31:
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The
Constitution prohibits the imposition of a life without parole sentence on a juvenile offender who did not commit homicide. A State need not guarantee the offender eventual release, but if it imposes a sentence of life it must provide him or her with some realistic opportunity to obtain release
362:
article, thirty-seven states, the
District of Columbia, and the federal government have statutes that allow for a possible sentence of life in prison without parole for non-homicide crimes. However, only some of those jurisdictions have persons serving those sentences for non-homicide crimes, and
323:
in July 2003. Aged 16 at the time, Graham was arrested for the robbery attempt and was charged as an adult for armed burglary with assault and battery, as well as attempted armed robbery. The first charge was a first-degree felony that is punishable by life. He pleaded guilty and his plea was
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Six months later, on
December 2, 2004, Graham was arrested again for home invasion robbery. Though Graham denied involvement, he acknowledged that he violated his plea agreement. In 2006, the presiding judge sentenced Graham to life in prison. Because Florida abolished
1615:
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Means challenged his life sentence under Iowa Rule of
Criminal Procedure 2.24(5) with the assistance of attorney Angela Fritz Reyes. On September 30, 2010, the district court issued an opinion declaring
1683:
639:
712:
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In
February 2012, Terrance Jamar Graham was re-sentenced by the original trial judge to a 25-year sentence and set to be released on August 16, 2025. However, he was released in February 2024.
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before the end of that term. The judgment of the First
District Court of Appeal of Florida is reversed, and the case is remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
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in May 2010, 129 people are serving non-parole life sentences for non-homicide crimes which they committed as juveniles, 77 in
Florida and the rest held in 10 different states.
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retroactive. The court re-sentenced Means in absentia to life imprisonment and severed the non-parole portion of Iowa law, thereby granting Means the opportunity for parole.
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In at least two cases, state high courts have ruled that life without parole is still appropriate for homicides, no matter what age the defendant. On
December 21, 2010, the
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440:
300:
256:
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Sentencing an individual to life imprisonment without parole for a non-homicide crime committed before the defendant reached the age of 18 violates the Eighth
Amendment.
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386:. Thereafter, Means was sentenced to life without parole on the kidnapping charge and 90 years consecutive on the second-degree murder and other related charges.
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643:
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The ruling was declared retroactive to cases on collateral review as a "new rule of substantive constitutional law" by the 7th
Judicial District Court in
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affirming a sentence of life imprisonment without parole in a case in which the defendant, Andrews, was a juvenile convicted of first-degree murder. The
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378:. Means was aged 17 when he was involved in a 1993 kidnapping and homicide. Following a jury trial, Means was convicted of
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de la Vega, Connie; Leighton, Michelle (2008), "Sentencing Our Children to Die in Prison: Global Law and Practice",
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in a case in which Ninham was convicted as an adult of intentional homicide for a crime committed at the age of 14.
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concerning the constitutionality of mandatory life without parole sentences for juvenile offenders in cases
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681:"Jacksonville man whose case helped change sentencing laws for juveniles to be released soon"
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Terrance Jamar Graham (born January 6, 1987), along with two accomplices, attempted to rob a
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The Court issued its ruling on June 25, 2012, striking down the mandatory sentences as
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The Rest of Their Lives: Life Without Parole for Child Offenders in the United States
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732:"The Supreme Court Struck Down His Sentence 14 Years Ago. He Only Just Got Out Now"
713:"Plaintiff in landmark case for juvenile offenders to enjoy freedom he gave others"
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for life without parole for juvenile offenders, even in cases of murder, was
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587:. Iowa District Court, Scott County. September 30, 2010. Archived from
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Browning-Ferris Industries of Vermont, Inc. v. Kelco Disposal, Inc.
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928:
889:
30:
802:
Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & Public Policy Sidebar
790:"Death Behind Bars: Examining Juvenile Life without parole in
531:"Graham v. Florida (08-7412); Sullivan v. Florida (08-7621)"
424:
In March 2012, the Court heard arguments in the case of
332:, it became effectively a life sentence without parole.
214:
Kennedy, joined by Stevens, Ginsburg, Breyer, Sotomayor
1684:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court
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Micolucci, Brianna Andrews, Vic (February 13, 2024).
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441:Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution
301:Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution
615:"Man convicted in 1993 murder to be re-sentenced"
238:Thomas, joined by Scalia; Alito (Parts I and III)
363:most of those are adults. According to Justice
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553:
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469:"Justices Limit Life Sentences for Juveniles"
8:
1699:Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause case law
697:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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269:, 560 U.S. 48 (2010), was a decision by the
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490:"Justices Restrict Life Terms for Youths"
1704:United States children's rights case law
878:Supreme Court (slip opinion) (archived)
459:
769:University of San Francisco Law Review
750:"Inmate Population Information Detail"
690:
664:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
657:
222:Stevens, joined by Ginsburg, Sotomayor
118:Florida First District Court of Appeal
1063:Louisiana ex rel. Francis v. Resweber
401:delivered its opinion in the case of
18:2010 United States Supreme Court case
7:
409:on May 20, 2011, ruled similarly in
344:delivered the opinion of the Court:
730:West, Charlotte (March 19, 2024).
613:Wellner, Brian (August 28, 2013).
448:Charlotte Correctional Institution
271:Supreme Court of the United States
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
1679:United States Supreme Court cases
535:LII / Legal Information Institute
277:offenders cannot be sentenced to
855:48 (2010) is available from:
822:, New York: Human Rights Watch,
279:life imprisonment without parole
54:Terrance Jamar Graham v. Florida
29:
446:Graham was incarcerated in the
1689:2010 in United States case law
1543:City of Grants Pass v. Johnson
917:United States Eighth Amendment
582:"State of Iowa v. Jason Means"
1:
488:Bravin, Jess (May 18, 2010),
467:Liptak, Adam (May 17, 2010),
437:cruel and unusual punishments
284:In June 2012, in the related
930:Cruel and unusual punishment
297:cruel and unusual punishment
1632:United States v. Bajakajian
281:for non-homicide offenses.
1720:
869:Oyez (oral argument audio)
257:U.S. Const. Amendment VIII
1572:
1561:
1495:South Carolina v. Gathers
1167:Skipper v. South Carolina
935:
924:
403:State v. Anthony Andrews,
399:Supreme Court of Missouri
255:
139:
129:
28:
1648:Tyler v. Hennepin County
1595:United States v. Salerno
1567:Excessive bail and fines
358:According to a May 2010
1624:Austin v. United States
1159:Caldwell v. Mississippi
1020:Montgomery v. Louisiana
818:Parker, Alison (2005),
808:: 24–44, archived from
407:Wisconsin Supreme Court
43:Argued November 9, 2009
1607:Excessive Fines Clause
1471:Robinson v. California
1087:California v. Anderson
1071:McGautha v. California
956:Robinson v. California
948:Weems v. United States
717:www.firstcoastnews.com
351:
116:Writ of certiorari to
1578:Excessive Bail Clause
1319:Panetti v. Quarterman
1199:Maynard v. Cartwright
788:Fine, Lauren (2009),
411:State v. Omer Ninham,
360:Catholic News Service
291:the Court ruled that
230:Roberts (in judgment)
88:130 S. Ct. 2011; 176
1335:Kennedy v. Louisiana
1231:Whitmore v. Arkansas
1223:Stanford v. Kentucky
1207:Thompson v. Oklahoma
1191:Lowenfield v. Phelps
1036:Jones v. Mississippi
980:Harmelin v. Michigan
719:. February 13, 2024.
439:in violation of the
417:Further developments
384:second degree murder
376:State v. Jason Means
299:in violation of the
45:Decided May 17, 2010
1511:Helling v. McKinney
1436:Hudson v. McMillian
1402:Corporal punishment
1391:Bucklew v. Precythe
1127:Spaziano v. Florida
1028:Virginia v. LeBlanc
988:Ewing v. California
792:Sullivan v. Florida
619:The Quad-City Times
495:Wall Street Journal
293:mandatory sentences
178:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
1503:Payne v. Tennessee
1428:Ingraham v. Wright
1383:Madison v. Alabama
1255:Atkins v. Virginia
1247:Herrera v. Collins
1175:Ford v. Wainwright
1151:Glass v. Louisiana
1119:Godfrey v. Georgia
996:Lockyer v. Andrade
372:Scott County, Iowa
365:Anthony M. Kennedy
150:Associate Justices
1694:Life imprisonment
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1665:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1519:Farmer v. Brennan
1487:Estelle v. Gamble
1412:Jackson v. Bishop
1303:Hill v. McDonough
1271:Tennard v. Dretke
1239:Walton v. Arizona
1135:Enmund v. Florida
1079:Furman v. Georgia
1055:Wilkerson v. Utah
1012:Miller v. Alabama
1004:Graham v. Florida
964:Rummel v. Estelle
845:Graham v. Florida
796:Graham v. Florida
558:Graham v. Florida
433:including murder.
427:Miller v. Alabama
374:, in the case of
287:Miller v. Alabama
266:Graham v. Florida
262:
261:
24:Graham v. Florida
1711:
1640:Timbs v. Indiana
1574:
1563:
1535:Kahler v. Kansas
1420:Gates v. Collier
1359:Hurst v. Florida
1351:Glossip v. Gross
1279:Roper v. Simmons
1215:Penry v. Lynaugh
1183:Tison v. Arizona
1143:Pulley v. Harris
1103:Coker v. Georgia
1095:Gregg v. Georgia
937:
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812:on March 5, 2011
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646:on March 4, 2016
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135:Court membership
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1479:Powell v. Texas
1450:
1423:(5th Cir. 1974)
1415:(8th Cir. 1968)
1403:
1397:
1343:Hall v. Florida
1311:Kansas v. Marsh
1295:Oregon v. Guzek
1290:(5th Cir. 2005)
1287:Bigby v. Dretke
1263:Ring v. Arizona
1111:Lockett v. Ohio
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775:(4): 938–1044,
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640:"Archived copy"
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1527:Brown v. Plata
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1463:Trop v. Dulles
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1444:Hope v. Pelzer
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1375:Moore v. Texas
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190:Samuel Alito
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146:John Roberts
108:Case history
81:
53:
15:
1404:or injuries
1090:(Cal. 1972)
598:October 26,
227:Concurrence
219:Concurrence
1673:Categories
454:References
380:kidnapping
324:accepted.
113:Procedural
60:Docket no.
90:L. Ed. 2d
70:Citations
919:case law
843:Text of
693:cite web
660:cite web
650:July 12,
514:Archived
340:Justice
313:barbecue
307:The case
275:juvenile
211:Majority
98:Argument
781:1277524
342:Kennedy
321:Florida
243:Dissent
235:Dissent
125:Holding
64:08-7412
1651:(2023)
1643:(2019)
1635:(1998)
1627:(1993)
1619:(1989)
1598:(1987)
1590:(1951)
1546:(2024)
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1530:(2011)
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1474:(1962)
1466:(1958)
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592:(PDF)
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246:Alito
853:U.S.
824:ISBN
794:and
777:SSRN
699:link
685:WJXT
666:link
652:2012
626:2018
600:2010
566:U.S.
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