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occurring aggregates that are extracted from gravel pits or other surface material extraction sites. Beyond the initial construction of paved roads, gravel pits are important for the ongoing maintenance of unpaved roads because the surfaces of unpaved roads must be continually graded and re-surfaced with new loads of aggregate. In remote regions served by isolated unpaved roads, gravel pit operations are often located at strategic intervals every few hundred kilometers along the roadway in conjunction with road maintenance camps to provide the maintenance crews working out of these camps with the necessary materials. For example, along the
Dempster Highway that stretches across the isolated northern region of Yukon Territory, Canada, there are several gravel pits in use for road maintenance and several more that have fallen into disuse. However, most are expected to be put back into operation in the near future as permafrost changes the road structure over time, which is a challenge affecting many isolated roads in the north, and one of the ways that gravel pits are particularly important to remote regions that face unique challenges.
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displacing wildlife and removing plants, which changes the ecology of the region. Silica dust caused by aggregate extraction is stirred up and carried in the wind coating plant leaves and minimizing photosynthesis, which not only disrupts natural vegetative processes but also affects agriculture and can therefore disrupt rural economies. Environmental impact assessments must be conducted before such projects to mitigate negative affects, and rehabilitation efforts should be undertaken after projects to restore the natural ecosystem. Unfortunately, most old gravel pits have not been rehabilitated after aggregate extraction has ceased, and their potential to be restored to accommodate improved ecosystem function is wasted.
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culprit of these issues is the fine silica dust created and stirred up by aggregate extraction processes and carried in the wind, which people breathe in and coats surfaces such as nearby homes and plants. There are also concerns that agricultural plants coated in dust from gravel pit operations pose a risk to human health through consumption if the plant contains the dust. There have been widespread movements by communities affected by gravel pit operations to have them moved away to less windy, residential, or agricultural areas, and for better safety precautions to be adopted for worker health.
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Once a deposit of aggregate material is located (often in river valleys where rock has been carried downstream and settled overtime) the surface vegetation and topsoil is cleared to reveal the rock. Once a pit is dug into the aggregate, it can be lifted out by bulldozers that load it onto a conveyor
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uses. Gravel pits are located where there are rich sources of materials suitable to be crushed into aggregate, often at sites of fluvial, glacial, or floodplain geological deposits. Sedimentary and igneous rocks typically produce good quality aggregates of various sizes, but metamorphic rocks are
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Once a gravel pit site is no longer producing aggregate it will often fall into disuse and be left abandoned. Many become informal recreation sites or transition into wetlands, lakes, or ponds as they fill with water, but remediation can help this process and reduce safety hazards they impose in
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The negative impacts on human health from gravel pit operations are well documented. Both workers of gravel pits and residents close to gravel pits are at risk of pulmonary issues ranging from shortness of breath and airway restriction to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and silicosis. The
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A major direct use of the aggregates produces at gravel pits is road construction. Road structure typically includes pavement and multiple sub-layers of aggregates of increasing sizes with depth beneath the pavement, up to several meters. All the layers of the road structure requires naturally
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Gravel pits disrupt the natural processes of the landscapes in which they are operating by displacing vegetation, soil, and rock. This in turn re-routes surface water flow changing runoff patterns, which can create further environmental problems for entire watersheds. Habitats are destroyed,
138:. Gravel pit lakes are typically nutrient rich and can support thriving ecosystems, but can also present environmental issues such as the release of toxic metals into watersheds from the exposed rock. Old, abandoned gravel pits are normally used either as
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or dredged out if the pit fills with water. It is then separated by particle size, crushed, and washed in preparation for use. Washing removes unwanted small particulate matter such as clay, silt, and sand, and is also a safety measure for dust control.
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their industrial state. Remediation programs can be undertaken to build abandoned gravel pits into sites of thriving wildlife habitats, parks or farmland, and/or be flooded and stocked for recreational fishing and to create aquatic ecosystems.
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rarely mined at gravel pits as they tend to have weaker geological structures. The strength of the aggregates mined at gravel pits is important to ensure that the products created using them have good structural integrity.
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945:"Lung Function and Respiratory Health of Populations Living Close to Quarry Sites in Palestine: A Cross-Sectional Study"
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Vucic, Jasmina M.; Cohen, Rachel S.; Gray, Derek K.; Murdoch, Alyssa D.; Shuvo, Arnab; Sharma, Sapna (2019-01-01).
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190:, which are extracted then processed extensively to be suitable for various uses. Aggregates are
831:"Young gravel-pit lakes along Canada's Dempster Highway: How do they compare with natural lakes?"
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Søndergaard, Martin; Lauridsen, Torben L.; Johansson, Liselotte S.; Jeppesen, Erik (2018-01-15).
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158:("power dug lake") and popular for recreational use. In addition, many gravel pits in the
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723:"Waste glass as additive to clayey material in subgrade and embankment of road pavement"
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665:"Sand and Gravel Mining Industry | Tern and Plover Conservation Partnership | Nebraska"
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154:. In Germany former gravel or sand pits that have filled up with water are known as
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A naturalized gravel pit, now Silver
Springs Park in East St. Paul, Manitoba.
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McCullough, Cherie D.; Schultze, Martin; Vandenberg, J.A. (February 2020).
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501:"Water and (bio)chemical cycling in gravel pit lakes: A review and outlook"
766:(Report). Government of Alberta, & Farmer's Advocate Office. May 2019.
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943:
Nemer, Maysaa; Giacaman, Rita; Husseini, Abdullatif (17 September 2020).
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Surface
Material Extraction Pits in Alberta: What Landowners Need to Know
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1077:"Research lags on residential exposure to dust from sand, gravel mines"
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917:"Can gravel mining and world-class cherry orchards coexist in Utah?"
620:. In Selley, Richard C.; Cocks, L. Robin M.; Plimer, Ian R. (eds.).
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Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil
Engineering
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is high, so they may naturally fill with water to form ponds or
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Deere, Don W.; Hayden, Colby J.; Church, Glen G. (2006-11-03).
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Abandoned gravel pit filled with water and vegetation regrowth.
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Gravel pits are a main source of aggregates such as gravel and
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558:"Gravel pit lakes in Denmark: Chemical and biological state"
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1049:"Study raises health concerns for sand and gravel workers"
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Davidovic, Nebojsa; Bonic, Zoran; Prolovic, Verka (2012).
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470:. American Society of Civil Engineers. pp. 158–173.
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Gravel Pit
Reservoirs — Colorado's Water Storage Solution
1136:"Realizing Beneficial End Uses from Abandoned Pit Lakes"
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995:"Environmental Impact Assessment of Limestone Quarrying"
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locations. Gravel pit lakes have also been stocked with
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888:"3. The Environmental Impacts of Aggregate Extraction"
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Mollema, Pauline N.; Antonellini, Marco (2016-08-01).
162:have been stocked with freshwater fish such as the
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276:Rehabilitation Potential of Abandoned Gravel Pits
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100:Gravel pit in TullingeĂĄsen, which forms part of
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778:"Gravel Roads: Maintenance and Design Manual"
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1216:2006 USGS Minerals Yearbook: Stone, Crushed
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1211:Pavement Interactive article on Aggregates
16:Open-pit mine for the extraction of gravel
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616:Eden, M. A.; French, W. J. (2005-01-01).
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84:Learn how and when to remove this message
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47:This article includes a list of general
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835:Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research
7:
624:. Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 34–43.
219:Conveyor operating in a gravel pit.
1104:Wisniewski, Dominik (2013-05-30).
53:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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562:Science of the Total Environment
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1179:"The path from pit to paradise"
949:Int J Environ Res Public Health
582:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.163
525:10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.05.006
892:Toronto Environmental Alliance
630:10.1016/b0-12-369396-9/00254-9
396:Panorama of a gravel pit near
237:Issues Surrounding Gravel Pits
1:
1024:BURNCO Aggregate Mine Project
856:10.1080/15230430.2019.1565854
271:Gravel pit under restoration.
27:. For the American band, see
1106:"The pits in Northumberland"
1206:Portland Cement Association
693:Cielec, Lynn (2016-09-21).
1247:
1020:"Environmental Assessment"
18:
1164:– via ResearchGate.
806:"Maintenance Camps - 25k"
699:Midwest Industrial Supply
123:Gravel pits often lie in
622:Encyclopedia of Geology
318:A gravel pit in Germany
174:in Denmark, as well as
68:more precise citations.
1183:Ducks Unlimited Canada
962:10.3390/ijerph17176068
695:"How Gravel Pits Work"
303:, an 1812 painting by
300:Kensington Gravel Pits
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200:construction aggregate
116:for the extraction of
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921:The Salt Lake Tribune
739:10.2298/FUACE1202215D
669:ternandplover.unl.edu
505:Earth-Science Reviews
370:Thornton Quarry with
354:Overhead view of the
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242:Environmental Impacts
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1201:Gravel Watch Ontario
476:10.1061/40890(219)12
259:Human Health Impacts
19:For the song by the
1161:10.3390/min10020133
1152:2020Mine...10..133M
1110:Northumberland News
847:2019AAAR...51...25V
810:Government of Yukon
574:2018ScTEn.612....9S
517:2016ESRv..159..247M
445:Mining engineering
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211:Production Process
204:industrial mineral
198:, be crushed into
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1081:WCMU Public Radio
999:Collington Winter
639:978-0-12-369396-9
485:978-0-7844-0890-2
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1186:. Retrieved
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1083:. 2023-05-24
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1055:. 2022-04-29
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1001:. 2023-05-04
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841:(1): 25–39.
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784:. 2015-10-14
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618:"AGGREGATES"
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148:water sports
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21:Wu Tang Clan
511:: 247–270.
164:common carp
132:water table
102:UppsalaĂĄsen
66:introducing
1188:2024-04-09
1146:(2): 133.
1115:2024-04-09
1087:2024-04-09
1059:2024-04-09
1029:2024-03-22
1005:2024-03-22
926:2024-04-09
897:2024-03-22
815:2024-03-18
788:2024-03-18
704:2024-04-10
674:2024-04-10
645:2024-02-18
451:References
415:Borrow pit
166:to create
146:areas for
130:where the
110:gravel pit
49:references
25:Gravel Pit
865:1523-0430
747:0354-4605
590:0048-9697
543:0012-8252
156:Baggersee
1225:Category
1140:Minerals
981:32825513
598:28846908
568:: 9–17.
420:Clay pit
409:See also
196:concrete
194:to make
182:Products
142:, or as
1148:Bibcode
972:7504702
843:Bibcode
570:Bibcode
513:Bibcode
435:Granite
402:Denmark
285:Gallery
152:walking
144:amenity
128:valleys
62:improve
979:
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782:US EPA
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425:Quarry
382:above.
118:gravel
112:is an
51:, but
23:, see
764:(PDF)
192:mined
136:lakes
125:river
977:PMID
861:ISSN
743:ISSN
634:ISBN
594:PMID
586:ISSN
539:ISSN
480:ISBN
188:sand
172:carp
1156:doi
967:PMC
957:doi
851:doi
735:doi
626:doi
578:doi
566:612
529:hdl
521:doi
509:159
472:doi
398:Ans
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