31:
454:
393:
permission in 1921 to set up the
Omdurman Midwifery Training School, the first such institution in Sudan. It aimed to train local midwives, improve conditions of childbirth and, at the same time, begin to tackle the practise of FGM. To head the school Crowfoot summoned two fellow pupils from her Clapham days, the midwife sisters "Bee" and "Gee" (Beatrice and Mabel) Wolff.
221:. Together they established a new field of study, ensuring that textile remnants found at any site were henceforth preserved for analysis, instead of being cleaned from the metal and other objects to which they remained attached. Much of Crowfoot's collection of textiles, spinning and weaving implements is now held at the
368:
To engage them in conversation she took up the spinning and weaving that occupied much of their time and became a proficient weaver herself, learning to weave cloth on primitive looms. Later she published two papers on this topic. At the request of
Flinders Petrie, she compared these methods with the
193:
and a pioneer in the study of archaeological textiles. During a long and active life Molly—as she was always known to friends, family and close colleagues—worked on a wide variety of textiles from North Africa, the Middle East, Europe and the
British Isles. Returning to England in the mid-1930s after
348:
Crowfoot learned to take photographs and these illustrate the first of several botanical volumes she produced during their years in Egypt, Sudan and
Palestine. In subsequent publications she reverted to line-drawings of her own, feeling that photographs could not represent with sufficient accuracy
392:
where she spoke loudly and insistently about FGM, a custom that officials might never learn about during their three-year service in the country. As Stack later told a colleague, he was embarrassed to hear this shocking topic over dinner but
Crowfoot would not be silenced. This interaction led to
433:
Molly
Crowfoot was in charge of living and feeding arrangements on site for large, mixed groups that contained archaeologists from the UK, Palestine and US universities. She and her husband were admired for their diplomatic and organisational skills in the smooth running of these collaborative
356:
In 1916, in the middle of the First World War, Crowfoot and her husband moved to the Sudan, far from the fighting and remote from the expatriate society of Cairo. There were few white people in
Khartoum, none of them women. Her husband was in charge of education and antiquities in the region,
498:
to inform them of her experience and views on the subject. An outright ban would merely drive the practise underground, she believed, and undo over two decades of careful work by the
Midwives' School to reduce its incidence and harmful effects among Sudanese women.
505:
Her daughter
Elisabeth helped her examine and analyse the numerous textile samples sent to the Old House from a variety of excavations. As doyenne of the study of ancient Middle-Eastern textiles, Molly was invited in 1949 to examine the linen wrappers of the
278:
Her grandfather, Rev. William
Frankland Hood, collected Egyptian antiquities, which were displayed in a wing added for the purpose to the main building of Nettleham Hall. The family interests put her in contact with many archaeologists, among them
401:
Following the birth of their fourth daughter Diana and the end of World War I she and her husband John returned for some months to England, where they were re-united with their three older girls and took a lease on a house in
388:
Always quick to respond, she considered how an outsider, someone related to the colonial government, might best intervene. In 1921, Molly attended a dinner party with the British Governor-General Sir
369:
model illustrating Ancient Egyptian methods of spinning and weaving then recently discovered in an 11th dynasty tomb. The techniques and equipment, she found, had changed little since those times.
377:
Learning their handicrafts was Crowfoot's way of getting to know the Sudanese women and understand their lives. Through these contacts she also learned, with horror, of the local tradition of
437:
While living in Jerusalem Molly Crowfoot gathered folk-tales with her friend Louise Baldensperger, whose missionary parents had settled in the country in 1848. Together they produced
349:
and clarity the detail of particular plants and flowers. (After her death many of her field drawings of wild plants from Northeast Africa and the Middle East were deposited with
1745:
755:
British Archaeologists, Social Networks and the Emergence of a Profession: the social history of British archaeology in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East, 1870–1939
465:
John and Molly Crowfoot returned to England in the mid-1930s, in time to see their two eldest daughters married and the arrival of the first of their 12 grandchildren.
328:, whom she had met years before in Lincoln. He was now the Assistant Director of Education in Sudan and she joined him in Cairo where their eldest daughters were born:
483:. She remained actively involved in her retirement and, as well as being a regular churchgoer, served as wartime secretary of the new Village Produce Association (see
271:, Lincolnshire, Grace Mary Hood was the oldest of six children, two girls and four boys. The Hood family were landed gentry, originally from Yorkshire. Her nephew,
1367:
522:
The unpublished papers of Molly Crowfoot relating to her time in Egypt, Sudan and Palestine, and many of the photos she took then, are held, respectively, in
479:
Molly Crowfoot always took an interest in village activities on their long summer visits in the 1920s and 1930s. In 1925 she set up a local branch of the
415:
750:, 2004. For the complete text, with a full list of Crowfoot's publications, see the linked pdf file. A summary and selected photos are available online.
1192:
845:
879:
494:
when questions were raised about the continued prevalence of FGM in Sudan. Crowfoot approached the Colonial Secretary and the veteran Labour MP
1196:
1168:(1987), Birzeit University. Translated into Artas Arabic dialect, transliterated into Latin script, and edited by Dr. Abdullatif M. Barghouti.
1730:
863:
730:(1983). Finds from Sutton Hoo ship burial by Elisabeth Crowfoot, expanding on earlier joint publications in 1951-2 by her mother and herself.
434:
ventures. Molly took a keen interest in the finds and was among the authors and editors of the final three large volumes on Samaria-Sebaste.
301:
Molly's earliest venture into archaeology was in 1908-1909 when she excavated the prehistoric remains in the cave at Tana Bertrand, above
513:
She died in 1957 and is buried, with her husband John, next to the tower of the parish church of St Michael and All Saints in Geldeston.
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784:"Grace Mary Crowfoot (1877–1957), a Grande Dame of Archaeological Textiles", The Textile Research Centre, Leiden (Netherlands)
502:
During Molly Crowfoot's last years she was often bed-ridden as she battled, first, childhood tuberculosis and then leukaemia.
309:
where her family often stayed. She found 300 beads and signs of early occupation. The work would not be published until 1926.
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535:
295:
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Many of Crowfoot's drawings of the flora of Northeast Africa and the Middle East were lodged after her death with
194:
more than three decades spent in Egypt, Sudan and Palestine, Crowfoot co-authored a 1942 article on the "Tunic of
527:
378:
361:(today Khartoum University). Meanwhile, Molly immersed herself in the life of the local women across the Nile in
298:. However, Molly's mother did not see the need for women to attend university and she ultimately turned it down.
312:
In 1908, determined to make a useful contribution to society, Molly trained to become a professional midwife at
329:
237:
776:
John R. Crowfoot (2012), "Grace Mary Crowfoot", entry in Owen-Crocker G., Coatsworth E. and Hayward M. (eds),
1472:
Crowfoot, G. M. (January–April 1944). "Handicrafts in Palestine: Jerusalem hammock cradles and Hebron rugs".
1590:
550:
468:
The family home in Geldeston, the Old House, had a great many visitors over the next 20 years. One would be
445:. (Many years later the tales gathered by the two women were translated back into Arabic and re-published.)
358:
222:
209:
and her daughter Elisabeth, and developed close contacts with textile archaeologists in Scandinavia such as
419:
1376:
1372:
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950:
961:
Burke's Landed Gentry, 13th edition, Burke's Peerage Ltd, 1921, p. 920, Hood of Nettlesham Hall pedigree
472:, the son of their friend and collaborator on the Samaria-Sebaste excavations, the Jewish archaeologist
248:
510:. A vivid preliminary account was published in 1951; a full description and analysis appeared in 1955.
757:(PhD in Archaeology, UCL Institute of Archaeology). The thesis focuses on five British archaeologists—
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325:
291:
100:
406:, Norfolk. It was to be the family home for the next sixty years. Soon they returned to the Sudan.
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30:
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demonstrating the use of a ground loom to weave a hammock cradle for Grace Crowfoot, circa 1944.
549:. Crowfoot's collection of textiles, spinning and weaving implements is today preserved at the
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in London. The contacts made then proved invaluable later when she was living in the Sudan.
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Hall, Lincolnshire, and his wife Grace, daughter of Rev. Charles Trollope Swan, rector of
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127:
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and Elisabeth. One who became acquainted with the Crowfoots during their years in Sudan,
198:" and published short reports about textiles from the nearby Anglo-Saxon ship burial at
484:
268:
210:
1105:
1714:
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1106:"Mover and Shaker: Grace Mary Crowfoot, Intimate Conversations, and Sudanese History"
758:
272:
205:
Molly Crowfoot trained a generation of textile archaeologists in Britain, among them
190:
141:
1445:
Crowfoot, G. M. (July–October 1943). "Handicrafts in Palestine: Primitive Weaving".
770:
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442:
382:
337:
313:
284:
218:
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was an archaeologist and worked for many years at the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford.
695:(1955). Description and analysis of the linen wrappers from the Dead Sea Scrolls.
542:
480:
350:
195:
159:
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545:. Some of the Palestinian costumes she collected were given to the now defunct
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855:
Encyclopedia of Medieval Dress and Textiles of the British Isles, c. 450–1450
340:, refers to Mrs Crowfoot as "that gracious, unassuming, well-educated lady".
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Crowfoot, Grace M.; Sutton, Phyllis M. (March 1935). "Ramallah embroidery".
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453:
403:
389:
264:
247:
After her death obituaries were published by her son-in-law, the Africanist
523:
669:
Handicrafts in Palestine, Primitive Weaving I: Plaiting and finger-weaving
362:
1424:
Crowfoot G. M. and Davies G. de N. (1942). "The tunic of Tut'ankhamun".
724:(1956). Tablet-woven braids from the vestments of St Cuthbert at Durham.
660:
1197:
Women (circumcision) in British dependencies, Hansard, 16 February 1949
998:
302:
951:
https://www.brown.edu/Research/Breaking_Ground/bios/Crowfoot_Grace.pdf
675:
Handicrafts in Palestine, 2: Jerusalem hammock cradles and Hebron rugs
263:
Born in Lincolnshire, England, in 1879 to Sinclair Frankland Hood, of
1209:
Crowfoot, G.M. (1951). "Linen textiles from the Cave of Ain Feksha".
1121:
913:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. ref:odnb/55028.
427:
294:
offered Hood a place at her newly founded women's college in Oxford,
226:
163:
1279:
From Cedar to Hyssop: A study in the folklore of Plants in Palestine
853:
581:
From Cedar to Hyssop: A study in the folklore of Plants in Palestine
439:
From Cedar to Hyssop: A study in the folklore of plants in Palestine
1312:
Crowfoot, G.M.; Ling Roth, H. (1921). "Models of Egyptian Looms".
1073:
Roth, H. Ling; Crowfoot, G.M. (1921). "Models of Egyptian looms".
985:
Crowfoot, Mrs J. W. (May 1926). "Excavations in a Ligurian Cave".
778:
Encyclopaedia of Mediaeval Dress and Textiles of the British Isles
452:
423:
590:
1526:
Crowfoot, G. M. (January–April 1952). "Folk Tales of Artas—II".
972:""Home of the Heroes". An Interview with Sinclair Hood (Part 1)"
880:"The diversity of the TRC collection: Grace Crowfoot Collection"
418:. During his time there he ran a number of major excavations at
1499:
Crowfoot, G. M. (July–October 1951). "Folk Tales of Artas—I".
858:. Leiden: Brill / Textile Research Centre. pp. 161–164.
1178:
Crowfoot, J.W.; Kenyon, Kathleen M.; Sukenik, E.L. (1942).
414:
In 1926 John Crowfoot was offered the Directorship of the
236:
was a prominent chemist and crystallographer who won the
629:(1931). Earlier versions of this text were published in
623:(1924). From 6th-century A.D. wrapping of a Coptic body.
1625:
Singer C., Holmyard E.J. and Hall A.R. (ed.) (1954).
1588:
Crowfoot, G.M. (1952). "Anglo-Saxon Tablet Weaving".
1193:
Sudan (female circumcision), Hansard, 26 January 1949
283:, and she became lifelong friends with Petrie's wife
1150:
Civilizing Women: British Crusades in Colonial Sudan
1035:, Vol 2, Ithaca Press, London, 1980, p. 206 onwards.
901:
Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, B., eds. (2004-09-23).
1296:. The Orphans’ Printing Press, Limited, Leominster.
1266:. The Orphans’ Printing Press, Limited, Leominster.
155:
137:
122:
94:
81:
73:
65:
53:
37:
21:
1264:Flowering Plants of the Northern and Central Sudan
902:
575:Flowering Plants of the Northern and Central Sudan
805:"Breaking Ground: Women in Old World Archaeology"
987:Man: A Monthly Record of Anthropological Science
487:), and post-war chairwoman of its Labour Party.
1682:. British Museum Publications Ltd, pp. 409–479.
1344:Methods of hand spinning in Egypt and the Sudan
627:Methods of hand spinning in Egypt and the Sudan
1368:Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement
1327:Crowfoot, G.M. (1924). "A tablet woven band".
852:; Elizabeth Coatsworth; Maria Hayward (eds.).
904:"The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"
829:Encyclopaedia of Mediaeval Dress and Textiles
8:
1553:Barthelemy D. and Milik J. T. (ed.) (1955).
1089:Encyclopedia of Mediaeval Dress and Textiles
1746:Activists against female genital mutilation
1409:Crowfoot, J.W.; Crowfoot, Grace M. (1938).
1277:Crowfoot G.M. and Baldensperger L. (1932).
946:
944:
942:
746:Elisabeth Crowfoot, "Grace Mary Crowfoot",
1557:. Oxford University Press. pp. 18–38.
1237:"The linen textiles", Qumran Cave I, 1955.
416:British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem
381:which in Sudan took the most severe form,
29:
18:
426:in 1927; and early Christian churches in
1555:Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, Vol I
1249:Some desert flowers collected near Cairo
780:, Brill: Leiden, 2012, pp. 161–165.
597:Some Palestine Flowers: 64 line drawings
569:Some desert flowers collected near Cairo
275:, also became an eminent archaeologist.
1629:. Oxford University Press, pp. 414–447.
910:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
796:
1642:
1632:
1570:
1560:
621:A tablet woven band, from Qau el Kebir
1664:. Oxford University Press, pp. 18–38.
1413:. London: Palestine Exploration Fund.
1182:. London: Palestine Exploration Fund.
1161:Mrs Crowfoot and Miss Baldensperger,
839:
837:
604:Textiles, other crafts and folk-tales
517:Papers, photos and textile collection
410:Life and work in Palestine, 1926–1935
180:
7:
1152:, Princeton University Press, 2007.
1427:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
1298:(Most of the drawings were used in
831:, Brill: Leiden, 2012, pp. 158–161.
609:1. Northeast Africa and Middle East
77:botanist and textile archaeologist
14:
1680:The Sutton Hoo Ship Burial, Vol 3
422:, 1931-3 and 1935; the Jerusalem
1694:"Women in Old World Archaeology"
1411:Samaria-Sebaste 2: Early Ivories
1180:Samaria-Sebaste 1: The Buildings
1013:"Women in Old World Archaeology"
649:Samaria-Sebaste 2: Early Ivories
457:Sitt Hamdiya and Sitt Latifa of
320:Life and work in Egypt and Sudan
1660:Battiscombe, C.F., ed. (1956).
1528:Palestine Exploration Quarterly
1501:Palestine Exploration Quarterly
1474:Palestine Exploration Quarterly
1447:Palestine Exploration Quarterly
1212:Palestine Exploration Quarterly
662:Palestine Exploration Quarterly
633:, issues 3 (1920) and 4 (1921).
112:
1627:A History of Technology, Vol I
748:Women in Old World Archaeology
1:
846:"Crowfoot, Grace (1877-1957)"
373:An early campaign against FGM
240:in 1964. Her second daughter
1731:British women archaeologists
1662:The Relics of Saint Cuthbert
1281:. The Sheldon Press, London.
933:UK public library membership
827:"Elisabeth Grace Crowfoot",
1361:Crowfoot, Grace M. (1932).
1342:Crowfoot, Grace M. (1931).
1033:The Memoirs of Babikr Bedri
712:Textiles, Basketry and Mats
700:2. Europe and British Isles
532:the catalogue of her papers
189:; 1879–1957) was a British
1777:
1363:"Pots, ancient and modern"
706:Anglo Saxon Tablet Weaving
577:(1928), 163 line drawings.
536:Palestine Exploration Fund
314:Clapham Maternity Hospital
1604:10.1017/S0003581500076836
1513:10.1179/peq.1951.83.2.156
1486:10.1179/peq.1944.76.1.121
1350:Notes, 2nd series, No 12.
1057:Flowering Plants of Sudan
844:John R. Crowfoot (2012).
740:Kathleen Kenyon, obituary
664:, 1865 to present, online
655:The tunic of Tut'ankhamun
528:Durham University Library
490:In 1949 she attended the
441:(1932), an early work of
379:Female Genital Mutilation
251:and by the archaeologist
169:
148:
28:
1751:British health activists
1721:British women scientists
1540:10.1179/peq.1952.84.1.15
1459:10.1179/peq.1943.75.2.75
743:Thomas Hodgkin, obituary
637:Pots, ancient and modern
615:Models of Egyptian Looms
553:in Leiden (Netherlands).
238:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
202:(1951-1952) in Suffolk.
1756:Palestine ethnographers
1591:The Antiquaries Journal
1292:Crowfoot, G.M. (1933).
1262:Crowfoot, G.M. (1928).
1247:Crowfoot, G.M. (1914).
1225:10.1179/peq.1951.83.1.5
1163:Arab folk stories from
765:, Grace Mary Crowfoot,
753:Amara Thornton (2011),
631:Sudan Notes and Records
551:Textile Research Centre
281:William Flinders Petrie
223:Textile Research Centre
1726:British archaeologists
1294:Some Palestine Flowers
919:10.1093/ref:odnb/55028
687:Folk Tales of Artas—II
462:
324:In 1909 Molly married
259:Early years, 1879–1908
1676:Bruce-Mitford, Rupert
716:History of Technology
681:Folk Tales of Artas—I
485:"Digging for Victory"
456:
357:becoming Director of
48:Lincolnshire, England
16:British archaeologist
1300:From Cedar to Hyssop
1091:, 2012, pp. 161–165.
1061:From Cedar to Hyssop
763:John Winter Crowfoot
735:About Molly Crowfoot
587:From Cedar to Hyssop
449:An active retirement
397:The family re-united
326:John Winter Crowfoot
292:Elizabeth Wordsworth
232:Her eldest daughter
101:John Winter Crowfoot
88:From Cedar to Hyssop
1251:. F. Diemer, Cairo.
1102:Sharkey, Heather J.
1045:Some Desert Flowers
643:Ramallah embroidery
538:archives in London.
176:Grace Mary Crowfoot
23:Grace Mary Crowfoot
1761:Textile historians
1645:has generic name (
1573:has generic name (
1110:Égypte/Monde arabe
693:The linen textiles
583:(1932). 76 plates.
571:(1914). 35 plates.
463:
296:Lady Margaret Hall
126:Four girls, incl.
60:Geldeston, Norfolk
1331:. Part 4: 98–100.
1077:. Part 4: 97–101.
931:(Subscription or
865:978-90-04-12435-6
850:Gale Owen-Crocker
714:(1954). Entry in
547:Museum of Mankind
524:the Sudan Archive
173:
172:
150:Scientific career
90:(1932, co-author)
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508:Dead Sea Scrolls
492:House of Commons
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534:there) and the
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474:Eleazer Sukenik
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420:Samaria-Sebaste
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307:Italian Riviera
261:
253:Kathleen Kenyon
207:Audrey Henshall
118:
115: 1909)
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82:
61:
58:
49:
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44:
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42:Grace Mary Hood
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1507:(2): 156–168.
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1133:. Retrieved
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1736:1879 births
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481:Girl Guides
351:Kew Gardens
196:Tutankhamun
160:Archaeology
1715:Categories
1434:: 113–130.
1392:Embroidery
1135:2022-03-14
1018:19 October
935:required.)
924:2019-12-01
814:2023-10-04
791:References
722:The braids
344:Activities
200:Sutton Hoo
1635:cite book
1612:162207570
1563:cite book
1534:: 15–22.
1195:; also
1130:164693444
1087:Entry in
886:August 8,
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390:Lee Stack
265:Nettleham
138:Relatives
1699:29 March
1678:(1983).
1219:: 5–31.
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303:San Remo
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428:Jerash
227:Leiden
164:botany
156:Fields
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1126:S2CID
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882:. TRC
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424:Ophel
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860:ISBN
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