556:
1134:
and allowing some external force, usually gravity, to pull it out of the body). The erasers (sometimes replaced by a sharpener on pencils with larger lead sizes) are also removable (and thus replaceable), and usually cover a place to store replacement leads. Mechanical pencils are popular for their longevity and the fact that they may never need sharpening. Lead types are based on grade and size; with standard sizes being 2.00 mm (0.079 in), 1.40 mm (0.055 in), 1.00 mm (0.039 in), 0.70 mm (0.028 in), 0.50 mm (0.020 in), 0.35 mm (0.014 in), 0.25 mm (0.0098 in), 0.18 mm (0.0071 in), and 0.13 mm (0.0051 in) (
1115:
950:
796:
812:
1123:
466:
55:
724:
284:
1254:
567:
70:
804:
1807:
1849:, a major German stationery company which has plants in those countries. In southern European countries, pencils tend to be dark red or black with yellow lines, while in Australia, they are red with black bands at one end. In India, the most common pencil colour scheme was dark red with black lines, and pencils with a large number of colour schemes are produced.
1272:
1873:
40:
778:...the pencil stub can be inserted into the end of a shaft...Extenders were especially common among engineers and draftsmen, whose favorite pencils were priced dearly. The use of an extender also has the advantage that the pencil does not appreciably change its heft as it wears down." Artists use extenders to maximize the use of their
1150:, stackable pencils or non-sharpening pencils. It is a type of pencil where many short pencil tips are housed in a cartridge-style plastic holder. A blunt tip is removed by pulling it from the writing end of the body and re-inserting it into the open-ended bottom of the body, thereby pushing a new tip to the top.
1830:. It was intended to be the world's best and most expensive pencil, as the ends of the pencil was dipped in 14-carat gold, and at a time when most pencils were either painted in dark colours or not at all, the Koh-I-Noor was yellow. As well as simply being distinctive, the colour may have been inspired by the
2217:, p. 157). It is believed that Thoreau developed independently his method of mixing clay and graphite, and his use of numbers to designate grades is evidence that he was at least aware of Conté methods and tried to reverse engineer them. Thoreau offered pencils graduated from 1 to 4 in the mid-1800s (
840:
Solid graphite pencils are solid sticks of graphite and clay composite (as found in a 'graphite pencil'), about the diameter of a common pencil, which have no casing other than a wrapper or label. They are often called "woodless" pencils. They are used primarily for art purposes as the lack of casing
1290:
and their darkness varies from black to light grey. A higher amount of clay added to the pencil makes it harder, leaving lighter marks. There is a wide range of grades available, mainly for artists who are interested in creating a full range of tones from light grey to black. Engineers prefer harder
1793:
Graded pencils can be used for a rapid test that provides relative ratings for a series of coated panels but cannot be used to compare the pencil hardness of different coatings. This test defines a "pencil hardness" of a coating as the grade of the hardest pencil that does not permanently mark the
1133:
use mechanical methods to push lead through a hole at the end. These can be divided into two groups: with propelling pencils an internal mechanism is employed to push the lead out from an internal compartment, while clutch pencils merely hold the lead in place (the lead is extended by releasing it
984:
Unlike wax-based colored pencils, the erasable variants can be easily erased. Their main use is in sketching, where the objective is to create an outline using the same color that other media (such as wax pencils, or watercolor paints) would fill or when the objective is to scan the color sketch.
985:
Some animators prefer erasable color pencils as opposed to graphite pencils because they do not smudge as easily, and the different colors allow for better separation of objects in the sketch. Copy-editors find them useful too as markings stand out more than those of graphite, but can be erased.
964:
copying and as a practical substitute for fountain pens. Their markings are often visually indistinguishable from those of standard graphite pencils, but when moistened their markings dissolve into a coloured ink, which is then pressed into another piece of paper. They were widely used until the
773:
Historian Henry
Petroski notes that while ever more efficient means of mass production of pencils has driven the replacement cost of a pencil down, before this people would continue to use even the stub of a pencil. For those who did not feel comfortable using a stub, pencil extenders were sold.
1158:
Invented by Harold
Grossman for the Empire Pencil Company in 1967, plastic pencils were subsequently improved upon by Arthur D. Little for Empire from 1969 through the early 1970s; the plastic pencil was commercialised by Empire as the "EPCON" Pencil. These pencils were co-extruded, extruding a
1215:
powders. Before the two substances are mixed, they are separately cleaned of foreign matter and dried in a manner that creates large square cakes. Once the cakes have fully dried, the graphite and the clay squares are mixed together using water. The amount of clay content added to the graphite
448:
for stability. England would enjoy a monopoly on the production of pencils until a method of reconstituting the graphite powder was found in 1662 in
Germany. However, the distinctively square English pencils continued to be made with sticks cut from natural graphite into the 1860s. The town of
512:; France, under naval blockade imposed by Great Britain, was unable to import the pure graphite sticks from the British Grey Knotts mines – the only known source in the world. France was also unable to import the inferior German graphite pencil substitute. It took the efforts of an officer in
1236:
plank with several long parallel grooves is cut to fashion a "slat," and the graphite/clay strings are inserted into the grooves. Another grooved plank is glued on top, and the whole assembly is then cut into individual pencils, which are then varnished or painted. Many pencils feature an
2186:
Pencil grades vary "depending upon the manufacturer, when the pencils are made, and the source of graphite and clay. One analyst found that graphitic carbon content, for example, to vary from about 30 to about 65 in a variety of different pencils bearing the same designation."
696:, when dyed and perfumed to resemble Red Cedar, was a suitable alternative. Most pencils today are made from this timber, which is grown in managed forests. Over 14 billion pencils are manufactured worldwide annually. Less popular alternatives to cedar include
889:, but are sometimes blended with charcoal or graphite depending on the darkness and manufacturer. They produce a fuller black than graphite pencils, are smoother than charcoal, and have minimal dust and smudging. They also blend very well, much like charcoal.
4343:
1096:
unveiled his giant US$ 20,000 pencil – 23 metres (76 ft) long, 8,200 kilograms (18,000 lb) with over 2,000 kilograms (4,500 lb) for the graphite centre – after three weeks of creation in August 2007 as a birthday gift for teacher
940:
are pencils that have two main properties: their shape prevents them from rolling, and their graphite is strong. The oldest surviving pencil is a German carpenter's pencil dating from the 17th
Century and now in the Faber-Castell collection.
911:
can write on virtually any surface (including glass, plastic, metal and photographs). The most commonly found grease pencils are encased in paper (Berol and
Sanford Peel-off), but they can also be encased in wood (Staedtler Omnichrom).
3379:
688:
One effect of this was that "during World War II rotary pencil sharpeners were outlawed in
Britain because they wasted so much scarce lead and wood, and pencils had to be sharpened in the more conservative manner – with knives."
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Manufacturers distinguish their pencils by grading them, but there is no common standard. Two pencils of the same grade but different manufacturers will not necessarily make a mark of identical tone nor have the same hardness.
2683:
639:. He used the first circular saw in pencil production. He constructed the first of the hexagon- and octagon-shaped wooden casings. Ebenezer did not patent his invention and shared his techniques with anyone. One of those was
841:
allows for covering larger spaces more easily, creating different effects, and providing greater economy as the entirety of the pencil is used. They are available in the same darkness range as wood-encased graphite pencils.
3657:
1842:. Other companies then copied the yellow colour so that their pencils would be associated with this high-quality brand, and chose brand names with explicit Oriental references, such as Mikado (renamed Mirado) and Mongol.
684:
and did not splinter when sharpened. In the early twentieth century supplies of Red Cedar were dwindling so that pencil manufacturers were forced to recycle the wood from cedar fences and barns to maintain supply.
1198:
from pencils was not uncommon. Until the middle of the 20th century the paint used for the outer coating could contain high concentrations of lead, and this could be ingested when the pencil was sucked or chewed.
1016:, are expected to be very reliable, and their lead is break-proof. Nevertheless, steno pencils are sometimes sharpened at both ends to enhance reliability. They are round to avoid pressure pain during long texts.
267:, permanently bonded to the core. Casings may be of other materials, such as plastic or paper. To use the pencil, the casing must be carved or peeled off to expose the working end of the core as a sharp point.
1310:(usually taken to mean "fineness", although F pencils are no more fine or more easily sharpened than any other grade. Also referred as "firm" by many manufacturers). The standard writing pencil is graded
484:
wood. Shortly thereafter, a superior technique was discovered: two wooden halves were carved, a graphite stick inserted, and the halves then glued together—essentially the same method in use to this day.
2295:
Eagle Pencil
Company applied for the trademark Mirado in 1947 (US Trademark 71515261). It is common belief that this was an attempt to disassociate the pencil brand from Japan, as one of the meanings of
398:"). Because the pencil core is still referred to as "lead", or "a lead", many people have the misconception that the graphite in the pencil is lead, and the black core of pencils is still referred to as
382:, England. This particular deposit of graphite was extremely pure and solid, and it could easily be sawn into sticks. It remains the only large-scale deposit of graphite ever found in this solid form.
152:
924:
techniques. Their cores can be diluted by water. The pencils can be used by themselves for sharp, bold lines. Strokes made by the pencil can also be saturated with water and spread with brushes.
570:
Pencil manufacturing. The top sequence shows the old method that required pieces of graphite to be cut to size; the lower sequence is the new, current method using rods of graphite and clay.
1781:, in the 19th century. Although Conté/Thoreau's equivalence table is widely accepted, not all manufacturers follow it; for example, Faber-Castell uses a different equivalence table in its
275:
cores that can be extended or retracted (usually through the casing's tip) as needed. These casings can be reloaded with new cores (usually graphite) as the previous ones are exhausted.
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2270:
for a description of the test. However, the hardness of pencils is not standardised. For this reason, the standard specifies various brands of pencils that are to be used in this test.
2667:
861:. Scripto's liquid graphite formula came out about three months before Parker's liquid lead formula. To avoid a lengthy patent fight the two companies agreed to share their formulas.
3548:
3197:
1220:(lower proportions of clay makes the core softer), and the amount of time spent on grinding the mixture determines the quality of the lead. The mixture is then shaped into long
528:. By varying the ratio of graphite to clay, the hardness of the graphite rod could also be varied. This method of manufacture, which had been earlier discovered by the Austrian
1314:. This designation, in the form "H. B.", was in use at least as early as 1814. Softer or harder pencil grades were described by a sequence or successive Bs or Hs such as
3621:
555:
997:
pencils, the non-reproducing types make marks that are not reproducible by photocopiers (examples include "Copy-not" by
Sanford and "Mars Non-photo" by Staedtler) or by
873:
and provide fuller blacks than graphite pencils, but tend to smudge easily and are more abrasive than graphite. Sepia-toned and white pencils are also available for
1353:
As of 2021, a set of pencils ranging from a very soft, black-marking pencil to a very hard, light-marking pencil usually ranges from softest to hardest as follows:
1228:. The resulting strings are dipped in oil or molten wax, which seeps into the tiny holes of the material and allows for the smooth writing ability of the pencil. A
2245:
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1241:
on the top and so the process is usually still considered incomplete at this point. Each pencil has a shoulder cut on one end of the pencil to allow for a metal
4096:
440:
The usefulness of graphite for pencils was discovered as well, but graphite for pencils had to be smuggled. Because graphite is soft, it requires some form of
236:, but are typically regarded as art supplies, especially those with cores made from wax-based binders that tend to smear when erasers are applied to them.
965:
mid-20th century when ball pens slowly replaced them. In Italy their use is still mandated by law for voting paper ballots in elections and referendums.
2213:
Conté used integer numbers that started at 1, with higher numbers indicating softer leads, while
Thoreau used higher numbers to designate harder leads (
547:'s first successful invention (1838) was a method of compressing graphite powder into solid graphite thus allowing the waste from sawing to be reused.
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3166:
2830:
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3500:
1845:
Not all countries use yellow pencils. German and
Brazilian pencils, for example, are often green, blue or black, based on the trademark colours of
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3211:
1146:
Pioneered by Taiwanese stationery manufacturer Bensia Pioneer Industrial Corporation in the early 1970s, Pop a Point Pencils are also known as
3340:
2459:
960:(or indelible pencils) are graphite pencils with an added dye that creates an indelible mark. They were invented in the late 19th century for
3418:
3149:
2874:
2438:
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476:
Around 1560, an Italian couple named Simonio and Lyndiana Bernacotti made what are likely the first blueprints for the modern, wood-encased
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and were guarded. When sufficient stores of graphite had been accumulated, the mines were flooded to prevent theft until more was required.
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offers twenty-two grades from 10H to 10B for its Hi-uni range. Derwent produces twenty grades from 9H to 9B for its graphic pencils.
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to the end of a pencil. In 1862, Lipman sold his patent to Joseph Reckendorfer for $ 100,000, who went on to sue pencil manufacturer
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2743:
2628:
2490:
1944:
636:
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3113:
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to be secured onto the wood. A rubber plug is then inserted into the ferrule for a functioning eraser on the end of the pencil.
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may be used to create pencils (though the use of this rainforest species is controversial). Environmentalists prefer the use of
2252:
1885:
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2510:
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By the end of the nineteenth century, over 240,000 pencils were used each day in the US. The favoured timber for pencils was
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Memoirs, Including Original Journals, Letters, Papers, and Antiquarian Tracts, of the Late Charles Alfred Stothard, F.S.A.
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2551:
666:
644:
323:) originally referred to an artist's fine brush of camel hair, also used for writing before modern lead or chalk pencils.
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2908:
2224:
1135:
900:, or pencil crayons, have wax-like cores with pigment and other fillers. Several colors are sometimes blended together.
3396:
453:, near the original findings of block graphite, still manufactures pencils, the factory also being the location of the
3911:
2968:
480:. Their version was a flat, oval, more compact type of pencil. Their concept involved the hollowing out of a stick of
3035:
3322:
3239:
1024:
Golf pencils are usually short (a common length is 9 cm or 3.5 in) and very cheap. They are also known as
425:
The value of graphite would soon be realised to be enormous, mainly because it could be used to line the moulds for
4335:
2856:
2577:
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pencils are used for make-up. Unlike traditional copying pencils, eyeliner pencils usually contain non-toxic dyes.
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4010:
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75% of the 2.8 billion pencils made in the US are painted yellow (Steve Ritter "Pencils & Pencil Lead",
1908:
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62:
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1831:
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in 1790, remains in use. In 1802, the production of graphite leads from graphite and clay was patented by the
517:
824:
Graphite pencils are the most common types of pencil, and are encased in wood. They are made of a mixture of
204:
binder. Graphite pencils (traditionally known as "lead pencils") produce grey or black marks that are easily
2799:
650:
31:
3669:
3174:
2305:
1101:. It is longer than the 20-metre (65 ft) pencil outside the Malaysia HQ of stationers Faber-Castell.
624:; this invention was prompted by his father's pencil factory in Concord, which employed graphite found in
601:
2822:
2641:
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and their darkness varies from light grey to black. Their composition allows for the smoothest strokes.
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371:
233:
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core in a protective casing that reduces the risk of core breakage and keeps it from marking the user's
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949:
937:
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coating when pressed firmly against it at a 45 degree angle. For standardized measurements, there are
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2021:
1823:
1763:
1331:
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584:
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have more elaborate casings which are not bonded to the core; instead, they support separate, mobile
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2455:
1778:
748:
617:
575:
260:
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3422:
2878:
465:
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1984:
1138:)—the 0.90 mm (0.035 in) size is available, but is not considered a standard ISO size.
712:
4014:
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as standard ISO 15184:1998 Paints and varnishes – Determination of film hardness by pencil test
283:
4169:
4075:
3777:
3258:
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2330:
1350:
for Franz Hardtmuth, who was responsible for technological improvements in pencil manufacture.
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3145:
2705:
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2624:
2486:
2434:
2401:
2008:
1957:
1857:
1572:
1257:
Two graphite pencils. Both are labelled "HB", but the numeric label differs between "2" and "2
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Residual graphite from a pencil stick is not poisonous, and graphite is harmless if consumed.
1130:
1038:
811:
670:
621:
613:
589:
579:
268:
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529:
477:
450:
403:
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229:
225:
120:
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457:. The meaning of "graphite writing implement" apparently evolved late in the 16th century.
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1819:
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was the world's largest dealer and consumer of graphite and later became the contemporary
662:
631:
Munroe's method of making pencils was painstakingly slow, and in the neighbouring town of
509:
58:
3087:
3016:
2735:
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2284:
799:
Two solid, or "woodless", graphite pencils, two charcoal pencils, and two grease pencils
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pencils in 1812. This was not the only pencil-making occurring in Concord. According to
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4248:
4196:
3109:
2350:
2150:
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Most manufacturers, and almost all in Europe, designate their pencils with the letters
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221:
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2423:
2201:
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2070:
1970:
1846:
1795:
1777:
Numbers as designation were first used by Conté and later by John Thoreau, father of
1378:
1233:
908:
744:
635:, a pencil mill owner named Ebenezer Wood set out to automate the process at his own
625:
469:
237:
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4540:
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or leadpoint until in 1565 (some sources say as early as 1500), a large deposit of
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1271:
566:
3932:
3599:
4691:
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1864:
are typically oval or rectangular, so they cannot easily roll away during work.
1663:
1658:
1098:
858:
654:
620:
discovered how to make a good pencil out of inferior graphite using clay as the
367:
359:
2547:
1084: in) A standard, "#2", hexagonal pencil is 19 cm (7.5 in) long.
493:
The first attempt to manufacture graphite sticks from powdered graphite was in
17:
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4329:
4153:
2078:
1931:
1835:
1827:
1806:
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A standard, hexagonal, "#2 pencil" is cut to a hexagonal height of 6 mm (
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886:
803:
693:
441:
426:
375:
339:
327:
300:
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4292:
3235:
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2599:
2322:
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2160:
2097:
1891:
Prominent global manufacturers of wood-cased (including wood-free) pencils:
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1771:
1221:
1009:
973:
494:
434:
383:
245:
69:
43:
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2317:
Mikado/Mirado pencils were originally made by Eagle Pencil Company – today
3031:
4562:
4555:
4509:
4494:
3318:
2045:
1818:, this tradition began in 1890 when the L. & C. Hardtmuth Company of
1767:
1287:
1208:
1074: in), but the outer diameter is slightly larger (about 7 mm or
870:
829:
697:
502:
363:
264:
240:
have a softer, oily core that can leave marks on smooth surfaces such as
209:
197:
78:
47:
3679:, adlittlechronicles.blogspot.com, for information about this invention.
2573:
1814:
The majority of pencils made in the US are painted yellow. According to
1334:
pencil manufacturers claim to have first used the HB designations, with
4735:
4655:
4545:
4489:
4437:
4427:
4412:
3889:
2364:
Timberlines Blog "Mongolized" 31 August 2005. Retrieved 23 August 2007.
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1872:
1839:
1535:
1242:
1229:
1194:
has not been used for writing since antiquity, such as in Roman styli,
874:
854:
508:
English and German pencils were not available to the French during the
498:
481:
445:
335:
272:
256:
213:
167:
163:
159:
99:
39:
2990:
2421:
Zumdahl, Steven S. & Zumdahl, Susan A. (2008). "No lead pencils".
358:
As a technique for drawing, the closest predecessor to the pencil was
4701:
4514:
2766:"Lead Facts - Uses, Properties, Element Pb, Plumbing, Pipes, Weights"
2110:
1383:
1373:
1238:
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331:
205:
104:
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pencils which allow for a greater control in the shape of the lead.
181:, leaving a trail of solid core material that adheres to a sheet of
543:
In England, pencils continued to be made from whole sawn graphite.
4484:
4479:
2318:
1965:
Dixon, Oriole, Ticonderoga brands (manufactured in Mexico, China)
1871:
1805:
1270:
1252:
1121:
1113:
1028:, as many libraries offer them as disposable writing instruments.
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93:
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38:
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was in its infancy and the substance was thought to be a form of
30:
This article is about the writing implement. For other uses, see
1283:
1225:
1224:-like strings, straightened, dried, cut, and then tempered in a
1212:
1191:
825:
605:
574:
American colonists imported pencils from Europe until after the
525:
521:
387:
252:
201:
171:
88:
4361:
2406:. 3. Vol. 12. Oxford University Press. 1868. p. 419.
4577:
4388:
4155:
Why the pencil is perfect | Small Thing Big Idea, a TED series
3549:"Sanford Col-Erase Copy Not Pencils-You Can't Copy This Baby!"
2509:. Department of Physics at Michigan Technological University.
2058:
850:
395:
190:
186:
3212:"Forest Management Public Summary for: PT Xylo Indah Pratama"
715:– another wood native to the region in pencil manufacturing.
2304:
states that Eagle Pencil Company changed the name after the
1774:
produces 24 from 10H to 12B for its Mars Lumograph pencils.
592:
used a three-inch (7.5 cm) pencil when he surveyed the
524:
and forming the mixture into rods that were then fired in a
3190:"In World Of Politically Right, Pencils Can Be Wrong Stuff"
1979:
Plants in Germany, Indonesia, Costa Rica, Brazil, Malaysia
885:
Carbon pencils are generally made of a mixture of clay and
138:
129:
1357:
Graphite pencil hardness grading and typical applications
759:
ruled against Reckendorfer, declaring the patent invalid.
1766:
offers twenty grades from 10H to 8B for its 1500 series.
3716:"Pencils, paint and pottery can give you lead poisoning"
220:
and natural aging. Other types of pencil cores, such as
4357:
3255:"US Patent 19783 Combination of Lead-Pencil and Eraser"
1159:
plasticised graphite mix within a wood-composite core.
953:
Obliteration by indelible pencil to censor mail in 1943
2507:"Graphite from the Plumbago Mine, Borrowdale, England"
2483:
A Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells, Western Fells
444:. Graphite sticks were initially wrapped in string or
4341:
Payne, Christopher; Anderson, Sam (12 January 2018).
2706:"Pencil swallowing: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
727:
Attached eraser on the left; Pencil lead on the right
520:
discovered a method of mixing powdered graphite with
135:
132:
3724:. Vol. 73, no. 1. 7 July 1972. p. 46.
3217:. Rainforest Alliance. 15 March 2000. Archived from
2456:"Old Cumbria Gazetteer, black lead mine, Seathwaite"
849:
Liquid graphite pencils are pencils that write like
559:
Pencil, perhaps made by Henry David Thoreau, in the
141:
126:
4684:
4616:
4576:
4528:
4395:
3692:. Dynamic Inventions. 11 March 2013. Archived from
1838:at a time when the best-quality graphite came from
497:, Germany, in 1662. It used a mixture of graphite,
123:
4342:
3236:"Fantasia – The Quality Pencil Company – About Us"
2329:as Sanford owns Berol and the trademark Papermate
2321:– but can also be found today under the trademark
2283:, Volume 79, Number 42 page 35, 15 October 2001).
2623:, Publications International LTD, (1989), p.189,
1992:Temagraph, Lyra, Dixon, Ticonderoga, DOMS brands
1207:The lead of the pencil is a mix of finely ground
1001:copiers (such as "Mars Non-Print" by Staedtler).
653:, an inventor and entrepreneur involved with the
82:
4250:The Pencil: A History of Design and Circumstance
3142:The Pencil: A History of Design and Circumstance
1785:pencils: 1 = 2B, 2 = B, 2½ = HB, 3 = H, 4 = 2H.
287:Old Soviet colored pencils with box (circa 1959)
4344:"Inside one of America's last pencil factories"
2530:
2528:
2458:. Portsmouth University: Geography Department.
1217:
853:. The technology was first invented in 1955 by
3523:"Tools of the Trade Papers Pencils and Erases"
3021:, London, Offices of "Engineering," Chapter 3.
2223:John H. Lienhard (1989). "Thoreau's Pencils".
1876:A collection of pencils (12) by Bohemia Works
4373:
4281:American Heritage of Invention and Technology
3336:
3334:
3332:
2353:the Mongol trademark is now owned by Sanford
920:Watercolor pencils are designed for use with
8:
2390:(3 ed.). Oxford University Press. 2005.
647:and became the leader in pencil production.
334:, a thin metal stick used for scratching in
3985:"Interesting information about the company"
3619:World's largest pencil unveiled in New York
3171:The Point of it All – History of the Pencil
3135:
3133:
3131:
3086:. Dixon Ticonderoga Company. Archived from
3018:Sir Henry Bessemer, F.R.S: An Autobiography
418:), and some other languages literally mean
310:
4380:
4366:
4358:
4220:"List Of Top Rated Pencil Brands In India"
3575:"Paper and Pencil Blog 'Reporter Pencils'"
3380:"History Pencils & Historic Packaging"
3293:"Reckendorfer v. Faber 92 U.S. 347 (1875)"
3058:"Acton Conservation Lands, Pencil Factory"
2961:"Gyaat:The weapon we use from adolescence"
2736:"graphite pencils | The Weekend Historian"
2668:"Ever wondered about the lead in pencils?"
1893:
1355:
232:are sometimes used by teachers or editors
2429:. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. p.
1880:from the Ministry of Construction of the
604:, Massachusetts, made the first American
185:or other surface. They are distinct from
4099:Staedtler.com. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
2991:"History of Koh-i-noor Hardmuth company"
1302:(commonly interpreted as "hardness") to
1279:
1171:By casing material: wood, paper, plastic
1168:By factory state: sharpened, unsharpened
774:These devices function something like a
2875:"Timeline Outline ViewEra: 1500 - 1550"
2666:Bennett, Howard J. (26 November 2014).
2454:Norgate, Martin; Norgate, Jean (2008).
2376:
2244:This testing method is approved by the
2179:
1371:
1360:
4121:from the original on 28 September 2007
3325:from the original on 6 September 2017.
3200:from the original on 22 February 2014.
2997:from the original on 10 September 2015
2877:. Historyofscience.com. Archived from
2092:Division of California Cedar Products
661:, Massachusetts, developed a means to
406:lead. The words for pencil in German (
251:The most common pencil casing is thin
3503:from the original on 27 February 2009
3451:from the original on 17 November 2017
3399:from the original on 20 February 2009
3361:from the original on 27 February 2009
3341:Categories of Wax-Based Drawing Media
3064:from the original on 27 February 2024
3060:. Actontrails.org. 16 December 2015.
2971:from the original on 23 November 2015
2941:from the original on 23 November 2015
2621:The big book of questions and answers
2410:from the original on 17 January 2018.
2229:. Episode 339. NPR. KUHF-FM Houston.
1275:A grading chart ranging from 9B to 9H
402:, even though it never contained the
7:
4195:O'Shaughnessy, Lynn (22 July 2010).
4152:Weaver, Caroline (3 November 2018).
3991:from the original on 13 October 2016
3844:from the original on 6 February 2017
3242:from the original on 25 August 2013.
2776:from the original on 30 October 2016
2686:from the original on 6 November 2015
1926:"Chung hwa" and "Great Wall" brands
1176:P&P Office Waste Paper Processor
637:pencil mill located at Nashoba Brook
4719:List of types, brands and companies
4047:Koh-i-noor Catalog: Graphite Pencis
3933:"Graphite Grading Scales Explained"
3838:"Graphite Grading Scales Explained"
3038:from the original on 9 October 2016
3032:"Famous Pencil Users - Pencils.com"
2833:from the original on 23 August 2012
2746:from the original on 7 October 2015
2716:from the original on 6 October 2015
2642:"Have pencils ever contained lead?"
2580:from the original on 13 August 2007
2534:
2462:from the original on 7 January 2009
1322:for successively softer leads, and
1306:(commonly "blackness"), as well as
582:advertised pencils for sale in his
4139:
3971:
3799:
3760:
3742:from the original on 21 March 2012
3393:"Oldest Known Pencil in Existence"
3279:
3116:from the original on 18 April 2009
2802:from the original on 3 August 2009
2554:from the original on 15 March 2008
2513:from the original on 14 March 2008
2301:
2218:
2214:
2188:
1330:for successively harder ones. The
757:Supreme Court of the United States
366:was discovered on the approach to
330:pencil was an artist's brush, the
224:, are mainly used for drawing and
25:
4176:from the original on 8 April 2009
3525:. smackjeeves.com. Archived from
3257:. Patft.uspto.gov. Archived from
1945:Derwent Cumberland Pencil Company
673:pencil and art supplies company.
516:'s army to change this. In 1795,
177:Pencils create marks by physical
4097:Staedtler Mars Lumograph Pencils
4028:from the original on 5 June 2016
3690:"P&P Office Waste Processor"
3577:. Penciltalk.org. Archived from
3299:from the original on 8 June 2009
3188:Poe, Janita (1 September 1993).
2911:from the original on 24 May 2012
2821:Harper, Douglas (27 June 2012).
1798:testing pencils on the market.
119:
4170:"Eberhard Faber Pencil Gallery"
4074:. Pencils.co.uk. Archived from
3814:. Pencils.co.uk. Archived from
3812:"Derwent Manufacturing Process"
3736:"The HB Graphite Grading Scale"
2993:. Koh-i-noor Hardmuth company.
2281:Chemical & Engineering News
189:, which dispense liquid or gel
3890:"KOH-I-NOOR HARDTMUTH HISTORY"
3551:. Epinions.com. Archived from
3497:"Sketch to Paint in Photoshop"
3473:. Mccannas.com. Archived from
3144:. New York: Random House LLC.
1342:for the company's location of
1037:Triangular (more accurately a
390:. Consequently, it was called
342:, was used extensively by the
196:Most pencil cores are made of
77:Solid pigment core (typically
1:
4253:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
3445:"Gel Eyeliner Pencil by ULTA"
2550:. cumbria-industries.org.uk.
2098:Staedtler Mars GmbH & Co.
1810:A typical yellow no. 2 pencil
869:Charcoal pencils are made of
667:Joseph Dixon Crucible Company
208:, but otherwise resistant to
73:A typical modern-day pencil.
4024:. Condé Nast. p. 2:35.
3253:Lipman, L. (30 March 1858).
2548:"Lakeland's Mining Heritage"
2226:The Engines of Our Ingenuity
1852:Pencils are commonly round,
1834:; it was also suggestive of
1362:Tone and grade designations
1012:'s pencils, also known as a
707:In Southeast Asia, the wood
692:It was soon discovered that
354:Graphite deposit discoveries
4109:Simmons, Mac (April 2000).
3499:. Digitalartsonline.co.uk.
3419:"L. 6 febbraio 1948, n. 29"
3110:"Tantiusques Graphite Mine"
2827:Online Etymology Dictionary
2481:Wainwright, Alfred (2005).
2200:This is not related to the
2003:General's, Kimberly brands
1178:recycles paper into pencils
1118:Lead for mechanical pencils
1050:Bendable (flexible plastic)
628:in 1821 by Charles Dunbar.
4788:
4111:"The Pencil Hardness Test"
4015:"Comma Queen: On "Impact""
3952:Stothard, Charles (1823).
2857:Rocket City Space Pioneers
2853:"Who invented the pencil?"
2646:BBC Science Focus Magazine
1249:Grading and classification
766:
259:in section, but sometimes
234:to correct submitted texts
29:
4277:"H. D. Thoreau, Engineer"
4197:"Why Are Pencils Yellow?"
3874:Mitsubishi Pencil Company
3774:"Staedtler Pencil, video"
3660:, issued 26 December 1967
3382:. Faber Castell Australia
3343:, palimpsest.stanford.edu
2387:Oxford English Dictionary
2336:29 September 2007 at the
2266:29 September 2007 at the
2221:, p. 119), see also
2046:Mitsubishi Pencil Company
1802:External colour and shape
1709:
1654:
1649:
1612:graphical representations
1606:
1603:
1569:
1566:
1532:
1529:
1486:
1483:
1403:
1398:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1282:are made of a mixture of
193:onto the marked surface.
4293:10.1215/00382876-90-1-39
4275:Petroski, Henry (1991).
4247:Petroski, Henry (1990).
4061:, mpuni.co.jp (Japanese)
3987:. Koh-I-Noor Hardtmuth.
3670:The Epcon Plastic Pencil
3605:29 December 2008 at the
3140:Petroski, Henry (2010).
3084:"Joseph Dixon 1799–1869"
2740:umeshmadan.wordpress.com
2600:"Definition of Plumbago"
2574:"Definition of Plumbago"
2355:Timberlines.blogspot.com
2053:Mitsu-Bishi, Uni brands
1609:technical detailed plans
1338:standing for Hardtmuth,
1216:depends on the intended
489:Graphite powder and clay
3938:6 February 2017 at the
3912:"Castell 9000 brochure"
3167:"Famous Pencil Pushers"
3015:Bessemer, Henry (1905)
2796:"Keswick Pencil Museum"
2602:. Thefreedictionary.com
2255:26 October 2017 at the
2059:Musgrave Pencil Company
2016:Apsara, Nataraj brands
1826:brand, named after the
1404:for artistic purposes:
166:implement with a solid
32:Pencil (disambiguation)
3892:. Koh-I-Noor Hardtmuth
3868:3 October 2015 at the
3647:(video). Metacafe.com.
3643:5 January 2009 at the
3638:World's largest pencil
3600:World's largest pencil
3295:. Supreme.justia.com.
2798:. Pencilmuseum.co.uk.
2306:Attack on Pearl Harbor
1920:China First Pencil Co.
1888:
1811:
1655:for special purposes:
1276:
1268:
1127:
1119:
954:
816:
808:
800:
728:
665:pencils. By 1870, The
571:
563:
473:
470:Palomino Blackwing 602
311:
288:
110:
66:
51:
4772:Visual arts materials
4624:Ballpoint pen artwork
4199:. CBS News MoneyWatch
3355:"Carpenter's Pencils"
3353:Martin, Doug (2000).
2770:www.sciencekids.co.nz
2300:is emperor of Japan.
2034:Lyra Bleistift-Fabrik
1875:
1832:Austro-Hungarian flag
1809:
1368:Application examples
1274:
1256:
1125:
1117:
1092:On 3 September 2007,
952:
814:
806:
798:
753:Reckendorfer v. Faber
726:
569:
558:
532:, the founder of the
518:Nicolas-Jacques Conté
468:
455:Derwent Pencil Museum
348:palm-leaf manuscripts
315:a "little tail" (see
286:
218:ultraviolet radiation
72:
57:
42:
4639:Birmingham pen trade
4634:Counterfeit banknote
4331:How A Pencil Is Made
3224:on 29 December 2009.
2937:. 10 February 2015.
2360:4 March 2016 at the
2331:Brandnamepencils.com
2118:includes MONO brand
2022:Koh-i-Noor Hardtmuth
1884:in the stock of the
1577:mathematical drawing
1492:writing (restricted)
1332:Koh-i-Noor Hardtmuth
600:, a cabinetmaker in
585:Pennsylvania Gazette
414:), Arabic (قلم رصاص
200:powder mixed with a
4629:Ballpoint pen knife
4172:. Pencilpages.com.
3959:(letter dated 1814)
3840:. 8 November 2014.
3675:8 July 2011 at the
3658:US Patent 3,360,489
3628:. Sri Chinmoy News.
3624:17 May 2017 at the
3609:. The Pencil Pages.
3395:. Pencilpages.com.
3357:. Pencilpages.com.
3112:. Thetrustees.org.
2881:on 31 December 2010
2863:on 22 October 2011.
2672:The Washington Post
2485:. Frances Lincoln.
2349:Originally made by
2040:Parent: FILA Group
1862:Carpenters' pencils
1779:Henry David Thoreau
1358:
938:Carpenter's pencils
815:Promotional pencils
791:By marking material
735:received the first
645:factory in New York
618:Henry David Thoreau
576:American Revolution
540:company in Vienna.
433:were taken over by
370:from the hamlet of
4350:The New York Times
4142:, pp. 162–163
3780:on 21 January 2013
3696:on 13 January 2014
3656:Grossman, Harold.
3477:on 28 January 2013
3319:"Vintage Pen Blog"
3090:on 13 October 2007
2905:www.fact-index.com
1997:General Pencil Co.
1889:
1812:
1356:
1277:
1269:
1131:Mechanical pencils
1128:
1120:
955:
817:
809:
801:
731:On 30 March 1858,
729:
572:
564:
474:
289:
269:Mechanical pencils
111:
81:, commonly called
67:
52:
4744:
4743:
4729:Mechanical pencil
4072:"Derwent Graphic"
4013:(28 April 2016).
3425:on 9 October 2012
3165:Franco, Michael.
3151:978-0-307-77243-5
2935:Borrowdale Points
2440:978-0-547-12532-9
2403:Notes and Queries
2204:hardness unit HB.
2132:
2131:
2111:Tombow Pencil Co.
2029:Koh-i-Noor brand
2009:Hindustan Pencils
1958:Dixon Ticonderoga
1900:Country of origin
1822:introduced their
1768:Mitsubishi Pencil
1761:
1760:
1573:technical drawing
1039:Reuleaux triangle
980:Erasable coloring
739:for attaching an
719:Eraser attachment
671:Dixon Ticonderoga
657:graphite mine in
614:transcendentalist
590:George Washington
580:Benjamin Franklin
394:(Latin for "lead
376:Borrowdale parish
222:those of charcoal
27:Writing implement
16:(Redirected from
4779:
4757:Office equipment
4382:
4375:
4368:
4359:
4354:
4346:
4332:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4264:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4215:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4149:
4143:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4106:
4100:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4068:
4062:
4056:
4050:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4019:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3981:
3975:
3969:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3949:
3943:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3886:
3880:
3878:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3808:
3802:
3797:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3776:. Archived from
3770:
3764:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3686:
3680:
3667:
3661:
3654:
3648:
3635:
3629:
3616:
3610:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3421:. Archived from
3415:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3327:
3326:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3289:
3283:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3216:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3177:on 17 June 2009.
3173:. Archived from
3162:
3156:
3155:
3137:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3028:
3022:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2859:. Archived from
2849:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2638:
2632:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2428:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2381:
2365:
2347:
2341:
2315:
2309:
2293:
2287:
2277:
2271:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2211:
2205:
2198:
2192:
2184:
2156:Plumbago drawing
2105:Staedtler brand
1894:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1489:freehand drawing
1359:
1280:Graphite pencils
1266:
1265:
1261:
1126:Flexible pencils
1083:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1068:
989:Non-reproduction
807:Coloured pencils
643:, which built a
530:Joseph Hardtmuth
478:carpentry pencil
314:
230:Coloured pencils
157:
156:
155:
154:
147:
144:
143:
140:
137:
134:
131:
128:
125:
59:Coloured pencils
21:
4787:
4786:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4740:
4680:
4612:
4572:
4529:Parts and tools
4524:
4391:
4386:
4340:
4330:
4326:
4313:
4311:
4274:
4271:
4269:Further reading
4261:
4246:
4243:
4238:
4228:
4226:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4202:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4189:
4179:
4177:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4138:
4134:
4124:
4122:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4095:
4091:
4081:
4079:
4078:on 19 June 2009
4070:
4069:
4065:
4057:
4053:
4049:, koh-i-noor.cz
4045:
4041:
4031:
4029:
4017:
4009:
4008:
4004:
3994:
3992:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3970:
3966:
3958:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3940:Wayback Machine
3931:
3927:
3917:
3915:
3914:. Faber-Castell
3910:
3909:
3905:
3895:
3893:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3876:
3870:Wayback Machine
3861:
3857:
3847:
3845:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3821:
3819:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3798:
3794:
3783:
3781:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3759:
3755:
3745:
3743:
3738:. Pencils.com.
3734:
3733:
3729:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3699:
3697:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3677:Wayback Machine
3668:
3664:
3655:
3651:
3645:Wayback Machine
3636:
3632:
3626:Wayback Machine
3617:
3613:
3607:Wayback Machine
3598:
3594:
3584:
3582:
3581:on 28 July 2014
3573:
3572:
3568:
3558:
3556:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3532:
3530:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3506:
3504:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3480:
3478:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3454:
3452:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3428:
3426:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3402:
3400:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3378:
3374:
3364:
3362:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3339:
3330:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3302:
3300:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3278:
3274:
3264:
3262:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3221:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3194:Chicago Tribune
3187:
3186:
3182:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3139:
3138:
3129:
3119:
3117:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3093:
3091:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3067:
3065:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3041:
3039:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3014:
3010:
3000:
2998:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2974:
2972:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2944:
2942:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2914:
2912:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2884:
2882:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2836:
2834:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2805:
2803:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2779:
2777:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2749:
2747:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2719:
2717:
2710:www.nlm.nih.gov
2704:
2703:
2699:
2689:
2687:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2650:
2648:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2619:
2615:
2605:
2603:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2583:
2581:
2576:. Answers.com.
2572:
2571:
2567:
2557:
2555:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2533:
2526:
2516:
2514:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2465:
2463:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2368:
2362:Wayback Machine
2348:
2344:
2338:Wayback Machine
2316:
2312:
2294:
2290:
2278:
2274:
2268:Wayback Machine
2257:Wayback Machine
2243:
2239:
2222:
2212:
2208:
2199:
2195:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2137:
1934:Bleistiftfabrik
1870:
1856:, or sometimes
1820:Austria-Hungary
1804:
1791:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1651:
1650:extremely hard,
1400:
1399:extremely soft,
1263:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1218:pencil hardness
1205:
1185:
1165:
1156:
1144:
1112:
1107:
1090:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1057:
1034:
1026:library pencils
1022:
1007:
991:
982:
971:
958:Copying pencils
947:
935:
930:
918:
906:
898:Colored pencils
895:
883:
867:
847:
838:
822:
793:
788:
780:colored pencils
771:
769:Pencil extender
765:
721:
553:
510:Napoleonic Wars
491:
463:
461:Wood encasement
356:
294:
281:
151:
150:
149:
122:
118:
109:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Graphite pencil
15:
12:
11:
5:
4785:
4783:
4775:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4749:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4721:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4699:
4694:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4582:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4536:Blotting paper
4532:
4530:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4377:
4370:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4338:
4325:
4324:External links
4322:
4321:
4320:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4259:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4210:
4187:
4161:
4144:
4132:
4101:
4089:
4063:
4051:
4039:
4022:The New Yorker
4002:
3976:
3964:
3944:
3942:. Pencils.com.
3925:
3903:
3881:
3855:
3829:
3818:on 17 May 2013
3803:
3792:
3765:
3753:
3727:
3707:
3681:
3662:
3649:
3630:
3611:
3592:
3566:
3555:on 24 May 2008
3540:
3529:on 8 July 2007
3514:
3488:
3471:"Art Supplies"
3462:
3436:
3410:
3384:
3372:
3345:
3328:
3321:. GoPens.com.
3310:
3284:
3272:
3245:
3227:
3203:
3180:
3157:
3150:
3127:
3101:
3075:
3049:
3023:
3008:
2982:
2952:
2922:
2892:
2866:
2844:
2813:
2787:
2757:
2727:
2697:
2658:
2633:
2613:
2591:
2565:
2539:
2537:, pp. 168, 358
2535:Petroski, 1990
2524:
2498:
2491:
2473:
2446:
2439:
2413:
2393:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2351:Eberhard Faber
2342:
2310:
2288:
2272:
2237:
2206:
2193:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2151:Pencil drawing
2148:
2143:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2026:Czech Republic
2024:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1952:Derwent brand
1950:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1878:Czech Republic
1869:
1866:
1828:famous diamond
1816:Henry Petroski
1803:
1800:
1790:
1787:
1759:
1758:
1710:Also seen as 2
1707:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1653:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1540:linear drawing
1538:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1402:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1250:
1247:
1204:
1201:
1196:lead poisoning
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1148:Bensia Pencils
1143:
1140:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1105:By manufacture
1103:
1094:Ashrita Furman
1089:
1086:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1033:
1030:
1021:
1018:
1006:
1003:
995:non-photo blue
993:Also known as
990:
987:
981:
978:
970:
967:
946:
943:
934:
931:
929:
926:
917:
914:
909:Grease pencils
905:
902:
894:
891:
882:
881:Carbon pencils
879:
866:
863:
846:
843:
837:
834:
821:
818:
792:
789:
787:
784:
767:Main article:
764:
761:
720:
717:
641:Eberhard Faber
610:Henry Petroski
598:William Munroe
561:Concord Museum
552:
549:
545:Henry Bessemer
490:
487:
462:
459:
355:
352:
293:
290:
280:
277:
238:Grease pencils
108:
107:
102:
97:
91:
86:
74:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4784:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4737:
4734:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4651:Pen computing
4649:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4383:
4378:
4376:
4371:
4369:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4352:
4351:
4345:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4262:
4260:0-394-57422-2
4256:
4252:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4225:
4221:
4214:
4211:
4198:
4191:
4188:
4175:
4171:
4165:
4162:
4157:
4156:
4148:
4145:
4141:
4140:Petroski 1990
4136:
4133:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4105:
4102:
4098:
4093:
4090:
4077:
4073:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4043:
4040:
4027:
4023:
4016:
4012:
4006:
4003:
3990:
3986:
3980:
3977:
3974:, p. 157
3973:
3972:Petroski 1990
3968:
3965:
3957:
3956:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3929:
3926:
3913:
3907:
3904:
3891:
3885:
3882:
3877:(in Japanese)
3875:
3871:
3867:
3864:
3859:
3856:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3830:
3817:
3813:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3800:Petroski 1990
3796:
3793:
3790:Staedtler.com
3779:
3775:
3769:
3766:
3763:, "Appendix A
3762:
3761:Petroski 1990
3757:
3754:
3741:
3737:
3731:
3728:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3711:
3708:
3695:
3691:
3685:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3671:
3666:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3634:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3615:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3601:
3596:
3593:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3567:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3541:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3515:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3489:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3450:
3446:
3440:
3437:
3424:
3420:
3414:
3411:
3398:
3394:
3388:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3373:
3360:
3356:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3280:Petroski 1990
3276:
3273:
3261:on 2 May 2017
3260:
3256:
3249:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3231:
3228:
3220:
3213:
3207:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3184:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3161:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3143:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3089:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3012:
3009:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2970:
2966:
2965:www.gyaat.com
2962:
2956:
2953:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2880:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2817:
2814:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2662:
2659:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2629:0-88176-670-4
2626:
2622:
2617:
2614:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2566:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2494:
2492:0-7112-2460-9
2488:
2484:
2477:
2474:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2447:
2442:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2426:
2417:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2397:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2384:"pencil, n".
2380:
2377:
2371:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2340:Mirado Pencil
2339:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2261:pra-world.com
2258:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2220:
2219:Petroski 1990
2216:
2215:Petroski 1990
2210:
2207:
2203:
2202:Brinell scale
2197:
2194:
2190:
2189:Petroski 1990
2183:
2180:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2141:Blackwing 602
2139:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2071:Newell Brands
2069:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1971:Faber-Castell
1969:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1868:Manufacturers
1867:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1847:Faber-Castell
1843:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1808:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1796:Mohs hardness
1789:Hardness test
1788:
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694:incense cedar
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626:New Hampshire
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588:in 1729, and
587:
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551:United States
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4671:Pen spinning
4666:Pen painting
4591:Fountain pen
4418:Demonstrator
4348:
4312:. Retrieved
4284:
4280:
4249:
4241:Bibliography
4227:. Retrieved
4223:
4213:
4201:. Retrieved
4190:
4178:. Retrieved
4164:
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4125:13 September
4123:. Retrieved
4114:
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4080:. Retrieved
4076:the original
4066:
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4042:
4030:. Retrieved
4021:
4011:Norris, Mary
4005:
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3078:
3066:. Retrieved
3052:
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2291:
2285:Pubs.acs.org
2280:
2275:
2240:
2225:
2209:
2196:
2182:
2165:
1909:Caran d'Ache
1897:Manufacturer
1890:
1860:in section.
1851:
1844:
1813:
1792:
1782:
1776:
1762:
1352:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1327:
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1206:
1189:
1186:
1157:
1147:
1145:
1129:
1091:
1063:
1025:
1023:
1014:steno pencil
1013:
1010:Stenographer
1008:
992:
983:
972:
956:
936:
919:
907:
896:
884:
877:techniques.
868:
848:
839:
823:
776:porte-crayon
775:
772:
755:(1875), the
752:
749:infringement
733:Hymen Lipman
730:
706:
691:
687:
675:
663:mass-produce
651:Joseph Dixon
649:
630:
616:philosopher
594:Ohio Country
583:
573:
542:
507:
492:
475:
439:
424:
419:
415:
411:
407:
399:
391:
357:
325:
320:
316:
306:, from late
303:
296:
295:
250:
195:
176:
114:
112:
63:Caran d'Ache
36:
4692:Calligraphy
4541:Ink blotter
4458:highlighter
4287:(2): 8–16.
4229:28 December
4218:Khatabook.
3455:15 November
3068:27 February
3042:8 September
2975:23 November
2945:23 November
2915:23 November
2146:IKEA pencil
1913:Switzerland
1664:cartography
1659:lithography
1652:light grey
1203:Manufacture
1142:Pop a Point
1099:Sri Chinmoy
1005:Stenography
859:Parker Pens
655:Tantiusques
427:cannonballs
416:qalam raṣāṣ
368:Grey Knotts
360:silverpoint
340:wax tablets
326:Though the
261:cylindrical
83:pencil lead
4767:Stationery
4751:Categories
4697:Cartooning
4661:Penmanship
4644:Pen Museum
4500:Rollerball
3995:12 October
3961:. Longman.
3863:えんぴつのナゾを解く
3848:5 February
3700:12 January
2780:29 October
2372:References
2231:Transcript
2079:Paper Mate
1985:FILA Group
1932:Cretacolor
1858:triangular
1836:the Orient
1824:Koh-I-Noor
1764:Koh-i-noor
1669:xylography
1604:very hard
1365:Character
1344:Budějovice
1136:ISO 9175-1
1110:Mechanical
999:whiteprint
922:watercolor
916:Watercolor
887:lamp black
680:as it was
659:Sturbridge
538:Koh-I-Noor
534:Koh-I-Noor
442:encasement
410:), Irish (
372:Seathwaite
328:archetypal
312:penicillus
301:Old French
292:Camel hair
265:triangular
255:, usually
4712:Lettering
4676:Retipping
4601:Iron gall
4586:Alizarine
4520:Technical
4468:permanent
4453:dry erase
4408:Ballpoint
4309:257782890
4301:0038-2876
4224:Khatabook
2931:"Pencils"
2885:18 August
2750:5 October
2720:5 October
2690:5 October
2680:0190-8286
2651:27 August
2425:Chemistry
2323:Papermate
2167:I, Pencil
2161:Tortillon
1854:hexagonal
1783:Grip 2001
1772:Staedtler
1222:spaghetti
1190:Although
1044:Hexagonal
974:Eye liner
933:Carpentry
763:Extenders
678:Red Cedar
596:in 1762.
495:Nuremberg
446:sheepskin
435:the Crown
408:Bleistift
384:Chemistry
321:pincellus
257:hexagonal
246:porcelain
226:sketching
44:Staedtler
4563:Penknife
4556:flex nib
4433:Fountain
4174:Archived
4119:Archived
4115:Woodwork
4026:Archived
3989:Archived
3936:Archived
3866:Archived
3842:Archived
3746:14 March
3740:Archived
3673:Archived
3641:Archived
3622:Archived
3603:Archived
3501:Archived
3449:Archived
3429:1 August
3397:Archived
3359:Archived
3323:Archived
3297:Archived
3282:, p. 171
3240:Archived
3198:Archived
3114:Archived
3062:Archived
3036:Archived
2995:Archived
2969:Archived
2939:Archived
2909:Archived
2901:"Pencil"
2831:Archived
2823:"pencil"
2800:Archived
2774:Archived
2744:Archived
2714:Archived
2684:Archived
2606:21 April
2584:21 April
2578:Archived
2558:27 March
2552:Archived
2517:27 March
2511:Archived
2460:Archived
2408:Archived
2358:Archived
2334:Archived
2302:Petroski
2264:Archived
2253:Archived
2191:, p. 229
2135:See also
2126:Portugal
2086:Palomino
1742:, 2.5, 2
1407:sketches
1288:graphite
1209:graphite
1032:By shape
969:Eyeliner
871:charcoal
865:Charcoal
830:graphite
820:Graphite
709:Jelutong
698:basswood
682:aromatic
514:Napoleon
503:antimony
420:lead pen
392:plumbago
364:graphite
346:and for
214:solvents
210:moisture
198:graphite
179:abrasion
79:graphite
48:graphite
4762:Pencils
4736:Narayam
4685:Related
4656:Pen gun
4606:Stark's
4546:Inkwell
4490:Rastrum
4423:Digital
4336:YouTube
4203:24 July
4180:23 July
4082:23 July
4018:(Video)
3822:23 July
3784:23 July
3585:23 July
3559:23 July
3533:23 July
3507:23 July
3481:23 July
3403:23 July
3365:23 July
3303:23 July
3265:23 July
3120:23 July
3094:23 July
2837:27 June
2806:23 July
2327:Sanford
2250:ISO.org
2102:Germany
2037:Germany
1976:Germany
1937:Austria
1903:Remark
1840:Siberia
1756:
1744:
1740:
1728:
1724:
1712:
1536:writing
1530:medium
1410:studies
1262:⁄
1243:ferrule
1230:juniper
1154:Plastic
1088:Biggest
1079:⁄
1069:⁄
1060:Typical
1055:By size
945:Copying
893:Colored
875:duotone
855:Scripto
602:Concord
499:sulphur
482:juniper
472:pencils
451:Keswick
404:element
380:Cumbria
336:papyrus
299:, from
279:History
273:pigment
212:, most
168:pigment
164:drawing
160:writing
158:) is a
100:Ferrule
94:Painted
50:pencils
4724:Pencil
4707:Inking
4702:Comics
4568:Pounce
4515:Stylus
4505:Ruling
4448:Marker
4403:Active
4314:3 June
4307:
4299:
4257:
4117:: 76.
4032:14 May
3918:5 July
3896:5 July
3148:
2678:
2627:
2489:
2466:19 May
2437:
2298:Mikado
2259:. See
2235:uh.edu
2123:Viarco
2081:brand
1413:drafts
1401:black
1374:Europe
1346:, and
1239:eraser
1183:Health
928:By use
904:Grease
845:Liquid
741:eraser
737:patent
622:binder
501:, and
429:; the
344:Romans
332:stylus
304:pincel
297:Pencil
206:erased
115:pencil
105:Eraser
4617:Other
4596:India
4485:Quill
4480:Qalam
4463:paint
4443:Light
4413:Brush
4396:Types
4305:S2CID
3222:(PDF)
3215:(PDF)
2319:Berol
2174:Notes
2115:Japan
2050:Japan
2013:India
1989:Italy
1923:China
1567:hard
1484:soft
1047:Round
962:press
836:Solid
786:Types
751:. In
713:Pulai
702:alder
633:Acton
431:mines
317:penis
308:Latin
242:glass
183:paper
148:
4578:Inks
4510:Skin
4495:Reed
4389:Pens
4316:2023
4297:ISSN
4255:ISBN
4231:2023
4205:2021
4182:2009
4127:2007
4084:2009
4059:コード表
4034:2016
3997:2016
3920:2024
3898:2024
3850:2017
3824:2009
3786:2009
3748:2012
3721:Life
3702:2014
3587:2009
3561:2009
3535:2009
3509:2009
3483:2009
3457:2017
3431:2011
3405:2009
3367:2009
3305:2009
3267:2009
3146:ISBN
3122:2009
3096:2009
3070:2024
3044:2016
3003:2015
2977:2015
2947:2015
2917:2015
2887:2012
2839:2012
2808:2009
2782:2016
2752:2015
2722:2015
2692:2015
2676:ISSN
2653:2020
2625:ISBN
2608:2007
2586:2007
2560:2008
2519:2008
2487:ISBN
2468:2008
2435:ISBN
2325:and
1326:and
1318:and
1286:and
1284:clay
1226:kiln
1213:clay
1211:and
1192:lead
1174:The
1020:Golf
857:and
851:pens
828:and
826:clay
747:for
700:and
606:wood
526:kiln
522:clay
400:lead
388:lead
253:wood
202:clay
187:pens
172:hand
96:body
89:Wood
4551:Nib
4438:Gel
4428:Dip
4334:on
4289:doi
2431:343
2246:ISO
2000:USA
1962:USA
1886:MEK
1882:GDR
1726:, 2
1601:3T
1590:2T
1550:#2½
1527:TM
1505:2М
1481:3M
1384:RUS
1328:HHH
1320:BBB
1232:or
396:ore
374:in
338:or
263:or
244:or
191:ink
162:or
46:HB
4753::
4473:UV
4347:.
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4020:.
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2089:US
2075:US
2063:US
1973:AG
1949:UK
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1699:9H
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1595:3H
1587:#4
1584:2H
1564:T
1561:#3
1553:–
1524:#2
1521:HB
1516:M
1513:#1
1502:#0
1499:2B
1475:3B
1470:–
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1453:5B
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1379:US
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142:l
139:ə
136:s
133:n
130:ɛ
127:p
124:ˈ
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