136:. “Gravidity” is an important component of a patient’s reproductive history, as it provides insight into the risk factors that the patient has for pregnancy outcomes, such as risk for gestational diabetes, pre-ecclampsia, spontaneous abortion, preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, and more. The gravidity of the patient is associated with risk for other conditions as well, including risk for breast, ovarian, and endometrial cancer. Knowing a patient’s obstetric history in a prenatal assessment or early in gestation allows the patient to receive early intervention to prevent these associated risks.
360:. For instance, a meta-analysis, published in 1990, of 8 population-based studies in the Nordic countries found that never giving birth was associated with a 30% increase in the risk of breast cancer compared with females who have given birth, and for every 2 births, the risk was reduced by about 16%. Females having their first birth after the age of 35 years had a 40% increased risk compared to those with a first birth before the age of 20 years.
1271:
2414:
482:, triplets and higher multiples) count as one pregnancy (gravidity) and as one birth. For example, a pregnant female who carried one pregnancy to term with a surviving infant; carried one pregnancy to 35 weeks with surviving twins; carried one pregnancy to 9 weeks as an ectopic (tubal) pregnancy; and has three living children would have a TPAL annotation of T1, P1, A1, L3. This could also be written as 1-1-1-3.
2438:
2426:
380:. Animals that have given birth once are described as "primiparous"; those that have given birth more than once are described as "pluriparous". Those that have given birth twice may also be described as "secondiparous", in which case "pluriparous" is applied to those that have given birth three times or more.
190:
is the number of pregnancies carried by a female for at least 20 weeks (duration varies from region to region, 20 – 28 weeks, depending upon age of viability). If a female carries the fetus to viable age, even if ultimately the fetus is born deceased, this still counts as an instance of parity, as
493:
when GTPAL is followed by number of multiple pregnancies. For example, the gravidity and parity of a female who has given birth at term once and has had one miscarriage at 12 weeks would be recorded as G2 T1 P0 A1 L1. This notation is not standardized and can lead to
173:
Terms such as "gravida 0", referring to a nulligravida, "gravida 1" for a primigravida, and so on, can also be used. The term "elderly primigravida" has also been used to refer to a female in their first pregnancy who is at least 35 years old.
2280:
59:(gravidity) and carried the pregnancies to a viable gestational age (parity). These two terms are usually coupled, sometimes with additional terms, to indicate more details of the female's obstetric history. When using these terms:
63:
Gravida indicates the number of times a female is or has been pregnant, regardless of the pregnancy outcome. A current pregnancy, if any, is included in this count. A multiple pregnancy (e.g., twins, triplets, etc.) is counted as
517:
Some established journals have used GTPAL system ignoring "T", and even rearranging the letters within the remaining combination . Thus, individual choices of authors also seem to matter, which recognized journals often ignore.
474:, prior to 20 weeks. If a fetus is aborted after 20 weeks, spontaneously or electively, then it is counted as a premature birth and P will increase but L will not. The TPAL is described by numbers separated by hyphens.
2285:
693:
Stubblefield PG, Coonrod DV, Reddy UM, Sayegh R, Nicholson W, Rychlik DF, Jack BW (1 December 2008). "The clinical content of preconception care: reproductive history".
388:
A number of systems are incorporated into a female's obstetric history to record the number of past pregnancies and pregnancies carried to viable age. These include:
918:"Blood and Milk Neutrophil Chemiluminescence and Viability in Primiparous and Pluriparous Dairy Cows During Late Pregnancy, Around Parturition and Early Lactation"
400:(GP), is one such shorthand. For example, the obstetric history of a female who has had two pregnancies (both of which resulted in live births) would be noted as G
873:
Ewertz M, Duffy SW, Adami HO, et al. (1990). "Age at first birth, parity and risk of breast cancer: A meta-analysis of 8 studies from the Nordic countries".
309:. Nulliparity has been implicated in the development of various complications during pregnancy including preeclampsia, gestational diabetes and pre-term labor.
3039:
3008:
1260:
498:
Though similar, GPA should not be confused with the TPAL system, the latter of which may be used to provide information about the number of miscarriages,
2336:
233:
Like gravidity, parity may also be counted. A female who has given birth one or more times can also be referred to as para 1, para 2, para 3, and so on.
2442:
408:. The obstetric history of a female who has had four pregnancies, one of which was a miscarriage before 20 weeks, would be noted in the GPA system as G
2395:
2318:
2356:
728:
Troisi R, Bjørge T, Gissler M, Grotmol T, Kitahara CM, Myrtveit Sæther SM, Ording AG, Sköld C, Sørensen HT, Trabert B, Glimelius I (May 2018).
3204:
3134:
1084:
1067:
1023:
646:
2709:
633:
572:
3308:
2476:
2290:
3174:
2400:
544:
3209:
3074:
2295:
1443:
466:
refers to living children. When reported, the "abortions" number refers to the total number of spontaneous or induced abortions and
3313:
3013:
2538:
1628:
3365:
3079:
1997:
1820:
1594:
1253:
526:
In obstetrics, the term can lead to some ambiguity for events occurring between 20 and 24 weeks, and for multiple pregnancies.
3129:
1283:
77:
is the number of pregnancies that were lost prior to viable gestational age for any reason, including induced abortions or
3154:
3061:
2563:
2378:
2346:
2244:
357:
3159:
3119:
2618:
2323:
2239:
1577:
2430:
2988:
2799:
1852:
1795:
1359:
2772:
67:
Parity, or "para", indicates the number of births (including live births and stillbirths) where pregnancies reached
3194:
3031:
2789:
2714:
2684:
2418:
2383:
2373:
1413:
1295:
1246:
428:. The obstetric history of a female who has had one pregnancy of twins with successful outcomes would be noted as G
3244:
2856:
2596:
2520:
2176:
2046:
2004:
1865:
502:
births, and live births by dropping the "A" from "GPA" and including four separate numbers after the "P", as in G
1199:
Opara EI, Zaidi J (October 2007). "The interpretation and clinical application of the word 'parity': a survey".
3431:
2606:
2388:
1912:
1728:
1695:
1587:
33:
71:. A multiple pregnancy (e.g., twins, triplets, etc.) carried to viable gestational age is still counted as 1.
3179:
3044:
2782:
2543:
2510:
2469:
2341:
2195:
1987:
1680:
37:
3298:
3114:
2679:
2558:
2254:
2122:
2112:
1977:
1700:
1633:
1608:
1544:
1418:
191:
parity is based on the time of gestation prior to a birth, and not the status of the offspring once born.
730:"The role of pregnancy, perinatal factors and hormones in maternal cancer risk: a review of the evidence"
3293:
3149:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
2918:
2871:
2866:
2834:
2654:
2234:
2036:
1840:
1515:
175:
116:
females can transform between reproductive states, one of which is gravid, and the other non-gravid. In
112:
831:
3421:
3339:
3199:
3056:
2980:
2888:
2878:
2674:
2575:
2553:
2249:
2200:
1520:
1510:
1438:
1433:
1408:
1388:
3426:
3303:
3214:
3169:
3069:
2928:
2846:
2829:
2794:
2649:
2570:
2530:
1753:
1710:
1675:
1582:
1562:
471:
1092:
855:
3189:
3084:
3049:
2908:
2757:
2669:
2634:
2515:
2462:
2351:
2080:
1934:
1705:
1690:
1224:
990:
898:
133:
442:
is one of the methods to provide a quick overview of a person's obstetric history. In TPAL, the
652:
3268:
3144:
2883:
2824:
2664:
2644:
2639:
2171:
2090:
2014:
1992:
1505:
1423:
1274:
1216:
1181:
1146:
1063:
1019:
1015:
1009:
949:
890:
800:
759:
710:
642:
611:
302:
81:
but not stillbirths. The abortus term is sometimes dropped when no pregnancies have been lost.
3239:
2851:
2724:
2719:
2613:
1733:
1500:
1495:
1208:
1173:
1136:
1126:
980:
939:
929:
882:
790:
749:
741:
702:
603:
510:. This TPAL form indicates five pregnancies, with three term births, one preterm birth, one
451:
315:
251:
1115:"Primary abdominal pregnancy in the uterosacral ligament with haemoperitoneum: a near miss"
1039:
3288:
3003:
2898:
2767:
2659:
2548:
2497:
2229:
2085:
1949:
1907:
1768:
1743:
1667:
1557:
1539:
1485:
1369:
934:
917:
499:
475:
68:
3334:
3249:
2955:
2903:
2601:
2272:
2099:
2075:
2019:
1897:
1892:
1882:
1870:
1748:
1532:
1403:
1349:
1164:
Creinin MD, Simhan HN (March 2009). "Can we communicate gravidity and parity better?".
1141:
1114:
967:
Vecchio D, Neglia G, Rendina M, Marchiello M, Balestrieri A, Di Palo R (January 2007).
754:
729:
95:
1270:
594:
Creinin MD, Simhan, HN (Mar 2009). "Can we communicate gravidity and parity better?".
3415:
3344:
3234:
3023:
2998:
2750:
2591:
2505:
2310:
2224:
2185:
2161:
2070:
1954:
1887:
1758:
1662:
1623:
1480:
1315:
1212:
795:
778:
377:
1228:
1131:
994:
902:
818:
3380:
2960:
2913:
2861:
2819:
2139:
2134:
1875:
1775:
1720:
1448:
1327:
1322:
845:
F. Gary
Cunningham, 2005. Williams Obstetrics, 22nd Edition, McGraw-Hill Companies.
1177:
607:
102:"burdened, heavy") is used to describe the condition of an animal (most commonly
3370:
2965:
2923:
2841:
2129:
2065:
1902:
1845:
1785:
1780:
1618:
1567:
1428:
1238:
467:
369:
298:
78:
706:
128:
In human medicine, "gravidity" refers to the number of times a female has been
3375:
2893:
2815:
2694:
2489:
2281:
The
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
1527:
1467:
1398:
573:"Gravidity and Parity Definitions (and their Implications in Risk Assessment)"
306:
117:
985:
968:
2485:
1917:
1790:
1650:
1640:
1475:
1453:
1380:
459:
2454:
1220:
1185:
1150:
953:
886:
763:
714:
615:
158:" is a female who is pregnant for the first time or has been pregnant once.
944:
894:
804:
132:, regardless of whether the pregnancies were interrupted or resulted in a
3254:
2970:
2300:
2117:
2031:
2009:
1929:
1830:
1738:
1645:
1572:
1490:
1310:
511:
129:
56:
48:
17:
1062:. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2006. p. 385.
783:
European
Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology
305:
before the mid-point of pregnancy, but not females who have experienced
2777:
2219:
2190:
2166:
2148:
1944:
1924:
745:
688:
686:
684:
107:
91:
74:
44:
3283:
2745:
2740:
2057:
1939:
1763:
1685:
1344:
1339:
1334:
969:"Dietary influence on primiparous and pluriparous buffalo fertility"
832:
https://demo.oppia-mobile.org/media/courses/ldc-all/02_12181_en.html
297:) has never given birth. It includes females who have experienced
3349:
3329:
2993:
2762:
1354:
1305:
566:
564:
479:
230:
describes the condition of having given birth five or more times.
2024:
916:
Mehrzad J, Duchateau L, Pyörälä S, Burvenich C (December 2002).
779:"Obstetric outcome in first-time mothers aged 40 years and over"
373:
103:
2458:
1242:
1835:
339:
194:
A female who has never carried a pregnancy beyond 20 weeks is
1014:. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p.
1089:
Tintinalli's
Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide
218:. A female who has given birth two, three, or four times is
348:
278:
272:
1054:
1052:
777:
Brassil MJ, Turner MJ, Egan DM, MacDonald DW (June 1987).
342:
330:
324:
266:
257:
2286:
Declaration on the elimination of violence against women
1060:
Lippincott Manual of
Nursing Practice Series: Assessment
446:
refers to term births (after 37 weeks' gestation), the
489:
is used when the TPAL is prefixed with gravidity, and
1091:(7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Archived from
1087:. In Tintinalli JE, Kelen GD, Stapczynski JS (eds.).
321:
318:
281:
254:
236:
Viable gestational age varies from region to region.
345:
336:
327:
275:
269:
260:
3393:
3358:
3322:
3276:
3267:
3227:
3022:
2979:
2948:
2941:
2808:
2733:
2702:
2693:
2627:
2584:
2529:
2496:
2365:
2309:
2271:
2262:
2211:
2056:
2045:
1976:
1967:
1819:
1810:
1719:
1661:
1607:
1466:
1379:
1368:
1294:
1281:
641:(22 ed.). McGraw-Hill Companies. p. 121.
333:
263:
169:" is a female who has been pregnant more than once.
27:Number of times a female has given birth to a baby
545:"Gravida & Parity: Definition & Examples"
571:Borton C, Tidy C, Payne J (November 12, 2009).
1011:Introductory maternity & pediatric nursing
110:) when carrying eggs internally. For example,
32:"Gravida" redirects here. For other uses, see
2470:
1254:
1040:"The OB-GYN Clerkship: Your Guide to Success"
841:
839:
695:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
178:can be a risk factor for some birth defects.
8:
1008:Hatfield, Nancy, N. Jayne Klossner (2006).
3273:
2945:
2699:
2477:
2463:
2455:
2337:International Center for Research on Women
2268:
2053:
1973:
1816:
1376:
1291:
1261:
1247:
1239:
514:or miscarriage, and four living children.
151:" is a female who has never been pregnant.
55:are the number of times a female has been
1140:
1130:
984:
943:
933:
794:
753:
535:
206:. A female who has given birth once is
627:
625:
1113:Gundabattula SR, Pochiraju M (2014).
312:Long-term and permanent nulliparity (
7:
2425:
2319:Office of Research on Women's Health
120:it describes a mated female insect.
3309:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth
2437:
2357:Society for Women's Health Research
2291:International Day of the Girl Child
372:, parity in biology is a factor in
2401:Birth control in the United States
25:
2296:Commission on the Status of Women
1306:External female genitalia (vulva)
973:Italian Journal of Animal Science
935:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74415-9
3314:Postpartum physiological changes
3014:Postpartum physiological changes
2539:Assisted reproductive technology
2436:
2424:
2413:
2412:
1629:Assisted reproductive technology
1269:
1213:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01435.x
396:(GPA) system, or sometimes just
314:
250:
3366:Adaptation to extrauterine life
1595:Breastfeeding and mental health
875:International Journal of Cancer
856:"Definition of Grand multipara"
3009:Maternal physiological changes
701:(6, Supplement B): S373–S383.
358:risk factors for breast cancer
144:" refers to a pregnant female.
1:
2564:partner-assisted reproduction
2245:Social determinants of health
376:in domestic animals kept for
307:pregnancy loss after 20 weeks
2240:Gender disparities in health
1578:Mother-to-child transmission
1178:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181988f8f
1045:. Loyola University Chicago.
796:10.1016/0028-2243(87)90114-6
734:Journal of Internal Medicine
608:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181988f8f
2800:Traditional birth attendant
1853:Pelvic inflammatory disease
1796:Hormone replacement therapy
1360:Reproductive system disease
1132:10.7860/JCDR/2014/7902.4381
124:Gravidity in human medicine
3448:
3032:Brain health and pollution
2347:Black Women's Health Study
1414:Complications of pregnancy
707:10.1016/j.ajog.2008.10.048
31:
3245:Chorionic villus sampling
2597:Obstetric ultrasonography
2521:Pre-conception counseling
2408:
2324:Women's Health Initiative
2177:Major depressive disorder
2005:Intimate partner violence
1866:Female genital mutilation
1861:
1553:
677:Oxford English Dictionary
596:Obstetrics and Gynecology
420:and in the GP system as G
3135:Intrahepatic cholestasis
1913:Gynaecological disorders
1729:Culture and menstruation
1696:Contraceptive prevalence
1588:Compulsory sterilization
986:10.4081/ijas.2007.1s.512
922:Journal of Dairy Science
299:spontaneous miscarriages
210:and is referred to as a
34:Gravida (disambiguation)
3205:Motor vehicle emissions
3066:Concomitant conditions
3040:environmental toxicants
2783:Auxiliary nurse midwife
2544:artificial insemination
2511:Natural family planning
2196:Urinary tract infection
1988:Abuse during childbirth
38:Parity (disambiguation)
3299:Postpartum confinement
2559:in vitro fertilisation
2113:Cardiovascular disease
1701:Contraceptive security
1634:In vitro fertilization
1545:Postpartum confinement
1419:Hyperemesis gravidarum
887:10.1002/ijc.2910460408
819:"Definition of PARITY"
99:
69:viable gestational age
3294:Postpartum depression
3175:Pruritic folliculitis
2919:Unassisted childbirth
2235:Healthcare inequality
2037:Gender discrimination
1841:Human papilloma virus
1516:Vesicovaginal fistula
632:Cunningham G (2005).
543:Utterback S, Cena C.
176:Advanced maternal age
113:Astatotilapia burtoni
94:, the term "gravid" (
3401:Gravidity and parity
3381:Congenital disorders
3340:Lactation consultant
3210:Pre-existing disease
2889:Childbirth positions
2879:Rupture of membranes
2576:Unintended pregnancy
2554:fertility medication
2342:Nurses' Health Study
2250:Reproductive justice
2201:Urinary incontinence
1821:Sexually transmitted
1676:Intrauterine devices
1521:Rectovaginal fistula
1511:Obstetrical fistulae
1439:Gestational diabetes
1434:Obstetrical bleeding
1409:Adolescent pregnancy
1394:Gravidity and parity
1389:Unintended pregnancy
1083:Bardsley CR (2011).
394:gravida/para/abortus
86:Gravidity in biology
53:gravidity and parity
3304:Sex after pregnancy
3111:Endocrine diseases
3057:Prenatal depression
2929:Placental expulsion
2847:Uterine contraction
2830:cervical effacement
2571:Fertility awareness
2255:Women's empowerment
2123:Alzheimer's disease
1754:Cloth menstrual pad
1711:Fertility awareness
1681:Oral contraceptives
1563:Perinatal mortality
494:misinterpretations.
472:ectopic pregnancies
186:In human medicine,
3080:Hypercoagulability
2909:Natural childbirth
2758:Postterm pregnancy
2516:Male contraceptive
2352:Cartwright Inquiry
2263:Politics, research
2081:Endometrial cancer
1935:Sexual intercourse
1706:Planned parenthood
1691:Male contraceptive
1085:"Normal Pregnancy"
746:10.1111/joim.12747
658:on 2 February 2017
635:William Obstetrics
182:Parity in medicine
3409:
3408:
3394:Obstetric history
3389:
3388:
3350:Confinement nanny
3263:
3262:
3130:Acute fatty liver
2937:
2936:
2825:cervical dilation
2452:
2451:
2332:
2331:
2157:
2156:
2108:
2107:
2091:Papanicolaou test
2047:Non-communicable
2015:Sexual harassment
1993:Domestic violence
1963:
1962:
1806:
1805:
1603:
1602:
1506:Retained placenta
1424:Ectopic pregnancy
1069:978-1-58255-939-1
1025:978-0-7817-3690-9
979:(sup1): 512–514.
928:(12): 3268–3276.
648:978-0-07-141315-2
384:Recording systems
364:Parity in biology
303:induced abortions
16:(Redirected from
3439:
3274:
3240:Cardiotocography
2946:
2852:Vaginal delivery
2725:Nesting instinct
2700:
2685:Rudimentary horn
2614:Prenatal testing
2479:
2472:
2465:
2456:
2440:
2439:
2428:
2427:
2416:
2415:
2269:
2054:
1974:
1968:Non-reproductive
1817:
1734:Feminine hygiene
1501:Cesarian section
1496:Obstructed labor
1377:
1292:
1273:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1240:
1233:
1232:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1144:
1134:
1119:J Clin Diagn Res
1110:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1056:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1005:
999:
998:
988:
964:
958:
957:
947:
937:
913:
907:
906:
870:
864:
863:
852:
846:
843:
834:
829:
823:
822:
815:
809:
808:
798:
774:
768:
767:
757:
725:
719:
718:
690:
679:
674:
668:
667:
665:
663:
657:
651:. Archived from
640:
629:
620:
619:
591:
585:
584:
582:
580:
568:
559:
558:
556:
555:
540:
512:induced abortion
452:premature births
355:
354:
351:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
320:
288:
287:
284:
283:
280:
277:
274:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
222:and is called a
198:and is called a
21:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3432:Human pregnancy
3412:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3385:
3354:
3318:
3289:Postpartum care
3259:
3223:
3126:Liver diseases
3120:Thyroid disease
3018:
3004:Gestational age
2975:
2933:
2899:Labor induction
2804:
2795:Perinatal nurse
2768:Birth attendant
2729:
2689:
2623:
2619:Medical imaging
2580:
2549:fertility fraud
2525:
2492:
2483:
2453:
2448:
2404:
2389:Family planning
2367:
2361:
2328:
2305:
2264:
2258:
2230:Gender equality
2213:
2207:
2153:
2104:
2086:Cervical cancer
2048:
2041:
1979:
1969:
1959:
1950:Sex differences
1908:Forced marriage
1857:
1822:
1812:
1802:
1744:Menstrual cycle
1715:
1668:Family planning
1666:
1657:
1610:
1599:
1558:Maternal deaths
1549:
1540:Postpartum care
1486:Multiple births
1462:
1371:
1364:
1297:
1288:
1285:
1277:
1267:
1237:
1236:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1098:
1096:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1058:
1057:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1007:
1006:
1002:
966:
965:
961:
915:
914:
910:
872:
871:
867:
860:medicinenet.com
854:
853:
849:
844:
837:
830:
826:
817:
816:
812:
776:
775:
771:
727:
726:
722:
692:
691:
682:
675:
671:
661:
659:
655:
649:
638:
631:
630:
623:
593:
592:
588:
578:
576:
570:
569:
562:
553:
551:
542:
541:
537:
532:
524:
509:
505:
476:Multiple births
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
386:
378:milk production
366:
317:
313:
253:
249:
242:
228:Grand multipara
184:
126:
88:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3445:
3443:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3414:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3335:Health visitor
3332:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3280:
3278:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3250:Nonstress test
3247:
3242:
3237:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3166:Skin diseases
3164:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2985:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2956:Amniotic fluid
2952:
2950:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2904:Multiple birth
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2743:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2710:Bradley method
2706:
2704:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2602:Pregnancy test
2599:
2594:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2535:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2502:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2459:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2434:
2422:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2366:Women's health
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2315:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2277:
2275:
2273:United Nations
2266:
2265:& advocacy
2260:
2259:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2212:Sociocultural
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2169:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2100:Ovarian cancer
2097:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2083:
2076:Uterine cancer
2073:
2068:
2062:
2060:
2051:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2020:Sexual assault
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1990:
1984:
1982:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1898:Child marriage
1895:
1893:Breast ironing
1890:
1885:
1883:Breast binding
1880:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1871:Clitoridectomy
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1838:
1833:
1827:
1825:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1749:Menstrual aids
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1672:
1670:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1615:
1613:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1533:Husband stitch
1525:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1411:
1406:
1404:Antenatal care
1401:
1396:
1391:
1385:
1383:
1374:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1350:Fallopian tube
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1302:
1300:
1296:Reproductive
1289:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1275:Women's health
1268:
1266:
1265:
1258:
1251:
1243:
1235:
1234:
1207:(10): 1295–7.
1191:
1166:Obstet Gynecol
1156:
1105:
1075:
1068:
1048:
1031:
1024:
1000:
959:
945:1854/LU-149282
908:
881:(4): 597–603.
865:
847:
835:
824:
810:
769:
740:(5): 430–445.
720:
680:
669:
647:
621:
586:
575:. Patient.info
560:
534:
533:
531:
528:
523:
520:
507:
503:
496:
495:
483:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
385:
382:
365:
362:
241:
238:
183:
180:
171:
170:
167:secundigravida
159:
152:
145:
125:
122:
87:
84:
83:
82:
72:
65:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3444:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3345:Monthly nurse
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3235:Amniocentesis
3233:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3195:Vaginal flora
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3085:Substance use
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2999:Fundal height
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2751:Preterm birth
2749:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2715:Hypnobirthing
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2592:3D ultrasound
2590:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2506:Birth control
2504:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2475:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2445:
2444:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2311:United States
2308:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2261:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2225:Disadvantaged
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2210:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2186:Urinary tract
2184:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2162:Mental health
2160:
2159:
2150:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2101:
2098:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2071:Breast cancer
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1980:against women
1975:
1972:
1966:
1956:
1955:Sex education
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1888:Breast health
1886:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1809:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1759:Menstrual cup
1757:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1664:
1663:Contraception
1660:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1624:Childlessness
1622:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1609:Reproductive
1606:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1583:Sterilization
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1481:Preterm birth
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1316:Clitoral hood
1314:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:Reproductive
1280:
1276:
1272:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1172:(3): 709–11.
1171:
1167:
1160:
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3075:Hypertension
3062:Immunization
3045:in pregnancy
2961:Amniotic sac
2914:Silent birth
2857:Presentation
2820:Bishop score
2790:Obstetrician
2680:Interstitial
2607:home testing
2441:
2429:
2417:
2140:Hip fracture
2135:Osteoporosis
1876:Infibulation
1776:Dysmenorrhea
1769:Sanitary pad
1721:Menstruation
1449:Preeclampsia
1444:Hypertension
1393:
1328:Labia majora
1323:Labia minora
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552:. Retrieved
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470:, including
468:miscarriages
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398:gravida/para
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374:productivity
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163:multigravida
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156:primigravida
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149:nulligravida
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79:miscarriages
52:
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29:
3422:Gynaecology
3371:Apgar score
3155:Hepatitis C
3141:Infections
2981:Development
2966:Endometrium
2924:Water birth
2842:Bloody show
2773:Men's roles
2703:Preparation
2655:Heterotopic
2443:WikiProject
2130:Bone health
2066:Lung cancer
1903:Dyspareunia
1846:HPV vaccine
1786:Amenorrhoea
1781:Menorrhagia
1619:Infertility
1568:Stillbirths
1429:Miscarriage
370:agriculture
246:nulliparous
240:Nulliparity
220:multiparous
208:primiparous
196:nulliparous
3427:Population
3416:Categories
3376:Child care
3269:Postpartum
3228:Procedures
3180:Dermatoses
3036:Nutrition
2894:Home birth
2816:Pelvimetry
2695:Childbirth
2675:Unintended
2531:Conception
2490:childbirth
2368:by country
2172:Depression
1823:infections
1528:Episiotomy
1468:Childbirth
1399:Obstetrics
1099:2013-06-19
554:2023-09-13
530:References
462:, and the
458:refers to
450:refers to
140:The term "
134:live birth
118:entomology
2884:Caesarean
2650:Abdominal
2486:Pregnancy
1998:Pregnancy
1978:Violence
1918:Vaginitis
1791:Menopause
1651:Fostering
1641:Parenting
1611:life plan
1476:Midwifery
1454:Eclampsia
1381:Pregnancy
1370:Maternal
662:19 August
549:study.com
522:Criticism
485:The term
460:abortions
291:nullipara
212:primipara
200:nullipara
18:Gravidity
3277:Maternal
3255:Abortion
3200:Bleeding
3150:COVID-19
3115:Diabetes
3100:Cannabis
3050:prenatal
2971:Placenta
2942:Prenatal
2872:shoulder
2867:cephalic
2835:position
2809:Delivery
2670:Postterm
2635:Cervical
2498:Planning
2419:Category
2379:Ethiopia
2301:UN Women
2118:Dementia
2049:diseases
2032:Femicide
2010:Misogyny
1930:Polygamy
1831:Safe sex
1739:Menarche
1646:Adoption
1573:Abortion
1491:Oxytocin
1311:Clitoris
1229:44999235
1221:17877683
1186:19300338
1151:24995221
995:85810948
954:12512600
903:32387496
764:29476569
715:19081433
616:19300338
579:June 26,
130:pregnant
108:reptiles
100:gravidus
57:pregnant
49:medicine
3186:Others
3160:Malaria
3105:Opioids
3095:Alcohol
3090:Smoking
2949:Anatomy
2778:Midwife
2746:Newborn
2665:Ovarian
2645:Ectopic
2640:Cryptic
2585:Testing
2431:Commons
2220:Poverty
2214:factors
2191:Urethra
2167:Anxiety
2149:Anaemia
1945:Puberty
1925:Leblouh
1811:Sexual
1686:Condoms
1142:4080042
895:2145231
805:3609426
755:6688839
500:preterm
142:gravida
92:biology
75:Abortus
45:biology
3359:Infant
3284:Lochia
3070:Anemia
2989:Embryo
2862:breech
2741:Mother
2720:Lamaze
2396:Russia
2058:Cancer
1970:health
1940:Orgasm
1813:health
1764:Tampon
1372:health
1345:Uterus
1340:Cervix
1335:Vagina
1286:health
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454:, the
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295:para 0
224:multip
216:primip
204:para 0
188:parity
165:" or "
3330:Doula
3323:Roles
3215:Sleep
3190:Drugs
3170:Lupus
2994:Fetus
2763:Doula
2734:Roles
2660:Molar
2628:Types
2384:India
2374:China
1665:&
1355:Ovary
1298:tract
1225:S2CID
1043:(PDF)
991:S2CID
899:S2CID
656:(PDF)
639:(PDF)
487:GTPAL
480:twins
96:Latin
3024:Care
2488:and
2025:Rape
1217:PMID
1201:BJOG
1182:PMID
1147:PMID
1064:ISBN
1020:ISBN
950:PMID
891:PMID
801:PMID
760:PMID
711:PMID
664:2016
643:ISBN
612:PMID
581:2013
508:3114
440:TPAL
392:The
301:and
104:fish
47:and
36:and
3145:HIV
1836:HIV
1209:doi
1205:114
1174:doi
1170:113
1137:PMC
1127:doi
1016:142
981:doi
940:hdl
930:doi
883:doi
791:doi
750:PMC
742:doi
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434:1+1
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