229:. This was one of the major mathematical centres in the world. She had fortunately already learnt the German language. The decision to admit her had to be approved by the Berlin Ministry of Culture and was part of an experiment in admitting women to university studies. In 1895, at the age of 27, Chisholm was awarded a doctorate in mathematics. Again government approval had to be obtained to allow her to take the examination, which consisted of probing questions by several professors on sections such as geometry, differential equations, physics, astronomy, and the area of her dissertation, all in German. Along with her test she was required to take courses showing broader knowledge as well as prepare a thesis which was entitled
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advanced lectures and while she continued her mathematical research her husband started to work creatively for the first time. They visited Turin in Italy to study modern geometry and under Klein's guidance they began to work in the new area of set theory. From about 1901, the Youngs began to publish papers together. These concerned the theory of functions of a real variable and were heavily influenced by new ideas with which she had come into contact with in GÓ§ttingen. In 1908 they moved to Geneva in
Switzerland where she continued to be based while her husband held a series of academic posts in India and the UK.
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340:), one daughter (Janet) became a physician, and one son (Patrick) became a chemist and pursued a career in finance and business. Their eldest son (Frank) was killed in World War I, when his plane was shot down in 1917, and his death had a profound effect on his parents, reducing their mathematical creativity. One of Grace's fourteen grandchildren,
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during that time. Her family encouraged her to become involved in social work, helping the poor in London. She had aspirations of studying medicine, but her family would not allow this. However, Chisholm wanted to continue her studies. She passed the senior examination for entrance into
Cambridge University at the age of 17.
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Chisholm entered Girton
College in 1889 aged 22, four years after she passed the senior entrance examination having been awarded the Sir Francis Goldsmid Scholarship by the college. At this time the college was only associated with the University of Cambridge with men and women graded on separate but
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With the approach of World War II, she left
Switzerland in 1940 to take two of her grandchildren to England. She planned to return immediately, but because of the fall of France, she could not. This left William alone, and he died two years later in 1942. Two years after that, Grace Young died of a
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Although most of their work was published jointly it is believed that Grace did a large amount of the actual writing, and she also produced some independent work which, according to expert opinion, was deeper and more important than her husband's. In total, they published about 214 papers together,
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in 1896, the year after she received her PhD from Göttingen. He had been her tutor for one term at
Cambridge and they had become friends after he was one of the people that she sent a copy of her doctoral thesis. He suggested collaboration in a publication about astronomy but they did not pursue
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After returning to
England in 1896 to marry, she resumed research she had initiated at GÓ§ttingen into an equation to determine the orbit of a comet. Her husband continued his work coaching in mathematics. However, in 1897 they both returned to GÓ§ttingen, encouraged by Felix Klein. Both attended
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She was the youngest of three surviving children. Her father was a senior civil servant, with the title Warden of the
Standards in charge of the Weights and Measures Department. The two girls were taught at home by their mother, father and a governess which was the custom for upper-class family
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related lists. Although she wanted to study medicine, her mother would not permit this, so, supported by her father, she decided to study mathematics. At the end of her first year, when the Mays list came out, she was top of the Second class immediately below
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in 1892 in which she out-performed all the Oxford students. As a result, she became the first person to obtain a First class degree at both Oxford and
Cambridge Universities in any subject (although they were not awarded formally).
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in 1915. This work was stimulated by developments in microscopy that allowed real molecular motion to be viewed. Her work between 1914 and 1916 on relationships between derivatives of an arbitrary function contributed to the
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along with four books. She began to publish in her own name in 1914, and was awarded the Gamble Prize for
Mathematics by Girton College for an essay
317:(1907)). The former was aimed to explain where babies came from to children while the latter was about cells. The Young's elementary geometry book (
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and her husband Roger established a fellowship for graduate student research at the
University of Nebraska in honor of Grace Chisholm Young and
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309:. She also learned six languages and taught each of her children a musical instrument. In addition, she published two books for children (
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She also took (unofficially, on a challenge, with Isabel Maddison) the exam for the Final Honours School in mathematics at the
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Algebraisch-gruppentheoretische Untersuchungen zur sphärischen Trigonometrie (Algebraic Groups of Spherical Trigonometry)
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She wanted to continue her studies and since women were not yet admitted to graduate schools in England she went to the
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in Germany, where in 1895 she received a doctorate. Her early writings were published under the name of her husband,
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165:(née Chisholm, 15 March 1868 – 29 March 1944) was an English mathematician. She was educated at
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In addition to her career as a pioneering woman in what was then a discipline with significant
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set in the sixteenth century. She worked on this for five years but it was never published.
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University of Liverpool: Papers of Professor William Henry Young and Grace Chisholm Young
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This article is about the mathematician. For other people with the same name, see
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Chisholm remained at Cambridge for an additional year to complete Part II of the
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181:(1914–16), she was awarded the Gamble Prize for Mathematics by Girton College.
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Rothman, Patricia (1996). "Grace Chisholm Young and the Division of Laurels".
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Algebraisch-gruppentheoretische Untersuchungen zur sphärischen Trigonometrie
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Algebraisch-gruppentheoretische Untersuchungen zur sphärischen Trigonometrie
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Of their six children, three continued on to study mathematics (including
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International Women in Science: a biographical dictionary to 1950
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606:. Oxford University Press. p. 333.
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315:Bimbo and the Frogs: Another Real Story
169:, England and continued her studies at
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290:Book Bimbo and the frogs, designed by
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350:Association for Women in Mathematics
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693:20th-century English mathematicians
688:19th-century English mathematicians
683:Alumni of Girton College, Cambridge
452:Biographies of Women Mathematicians
627:PO BOX 880130 (18 November 2010).
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16:English mathematician (1868–1944)
713:Expatriates in the German Empire
410:Haines, Catherine M. C. (2001).
348:and is a past president of the
718:British expatriates in Germany
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268:The Theory of Sets of Points
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319:The First Book of Geometry
264:The First Book of Geometry
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378:Denjoy–Young–Saks theorem
257:Denjoy-Young-Saks theorem
225:in Germany to study with
167:Girton College, Cambridge
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91:Girton College, Cambridge
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584:Caroline Series (1995).
563:Chisholm, Grace (1895).
551:University of St Andrews
602:Fara, Patricia (2018).
571:University of Göttingen
338:Cecilia Rosalind Tanner
334:Laurence Chisholm Young
223:University of Göttingen
95:University of Göttingen
541:"Grace Chisholm Young"
506:10.1098/rsnr.1996.0008
448:"Grace Chisholm Young"
446:Riddle, Larry (2022).
346:University of Nebraska
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252:On infinite derivates
537:Robertson, Edmund F.
323:The Crown of England
208:University of Oxford
171:Göttingen University
163:Grace Chisholm Young
49:Grace Emily Chisholm
30:Grace Chisholm Young
535:O'Connor, John J.;
456:Agnes Scott College
366:William Henry Young
280:William Henry Young
216:Mathematical Tripos
175:William Henry Young
105:William Henry Young
604:A lab of one's own
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292:Alice B. Woodward
278:Chisholm married
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305:except the
227:Felix Klein
151:Felix Klein
123:Mathematics
107:(died 1942)
21:Grace Young
677:Categories
635:6 November
384:References
307:internship
185:Early life
522:145586061
194:Education
62:, England
56:Haslemere
645:cite web
372:See also
360:In 1996
241:Research
179:calculus
79:Croydon
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420:340–41
356:Legacy
139:(1895)
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130:Thesis
119:Fields
101:Spouse
60:Surrey
518:S2CID
510:JSTOR
651:link
637:2012
608:ISBN
424:ISBN
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
