493:
320:
339:, with Robert Lorde serving as the paymaster for the project and Lionel Martin, John Ganyn and Mr Travers acting as the local overseers. The Crown bought the land for the fort, along with the space for Gravesend Blockhouse, from William Burston for £66; it is uncertain how much the building work cost, but earlier estimates in 1539 had suggested that it would cost £211 to build such a blockhouse, including the 150,000 bricks and quantities of stone, chalk, lime, timber and labour that would be needed. The work was quickly completed, and by 1540 the blockhouse was fully operational.
372:
424:
44:
60:
1565:
67:
543:
Concerns continued to be raised that the blockhouse's guns could not fire downriver and by the 1830s it had been decided to focus investment on the New Tavern and
Tilbury forts. The blockhouse itself fell out of use as a magazine in 1834, being briefly used as a government store, and the adjacent gun
350:
stone, with external walls 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) thick. Two walls ran alongside either side of the blockhouse, parallel with the river, forming part of the adjacent platforms for mounting additional guns; in 1600, the east platform was described as being 100 feet (30 m) long and 14 feet
478:
The Dutch fleet raided up the Thames in June 1667, but did not approach
Gravesend Blockhouse due to the threat posed by its guns. The fort, under the command of Sir John Griffith, was in reality not well prepared for war. £400 was spent on upgrading the blockhouse, artillery was sent from the Tower
406:
Plans were made to seal off the river with a chain or a boom stretching between the blockhouse and
Tilbury Fort on the other bank, which was eventually accomplished at a cost of £305. Further work was carried out on the defences, possibly including raising earthworks and establishing watch-houses.
402:
When Dudley inspected the blockhouse, Gravesend was found to be in poor condition. The gun platforms were unable to bear the weight of cannons, and the defences needed additional artillery and gunpowder; the permanent garrison by now only comprised five gunners. One estimate that summer suggested
239:
had left coastal defences to the local lords and communities, only taking a modest role in building and maintaining fortifications, and while France and the Empire remained in conflict with one another, maritime raids were common but an actual invasion of
England seemed unlikely. Modest defences,
576:
Comparing 16th century costs and prices with those of the modern period is challenging. £66 in 1539 could be equivalent to between £37,200 and £16,940,000 in 2014, depending on the price comparison used. £211 in 1539 could equate to between £118,900 and £54,140,000, while £304 in 1553 to between
354:
The fort was initially commanded by
Captain James Crane, with a garrison of ten men, including his second in command, a porter, six gunners and two soldiers. As time went on, not all of the gunners worked full-time at the fort, some living and working in the town itself. It is uncertain how many
431:
A 1600 survey showed 10 pieces of artillery to be ineffective, while the gun platforms on either side of the fort were in bad condition and 2,828 feet (862 m) of planking, 650 joists and over 19 cartloads of other timber was needed for the repairs. Little investment was forthcoming under
302:
were vulnerable to seaborne attacks arriving up the Thames estuary, which was then a major maritime route, with 80 percent of
England's exports passing through it. The village of Milton and the adjacent town of Gravesend, only 500 metres (1,600 ft) apart, formed a particularly important
519:, after his return to England, as well as the two lines of approximately 20 guns stretching on either side along the river; it had a garrison of a sergeant, 20 soldiers and a gunner on loan from Tilbury Fort. The blockhouse itself was no longer used to mount guns but instead acted as the
539:
was constructed shortly afterwards and the eastern
Gravesend Blockhouse gun platform was redesigned and extended as part of the work. Two volunteer militia companies were established in 1794 and 1797 to support the blockhouse and in 1805 it was equipped with 19 32 lb guns.
589:
Comparing 17th century costs and prices with those of the modern period is difficult. £1,248 in 1630 could be equivalent to between £182,300 and £58,720,000 in 2014 terms, depending on the price comparison used. £400 in 1667 could be equivalent to between £56,140 and
263:, the Holy Roman Emperor, and he took the annulment as a personal insult. This resulted in France and the Empire declaring an alliance against Henry in 1538, and the Pope encouraging the two countries to attack England. An invasion of England now appeared certain.
474:
in 1660 and was petitioned by several royalists who claimed that they should be restored to the command of the blockhouse; William
Leonard was ultimately successful. The defences were repaired and may have been occasionally used by the King as a banqueting hall.
483:
that July, and the blockhouse did not see action. Shortly after the Dutch raids, Sir John was removed from his post for apparently demanding payments from ships passing by the blockhouse, a complaint which was repeated in later years under subsequent captains.
552:
The site of the former
Gravesend Blockhouse was excavated in 1975 and 1976 by the Kent Archaeological Society, uncovering parts of the original building. The site, which lies in the grounds of the Clarendon Royal Hotel, was protected under UK law as a
534:
surveyed the blockhouse in 1778 and concluded that its guns were too closely packed together and that they could not easily fire down-river, proposing that a larger fort be built along the Thames to the east to rectify this problem.
303:
communications point along the river. They were the centre for the "Long Ferry" traffic of passengers into the capital, and for the "Cross Ferry" over the river to
Tilbury, resulting in the local riverbank becoming lined with
467:. Gravesend was controlled by Parliament, who placed it under the command of a military governor who oversaw both this fort and Tilbury, and was used to control traffic entering London and to search for spies.
577:£109,200 and £44,580,000. For comparison, the total royal expenditure on all the Device Forts across England between 1539–47 came to £376,500, with St Mawes, for example, costing £5,018, and Sandgate £5,584.
383:, although the historian Victor Smith casts doubt on whether this was actually carried out. In 1588, however, there was a renewed threat of invasion, this time from Spain; the Spanish Armada sailed from
342:
It was approximately 28 by 21 metres (92 by 69 ft) in size, two storeys tall, forming a D-shape, with a circular bastion at the front, extending into the Thames; another circular
202:
raided the Thames. A 1778 report recommended alterations to the blockhouse and its defences, leading to the remodelling of the gun platforms and the construction of the new, larger
1868:
1863:
275:", in 1539, giving instructions for the "defence of the realm in time of invasion" and the construction of forts along the English coastline. Under this programme of work the
206:
alongside it. In the 1830s the government decided to rely entirely on the newer fort and the old blockhouse was demolished in 1844. Its remains were uncovered in
527:
in 1713, the number of artillery pieces was reduced to ten, and a survey in 1766 reported that Gravesend was in good condition and equipped with ten 9 lb guns.
440:
and by 1630 the garrison's pay was in arrears, with the fort was in need of repairs estimated at £1,248. In 1631 the blockhouse was equipped with two brass
492:
479:
of London to reinforce the local guns and four infantry companies were detached to guard the site. The risk of attack ended with the signing of the
1858:
412:
1500:
408:
403:
that 1,000 feet (300 m) of structural timber, 300 iron spikes and 10 cartloads of smaller pieces of timber were needed for the repairs.
392:
90:
355:
artillery pieces the blockhouse was initially equipped with, although it is known that the five blockhouses along the Thames had 108
1344:
1316:
307:. This was also the first point that an invasion force would be able to easily disembark along the Thames, as before this point the
59:
1450:
Walton, Steven A. (2010). "State Building Through Building for the State: Foreign and Domestic Expertise in Tudor Fortification".
1784:
1708:
1271:
Henry VIII's Coastal Artillery Fort at Camber Castle, Rye, East Sussex: An Archaeological Structural and Historical Investigation
199:
248:
coast, with a few more impressive works in the north of England, but in general the fortifications were very limited in scale.
1440:
1382:
1363:
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1034:
847:
332:
319:
1733:
1723:
260:
1600:
375:
Engraving from 1588 showing the defences along the River Thames, including Gravesend Blockhouse (centre) and the boom
503:
By the start of the 18th century a complex of building had grown up around the original blockhouse, which now had a
1493:
371:
351:(4.3 m) wide. The rear of the blockhouse was overlooked by higher ground and would have been hard to defend.
1643:
207:
423:
1824:
1789:
1529:
1809:
379:
In 1553, orders were issued for the artillery pieces to be removed from Gravesend Blockhouse and taken to the
190:
overlooking the river and gun platforms extending out to the east and west. It functioned in conjunction with
1681:
1661:
186:
and was operational by 1540. A two-storey, D-shaped building built from brick and stone, it had a circular
1853:
1486:
468:
232:
174:
of 1539, in response to fears of an imminent invasion of England by European countries. It was built at
167:
415:, expressed his concerns about the effectiveness of the Gravesend Blockhouse in protecting the Thames.
1873:
1625:
520:
437:
1245:
1224:
1199:
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for the wider fortification, being able to store 2,500 barrels of gunpowder. Under the terms of the
1728:
1605:
1554:
1534:
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471:
256:
43:
294:
The fortifications were strategically placed. London and the newly constructed royal dockyards of
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336:
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1028:
841:
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platforms were sold off in 1835. The blockhouse building was subsequently demolished in 1844.
460:
456:; the brass guns, which were needed for naval units, were exchanged for iron weapons in 1635.
396:
299:
295:
284:
280:
228:
224:
346:
jutted out from the side of the fort. The bulk of the building was made of brick, faced with
1804:
1794:
1459:
531:
524:
497:
223:
Gravesend Blockhouse was built as a consequence of international tensions between England,
1814:
1799:
1779:
1753:
1743:
1620:
536:
508:
453:
380:
328:
203:
1405:
Smith, Victor T. C. (1980). "The Milton Blockhouse, Gravesend: Research and Excavation".
1703:
1610:
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445:
195:
1847:
1718:
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1471:
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on the other side of the river, and was repaired in 1588 to deal with the threat of
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1653:
1539:
1509:
516:
288:
276:
191:
183:
1832:
1590:
1549:
1544:
384:
272:
171:
125:
1564:
1014:"Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1270 to Present"
827:"Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1270 to Present"
279:
was protected with a mutually reinforcing network of blockhouses at Gravesend,
1695:
1418:
Thompson, D.; Smith, V. (1977). "The Excavation of the Gravesend Blockhouse".
464:
241:
163:
105:
92:
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and two wharfs alongside it, and a large house built by the King's brother,
236:
175:
30:
1375:
Fortress Britain: Artillery Fortifications in the British Isles and Ireland
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826:
1763:
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388:
252:
1269:
Biddle, Martin; Hiller, Jonathon; Scott, Ian; Streeten, Anthony (2001).
1521:
343:
308:
187:
1771:
1577:
407:
Fears of an invasion persisted for many years afterwards and in 1598
347:
245:
1463:
1392:
Smith, Victor T. C. (1974). "The Artillery Defences at Gravesend".
311:
along the sides of the estuary would have made landings difficult.
1767:
1517:
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318:
304:
1573:
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broke out between the supporters of King Charles I and those of
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179:
34:
1482:
1478:
530:
Amid rising concerns over the threat of a French invasion, Sir
16:
Gravesend in Kent at a strategic point along the River Thames
1337:
The Castle in England and Wales: An Interpretative History
255:
in order to annul the long-standing marriage to his wife,
820:
1328:
Gravesend - Kent, Archaeological Assessment Document
399:
was put in charge of the defences along the Thames.
244:
and towers, existed in the south-west and along the
1823:
1762:
1690:
1652:
1634:
1572:
1516:
1330:. Maidstone, UK: Kent Council and English Heritage.
149:
144:
136:
131:
121:
84:
23:
1012:Lawrence H. Officer; Samuel H. Williamson (2014),
825:Lawrence H. Officer; Samuel H. Williamson (2014),
387:, while a separate invasion force was prepared in
1356:Henry VIII and the Development of Coastal Defence
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1358:. London, UK: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
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1435:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
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860:
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1869:Buildings and structures demolished in 1844
1864:Demolished buildings and structures in Kent
1501:
1487:
1479:
745:
713:
697:
685:
653:
452:, six demi-culverins, four sakers and one
323:Plan of the blockhouse, after 1715 diagram
20:
327:Gravesend Blockhouse was designed by the
761:
741:
729:
609:
370:
231:in the final years of the reign of King
602:
566:
291:and East Tilbury on the opposite bank.
259:and remarry. Catherine was the aunt of
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701:
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907:
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7:
681:
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649:
625:
613:
363:guns in total between them in 1540.
287:on the south side of the river, and
251:In 1533, Henry then broke with Pope
48:Foundations of Gravesend Blockhouse
14:
1311:. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing.
271:Henry issued an order, called a "
1563:
65:
58:
42:
1339:. London, UK: Routledge Press.
1292:. London, UK: Hambledon Press.
182:at a strategic point along the
1859:1540 establishments in England
427:Blockhouse in the 17th century
1:
1785:Devil's Point Artillery Tower
1335:King, D. J. Cathcart (1991).
198:, and again in 1667 when the
1601:Great White Bulwark of Clay
1273:. Oxford, UK: Oxbow Books.
1890:
1307:Harrington, Peter (2007).
1033:: CS1 maint: postscript (
846:: CS1 maint: postscript (
208:archaeological excavations
1644:East and West Blockhouses
1561:
1433:The Decline of the Castle
1377:. Liphook, UK: Beaufort.
1373:Saunders, Andrew (1989).
1309:The Castles of Henry VIII
1220:Thompson & Smith 1977
885:Thompson & Smith 1977
873:Thompson & Smith 1977
861:Thompson & Smith 1977
331:, James Nedeham, and the
329:Clerk of the King's Works
53:
41:
28:
1825:Yorkshire and the Humber
1790:Little Dennis Blockhouse
1530:Brightlingsea Blockhouse
1431:Thompson, M. W. (1987).
1682:West Tilbury Blockhouse
1662:East Tilbury Blockhouse
1290:Renaissance War Studies
210:between 1975 and 1976.
166:constructed as part of
164:artillery fortification
1354:Morley, B. M. (1976).
1246:"Gravesend Blockhouse"
1225:"Gravesend Blockhouse"
1200:"Gravesend Blockhouse"
500:
428:
391:, threatening London;
376:
324:
1810:St Catherine's Castle
1420:Archaeologia Cantiana
1407:Archaeologia Cantiana
1394:Archaeologia Cantiana
1326:Kent Council (2004).
495:
426:
374:
322:
1667:Gravesend Blockhouse
1288:Hale, J. R. (1983).
240:based around simple
160:Gravesend Blockhouse
106:51.44463°N 0.37277°E
73:Gravesend Blockhouse
24:Gravesend Blockhouse
1729:Sharpenrode Bulwark
1606:Little Turf Bulwark
1555:St Osyth Blockhouse
1535:Harwich blockhouses
1132:, pp. 156, 161
548:20th–21st centuries
488:18th–19th centuries
472:regained the throne
257:Catherine of Aragon
102: /
1734:St Andrew's Castle
1596:Great Turf Bulwark
1248:, Historic England
1227:, Historic England
1202:, Historic England
1168:, pp. 158–160
1156:, pp. 158–159
1091:, pp. 154–155
1062:, pp. 153–154
978:, pp. 149–150
875:, pp. 153–154
821:Biddle et al. 2001
628:, pp. 176–177
555:scheduled monument
501:
429:
377:
337:Christopher Morice
333:Master of Ordnance
325:
140:Foundations remain
1841:
1840:
1749:West Cowes Castle
1739:St Helens Bulwark
1709:East Cowes Castle
1677:Milton Blockhouse
1672:Higham Blockhouse
1002:, pp. 152–53
766:Kent Council 2004
750:Kent Council 2004
413:Lord High Admiral
397:Earl of Leicester
229:Holy Roman Empire
157:
156:
111:51.44463; 0.37277
1881:
1805:Sandsfoot Castle
1795:Pendennis Castle
1567:
1503:
1496:
1489:
1480:
1475:
1446:
1427:
1414:
1401:
1388:
1369:
1350:
1331:
1322:
1303:
1284:
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1080:
1074:
1063:
1057:
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1023:
1021:
1016:, MeasuringWorth
1009:
1003:
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985:
979:
973:
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961:
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944:
938:
932:
926:
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905:
892:
882:
876:
870:
864:
858:
852:
851:
845:
837:
836:
834:
829:, MeasuringWorth
818:
812:
802:
796:
790:
781:
775:
769:
759:
753:
739:
733:
723:
717:
711:
705:
695:
689:
679:
673:
672:, pp. 63–64
663:
657:
647:
641:
635:
629:
623:
617:
607:
591:
587:
578:
574:
525:Peace of Utrecht
235:. Traditionally
196:Spanish invasion
132:Site information
117:
116:
114:
113:
112:
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100:
99:
98:
95:
69:
68:
62:
46:
37:
21:
1889:
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1884:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1819:
1815:St Mawes Castle
1800:Portland Castle
1780:Brownsea Castle
1758:
1754:Yarmouth Castle
1744:Southsea Castle
1686:
1648:
1630:
1621:Sandgate Castle
1568:
1559:
1512:
1507:
1449:
1443:
1430:
1417:
1404:
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1268:
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1243:
1239:
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1228:
1223:
1222:, p. 154;
1218:
1214:
1205:
1203:
1198:
1197:, p. 161;
1193:
1189:
1181:
1172:
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895:
887:, p. 153;
883:
879:
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855:
838:
832:
830:
824:
819:
815:
807:, p. 344;
803:
799:
791:
784:
776:
772:
760:
756:
746:Harrington 2007
740:
736:
728:, p. 342;
724:
720:
714:Harrington 2007
712:
708:
698:Harrington 2007
696:
692:
686:Harrington 2007
680:
676:
664:
660:
654:Harrington 2007
648:
644:
636:
632:
624:
620:
612:, p. 111;
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563:
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537:New Tavern Fort
490:
421:
381:Tower of London
369:
317:
269:
221:
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204:New Tavern Fort
153:Brick and stone
110:
108:
104:
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5:
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1724:Sandown Castle
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1704:Calshot Castle
1700:
1698:
1688:
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1626:Sandown Castle
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1618:
1613:
1611:Walmer Bulwark
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1464:10.1086/657263
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1389:
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1370:
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968:
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939:
927:
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893:
877:
865:
853:
823:, p. 12;
813:
797:
782:
770:
764:, p. 42;
754:
748:, p. 28;
744:, p. 42;
734:
718:
706:
700:, p. 11;
690:
684:, p. 66;
674:
658:
652:, p. 63;
642:
630:
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601:
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565:
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559:
549:
546:
489:
486:
481:Peace of Breda
448:, and an iron
442:demi-culverins
420:
417:
409:Charles Howard
368:
365:
316:
313:
268:
267:Device of 1539
265:
220:
217:
215:
212:
155:
154:
151:
147:
146:
142:
141:
138:
134:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
86:
82:
81:
72:
71:
64:
63:
57:
56:
55:
54:
51:
50:
47:
39:
38:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1886:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1719:Netley Castle
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1692:Isle of Wight
1689:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1636:Pembrokeshire
1633:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1616:Walmer Castle
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1586:Camber Castle
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1346:9780415003506
1342:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1318:9781472803801
1314:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1213:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1188:
1185:, p. 161
1184:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1144:, p. 158
1143:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1120:, p. 156
1119:
1114:
1111:
1108:, p. 155
1107:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1079:, p. 154
1078:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1050:, p. 153
1049:
1044:
1041:
1036:
1030:
1015:
1008:
1005:
1001:
996:
993:
990:, p. 152
989:
984:
981:
977:
972:
969:
966:, p. 151
965:
960:
958:
956:
952:
949:, p. 148
948:
943:
940:
937:, p. 146
936:
931:
928:
925:, p. 147
924:
919:
917:
913:
910:, p. 149
909:
904:
902:
900:
898:
894:
891:, p. 152
890:
886:
881:
878:
874:
869:
866:
863:, p. 153
862:
857:
854:
849:
843:
828:
822:
817:
814:
811:, p. 144
810:
806:
801:
798:
795:, p. 344
794:
789:
787:
783:
780:, p. 142
779:
774:
771:
767:
763:
762:Saunders 1989
758:
755:
751:
747:
743:
742:Saunders 1989
738:
735:
731:
730:Saunders 1989
727:
722:
719:
715:
710:
707:
703:
699:
694:
691:
687:
683:
678:
675:
671:
668:, p. 7;
667:
662:
659:
655:
651:
646:
643:
639:
634:
631:
627:
622:
619:
615:
611:
610:Thompson 1987
606:
603:
597:
586:
584:
580:
573:
571:
567:
560:
558:
556:
547:
545:
541:
538:
533:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
499:
494:
487:
485:
482:
476:
473:
470:
466:
462:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
425:
418:
416:
414:
410:
404:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
373:
366:
364:
362:
358:
352:
349:
345:
340:
338:
334:
330:
321:
314:
312:
310:
306:
301:
297:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
266:
264:
262:
258:
254:
249:
247:
243:
238:
234:
230:
226:
218:
213:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
152:
148:
143:
139:
135:
130:
127:
124:
120:
115:
87:
83:
61:
52:
45:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1854:Device Forts
1714:Hurst Castle
1666:
1540:Langar Point
1510:Device Forts
1458:(1): 66–84.
1455:
1451:
1432:
1423:
1419:
1410:
1406:
1397:
1393:
1374:
1355:
1336:
1327:
1308:
1289:
1270:
1263:Bibliography
1250:, retrieved
1240:
1229:, retrieved
1215:
1204:, retrieved
1190:
1161:
1149:
1137:
1125:
1113:
1084:
1055:
1043:
1018:, retrieved
1007:
995:
983:
971:
942:
930:
880:
868:
856:
831:, retrieved
816:
800:
773:
757:
737:
732:, p. 42
721:
716:, p. 20
709:
704:, p. 70
693:
677:
661:
645:
633:
621:
616:, p. 63
605:
590:£11,330,000.
551:
542:
529:
517:Duke of York
502:
477:
458:
430:
419:17th century
405:
401:
393:Rober Dudley
378:
353:
341:
326:
315:Construction
293:
277:River Thames
270:
250:
222:
214:16th century
192:Tilbury Fort
184:River Thames
159:
158:
145:Site history
18:
1874:Blockhouses
1833:Hull Castle
1591:Deal Castle
1550:Mersea Fort
1545:Langar Rode
768:, p. 8
752:, p. 8
702:Walton 2010
688:, p. 6
666:Morley 1976
656:, p. 5
640:, p. 7
638:Morley 1976
532:Thomas Page
498:Thomas Page
242:blockhouses
172:Device plan
126:Device Fort
109: /
85:Coordinates
1848:Categories
1654:The Thames
1442:1854226088
1426:: 153–177.
1413:: 341–362.
1400:: 141–168.
1384:1855120003
1365:0116707771
1299:0907628176
1280:0904220230
1195:Smith 1974
1183:Smith 1974
1166:Smith 1974
1154:Smith 1974
1142:Smith 1974
1130:Smith 1974
1118:Smith 1974
1106:Smith 1974
1089:Smith 1974
1077:Smith 1974
1060:Smith 1974
1048:Smith 1974
1000:Smith 1974
988:Smith 1974
976:Smith 1974
964:Smith 1974
947:Smith 1974
935:Smith 1974
923:Smith 1974
908:Smith 1974
889:Smith 1974
809:Smith 1974
805:Smith 1980
793:Smith 1980
778:Smith 1974
726:Smith 1980
598:References
469:Charles II
465:Parliament
233:Henry VIII
219:Background
200:Dutch navy
168:Henry VIII
94:51°26′41″N
1472:144384757
682:Hale 1983
670:Hale 1983
650:Hale 1983
626:King 1991
614:Hale 1983
557:in 1979.
461:civil war
438:Charles I
261:Charles V
237:the Crown
176:Gravesend
150:Materials
137:Condition
97:0°22′22″E
31:Gravesend
1764:Cornwall
1029:cite web
842:cite web
521:magazine
459:In 1642
450:culverin
389:Flanders
385:A Coruña
309:mudflats
300:Woolwich
296:Deptford
253:Paul III
227:and the
1522:Suffolk
434:James I
344:bastion
289:Tilbury
188:bastion
162:was an
1772:Dorset
1696:Solent
1578:Sussex
1470:
1452:Osiris
1439:
1381:
1362:
1343:
1315:
1296:
1277:
1252:16 May
1231:16 May
1206:16 May
1020:29 May
833:29 May
454:minion
446:sakers
411:, the
395:, the
348:ashlar
305:wharfs
285:Higham
283:, and
281:Milton
273:device
246:Sussex
225:France
1768:Devon
1518:Essex
1468:S2CID
561:Notes
513:James
357:brass
1574:Kent
1437:ISBN
1379:ISBN
1360:ISBN
1341:ISBN
1313:ISBN
1294:ISBN
1275:ISBN
1254:2015
1233:2015
1208:2015
1035:link
1022:2015
848:link
835:2015
515:the
509:dock
507:, a
505:pier
496:Sir
444:and
361:iron
359:and
298:and
180:Kent
122:Type
35:Kent
1460:doi
436:or
367:Use
178:in
170:'s
1850::
1770:/
1766:/
1694:/
1576:/
1520:/
1466:.
1456:25
1454:.
1424:93
1422:.
1411:96
1409:.
1398:89
1396:.
1173:^
1096:^
1067:^
1031:}}
1027:{{
954:^
915:^
896:^
844:}}
840:{{
785:^
582:^
569:^
335:,
33:,
1502:e
1495:t
1488:v
1474:.
1462::
1445:.
1387:.
1368:.
1349:.
1321:.
1302:.
1283:.
1037:)
850:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
