:
1221:
1197:insurrection
1194:
1186:
1177:
1154:
1130:
1103:
1085:
1072:
1060:
1044:
1032:constitution
1030:, a liberal
1025:
1008:
978:
967:
943:
936:
930:
907:
832:
800:
768:
733:
731:until 1918.
708:
706:
654:Succeeded by
653:
648:
622:Baden gulden
616:Baden thaler
596:• 1905
586:• 1803
567:• Total
438:Erste Kammer
358:Friedrich II
174:
165:Coat of arms
102:
92:
85:
78:
71:
59:
35:
18:
4687: /
4587:City-states
4546:Reuss-Gera
4425:Württemberg
4354:Brandenburg
4346:as a whole
4326:(1871–1918)
4249:Free cities
4223:Schwarzburg
4208:Sigmaringen
4161:(from 1848)
4154:Reuss-Gera
4148:(1824-1848)
4041:(from 1826)
4025:(from 1826)
3980:(from 1863)
3949:(from 1839)
3863:Electorates
3854:Württemberg
3796:(1815–1866)
3708:Schwarzburg
3649:Sigmaringen
3384:Württemberg
3349:(1806–1813)
3288:Cliometrica
3194:Works cited
2758:(territory)
2741:1917–1918:
2735:1905–1917:
2729:1901–1905:
2723:1893–1901:
2717:1876–1893:
2711:1868–1876:
2705:1866–1868:
2699:1861–1866:
2693:1856–1860:
2687:1850–1856:
2681:1849–1850:
2675:1848–1849:
2669:1846–1848:
2660:1843–1845:
2654:1839–1843:
2648:1838–1839:
2642:1833–1838:
2633:1818–1831:
2624:1812–1817:
2618:1810–1812:
2612:1810–1810:
2606:1809–1810:
2589:(1857–1928)
2585:1907–1918:
2576:Frederick I
2574:1858–1907:
2571:(1824–1858)
2567:1852–1858:
2564:(1790–1852)
2560:1830–1852:
2557:(1763–1830)
2553:1818–1830:
2550:(1786–1818)
2546:1811–1818:
2543:(1728–1811)
2539:1806–1811:
2436:music boxes
2328:bee-keeping
2205:Badenweiler
2201:Baden-Baden
2118:Switzerland
2090:Eichenersee
2063:Kaiserstuhl
2035:Schwarzwald
1968:from 1850)
1911:Württemberg
1871:Baden-Baden
1814:Protestants
1806:margraviate
1654:Württemberg
1618:Anton Geiss
1590:Progressive
1557:World War I
1532:Württemberg
1467:Freisinnige
1430:Kulturkampf
1394:Catholicism
1355:Kulturkampf
1297:Frederick I
1295:Grand Duke
1266:Switzerland
1056:bureaucrats
1036:legislation
809:within the
783:Switzerland
744:Baden-Baden
736:margraviate
649:Preceded by
447:Lower house
432:Upper house
419:Legislature
294:Catholicism
238:(1871–1918)
231:(1815–1866)
225:(1806–1813)
152:(1891–1918)
105:August 2020
4702:Categories
4409:Westphalia
4231:Rudolstadt
3896:Luxembourg
3753:until 1811
3747:until 1809
3744:until 1810
3713:Rudolstadt
3686:Lobenstein
3509:Regensburg
3457:Westphalia
3228:0807814725
3181:7 November
3140:Grill 1983
3091:Grill 1983
3079:Exner 2016
2783:References
2762:Baden Army
2707:Karl Mathy
2598:See also:
2580:Grand Duke
2532:See also:
2486:Heidelberg
2482:Protestant
2424:Beet sugar
2362:Industries
2344:Scots pine
2336:silver fir
2288:partridges
2217:Friersbach
2126:table-land
2094:Schluchsee
1832:Heidelberg
1800:Population
1768:Heidelberg
1731:Wahlmänner
1598:Wilhelm II
1527:Austerlitz
1497:Edward VII
1455:Socialists
1344:Versailles
1336:Baden army
1182:Strasbourg
1146:parliament
1106:radicalism
1087:Zollverein
1009:Hausgesetz
903:grand duke
791:Badnerlied
752:revolution
634:Papiermark
576:Population
479:Electorate
324:Grand Duke
311:Government
303:(Official)
296:(majority)
281:Palatinate
179:Badnerlied
75:newspapers
4523:Meiningen
4515:Lauenburg
4505:Altenburg
4500:Brunswick
4472:Oldenburg
4393:Rhineland
4374:Pomerania
4283:partially
4261:Frankfurt
4198:Hechingen
4062:Meiningen
4022:Altenburg
3959:Lauenburg
3936:Brunswick
3911:Oldenburg
3750:from 1809
3741:from 1810
3676:Ebersdorf
3644:Hechingen
3623:Oldenburg
3555:Meiningen
3478:Frankfurt
3302:In German
2498:Karlsruhe
2428:ornaments
2420:chemicals
2416:jewellery
2390:ribbons,
2376:machinery
2286:and wild
2221:Peterthal
2213:Griesbach
2086:Wildersee
2082:Mummelsee
1964:(part of
1941:(part of
1917:Geography
1883:Offenburg
1845:Pforzheim
1841:Karlsruhe
1837:Karlsruhe
1764:Offenburg
1756:Karlsruhe
1606:Karlsruhe
1489:William I
1374:education
1368:with the
1366:concordat
1286:Frederick
1258:Waghausel
1209:Karlsruhe
1160:, led by
1142:Frankfurt
1110:Offenburg
1104:By 1847,
1067:prorogued
1021:Frankfurt
941:in 1900.
851:indemnity
756:Offenburg
600:2,009,320
287:Religion
273:Alemannic
251:Karlsruhe
133:1806–1918
45:talk page
4332:Kingdoms
3985:Bernburg
3941:Holstein
3827:Kingdoms
3656:Isenburg
3608:Arenberg
3591:Bernburg
3565:Eisenach
3483:Würzburg
3450:Kingdoms
3367:Kingdoms
3359:Napoleon
3115:Archived
3027:66-27186
2808:26 April
2750:See also
2569:Louis II
2469:Mannheim
2451:railways
2368:forested
2308:orchards
2306:and the
2256:beetroot
2240:potatoes
2209:Antogast
2183:, china
2102:Bodensee
2067:volcanic
2051:Odenwald
2043:Feldberg
1907:Schwaben
1895:Alemanni
1875:Bruchsal
1860:Konstanz
1856:Konstanz
1828:Mannheim
1784:Mannheim
1780:Konstanz
1776:Waldshut
1760:Freiburg
1749:railways
1735:electors
1733:(deputy
1694:monarchy
1674:Prussian
1650:Freiburg
1602:Mannheim
1564:Mannheim
1519:Napoleon
1510:Le Temps
1463:Radicals
1390:communes
1370:Holy See
1362:religion
1324:Bismarck
1262:Freiburg
1195:The new
1174:Freiburg
1166:Trefzger
1158:uprising
1083:Prussian
1040:taxation
995:and his
887:Breisgau
875:Napoleon
841:against
797:Creation
773:and the
628:Goldmark
609:Currency
4600:Hamburg
4487:Duchies
4405:Silesia
4362:Hanover
4344:Prussia
4339:Bavaria
4266:Hamburg
3946:Limburg
3925:Duchies
3849:Hanover
3839:Bavaria
3834:Prussia
3809:Austria
3802:Empires
3725:Waldeck
3691:Schleiz
3414:Duchies
3374:Bavaria
3170:"Baden"
2954::
2797:"Baden"
2562:Leopold
2555:Louis I
2548:Charles
2523:Leaders
2447:exports
2404:leather
2396:tobacco
2386:goods,
2380:woollen
2324:walnuts
2304:gardens
2169:vitriol
2133:mineral
2114:Austria
2061:is the
2059:Dreisam
2000:
1991:Kingdom
1984:
1974:
1960:
1951:
1937:
1867:Rastatt
1816:, 1.5%
1794:Leipzig
1772:Mosbach
1703:Landtag
1610:Soviets
1478:spirits
1410:the see
1386:secular
1205:Rastatt
1170:Kandern
1138:amnesty
1122:capital
1114:militia
1075:Leopold
1052:Louis I
989:Bavaria
985:Austria
918:Charles
877:in the
590:210,000
515:•
500:•
477:•
464:History
445:•
430:•
423:Landtag
394:(first)
346:(first)
247:Capital
175:Anthem:
89:scholar
4675:8°24′E
4672:49°1′N
4605:Lübeck
4595:Bremen
4495:Anhalt
4420:Saxony
4397:Saxony
4350:Berlin
4271:Lübeck
4256:Bremen
4001:Köthen
3993:Dessau
3977:Anhalt
3954:Nassau
3844:Saxony
3601:Köthen
3596:Dessau
3586:Anhalt
3560:Weimar
3524:states
3421:Nassau
3379:Saxony
3248:
3225:
3025:
3000:
2948:
2488:, one
2440:organs
2418:, and
2412:clocks
2384:cotton
2356:timber
2326:, and
2320:apples
2195:. The
2181:gypsum
2173:sulfur
2165:cobalt
2157:copper
2153:silver
2110:Länder
2078:Danube
2039:Kinzig
2031:German
2023:Neckar
1998:
1982:
1972:
1958:
1949:
1935:
1929:
1899:Franks
1812:, 37%
1782:, and
1747:, the
1727:pauper
1640:After
1636:Legacy
1545:Mainau
1493:Louise
1378:clergy
1228:Berlin
1215:under
1201:mutiny
1178:legion
1148:for a
1126:labour
859:Russia
843:France
713:German
636:(1914)
630:(1873)
624:(1837)
618:(1829)
467:
409:(last)
376:
361:(last)
328:
261:German
213:Status
177:
91:
84:
77:
70:
62:
4630:Other
4541:Lippe
4452:Baden
4389:Posen
4116:Reuss
4096:Lippe
3886:Baden
3681:Greiz
3671:Reuss
3504:Leyen
3405:Hesse
3400:Baden
2756:Baden
2509:synod
2455:Rhine
2408:glass
2400:china
2392:paper
2316:plums
2296:wines
2292:trout
2284:snipe
2268:goats
2236:beans
2228:spelt
2012:Rhine
1887:Basel
1745:taxes
1421:dogma
779:Rhine
721:Rhine
96:JSTOR
82:books
3698:Salm
3473:Berg
3246:ISBN
3223:ISBN
3183:2008
3023:LCCN
2998:ISBN
2810:2008
2445:The
2438:and
2432:toys
2430:and
2388:silk
2382:and
2334:and
2322:and
2280:boar
2276:deer
2272:game
2264:oats
2252:hops
2248:hemp
2244:flax
2219:and
2193:salt
2191:and
2185:clay
2177:Peat
2171:and
2161:gold
2149:zinc
2147:and
2145:lead
2141:coal
2137:iron
2131:The
2116:and
2092:and
2074:Main
1891:Murg
1881:and
1879:Lahr
1843:and
1818:Jews
1604:and
1572:Kiel
1461:and
1213:diet
1124:and
1038:and
987:and
979:The
931:The
742:and
707:The
561:Area
552:1918
542:1806
149:Flag
68:news
3357:by
2963:".
2515:is
2492:in
2484:in
2260:rye
2232:rye
1684:.
1423:of
1203:at
857:of
51:by
4704::
4411:,
4407:,
4403:,
4399:,
4395:,
4391:,
4387:,
4372:,
4368:,
4364:,
4360:,
4356:,
4352:,
3244:.
3240:.
3221:.
3217:.
3206:96
3204:.
3172:.
3159:^
3113:.
3107:.
3071:^
2847:^
2799:.
2500:.
2442:.
2434:,
2422:.
2414:,
2410:,
2406:,
2402:,
2398:,
2394:,
2378:,
2346:,
2342:,
2318:,
2314:,
2282:,
2278:,
2274:,
2254:,
2250:,
2246:,
2242:,
2238:,
2234:,
2230:,
2215:,
2211:,
2207:,
2203:,
2187:,
2167:,
2163:,
2159:,
2155:,
2143:,
2139:,
2120:.
2088:,
2084:,
2033::
1945:)
1913:.
1877:,
1873:,
1869:,
1796:.
1778:,
1774:,
1770:,
1766:,
1762:,
1758:,
1559:.
1457:,
1453:,
1350:.
1234:.
1152:.
1128:.
1058:.
952:.
825:.
766:.
715::
279:,
275:,
4415:)
4385:)
4348:(
4316:e
4309:t
4302:v
3786:e
3779:t
3772:v
3338:e
3331:t
3324:v
3254:.
3231:.
3185:.
3029:.
3006:.
2841:.
2812:.
2582:)
2461:(
2108:(
2100:(
2029:(
1989:(
1700:(
1535:(
1465:(
1007:(
711:(
107:)
103:(
93:·
86:·
79:·
72:·
55:.
41:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
