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in China. For example, grandparents in the USA often take care of their grandchildren when their adult children get into troubles such as substance abuse, incarceration or parental death. Differences also exist in different ethnicities in the US. Caucasian individuals generally regard individual independence as more important, so grandparents are less likely to take care of their grandchildren. However, African
American and Latino individuals are more likely to regard looking after grandchildren as a family tradition and are more willing to provide help for their adult children. Ethnic differences in grandparents looking after their grandchildren reflect different cultural values that different ethnic groups hold. To be more specific, African American grandparents are more likely to provide guidance and discipline to their grandchildren due to their flexible family system in which relatives, nonblood kin are all willing to help each other. Latino families have a strong preference to live together and keep frequent contact with family members because most of them are immigrants or first-generation born in the US, they are more likely to live and function as a unit. Grandparents in Latino culture also play important roles in stabilizing the family unit as family leaders. Although Caucasian grandparents are less likely to raise their grandchildren, they have more cognitive or physical burdens of taking care of grandchildren compared with other ethnic groups, mainly because their caregiver roles are less normative, and they rely more on remote or companionate parenting styles. On the contrary, African American and Latino grandparents rely more on disciplinary and instructional parenting styles and they are less likely to have cognitive or physical burdens when taking care of their grandchildren.
188:
632:
third live in a household consisting of two parents and a grandparent. Likewise, more than 40% of grandparents across 11 European countries care for their grandchildren in the absence of the parents. In
Britain, around 63% of grandparents care for their grandchildren who are under 16 years old. Grandparent involvement is also common in Eastern societies. For instance, 48% of grandparents in Hong Kong reported that they are taking care of their grandchildren. In China, around 58% of Chinese grandparents who are aged 45 or older are involved in childcare. In Singapore, 40% of children from birth to three years old are cared by their grandparents and this percentage is still increasing. In South Korea, 53% of children under the age of 6 years old are cared by their grandparents. Therefore, grandparents taking care of their grandchildren has become a prevalent phenomenon around the world.
750:, play important roles in forming these cultural values. While Chinese Buddhism emphasizes prioritized role of the family in Chinese society and harmonious relations among family members, Taoism emphasizes the importance of harmony in interpersonal relations and relations between nature and the humans. These philosophies underline the important role that families play in Chinese cultures. Besides cultural factors, grandparents taking care of their grandchildren also appears in the context in which their adult children need to work full-time, and the child care services are either too expensive (in big cities) or too scarce (in remote areas). Grandparents serving as their grandchildren's caregiver is particularly common in rural China. Due to the fast development of
755:
population named "left-behind grandparents" appears in this context, these grandparents live in rural China, and their main job is to look after their grandchildren, most of these grandparents are facing financial burdens and wish their adult children could come back. The mental and physical health of "left-behind grandparents" needs more attention from the public. Even though in urban areas where child care services are available, nearly all grandparents still prefer to take care of their grandchildren voluntarily. Not only because this can reduce their adult children's financial burdens on child care services but also taking care of their own grandchildren is a more effective way to maintain family harmony.
712:
grandparents' own time for self-care such as missing their medical appointments. Therefore, they are likely to have a higher chance to suffer from physical health issues. In the US, compared with those who do not take care of their grandchildren, grandparents who are involved in childcare are more likely to have poor physical conditions, such as heart disease, hypertension or body pain. Besides physical health issues, grandparents are also likely to have emotional issues. To be more specific, raising young children again could be a stressful and overwhelming experience and thus results in different kinds of
636:
reduced fertility rates mean that grandparents can devote more attention and resources to their only grandchildren. Second, more mothers are involved in the workforce, and thus, other caregivers need to be present to care for the child. For instance, in Hong Kong, 55% of grandparents reported that they took care of their grandchild because his or her parents have to work. In South Korea, 53% of working mother reported that they once received child care services from their parents. Third, the increasing number of single-parent families creates a need for grandparental support.
773:
692:
624:
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506:
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problematic behaviours. They are also more academically engaged and are more likely to help others. On the other hand, there are also research studies indicating that grandparent involvement is associated with more hyperactivity and peer difficulties among young children. In other words, children who are cared for by their grandparents can have more interpersonal relationship problems. Also, children who are under the care of their grandparents have poorer health outcomes such as obesity, and more injuries due to low safety awareness.
451:
70:
717:
grandparents become more isolated from their social relations. Taking care of grandchildren also means more responsibilities, grandparents would fear for their grandchildren's future well-being because of their disability and death in the future. If grandparents cannot handle the caregiver role of their grandchildren well, this job can eventually become a burden or stressor and bring more severe physical health and emotional issues to grandparents.
640:
countries such as Spain and Italy, where formal childcare is limited, and welfare payment is low, grandparents provide more intensive childcare. In
Singapore, the grandparent caregiver tax relief was established in 2004, which enables working parents (Singapore citizens with children age 12 and below) whose children are being cared for by unemployed grandparents to receive income tax relief of 3,000 Singaporean dollars.
721:
taking care of grandchildren helps elder grandparents maintain their mental capacities in later life, they are also less likely to develop diseases such as dementia. Moreover, frequent interactions with their grandchildren could reduce the cognitive aging process, allowing grandparents a chance to live a more vibrant and active life. Grandparents also get benefits of physically exercising more during this process.
613:
813:, or the Savoy region, the systems were more complex, with the stem family in particular: the home housed a succession of family nuclei, the patriarch having authority over this home, which could lead to conflict. These cohabitations were therefore managed from the time of marriage by notarial acts that provided for "clauses of insupport" to share the domestic space and tasks in case of conflict.
304:
3182:
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grandparents, which developed gradually in the 19th century, the advent of affectionate names (papi and mami, pépé and mémé, papet and mamé in the south of France) given to the baby boomer generation from the 1970s, or the increase in grandparental care, which marks a greater emotional closeness and the de-hierarchization of relationships.
678:
Grandparents have different functions in child development. Not only do they provide instrumental support such as picking grandchildren up from school or feeding them, but they also offer emotional support. Furthermore, grandparents protect children from being impacted by negative circumstances, such
663:
Custodial grandparents: Grandparents who raise their grandchildren without the presence of the grandchildren's parents in the household. This type of involvement is especially common among ethnic minority groups. For instance, approximately 50% of custodial grandparents in the USA belong to an ethnic
198:
When used as a noun (e.g., "... a grandparent walked by"), grandfather and grandmother are usually used, although forms such as grandma/grandpa, granny/granddaddy or even nan/pop are sometimes used. When preceded by "my ..." (e.g., "... my grandpa walked by"), all forms are common (anywhere from "...
119:
grandparents, eight genetic great-grandparents, sixteen genetic great-great-grandparents, thirty-two genetic great-great-great-grandparents, sixty-four genetic great-great-great-great grandparents, etc. In the history of modern humanity, around 30,000 years ago, the number of modern humans who lived
824:
recognizes few rights for grandparents with regard to parental authority in France, but case law from the 1850s has influenced family legislation: a Court of
Cassation ruling on July 8, 1857 recognized the right of grandparents to visit, but this right was only enshrined following the law of January
724:
Taking care of grandchildren can also have benefits on grandparents' emotional health. As an example, many grandparents start to feel a sense of purpose and meaning in life again after their retirement; as another example, their ties with their adult children and grandchildren are also strengthened.
655:
Co-resident grandparents: Grandparents who live with their grandchild, as well as their parents. This type of household is also known as three-generational households. According to a report that uses data from the 2010 Census, the
American Community Survey (ACS), the Current Population Survey (CPS),
639:
The degree of grandparent involvement also varies depending on the societal context, such as the social welfare policies. For example, in
European countries such as Sweden and Denmark, where formal childcare is widely available, grandparents provide less intensive childcare. By contrast, in European
322:
Given that people may have two living sets of grandparents, some confusion arises from calling two people "grandma" or "grandpa", so often two of the other terms listed above are used for one set of grandparents. Another common solution is to call grandparents by their first names ("Grandpa George",
763:
In the US, taking care of grandchildren is not a necessary responsibility of grandparents. Grandparents taking care of their grandchildren is often caused by involuntary events or crisis, and it is more like a solution to a problem, not an initiative desire, which is a distinct difference from that
635:
There are a few reasons why grandparent involvement is becoming more prevalent. First, life expectancy has increased while fertility rates have decreased. This means that more children are growing up while their grandparents are still alive and able to become involved in childcare. In addition, the
828:
Thus, the lineage-based vision of grandparents in the 18th century was succeeded by the "indulgent grandparent" vision in the centuries that followed. This is reflected in the institutionalization of visits and vacations with grandparents, the use of tu (informal "you") by grandchildren to address
631:
Grandparents are changing their roles in contemporary world, especially as they are becoming increasingly involved in childcare. According to a 2012 study based on 2010 census and survey data, around 10% of children in the U.S. live in a household including a grandparent. Of these, approximately a
816:
In the cities of the 19th century, there was generally no cohabitation (with the exception of noble families and their lineage logic, a model that declined after 1850), but bourgeois families often housed all the family branches in the same building (they met with their grandparents at the family
754:
since the 1980s, up to 220 million migrant workers from rural areas move to urban areas to seek for more job opportunities, which leave around 58 million children behind in rural areas, grandparents, therefore, undertake the role of parents and become caregivers to their grandchildren. A new
741:
Grandparental involvement differs between
Western and Eastern cultures. Grandparents taking care of their grandchildren is a common phenomenon in China due to Chinese traditions which emphasize family harmony, collective well-being, intergenerational exchanges and filial responsibilities. China's
720:
However, there are also positive effects of being involved in grandchildren raising. Compared with grandparents who do not provide caregiving to their grandchildren, those who take care of their grandchildren with long hours are more likely to have better cognitive functions. To be more specific,
659:
Grandparent-maintained households: A grandparent who is in charge of the household. In this type of household, the parents may or may not be present. In the US, 33% of children who live in a grandparent-maintained household have only the grandparents present; this is comparable to another 30% who
146:
A step-grandparent can be the step-parent of the parent or the step-parent's parent or the step-parent's step-parent (though technically this might be called a step-step-grandparent). The various words for grandparents at times may also be used to refer to any elderly person, especially the terms
804:
According to French parish registers and civil status records, at the end of the 18th century, a little more than half of the grandparents were alive at the birth of their grandchild, a third when the child was 10 years old, and still 10% at 20 years old. In rural France at the end of the 18th
716:
such as anxiety or depression. In addition to physical and emotional issues, grandparents who are involved in caring for their grandchildren can also suffer socially. For instance, grandparents will be forced to limit their social activities so as to care for their grandchildren. By doing so,
682:
Grandparents can have a positive or negative impact on child development. On the one hand, previous research suggests that children and adolescents who have a close relationship with their grandparents tend to have better well-being, experience fewer emotional problems, and demonstrate fewer
711:
Since taking care of grandchildren could be a highly demanding job that requires constant energy and time devotion, grandparental involvement in child raising could have a negative impact on grandparents' physical and emotional health. For example, taking care of grandchildren can reduce
725:
Many grandparents also think of the caregiving experience as positive because it provides another chance for them to make up mistakes they made with their own children and give them more opportunities to educate their grandchildren and improve their parenting styles.
849:
Grandparents wishing to benefit from a right of custody must demonstrate in court that these exceptional circumstances are effective. As a simple third party, grandparents do not have a legal right to visit in
Switzerland. A motion was rejected in September 2012.
187:
480:
instead of multiple "greats"; thus a "great-great-grandfather" would be the "second great-grandfather", and a "great-great-great-grandfather" would be a third great-grandfather, and so on. This system is used by some genealogical websites such as
2504:
496:
are "second cousins" to each other, as second cousins have grandparents who are siblings. Similarly, "third cousins" would have great-grandparents who are siblings, and "fourth cousins" would have great-great-grandparents who are siblings.
664:
minority group. In general, grandparents adopt the primary caregiving role for various reasons, such as when the parents have died, been imprisoned, been deployed by the military, or lost custody of their children due to neglect or abuse.
805:
century, the majority of family systems were of the nuclear family type (grandparents did not cohabit in the family home, they were only welcomed there at the end of their lives). However, in regions such as Alsace, the west of
817:
home during cousinades) while in the working class, grandparents lived in the same neighborhood, family solidarity remaining strong: the mother working outside the home, the children were often cared for by the grandparents.
679:
as harsh parenting, poor economic status, and single-parent families. In addition to providing support, grandparents can also help grandchildren with their schoolwork or teach them values that are integral to their society.
845:"In exceptional circumstances, the right to maintain personal relations may also be granted to other persons, in particular, to members of the family, provided that this is in the best interests of the child."
2429:
Lee, Kin Cheung (George); Oh, Alice; Zhao, Qianru; Wu, Fang-Yi; Chen, Shiyun; Diaz, Thomas; Ong, Chez Kuang (2017-07-03). "Repentance in
Chinese Buddhism: Implications for Mental Health Professionals".
442:, use words which specify the kinship like in Swedish (identically spelled among all three languages), as well as using common terms similar to grandmother (Danish: bedstemor, Norwegian: bestemor).
2378:
Crowther, Martha R.; Huang, Chao-Hui (Sylvia); Allen, Rebecca S. (2015-09-02). "Rewards and unique challenges faced by
African-American custodial grandmothers: the importance of future planning".
127:
In cases where parents are unwilling or unable to provide adequate care for their children (e.g., financial obstacles, marriage problems, illness or death), grandparents often take on the role of
124:
being alive together was the preservation of information which could otherwise have been lost; an example of this important information might have been where to find water in times of drought.
1398:
Lam, TianYuan; Lam, Chun Bun; Chan, Kevin Ka-Shing (2017). "Grandparental involvement and young adults' cognitive and social adjustment: The moderating role of filial piety in Hong Kong".
1286:
Thang, Leng Leng; Mehta, Kalyani; Usui, Tsuneo; Tsuruwaka, Mari (2011-12-01). "Being a Good Grandparent: Roles and Expectations in Intergenerational Relationships in Japan and Singapore".
1669:
Yorgason, Jeremy B; Padilla-Walker, Laura; Jackson, Jami (2011). "Nonresidential grandparents' emotional and financial involvement in relation to early adolescent grandchild outcomes".
3004:"aïeul : définition de aïeul, citations, exemples et usage pour aïeul dans le dictionnaire de français Littré adapté du grand dictionnaire de la langue française d'Emile Littré"
648:
There are different types of grandparental involvement, including nonresident grandparents, co-resident grandparents, grandparent-maintained household, and custodial grandparents.
222:
are commonly used in the United States, Canada, and Australia. In Britain, Ireland, United States, Australia, New Zealand and, particularly prevalent in the Canadian province of
465:
The parents of a grandparent, or the grandparents of a parent, are called the same names as grandparents (grandfather/-mother, grandpa/-ma, granddad/-ma, etc.) with the prefix
323:"Grandma Anne", etc.) or by their family names ("Grandpa Jones", "Grandma Smith"). In North America, many families call one set of grandparents by their ethnic names (e.g.,
1214:
120:
to be a grandparent increased. It is not known for certain what spurred this increase in longevity, but it is generally believed that a key consequence of three
704:
656:
and the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), co-resident grandparents are more likely to be in poverty and suffer from an illness or disability.
1642:
Ruiz, Sarah A.; Silverstein, Merril (2007). "Relationships with grandparents and the emotional well-being of late adolescent and young adult grandchildren".
3052:
791:
The representation of grandparents as grandparents is recent in France: Diderot invented the verbs grandpériser and grandmériser in the 18th century.
1545:
2599:
Minkler, Meredith; Driver, Diane; Roe, Kathleen M.; Bedeian, Katherine (1993-12-01). "Community Interventions To Support Grandparent Caregivers".
652:
Nonresident grandparents: Grandparents who do not live with their grandchildren, but provide care for them, such as picking them up from school.
2170:
Arpino, Bruno; Bordone, Valeria (2014-04-01). "Does Grandparenting Pay Off? The Effect of Child Care on Grandparents' Cognitive Functioning".
2924:
1043:
993:
2792:
700:
1193:
797:
1794:
2744:"Nativity, Declining Health, and Preferences in Living Arrangements Among Elderly Mexican Americans: Implications for Long-term Care"
2331:"Grandparent Caregiving and Psychological Well-Being Among Chinese American Older AdultsâThe Roles of Caregiving Burden and Pressure"
2870:
2802:
1699:
Fergusson, Emma; Maughan, Barbara; Golding, Jean (2007). "Which children receive grandparental care and what effect does it have?".
3151:
Coulthard, Carmen Caldas; Moon, Rosamund (2016). "Grandmother, gran, gangsta granny: semiotic representations of grandmotherhood".
1023:
Child language, an international perspective: selected papers from the First International Congress for the Study of Child Language
2473:
Chen, Ellen Marie; Center, Philosophy Documentation (1969-08-01). "Nothingness and the Mother Principle in Early Chinese Taoism".
3214:
3115:
1383:
Arber, Sara; Timonen, Virpi (2012). "Grandparenting in the 21st century: New directions". In Arber, Sara; Timonen, Virpi (eds.).
1332:
Kim, Hye Jin (2017-02-02). "Grandparents providing care for grandchildren and employment status of grandparents in South Korea".
1509:
Kataoka-Yahiro, Merle; Ceria, Clementina; Caulfield, Rick (2004). "Grandparent caregiving role in ethnically diverse families".
3797:
3719:
1225:
303:
912:
3858:
3518:
486:
2120:"The Impact of Caring for Grandchildren on Grandparents' Physical Health Outcomes: The Role of Intergenerational Support"
477:
35:
31:
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772:
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937:
691:
623:
733:
227:
55:
505:
3868:
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2898:
888:
223:
47:
2505:"Caring for grandchildren and intergenerational support in rural China: a gendered extended family perspective"
43:
39:
3809:
3068:
1087:
3186:
2943:(1993). "Les transformations de la culture familiale et des structures domestiques autour de la RĂ©volution".
1847:"Depressive Symptoms Among Grandparents Raising Grandchildren: The Impact of Participation in Multiple Roles"
473:
added for each additional generation. One's great-grandparent's parents would be "great-great-grandparents".
3911:
1734:
Pulgaron, Elizabeth R.; Marchante, Ashley N.; Agosto, Yaray; Lebron, Cynthia N.; Delamater, Alan M. (2016).
1474:
Margaret, Platt Jendrek (1994). "Grandparents who parent their grandchildren: circumstances and decisions".
837:
In Switzerland, the relationship between grandchildren and grandparents is protected by Article 274a of the
59:
51:
1031:
2218:
431:
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than English may distinguish between paternal grandparents and maternal grandparents. For example, in the
140:
3875:
3234:
3003:
2818:
Pruchno, Rachel (1999-04-01). "Raising Grandchildren: The Experiences of Black and White Grandmothers".
751:
524:
450:
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69:
1590:
Barnett, Melissa A.; Scaramella, Laura V.; Neppl, Tricia K.; Ontai, Lenna L.; Conger, Rand D. (2010).
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Glaser, Karen; Price, Debora; Montserrat, Eloi Ribe; di Gessa, Giorgio; Tinker, Anthea (March 2013).
780:
132:
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3901:
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3505:
3153:
2064:"Grandparents Raising Their Grandchildren: A Review of the Literature and Suggestions for Practice"
1130:
415:
391:(ć€ć
Ź, mother's father), to refer to maternal grandparents; paternal grandparents usually are called
1959:
Musil, Carol; Warner, Camille; Zauszniewski, Jaclene; Wykle, May; Standing, Theresa (2008-11-19).
1442:
Dunifon, Rachel (2012). "The influence of grandparents on the lives of children and adolescents".
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2039:
1415:
1365:
1311:
868:
696:
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77:
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Angel, Jacqueline L.; Angel, Ronald J.; McClellan, Judi L.; Markides, Kyriakos S. (1996-08-01).
1035:
1021:
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for numbering greats, for example, great-great-great-grandmother becomes 3Ă-great-grandmother.
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3626:
3379:
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2835:
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2708:
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2403:
2395:
2360:
2352:
2311:
2293:
2254:
2236:
2187:
2141:
2093:
2085:
2031:
1990:
1941:
1923:
1884:
1866:
1827:
1790:
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1491:
1357:
1349:
1303:
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975:
128:
1736:"Grandparent involvement and children's health outcomes: the current state of the literature"
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1255:
967:
873:
838:
713:
419:
380:
1572:
Xu, Ling; Chi, Iris (2015). "Ageing and grandparenting in Asia". In Quah, Stella R. (ed.).
971:
3952:
3724:
3573:
3568:
3558:
3448:
3254:
3249:
3200:
1244:"Grandparents caring for grandchildren in China and Korea: Findings from CHARLS and KLoSA"
476:
To avoid a proliferation of "greats" when discussing genealogical trees, one may also use
454:
435:
199:
my grandfather ..." to "... my Gramps ..."). All forms can be used in plural, but Gramps (
112:
3824:
3804:
3792:
3091:
3756:
3704:
3671:
3666:
3588:
3528:
3438:
3408:
3244:
2865:(1st Harvard University Press pbk. ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
2306:
2273:
2249:
2206:
1985:
1960:
1936:
1903:
1879:
1846:
1760:
1735:
1616:
1591:
1194:"Grandparenting in Europe: Family policy and grandparents' role in providing childcare"
883:
192:
1904:"Caregiving to Children and Grandchildren and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women"
1592:"Grandmother involvement as a protective factor for early childhood social adjustment"
612:
3946:
3891:
3686:
3603:
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2459:
2043:
1823:
1712:
1682:
1655:
1419:
1315:
2728:
2575:
2536:
2415:
2272:
Hughes, Mary Elizabeth; Waite, Linda J.; LaPierre, Tracey A.; Luo, Ye (2007-03-01).
1369:
3814:
3776:
3771:
3598:
3443:
2274:"All in the Family: The Impact of Caring for Grandchildren on Grandparents' Health"
2153:
1108:
784:
617:
352:
136:
2443:
1345:
2391:
1299:
3696:
3651:
3495:
3389:
2893:
792:
550:
400:
254:
and other variations are often used for grandmother in both writing and speech.
2289:
2010:"Adjustment and family functioning of grandmothers rearing their grandchildren"
1522:
3896:
3841:
3714:
3676:
3538:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3465:
3453:
3393:
3349:
2831:
2760:
2743:
2691:
Edmonds Crewe, Sandra (2007-01-01). "Different Pathways to a Common Destiny".
2660:
2643:
2612:
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2080:
2063:
1862:
1487:
878:
821:
258:
121:
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3127:
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2712:
2669:
2620:
2528:
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2399:
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2297:
2240:
2191:
2136:
2119:
2089:
2035:
1976:
1927:
1870:
1411:
1385:
Contemporary Grandparenting: Changing Family Relationships in Global Contexts
1353:
1307:
3906:
3613:
3490:
3239:
2347:
2330:
1919:
1260:
1243:
1027:
810:
368:
63:
17:
2847:
2720:
2677:
2407:
2364:
2315:
2258:
2207:"Recent developments in longitudinal studies of aging in the United States"
2145:
2097:
1994:
1961:"Grandmother Caregiving, Family Stress and Strain, and Depressive Symptoms"
1945:
1902:
Lee, Sunmin; Colditz, Graham; Berkman, Lisa; Kawachi, Ichiro (2003-11-01).
1888:
1831:
1769:
1720:
1625:
1530:
1361:
1269:
1053:
979:
523:
The use of the prefix "grand-" dates from the early 13th century, from the
3181:
2777:
2704:
2628:
2232:
1495:
707:
in 1887. The Emperor's favorite grandson, he was known as "the Preferred".
492:
Individuals who share the same great-grandparents but are not siblings or
3709:
3646:
3641:
3618:
3563:
3523:
3309:
806:
743:
482:
422:
there is no single word for "grandmother"; the mother's mother is termed
364:
324:
262:
116:
108:
104:
2486:
3636:
3543:
3513:
3426:
3321:
3316:
2863:
The new American grandparent : a place in the family, a life apart
2183:
2026:
2009:
1751:
1455:
513:
2964:
France, Cour de cassation, Chambre civile 1, 28 février 2006, 05-14484
3926:
3766:
3761:
3416:
3398:
3326:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3223:
1607:
747:
493:
371:, a common pair is pake and beppe. Northern Chinese people often use
200:
135:, grandparents often have a direct and clear role in relation to the
3096:
Suzitee â Personalized & Unique Custom Gifts For Every Occasion
3751:
3354:
3299:
3071:. Code civil suisse du 10 décembre 1907 (Etat le 1er janvier 2016)
2329:
Xu, Ling; Tang, Fengyan; Li, Lydia W.; Dong, Xin Qi (2017-07-01).
771:
732:
690:
622:
611:
531:
509:
504:
458:
449:
335:
or "abuelito" and "abuelita", French grandparents might be called
302:
266:
186:
68:
3681:
3421:
3358:
825:
4, 1970 as part of a general overhaul of family laws in France.
517:
214:
are most common, but very rare as a form of address. In speech,
3196:
1546:"Grandparenthood in the U.S.: Residence Status of Grandparents"
3304:
3051:
Gilles Pronovost; Chantale Dumont; Isabelle Bitaudeau (2008).
293:. On similar lines, parents' paternal grandparents are called
2984:
Jean-Marc Rohrbasser (2001). "Histoire des grands-parents".
2118:
Zhou, Jing; Mao, Weiyu; Lee, Yura; Chi, Iris (2016-01-04).
111:. Every sexually reproducing living organism who is not a
3192:
307:
A grandmother taking a nutrition class with her grandson.
1810:
Winefield, Helen; Air, Tracy (2010). "Grandparenting".
1169:"Coresident Grandparents and Their Grandchildren: 2012"
3116:"Pas de droit de visite légal pour les grands-parents"
2642:
Goodman, Catherine; Silverstein, Merril (2002-10-01).
1066:
143:
to their grandchildren and share 25% genetic overlap.
131:. Even when this is not the case, and particularly in
1845:
Baker, Lindsey A.; Silverstein, Merril (2008-09-08).
958:
Caspari, R. (2012). "The Evolution of Grandparents".
913:"13 Reasons Why We Will Live Longer Than Our Parents"
367:
pepee or petje and memee or metje are most used). In
1387:. Great Britain: The Policy Press. pp. 247â264.
3884:
3785:
3744:
3695:
3612:
3504:
3464:
3407:
3372:
3337:
3273:
2062:Hayslip, Bert; Kaminski, Patricia L. (2005-04-01).
103:, are the parents of a person's father or mother â
2861:Cherlin, Andrew J.; Furstenberg, Frank F. (1992).
2552:"ăćŸèćŸćčŒÂ·ć€§ć±±æ·±ć€ççćźăçćźç„æŻïŒć€§ć±±æ·±ć€çć„çźäžæćż”_æ°é»éąé_怟è§çœ(cctv.com)"
1812:International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare
616:A grandfather teaching his granddaughter to use a
285:. One's parents' maternal grandparents are called
30:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
3069:"Art. 274a1D. Relations personnelles / II. Tiers"
1544:Stykes, Bart; Manning, Wendy D.; Brown, Susan L.
1281:
1279:
660:live with a grandmother and one or more parents.
541:represents a direct translation of Anglo-French
179:(and others which families make up themselves).
2503:Cong, Zhen; Silverstein, Merril (April 2012).
277:. Similarly, paternal grandparents are called
3208:
2896:, « Les grands-parents », émission
2205:Hauser, Robert M.; Weir, David (2010-03-01).
1167:Ellis, Renee; Simmons, Tavia (October 2014).
8:
1789:. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva. pp. 67â69.
1400:Journal of Social and Personal Relationships
938:"The Mysterious Downfall of the Neandertals"
581:(third father), a great-great-grandfather a
2008:Ehrle, Glenda M.; Day, H. D. (1994-02-01).
1327:
1325:
994:"8 Reasons Parents Fail to Love Their Kids"
3692:
3215:
3201:
3193:
2945:Annales de Bretagne et des pays de l'Ouest
2910:
2908:
1851:Journal of Intergenerational Relationships
1701:Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
414:Languages and cultures with more specific
2759:
2659:
2346:
2305:
2248:
2222:
2135:
2079:
2025:
1984:
1935:
1878:
1759:
1615:
1259:
2432:Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health
1576:. New York: Routledge. pp. 246â258.
530:. The term was used as a translation of
355:and German grandparents might be called
903:
627:A grandmother playing with her grandson
343:, Italian grandparents might be called
311:Numerous other variants exist, such as
2498:
2496:
2057:
2055:
2053:
1694:
1692:
1574:Routledge handbook of families in Asia
972:10.1038/scientificamericanhuman1112-38
603:paternal grandfather- father's father.
600:paternal grandmother- father's mother.
597:maternal grandfather- mother's father.
594:maternal grandmother- mother's mother.
191:A grandfather holding his grandson by
2693:Journal of Health & Social Policy
2475:International Philosophical Quarterly
2335:The Journals of Gerontology: Series A
2278:The Journals of Gerontology: Series B
2165:
2163:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
1637:
1635:
1585:
1583:
1567:
1565:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1248:The Journals of Gerontology: Series B
1209:
1207:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1067:"Family Tree & Family History at"
783:, painter of modern grandparents and
137:raising, care and nurture of children
7:
2644:"Grandmothers Raising Grandchildren"
1242:Ko, Pei-Chun; Hank, Karsten (2013).
577:). A great-grandfather was called a
461:seeks the advice of his grandmother.
1965:Western Journal of Nursing Research
1131:"The changing role of grandparents"
269:, maternal grandparents are called
3028:"AĂEUL : DĂ©finition de AĂEUL"
1671:Journal of Research on Adolescence
426:and the father's mother is termed
25:
1908:American Journal of Public Health
737:Grandmother and her granddaughter
3180:
3092:"Personalized gifts for Grandma"
1824:10.1111/j.1744-1609.2010.00187.x
1713:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01840.x
1683:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00735.x
1656:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2007.00537.x
1135:Child Family Community Australia
911:Zhavoronkov, Alex (2013-07-02).
383:-speaking Southerners often use
2791:SzinovĂĄcz, Maximiliane (1998).
1224:. November 2016. Archived from
76:â Grandfather and Grandson, by
3720:Genealogical numbering systems
2902:sur France Inter, 28 juin 2012
2797:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
2172:Journal of Marriage and Family
1444:Child Development Perspectives
1020:; Ingram, David, eds. (1981),
399:(ç·ç·, father's father). In the
1:
3859:International Day of Families
3519:Australian Aboriginal kinship
2444:10.1080/19349637.2016.1204258
1346:10.1080/08952841.2016.1259443
1129:Ochiltree, Gay (2006-11-24).
1109:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
1088:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
446:Great-grandparents and beyond
327:grandparents might be called
2392:10.1080/13607863.2014.967175
1740:Families, Systems and Health
1596:Journal of Family Psychology
1511:Journal of Pediatric Nursing
1334:Journal of Women & Aging
1300:10.1080/01494929.2011.619303
1288:Marriage & Family Review
1111:. Etymonline.com. 1957-10-01
36:Grandmother (disambiguation)
32:Grandfather (disambiguation)
3054:La famille Ă l'horizon 2020
2917:Histoire des grands-parents
2794:Handbook on Grandparenthood
2014:Contemporary Family Therapy
3979:
1523:10.1016/j.pedn.2004.05.010
469:added, with an additional
403:, grandparents are called
395:(愶愶, father's mother) and
387:(ć€ć©, mother's mother) and
228:English-speaking Quebecers
29:
3820:National Grandparents Day
3230:
3122:(in French). 2012-09-10.
2521:10.1017/s0144686x11000420
2380:Aging & Mental Health
1863:10.1080/15350770802157802
1783:Del Priore, Mary (2007).
889:National Grandparents Day
319:may be used for either.
224:Newfoundland and Labrador
48:Granddad (disambiguation)
3167:10.1558/genl.v10i3.32036
2915:Vincent Gourdon (2001).
2290:10.1093/geronb/62.2.s108
2137:10.1177/0164027515623332
1977:10.1177/0193945908328262
1644:Journal of Social Issues
1412:10.1177/0265407517702011
608:Involvement in childcare
87:, individually known as
44:Grandpa (disambiguation)
40:Grandma (disambiguation)
3912:Sociology of the family
3762:Philia (brotherly love)
3338:Second-degree relatives
2967:(in French), 2006-02-28
2899:La Marche de l'Histoire
2832:10.1093/geront/39.2.209
2761:10.1093/geront/36.4.464
2661:10.1093/geront/42.5.676
2613:10.1093/geront/33.6.807
2081:10.1093/geront/45.2.262
1920:10.2105/ajph.93.11.1939
1488:10.1093/geront/34.2.206
798:L'Art d'ĂȘtre grand-pĂšre
141:second-degree relatives
27:Parent of one's parents
3767:Storge (familial love)
3373:Third-degree relatives
3275:First-degree relatives
2576:"çćźć„¶ć„¶ć»äžć€æ„æ äșșç„ 1ćČććć„łé©é„żæ»"
847:
788:
738:
708:
628:
620:
585:(fourth father), etc.
520:
462:
432:Scandinavian languages
308:
195:
115:has a maximum of four
81:
3876:National Adoption Day
3752:Agape (parental love)
2705:10.1300/J045v22n03_13
2348:10.1093/gerona/glw186
2233:10.1353/dem.2010.0012
1261:10.1093/geronb/gbt129
1032:University Park Press
940:. Scientific American
843:
779:, a 1763 painting by
775:
752:urbanization in China
742:unique philosophies,
736:
694:
626:
615:
508:
453:
430:. However, the other
306:
190:
72:
3932:Dysfunctional family
3917:Museum of Motherhood
3864:National Family Week
3730:Quarters of nobility
3189:at Wikimedia Commons
2509:Ageing & Society
2341:(suppl_1): S56âS62.
1215:"Family Survey 2015"
781:Jean-Baptiste Greuze
729:Cultural comparisons
705:Prince Pedro Augusto
265:, and many parts of
133:traditional cultures
3902:Wedding anniversary
3854:American Family Day
3810:FatherâDaughter Day
3757:Eros (marital love)
3506:Kinship terminology
3154:Gender and Language
3057:. PUQ. p. 275.
2487:10.5840/ipq19699332
960:Scientific American
703:and their grandson
561:(elder) were used (
485:. One may also use
416:kinship terminology
315:, for grandmother.
139:. Grandparents are
3662:collateral descent
3008:littre.reverso.net
2184:10.1111/jomf.12096
2027:10.1007/bf02197603
1786:O PrĂncipe Maldito
1752:10.1037/fsh0000212
1456:10.1111/cdep.12016
869:Grandfather clause
789:
739:
709:
697:Pedro II of Brazil
629:
621:
521:
463:
407:(grandfather) and
309:
196:
129:primary caregivers
82:
78:Georgios Jakobides
62:, and
3940:
3939:
3740:
3739:
3657:Lineal descendant
3627:Bilateral descent
3380:Great-grandparent
3265:Matrifocal family
3185:Media related to
2926:978-2-262-01767-5
2820:The Gerontologist
2748:The Gerontologist
2648:The Gerontologist
2601:The Gerontologist
2124:Research on Aging
2068:The Gerontologist
1914:(11): 1939â1944.
1476:The Gerontologist
1198:Grandparents Plus
1045:978-0-8391-1608-0
714:negative emotions
203:Gramps) is rare.
16:(Redirected from
3970:
3922:Astronaut family
3693:
3594:Iroquois kinship
3584:Sudanese kinship
3579:Hawaiian kinship
3554:Family of choice
3385:Great-grandchild
3260:Immediate family
3217:
3210:
3203:
3194:
3184:
3170:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3112:
3106:
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3102:
3088:
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3078:
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3042:
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3024:
3018:
3017:
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3000:
2994:
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2981:
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2959:
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2937:
2931:
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2912:
2903:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2763:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2699:(3â4): 199â214.
2688:
2682:
2681:
2663:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2500:
2491:
2490:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2350:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2309:
2284:(2): S108âS119.
2269:
2263:
2262:
2252:
2226:
2217:(1): S111âS130.
2202:
2196:
2195:
2167:
2158:
2157:
2139:
2115:
2102:
2101:
2083:
2059:
2048:
2047:
2029:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1988:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1939:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1882:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1763:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1696:
1687:
1686:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1639:
1630:
1629:
1619:
1608:10.1037/a0020829
1587:
1578:
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1569:
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1559:
1557:
1555:
1550:
1541:
1535:
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1424:
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1395:
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1142:
1141:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1090:. Etymonline.com
1084:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1004:
998:Psychology Today
990:
984:
983:
955:
949:
948:
946:
945:
933:
927:
926:
924:
923:
908:
874:Grandfather rule
839:Swiss Civil Code
759:In United States
674:On grandchildren
540:
487:cardinal numbers
420:Swedish language
21:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3880:
3781:
3736:
3725:Seize quartiers
3691:
3632:Common ancestor
3616:
3608:
3574:Chinese kinship
3569:Nurture kinship
3559:Fictive kinship
3500:
3460:
3449:daughter-in-law
3403:
3368:
3333:
3269:
3255:Conjugal family
3250:Extended family
3226:
3221:
3177:
3150:
3147:
3145:Further reading
3142:
3141:
3132:
3130:
3114:
3113:
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3089:
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3074:
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3036:
3034:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3012:
3010:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2992:(6): 1079â1081.
2983:
2982:
2978:
2970:
2968:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2941:André BurguiÚre
2939:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2914:
2913:
2906:
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2888:
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2860:
2859:
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2598:
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2502:
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2494:
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2428:
2427:
2423:
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2372:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2224:10.1.1.639.1281
2204:
2203:
2199:
2169:
2168:
2161:
2117:
2116:
2105:
2061:
2060:
2051:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1698:
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1690:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1641:
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1633:
1589:
1588:
1581:
1571:
1570:
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1553:
1551:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1473:
1472:
1463:
1441:
1440:
1427:
1406:(7): 999â1018.
1397:
1396:
1392:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1331:
1330:
1323:
1285:
1284:
1277:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1228:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1205:
1191:
1190:
1179:
1171:
1166:
1165:
1148:
1139:
1137:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1114:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1093:
1091:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1072:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1046:
1026:, vol. 1,
1018:Dale, Philip S.
1016:
1015:
1011:
1002:
1000:
992:
991:
987:
957:
956:
952:
943:
941:
935:
934:
930:
921:
919:
917:Huffington Post
910:
909:
905:
900:
856:
835:
770:
761:
731:
701:Teresa Cristina
689:
687:On grandparents
676:
671:
646:
610:
591:
553:, the prefixes
549:to English. In
538:
503:
448:
411:(grandmother).
185:
113:genetic chimera
67:
52:Gramps or Gramp
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3976:
3974:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3945:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3830:Children's Day
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3712:
3707:
3705:Pedigree chart
3701:
3699:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3672:Patrilineality
3669:
3667:Matrilineality
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3623:
3621:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3589:Eskimo kinship
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3510:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3470:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3441:
3439:Sibling-in-law
3436:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3413:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3387:
3382:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
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3352:
3347:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3279:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3245:Nuclear family
3242:
3237:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3176:
3175:External links
3173:
3172:
3171:
3161:(3): 309â339.
3146:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3107:
3083:
3060:
3043:
3019:
2995:
2976:
2954:
2932:
2925:
2904:
2886:
2871:
2853:
2826:(2): 209â221.
2810:
2803:
2783:
2754:(4): 464â473.
2734:
2683:
2654:(5): 676â689.
2634:
2607:(6): 807â811.
2591:
2580:news.ifeng.com
2567:
2542:
2515:(3): 425â450.
2492:
2481:(3): 391â405.
2465:
2438:(3): 210â226.
2421:
2386:(9): 844â852.
2370:
2321:
2264:
2197:
2178:(2): 337â351.
2159:
2130:(5): 612â634.
2103:
2074:(2): 262â269.
2049:
2000:
1971:(3): 389â408.
1951:
1894:
1857:(3): 285â304.
1837:
1818:(4): 277â283.
1802:
1796:978-8573028676
1795:
1775:
1746:(3): 260â269.
1726:
1707:(2): 161â169.
1688:
1677:(3): 552â558.
1661:
1650:(4): 793â808.
1631:
1602:(5): 635â645.
1579:
1561:
1536:
1517:(5): 315â328.
1501:
1482:(2): 206â216.
1461:
1425:
1390:
1375:
1321:
1294:(8): 548â570.
1275:
1254:(4): 646â651.
1234:
1231:on 2017-12-01.
1222:Family Council
1203:
1177:
1146:
1121:
1100:
1079:
1058:
1044:
1009:
985:
950:
928:
902:
901:
899:
896:
895:
894:
891:
886:
884:Midlife crisis
881:
876:
871:
866:
863:
860:
855:
852:
834:
833:In Switzerland
831:
769:
766:
760:
757:
730:
727:
699:with his wife
688:
685:
675:
672:
670:
667:
666:
665:
661:
657:
653:
645:
642:
609:
606:
605:
604:
601:
598:
595:
590:
587:
583:fÄowerĂ°a fĂŠder
502:
499:
447:
444:
193:Dorothea Lange
184:
181:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3975:
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3898:
3895:
3893:
3892:Single parent
3890:
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3883:
3877:
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3745:Relationships
3743:
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3687:Royal descent
3685:
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3635:
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3630:
3628:
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3611:
3605:
3604:Omaha kinship
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
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3582:
3580:
3577:
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3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
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3535:
3534:Consanguinity
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3507:
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3445:
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3437:
3435:
3434:Parent-in-law
3432:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3409:Family-in-law
3406:
3400:
3397:
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2556:news.cctv.com
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2019:
2015:
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2001:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1982:
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907:
904:
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892:
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885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
857:
853:
851:
846:
842:
840:
832:
830:
826:
823:
818:
814:
812:
808:
802:
800:
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794:
786:
782:
778:
774:
767:
765:
758:
756:
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749:
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735:
728:
726:
722:
718:
715:
706:
702:
698:
693:
686:
684:
680:
673:
668:
662:
658:
654:
651:
650:
649:
643:
641:
637:
633:
625:
619:
614:
607:
602:
599:
596:
593:
592:
588:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
537:. The prefix
536:
533:
529:
526:
519:
515:
511:
507:
500:
498:
495:
494:first cousins
490:
488:
484:
479:
474:
472:
468:
460:
456:
452:
445:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
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421:
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314:
305:
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288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
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264:
260:
255:
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249:
245:
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237:
233:
229:
225:
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217:
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194:
189:
182:
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178:
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166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
125:
123:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
79:
75:
71:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3825:Parents' Day
3815:Siblings Day
3805:Father's Day
3793:Mother's Day
3777:Polyfidelity
3772:Filial piety
3697:Family trees
3599:Crow kinship
3549:Estrangement
3444:Child-in-law
3364:Niece/Nephew
3344:
3187:Grandparents
3158:
3152:
3131:. Retrieved
3119:
3110:
3099:. Retrieved
3095:
3086:
3073:. Retrieved
3063:
3053:
3046:
3035:. Retrieved
3032:www.cnrtl.fr
3031:
3022:
3011:. Retrieved
3007:
2998:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2969:, retrieved
2963:
2957:
2948:
2944:
2935:
2916:
2897:
2889:
2862:
2856:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2793:
2786:
2751:
2747:
2737:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2651:
2647:
2637:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2583:. Retrieved
2579:
2570:
2559:. Retrieved
2555:
2545:
2512:
2508:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2338:
2334:
2324:
2281:
2277:
2267:
2214:
2210:
2200:
2175:
2171:
2127:
2123:
2071:
2067:
2020:(1): 67â82.
2017:
2013:
2003:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1911:
1907:
1897:
1854:
1850:
1840:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1787:
1784:
1778:
1743:
1739:
1729:
1704:
1700:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1647:
1643:
1599:
1595:
1573:
1554:November 20,
1552:. Retrieved
1539:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1479:
1475:
1447:
1443:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1384:
1378:
1340:(1): 49â61.
1337:
1333:
1291:
1287:
1251:
1247:
1237:
1226:the original
1221:
1197:
1138:. Retrieved
1134:
1124:
1113:. Retrieved
1103:
1092:. Retrieved
1082:
1071:. Retrieved
1061:
1030:, Maryland:
1022:
1012:
1001:. Retrieved
997:
988:
966:(2): 38â43.
963:
959:
953:
942:. Retrieved
936:Wong, Kate.
931:
920:. Retrieved
916:
906:
848:
844:
836:
827:
819:
815:
803:
796:
790:
785:filial piety
777:Filial Piety
776:
762:
740:
723:
719:
710:
681:
677:
647:
638:
634:
630:
618:kick scooter
582:
579:ĂŸridda fĂŠder
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
546:
542:
534:
527:
525:Anglo-French
522:
491:
475:
470:
466:
464:
427:
423:
413:
408:
404:
396:
392:
388:
384:
376:
372:
360:
356:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
321:
316:
312:
310:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
256:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
219:
215:
211:
207:
206:In writing,
205:
197:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
145:
126:
100:
96:
92:
88:
85:Grandparents
84:
83:
74:The Favorite
73:
18:Grandparents
3652:Inheritance
3637:Family name
3496:Stepsibling
3390:Great-uncle
3345:Grandparent
3075:29 February
2894:Jean Lebrun
865:Grandfamily
793:Victor Hugo
571:ieldrafĂŠder
551:Old English
401:Philippines
212:Grandmother
208:Grandfather
165:grandmother
157:grandfather
122:generations
93:grandfather
89:grandmother
3958:Middle age
3947:Categories
3897:Only child
3842:Family Day
3715:Ahnentafel
3677:Progenitor
3539:Disownment
3484:stepmother
3479:stepfather
3474:Stepparent
3466:Stepfamily
3454:son-in-law
3394:Great-aunt
3350:Grandchild
3133:2023-10-14
3101:2023-10-14
3037:2023-10-14
3013:2023-10-14
2986:Population
2971:2023-10-14
2919:. Perrin.
2585:2017-11-23
2561:2017-11-23
2211:Demography
1140:2018-08-23
1115:2013-03-24
1094:2013-03-24
1073:2013-03-24
1069:. Geni.com
1034:, p.
1003:2018-08-23
944:2013-03-24
922:2018-08-23
898:References
879:Middle age
822:Civil code
795:published
563:ealdefĂŠder
557:(old) and
545:and Latin
512:family in
457:conqueror
259:Bangladesh
3907:Godparent
3614:Genealogy
3491:Stepchild
3240:Household
3128:1018-3736
2951:(4): 405.
2881:434586472
2840:0016-9013
2770:0016-9013
2713:0897-7186
2670:0016-9013
2621:0016-9013
2529:1469-1779
2460:147858749
2452:1934-9637
2400:1360-7863
2357:1079-5006
2298:1079-5014
2241:0070-3370
2219:CiteSeerX
2192:1741-3737
2090:0016-9013
2044:144923568
2036:0892-2764
1928:0090-0036
1871:1535-0770
1450:: 55â60.
1420:151387765
1354:0895-2841
1316:144713830
1308:0149-4929
1028:Baltimore
811:Occitania
801:in 1877.
768:In France
589:Variation
501:Etymology
440:Norwegian
369:Friesland
299:Par-dada.
64:Grandaddy
3786:Holidays
3710:Genogram
3647:Heredity
3642:Heirloom
3564:Marriage
3529:Affinity
3524:Adoption
3310:daughter
3120:Le Matin
2848:10224717
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