53:
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That all bodies having a simple motion, will continue to move in a straight line, unless continually deflected from it by some extraneous force, causing them to describe a circle, an ellipse, or some other curve. 3. That this attraction is so much the greater as the bodies are nearer. As to the proportion in which those forces diminish by an increase of distance, I own I have not discovered it....
2299:. As in Newton's first law of motion, Einstein believed that a force applied to an object would cause it to deviate from a geodesic. For instance, people standing on the surface of the Earth are prevented from following a geodesic path because the mechanical resistance of the Earth exerts an upward force on them. This explains why moving along the geodesics in spacetime is considered inertial.
4196:, First Day Salviati speaks: "If this were what Aristotle meant you would burden him with another error which would amount to a falsehood; because, since there is no such sheer height available on earth, it is clear that Aristotle could not have made the experiment; yet he wishes to give us the impression of his having performed it when he speaks of such an effect as one which we see."
8040:
8064:
2889:
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2700:. This contradiction is especially vexing to physicists because the other three fundamental forces (strong force, weak force and electromagnetism) were reconciled with a quantum framework decades ago. As a result, modern researchers have begun to search for a theory that could unite both gravity and quantum mechanics under a more general framework.
2777:. Eddington measured starlight deflections twice those predicted by Newtonian corpuscular theory, in accordance with the predictions of general relativity. Although Eddington's analysis was later disputed, this experiment made Einstein famous almost overnight and caused general relativity to become widely accepted in the scientific community.
8028:
5708:. Quote, p. 332: "Thus the results of the expeditions to Sobral and Principe can leave little doubt that a deflection of light takes place in the neighbourhood of the sun and that it is of the amount demanded by Einstein's generalised theory of relativity, as attributable to the sun's gravitational field."
1361:). In this book, Newton described gravitation as a universal force, and claimed that "the forces which keep the planets in their orbs must reciprocally as the squares of their distances from the centers about which they revolve." This statement was later condensed into the following inverse-square law:
2979:
detectors. The gravitational waves emitted during the collision of two black holes 1.3 billion light years from Earth were measured. This observation confirms the theoretical predictions of
Einstein and others that such waves exist. It also opens the way for practical observation and understanding of
2562:
to the
Einstein field equations. Solving these equations amounts to calculating a precise value for the metric tensor (which defines the curvature and geometry of spacetime) under certain physical conditions. There is no formal definition for what constitutes such solutions, but most scientists agree
1312:
I will explain a system of the world very different from any yet received. It is founded on the following positions. 1. That all the heavenly bodies have not only a gravitation of their parts to their own proper centre, but that they also mutually attract each other within their spheres of action. 2.
1308:, in which he hypothesised that the Moon must have its own gravity. In 1666, he added two further principles: that all bodies move in straight lines until deflected by some force and that the attractive force is stronger for closer bodies. In a communication to the Royal Society in 1666, Hooke wrote
1095:
believed that objects fell towards the Earth because the Earth was the center of the
Universe and attracted all of the mass in the Universe towards it. He also thought that the speed of a falling object should increase with its weight, a conclusion that was later shown to be false. While Aristotle's
2915:
The strength of the gravitational field is numerically equal to the acceleration of objects under its influence. The rate of acceleration of falling objects near the Earth's surface varies very slightly depending on latitude, surface features such as mountains and ridges, and perhaps unusually high
3006:
during full and new moons which seem to prove that the speed of gravity is equal to the speed of light. This means that if the Sun suddenly disappeared, the Earth would keep orbiting the vacant point normally for 8 minutes, which is the time light takes to travel that distance. The team's findings
1111:
of a triangle. He postulated that if two equal weights did not have the same center of gravity, the center of gravity of the two weights together would be in the middle of the line that joins their centers of gravity. Two centuries later, the Roman engineer and architect
Vitruvius contended in his
2931:
The force of gravity on Earth is the resultant (vector sum) of two forces: (a) The gravitational attraction in accordance with Newton's universal law of gravitation, and (b) the centrifugal force, which results from the choice of an earthbound, rotating frame of reference. The force of gravity is
2903:
Every planetary body (including the Earth) is surrounded by its own gravitational field, which can be conceptualized with
Newtonian physics as exerting an attractive force on all objects. Assuming a spherically symmetrical planet, the strength of this field at any given point above the surface is
2748:
Testing the predictions of general relativity has historically been difficult, because they are almost identical to the predictions of
Newtonian gravity for small energies and masses. Still, since its development, an ongoing series of experimental results have provided support for the theory:
1116:
that gravity is not dependent on a substance's weight but rather on its "nature". In the 6th century CE, the
Byzantine Alexandrian scholar John Philoponus proposed the theory of impetus, which modifies Aristotle's theory that "continuation of motion depends on continued action of a force" by
2302:
Einstein's description of gravity was quickly accepted by the majority of physicists, as it was able to explain a wide variety of previously baffling experimental results. In the coming years, a wide range of experiments provided additional support for the idea of general relativity. Today,
2967:
in 1973. This system consists of a pulsar and neutron star in orbit around one another. Its orbital period has decreased since its initial discovery due to a loss of energy, which is consistent for the amount of energy loss due to gravitational radiation. This research was awarded the
5668:
2284:, a discovery which he later described as "the happiest thought of my life." In this theory, free fall is considered to be equivalent to inertial motion, meaning that free-falling inertial objects are accelerated relative to non-inertial observers on the ground. In contrast to
1491:, which was shown to differ significantly from the planet's actual trajectory. In order to explain this discrepancy, many astronomers speculated that there might be a large object beyond the orbit of Uranus which was disrupting its orbit. In 1846, the astronomers
1478:
was well received by the scientific community, and his law of gravitation quickly spread across the
European world. More than a century later, in 1821, his theory of gravitation rose to even greater prominence when it was used to predict the existence of
6992:
Lectiones
Cutlerianae, or A collection of lectures, physical, mechanical, geographical & astronomical : made before the Royal Society on several occasions at Gresham Colledge [i.e. College] : to which are added divers miscellaneous
1056:, also known as gravitational attraction, is the mutual attraction between all masses in the universe. Gravity is the gravitational attraction at the surface of a planet or other celestial body; gravity may also include, in addition to gravitation, the
3020:
and Virgo detectors received gravitational wave signals within 2 seconds of gamma ray satellites and optical telescopes seeing signals from the same direction. This confirmed that the speed of gravitational waves was the same as the speed of light.
2602:, which analyzes a non-rotating spherically symmetric object with charge and was independently discovered by several different researchers between 1916 and 1921. In some cases, this solution can predict the existence of black holes with double
2936:
caused by the Earth's rotation and because points on the equator are furthest from the center of the Earth. The force of gravity varies with latitude and increases from about 9.780 m/s at the
Equator to about 9.832 m/s at the poles.
2264:
per century. The most obvious explanation for this discrepancy was an as-yet-undiscovered celestial body, such as a planet orbiting the Sun even closer than Mercury, but all efforts to find such a body turned out to be fruitless. In 1915,
5490:
906:
in the oceans. The corresponding antipodal tide is caused by the inertia of the Earth and Moon orbiting one another. Gravity also has many important biological functions, helping to guide the growth of plants through the process of
6286:
4499:
2613:, which generalizes the Schwarzchild solution to rotating massive objects. Because of the difficulty of factoring in the effects of rotation into the Einstein field equations, this solution was not discovered until 1963.
934:
which eventually condensed into galaxies, so gravity is responsible for many of the large-scale structures in the universe. Gravity has an infinite range, although its effects become weaker as objects get farther away.
2892:
An initially-stationary object that is allowed to fall freely under gravity drops a distance that is proportional to the square of the elapsed time. This image spans half a second and was captured at 20 flashes per
2666:-body problem"), and some scientists suspect that the Einstein field equations will never be solved in this context. However, it is still possible to construct an approximate solution to the field equations in the
1596:
2408:
6627:
2303:
Einstein's theory of relativity is used for all gravitational calculations where absolute precision is desired, although Newton's inverse-square law is accurate enough for virtually all ordinary calculations.
2696:. This is because general relativity describes gravity as a smooth, continuous distortion of spacetime, while quantum mechanics holds that all forces arise from the exchange of discrete particles known as
5385:
125:
149:
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2963:
General relativity predicts that energy can be transported out of a system through gravitational radiation. The first indirect evidence for gravitational radiation was through measurements of the
1293:
5814:
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1966:
2541:
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3640:§ 2.1: "The total force acting on a body at rest on the earth's surface is the resultant of gravitational force and the centrifugal force of the earth's rotation and is called gravity.
2830:. This discovery confirmed yet another prediction of general relativity, because Einstein's equations implied that light could not escape from a sufficiently large and compact object.
6477:
4495:
2595:. At points far away from the central mass, the accelerations predicted by the Schwarzschild solution are practically identical to those predicted by Newton's theory of gravity.
2239:
4776:
2620:
for charged, rotating massive objects. This solution was derived in 1964, using the same technique of complex coordinate transformation that was used for the Kerr solution.
7201:
7344:
6619:
1618:
4647:
4166:
3036:
There are some observations that are not adequately accounted for, which may point to the need for better theories of gravity or perhaps be explained in other ways.
7646:
5741:. Quote, p. 192: "About a dozen stars in all were studied, and yielded values 1.98 ± 0.11" and 1.61 ± 0.31", in substantial agreement with Einstein's prediction Ξ
5633:
4941:
4359:
1353:
2489:
2469:
1823:
815:
4975:
5377:
3579:"Black Holes May Hide a Mind-Bending Secret About Our Universe - Take gravity, add quantum mechanics, stir. What do you get? Just maybe, a holographic cosmos"
6333:
3664:
2921:
6003:
3588:
2833:
General relativity states that gravity acts on light and matter equally, meaning that a sufficiently massive object could warp light around it and create a
2342:
404:
7452:
2804:
as it moves towards a source of gravity. The observed redshift also supported the idea that time runs more slowly in the presence of a gravitational field.
52:
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6501:
6174:
2176:
1986:
1828:
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1941:
523:
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5806:
4552:
6443:
5935:
5206:
2316:
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2911:
If an object with comparable mass to that of the Earth were to fall towards it, then the corresponding acceleration of the Earth would be observable.
7374:
3843:]. Herbert Langford Warren, Nelson Robinson (illus), Morris Hicky Morgan. Harvard University, Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 215.
2232:
1289:
967:
496:
7950:
5282:
5109:
7623:
5883:
3157:
2658:, which concerns the geometry of spacetime around two mutually interacting massive objects, such as the Sun and the Earth, or the two stars in a
7878:
6359:
6062:
2295:
is curved by matter, and that free-falling objects are moving along locally straight paths in curved spacetime. These straight paths are called
7929:
7437:
7194:
4877:
3844:
1854:
1688:
1351:. Halley was impressed by the manuscript and urged Newton to expand on it, and a few years later Newton published a groundbreaking book called
8003:
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2194:
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2674:. In general, the extreme nonlinearity of the Einstein field equations makes it difficult to solve them in all but the most specific cases.
7700:
5913:
3506:
7631:
5664:"A Determination of the Deflection of Light by the Sun's Gravitational Field, from Observations Made at the Total Eclipse of May 29, 1919"
5354:
3950:
3169:
3067:
where stars on the outskirts are moving faster than they should according to the observed distributions of normal matter. Galaxies within
1348:
6597:
6469:
6126:
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observed that two cannonballs of differing sizes and weights fell at the same rate when dropped from a tower. In the late 16th century,
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3539:
3269:
2650:, and Einstein later conceded that he had been wrong to design his field equations to account for a Universe that was not expanding.
1631:
808:
5223:
Newman, E. T.; Couch, E.; Chinnapared, K.; Exton, A.; Prakash, A.; Torrence, R. (June 1965). "Metric of a Rotating, Charged Mass".
4619:
2988:
formation also create detectable amounts of gravitational radiation. This research was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2017.
2654:
Today, there remain many important situations in which the Einstein field equations have not been solved. Chief among these is the
4388:
2599:
1911:
1499:
independently used Newton's law to predict Neptune's location in the night sky, and the planet was discovered there within a day.
7330:
3412:
1524:
3443:
2904:
proportional to the planetary body's mass and inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the center of the body.
7389:
2800:. By sending the rays down a 74-foot tower and measuring their frequency at the bottom, the scientists confirmed that light is
1818:
1077:
144:
81:
44:
7695:
7617:
3132:
2838:
2692:
Despite its success in predicting the effects of gravity at large scales, general relativity is ultimately incompatible with
139:
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3921:
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399:
4150:
1951:
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1905:
1613:
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4521:
3154:
13, 145, (1908) pp. 267â271, WeberâGauss electrodynamics applied to gravitation. Classical advancement of perihelia.
2953:
Hanford Observatory located in Washington, United States, where gravitational waves were first observed in September 2015
1971:
394:
6265:
for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation
6154:
3367:
3320:
801:
788:
549:
472:
40:
7673:
5625:
4933:
2288:, Einstein believed that it was possible for this acceleration to occur without any force being applied to the object.
237:
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2797:
2743:
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1623:
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269:
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2866:, the existence of which had been predicted by general relativity. Scientists believe that the waves emanated from a
2789:
2498:
2323:
that form the basis of general relativity and continue to test the theory, finding excellent agreement in all cases.
1250:
allowed him to firmly establish that gravitational acceleration is the same for all objects. Galileo postulated that
7873:
7379:
5517:
4686:
4206:
3867:
3653:
3406:
3385:
3075:, which would interact through gravitation but not electromagnetically, would account for the discrepancy. Various
3068:
2662:. The situation gets even more complicated when considering the interactions of three or more massive bodies (the "
2116:
1664:
1273:
1018:
688:
577:
503:
363:
296:
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1916:
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Turyshev, Slava G.; Toth, Viktor T.; Kinsella, Gary; Lee, Siu-Chun; Lok, Shing M.; Ellis, Jordan (12 June 2012).
5995:
3578:
3111:
has been shown to be explained by thermal recoil due to the distant sun radiation on one side of the space craft.
3088:
2639:
2592:
2315:, general relativity remains the framework for the understanding of gravity. Physicists continue to work to find
1728:
1342:
1037:, in a currently unknown manner. Scientists are currently working to develop a theory of gravity consistent with
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881:
442:
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1991:
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848:. Gravity is, by far, the weakest of the four fundamental interactions, approximately 10 times weaker than the
718:
562:
31:
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1870:
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held the same position as Aristotle that all matter in the Universe is attracted to the center of the Earth.
8099:
7798:
7245:
7210:
7162:
6829:
Horndeski, G.W. (September 1974). "Second-Order ScalarâTensor Field Equations in a Four-Dimensional Space".
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In December 2012, a research team in China announced that it had produced measurements of the phase lag of
2617:
1936:
7715:
7283:
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3249:
theory of gravity (1982) by G.A. Barber in which the BransâDicke theory is modified to allow mass creation
3239:
2969:
2576:
2551:
2106:
2091:
1698:
1461:
1231:
1230:, objects made of the same material but with different masses would fall at the same speed. With the 1586
1223:
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916:
713:
530:
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Anderson, John D.; Campbell, James K.; Ekelund, John E.; Ellis, Jordan; Jordan, James F. (3 March 2008).
3894:, 1888, p. 642: "λÎÎłÏ ÎŽáœŽ áœ
ÏÎč áŒÎœÎÏγΔÎčÎŹ ÏÎčÏ áŒÏÏΌαÏÎżÏ ÎșÎčΜηÏÎčÎșᜎ áŒÎœÎŽÎŻÎŽÎżÏαÎč áœÏ᜞ ÏοῊ áż„ÎčÏÏÎżáżŠÎœÏÎżÏ Ïáż· áż„ÎčÏÏÎżÏ
ÎŒÎÎœáżł ."
3683:"Motion to the Center or Motion to the Whole? Plutarch's Views on Gravity and Their Influence on Galileo"
1041:, a quantum gravity theory, which would allow gravity to be united in a common mathematical framework (a
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which describe how matter affects the curvature of spacetime. The system is often expressed in the form
2281:
2081:
1649:
1178:
1165:
1128:
proposed the idea that gravity is an attractive force that draws objects to the Earth and used the term
927:
853:
723:
698:
384:
202:
7384:
5757:"The 1919 eclipse results that verified general relativity and their later detractors: a story re-told"
5101:
4210:
3305:
3218:
2841:
in Arizona, which saw two mirror images of the same quasar whose light had been bent around the galaxy
1324:
6051:
5837:
4292:
4098:
Drabkin, I. E. (1963). "Two Versions of G. B. Benedetti's Demonstratio Proportionum Motuum Localium".
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1901:
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In 1604, Galileo correctly hypothesized that the distance of a falling object is proportional to the
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703:
611:
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believed that the force of gravity was not unique to the Earth, and he correctly assumed that other
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uniformly accelerate. De Soto may have been influenced by earlier experiments conducted by other
939:
912:
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648:
389:
264:
232:
192:
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The first direct evidence for gravitational radiation was measured on 14 September 2015 by the
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2867:
2837:. This phenomenon was first confirmed by observation in 1979 using the 2.1 meter telescope at
2693:
2580:
2026:
1976:
1751:
1496:
1168:, where according to legend Galileo performed an experiment about the speed of falling objects
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1038:
865:
658:
615:
572:
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508:
284:
274:
167:
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3140:(1784) also called LeSage gravity but originally proposed by Fatio and further elaborated by
2851:, the idea that a rotating massive object should twist spacetime around it, was confirmed by
8084:
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7942:
7636:
7530:
7301:
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2766:
2716:
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2121:
2101:
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1981:
1492:
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1227:
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994:
983:
887:
857:
753:
733:
678:
673:
619:
594:
449:
307:
252:
227:
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3682:
2554:, which describes spacetime around a spherical, uncharged, and nonrotating object with mass
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2131:
2016:
2011:
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The nature and mechanism of gravity were explored by a wide range of ancient scholars. In
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Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Mechanics, Oscillations and Waves, Thermodynamics
6518:
TANG, Ke Yun; HUA ChangCai; WEN Wu; CHI ShunLiang; YOU QingYu; YU Dan (February 2013).
5723:
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3467:
3418:
3295:
3264:
3104:
2945:
2848:
2492:
2474:
2454:
2312:
2199:
2166:
2161:
1849:
1713:
1484:
1251:
1247:
1192:
1030:
931:
833:
775:
683:
584:
301:
247:
7179:
5057:
3323:, gravity arising as an emergent phenomenon from the thermodynamic concept of entropy.
2760:
provided one of the first opportunities to test the predictions of general relativity.
2752:
1096:
view was widely accepted throughout Ancient Greece, there were other thinkers such as
8078:
7778:
7447:
7238:
7056:
6858:
6329:
5879:
5792:
5350:
5260:
5202:
5075:
4135:
3724:
3439:
3256:
3206:
3099:
2727:
2603:
2126:
2086:
2041:
2021:
1946:
1844:
1723:
1337:
997:
imply that the earliest instance of gravity in the universe, possibly in the form of
963:
663:
490:
17:
7013:. By Newton, Isaac. Translated by I. Bernard Cohen. University of California Press.
4615:
1100:
who correctly predicted that the attraction of gravity was not unique to the Earth.
8032:
7736:
7545:
6938:
6715:
6666:
6430:
5871:
4480:
4270:. Vol. 2. Edinburgh; London: Constable & Co; Cadell & Davies. p.
3355:
3224:
3212:
2981:
2781:
2643:
2546:
2071:
2051:
1329:
1304:
1299:
1255:
1239:
1026:
1002:
908:
728:
653:
342:
222:
6391:"GW170817: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Neutron Star Inspiral"
5000:
3880:
Ioannis Philoponi in Aristotelis Physicorum Libros Quinque Posteriores Commentaria
3865:
Philoponus' term for impetus is "áŒÎœÎÏγΔÎčα áŒÏÏΌαÏÎżÏ ÎșÎčΜηÏÎčÎșÎź" ("incorporeal motive
1183:
In the mid-16th century, various European scientists experimentally disproved the
6913:
Haugan, Mark P; LĂ€mmerzahl, C (2011). "Einstein gravity from conformal gravity".
6079:
5966:
5342:
4313:
4025:
Rozhanskaya, Mariam; Levinova, I. S. (1996). "Statics". In RushdÄ«, RÄshid (ed.).
4001:
Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane
3878:
3358: â Idea of creating a place or object that is free from the force of gravity
3144:, based on a fluid-based explanation where a light gas fills the entire Universe.
1103:
Although he did not understand gravity as a force, the ancient Greek philosopher
7705:
7278:
7138:
6972:
4351:
4152:
Ripples in Spacetime: Einstein, Gravitational Waves, and the Future of Astronomy
3553:
3103:: Various spacecraft have experienced greater acceleration than expected during
3092:
3072:
3052:
3039:
2871:
2610:
2587:
uncharged massive object. For compact enough objects, this solution generated a
1961:
1931:
1138:
1125:
6898:
6873:
6814:
6779:
4525:
4443:
Nobil, Anna M. (March 1986). "The real value of Mercury's perihelion advance".
7919:
7095:
6756:
6544:
6520:"Observational evidences for the speed of the gravity based on the Earth tide"
6519:
6321:
4309:
4305:
3753:
The Archimedes Codex: Revealing The Secrets of the World's Greatest Palimpsest
3557:
3335:
3260:
3003:
2985:
2827:
2785:
2588:
2261:
2257:
2171:
1733:
1659:
1212:
1154:
1104:
959:
954:, caused by the uneven distribution of mass, and causing masses to move along
864:. However, gravity is the most significant interaction between objects at the
513:
187:
7028:
6960:
6764:
6674:
6651:"Anomalous Orbital-Energy Changes Observed during Spacecraft Flybys of Earth"
6279:"Gravitational waves: scientists announce 'we did it!' – live"
5446:
5252:
4851:"Einstein's general relativity theory is questioned but still stands for now"
4801:
From Atoms to Galaxies: A conceptual physics approach to scientific awareness
4607:
4472:
4119:
3716:
3469:
Scientific Development and Misconceptions Through the Ages: A Reference Guide
7924:
7906:
7710:
7687:
6943:
Out of the shadow of a giant: Hooke, Halley and the birth of British science
4739:"How the 1919 Solar Eclipse Made Einstein the World's Most Famous Scientist"
4062:
3301:
2793:
2292:
2280:
instead of a force. Einstein began to toy with this idea in the form of the
2277:
2276:
In general relativity, the effects of gravitation are ascribed to spacetime
1742:
1200:
1188:
1146:
1092:
951:
947:
535:
6439:
6149:
5783:
5756:
5690:
4496:"Without Einstein it would have taken decades longer to understand gravity"
4237:
Electricity in the 17th and 18th Centuries: A Study of Early Modern Physics
2252:
Eventually, astronomers noticed an eccentricity in the orbit of the planet
7322:
5838:"Gravitational time delay of light for various models of modified gravity"
5483:"Gravity Probe B â Special & General Relativity Questions and Answers"
4599:
2888:
2642:, which was confirmed seven years later after a series of measurements by
962:, from which nothingânot even lightâcan escape once past the black hole's
7981:
7791:
7784:
7311:
3561:
2980:
the nature of gravity and events in the Universe including the Big Bang.
2842:
2819:
2801:
2719:
2683:
2584:
2111:
1921:
1761:
1235:
1142:
1097:
1022:
987:
974:
causing any two bodies to be attracted toward each other, with magnitude
955:
923:
454:
337:
312:
5807:"General Astronomy Addendum 10: Graviational Redshift and time dilation"
4674:
922:
The gravitational attraction between the original gaseous matter in the
7214:
7139:
The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol. I Ch. 7: The Theory of Gravitation
6850:
4187:
3707:
3440:"dict.cc dictionary :: gravitas :: English-Latin translation"
3344:, a theory where gravitons and gravitational waves have a non-zero mass
2818:
In 1971, scientists discovered the first-ever black hole in the galaxy
2715:, where the QFT description of gravity is that there is an exchange of
2697:
1591:{\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }+\Lambda g_{\mu \nu }={\kappa }T_{\mu \nu }}
1480:
1266:
427:
280:
197:
6796:
5761:
Notes and Records: The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science
5244:
4127:
3907:
Archimedes to Hawking: Laws of Science and the Great Minds Behind Them
2916:
or low sub-surface densities. For purposes of weights and measures, a
2726:. However, this approach fails at short distances of the order of the
2403:{\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }+\Lambda g_{\mu \nu }=\kappa T_{\mu \nu },}
39:"Gravitation" and "Law of Gravity" redirect here. For other uses, see
6470:"Nobel prize in physics awarded for discovery of gravitational waves"
4464:
4058:
Domingo de Soto and the Early Galileo: Essays on Intellectual History
2823:
2712:
1488:
1088:
891:
877:
869:
844:
primarily observed as mutual attraction between all things that have
486:
332:
242:
57:
6080:"Gravitational Waves Detected 100 Years After Einstein's Prediction"
5663:
5378:"This Is Why Scientists Will Never Exactly Solve General Relativity"
5102:"Surprise: the Big Bang isn't the beginning of the universe anymore"
4212:
The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas
1265:
of the time elapsed. This was later confirmed by Italian scientists
958:
lines. The most extreme example of this curvature of spacetime is a
8027:
6412:
5773:
5437:
5408:
5325:
5309:"Einstein's 1917 Static Model of the Universe: A Centennial Review"
4878:"Einstein's greatest theory just passed its most rigorous test yet"
4111:
3698:
7573:
7222:
7011:
The Principia : mathematical principles of natural philosophy
6919:
6747:
6706:
6620:"What is Dark Energy? Inside our accelerating, expanding Universe"
6109:
Cantor, G.N.; Christie, J.R.R.; Hodge, M.J.S.; Olby, R.C. (2006).
6026:"NASA's Gravity Probe B Confirms Two Einstein Space-Time Theories"
5854:
5541:
Feynman, R.P.; Morinigo, F.B.; Wagner, W.G.; Hatfield, B. (1995).
5177:
3038:
2944:
2906:
2887:
2751:
2545:
1323:
1159:
1121:
1010:
971:
966:. However, for most applications, gravity is well approximated by
322:
317:
259:
51:
2646:. It even showed that general relativity was incompatible with a
1219:
which contradicted Aristotle's teachings on the fall of bodies.
6159:
3017:
2976:
2950:
2859:
2822:. The black hole was detected because it was emitting bursts of
2571:. Some of the most notable solutions of the equations include:
1321:, explained that gravitation applied to "all celestial bodies"
1014:
903:
873:
845:
327:
290:
7326:
7183:
4769:"At Long Last, Gravity Probe B Satellite Proves Einstein Right"
2711:. The electromagnetic force arises from an exchange of virtual
860:. As a result, it has no significant influence at the level of
4934:"How to understand Einstein's equation for general relativity"
4549:"Lecture 20: Black Holes â The Einstein Equivalence Principle"
1153:
should exert a gravitational attraction as well. In contrast,
5512:
Huggett, Nick; Matsubara, Keizo; WĂŒthrich, Christian (2020).
2707:, which has been successful to accurately describe the other
1276:
between 1640 and 1650. They also calculated the magnitude of
6590:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2011 : Adam G. Riess Facts"
5598:
Warped Passages: Unraveling the Universe's Hidden Dimensions
3473:(illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. p.
3400: â study of the effects gravity has on living organisms
3388: â Restatement of Newton's law of universal gravitation
1294:
Newton-Hooke priority controversy for the inverse square law
1045:) with the other three fundamental interactions of physics.
1025:
of the universe), possibly from a primeval state, such as a
946:
in 1915, which describes gravity not as a force, but as the
7009:
I. Bernard Cohen (1999) . "A Guide to Newton's Principia".
1117:
incorporating a causative force that diminishes over time.
7036:
Halliday, David; Robert Resnick; Kenneth S. Krane (2001).
3382: â Loss of planetary atmospheric gases to outer space
2826:
as it consumed a smaller star, and it came to be known as
2811:
passing close to a massive object was first identified by
5034:"Examples of Newtonian limits of relativistic spacetimes"
4965:"Exact Solutions to Einstein's Equations in Astrophysics"
3364: â Use of circular rotational force to mimic gravity
1487:
used this theory to create a table modeling the orbit of
120:{\displaystyle {\textbf {F}}={\frac {d\mathbf {p} }{dt}}}
7119:"Everything you thought you knew about gravity is wrong"
6969:
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms
5755:
Gilmore, Gerard; Tausch-Pebody, Gudrun (20 March 2022).
3160:(1912, 1913), an early competitor of general relativity.
2722:. This description reproduces general relativity in the
6690:"Support for the Thermal Origin of the Pioneer Anomaly"
6308:
Castelvecchi, Davide; Witze, Witze (11 February 2016).
4356:
The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
3681:
Bakker, Frederik; Palmerino, Carla Rita (1 June 2020).
3370: â Mathematical description of a body in free fall
3281:(TeVeS) (2004), a relativistic modification of MOND by
3172:(1922), another early competitor of general relativity.
3051:). The discrepancy between the curves is attributed to
2543:
is referred to as the Einstein gravitational constant.
1254:
is the reason that objects with a low density and high
7098:; Misner, Charles W.; Wheeler, John Archibald (1973).
6356:"WHAT ARE GRAVITATIONAL WAVES AND WHY DO THEY MATTER?"
4352:"2022 CODATA Value: Newtonian constant of gravitation"
4239:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979), 180.
3043:
Rotation curve of a typical spiral galaxy: predicted (
2734:(or a new approach to quantum mechanics) is required.
1454:
is the distance between the centers of the masses and
7992:
6499:
Chinese scientists find evidence for speed of gravity
2638:. This solution was revolutionary for predicting the
2501:
2477:
2457:
2345:
2256:
which could not be explained by Newton's theory: the
1534:
1369:
84:
6148:
Nemiroff, R.; Bonnell, J., eds. (15 December 2014).
5514:
Beyond Spacetime: The Foundations of Quantum Gravity
3499:"HubbleSite: Black Holes: Gravity's Relentless Pull"
3402:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
2703:
One path is to describe gravity in the framework of
2273:
which was able to accurately model Mercury's orbit.
7969:
7901:
7859:
7745:
7724:
7655:
7502:
7476:
7465:
7398:
7367:
7360:
7271:
7221:
4029:. Vol. 2. Psychology Press. pp. 614â642.
5968:Physics and Astrophysics: Glimpses of the Progress
5722:
5542:
5307:OâRaifeartaigh, Cormac; OâKeeffe, Michael (2017).
4289:An Attempt to prove the Annual Motion of the Earth
3466:
2535:
2483:
2463:
2402:
1590:
1420:
1319:An Attempt to prove the Annual Motion of the Earth
119:
6188:. Arlington, Texas: S.A.W.E., Inc. Archived from
5971:(illustrated ed.). CRC Press. p. 106.
3792:Science and Mathematics in Ancient Greek Culture
3609:
4904:"Einstein Field Equations (General Relativity)"
4050:
4048:
4046:
2536:{\displaystyle \kappa ={\frac {8\pi G}{c^{4}}}}
1421:{\displaystyle F=G{\frac {m_{1}m_{2}}{r^{2}}},}
1310:
7647:Degenerate Higher-Order Scalar-Tensor theories
6731:"Gravitational anomalies in the solar system?"
6310:"Einstein's gravitational waves found at last"
5462:"Hermeneutics of Classical General Relativity"
4649:Theory and Experiment in Gravitational Physics
4494:Webb, Joh; Dougan, Darren (23 November 2015).
4248:
3750:Reviel Neitz; William Noel (13 October 2011).
3409: â Laws in physics about force and motion
1347:, which provided a physical justification for
1246:'s careful measurements of balls rolling down
7338:
7195:
4827:Exact Solutions to Einstein's Field Equations
4027:Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science
3394: â Fundamental study of potential theory
2815:in 1964 in interplanetary spacecraft signals.
2558:A major area of research is the discovery of
2471:is the Newtonian constant of gravitation and
2233:
1359:Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
1280:by measuring the oscillations of a pendulum.
809:
8:
7055:Serway, Raymond A.; Jewett, John W. (2004).
6831:International Journal of Theoretical Physics
5620:
5618:
4267:Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind
4215:. Princeton University Press. pp. 3â6.
3330:the gravity and curved spacetime arise as a
2922:International Bureau of Weights and Measures
2628:FriedmannâLemaĂźtreâRobertsonâWalker solution
1141:, gravity was a topic of fierce debate. The
938:Gravity is most accurately described by the
4004:. Princeton University Press. p. 260.
2260:of the orbit was increasing by about 42.98
1450:are the masses of the objects interacting,
1354:PhilosophiĂŠ Naturalis Principia Mathematica
7473:
7364:
7345:
7331:
7323:
7202:
7188:
7180:
6112:Companion to the History of Modern Science
5001:"The Schwarzchild Metric and Applications"
4318:. New York: Random House. pp. 52â58.
3624:Hofmann-Wellenhof, B.; Moritz, H. (2006).
3421: â Zero apparent weight, microgravity
2579:, which describes spacetime surrounding a
2240:
2226:
1792:
1682:
1512:
816:
802:
63:
60:in the photo are distorted due to gravity.
6918:
6897:
6813:
6795:
6746:
6735:International Journal of Modern Physics D
6705:
6543:
6429:
6411:
5936:"Black Holes Science Mission Directorate"
5853:
5782:
5772:
5689:
5436:
5324:
5176:
5065:
4829:. Cambridge University Press. p. 1.
3706:
2525:
2508:
2500:
2476:
2456:
2388:
2369:
2350:
2344:
1579:
1570:
1558:
1539:
1533:
1407:
1396:
1386:
1379:
1368:
1328:English physicist and mathematician, Sir
101:
95:
86:
85:
83:
6874:"The MOND paradigm of modified dynamics"
4155:. Harvard University Press. p. 26.
2670:-body problem by using the technique of
1063:
7999:
7951:Gravitational interaction of antimatter
4641:
4639:
4637:
3431:
1862:
1836:
1795:
1741:
1515:
1345:('On the motion of bodies in an orbit')
1226:published papers claiming that, due to
1222:The mid-16th century Italian physicist
135:
71:
3654:"The concept of gravity before Newton"
3415: â Concept in celestial mechanics
3376: â Concept in celestial mechanics
2932:weakest at the equator because of the
2563:that they should be expressable using
1483:. In that year, the French astronomer
7956:Physics in the medieval Islamic world
7879:(2+1)-dimensional topological gravity
7375:Newton's law of universal gravitation
6336:from the original on 12 February 2016
6052:""Frame-Dragging" in Local Spacetime"
4555:from the original on 8 September 2013
4382:"The Reception of Newton's Principia"
4284:
4169:from the original on 16 December 2021
3619:
3617:
3591:from the original on 16 November 2022
3542:from the original on 28 November 2018
3509:from the original on 26 December 2018
1336:In 1684, Newton sent a manuscript to
1290:Newton's law of universal gravitation
1283:
1207:priests in Italy, including those by
1191:at a faster rate. In particular, the
1060:resulting from the planet's rotation
968:Newton's law of universal gravitation
498:Newton's law of universal gravitation
7:
7701:Asymptotic safety in quantum gravity
7058:Physics for Scientists and Engineers
6570:from the original on 17 October 2017
6362:from the original on 3 February 2016
6129:from the original on 17 January 2020
6068:from the original on 9 October 2022.
5413:-body problem in general relativity"
5212:from the original on 9 October 2022.
5145:from the original on 9 October 2022.
5082:from the original on 6 December 2022
3924:from the original on 18 January 2017
3904:Pickover, Clifford (16 April 2008).
3847:from the original on 13 October 2016
3809:from the original on 17 January 2020
3670:from the original on 9 October 2022.
3334:mode of non-relativistic background
2765:In 1919, the British astrophysicist
7040:. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
6480:from the original on 3 October 2017
6255:from the original on 10 August 2018
5288:from the original on 9 October 2022
5013:from the original on 9 October 2022
4981:from the original on 9 October 2022
4394:from the original on 9 October 2022
3953:from the original on 13 August 2021
3770:from the original on 7 January 2020
3446:from the original on 13 August 2021
3077:modifications to Newtonian dynamics
2331:The Einstein field equations are a
1258:fall more slowly in an atmosphere.
978:to the product of their masses and
479:Mechanics of planar particle motion
87:
7453:GibbonsâHawkingâYork boundary term
6630:from the original on 19 March 2024
6449:from the original on 8 August 2018
6277:Clark, Stuart (11 February 2016).
5906:"The Fate of the First Black Hole"
5572:Quantum Field Theory in a Nutshell
4719:from the original on 18 April 2017
4149:Schilling, Govert (31 July 2017).
3122:Alternatives to general relativity
3095:has been proposed to explain this.
2769:was able to confirm the predicted
2730:, where a more complete theory of
2362:
1551:
1509:Introduction to general relativity
868:, and it determines the motion of
25:
7568:Modified Newtonian dynamics, MOND
7484:Classical theories of gravitation
6289:from the original on 22 June 2018
6245:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1993"
5946:from the original on 8 April 2023
5131:Norebo, Jonatan (16 March 2016).
4876:Lea, Robert (15 September 2022).
4622:from the original on 8 April 2023
4524:. black-holes.org. Archived from
4332:from the original on 15 June 2021
4079:from the original on 16 June 2021
3789:CJ Tuplin, Lewis Wolpert (2002).
3270:Nonsymmetric gravitational theory
3242:of motion for small accelerations
3170:Whitehead's theory of gravitation
3158:Nordström's theory of gravitation
1349:Kepler's laws of planetary motion
8062:
8050:
8038:
8026:
8014:
8002:
7117:Panek, Richard (2 August 2019).
6600:from the original on 28 May 2020
6468:Devlin, Hanna (3 October 2017).
6090:from the original on 27 May 2019
6032:from the original on 22 May 2013
6006:from the original on 25 May 2022
5996:"Hubble, Hubble, Seeing Double!"
5916:from the original on 31 May 2022
5886:from the original on 29 May 2022
5817:from the original on 14 May 2022
5698:from the original on 15 May 2020
5636:from the original on 16 May 2022
5493:from the original on 6 June 2022
5388:from the original on 27 May 2022
5357:from the original on 29 May 2022
5112:from the original on 26 May 2022
4944:from the original on 26 May 2022
4914:from the original on 25 May 2022
4779:from the original on 22 May 2022
4749:from the original on 22 May 2022
4689:from the original on 25 May 2022
4502:from the original on 21 May 2022
3413:Standard gravitational parameter
2207:
2206:
2193:
1523:
783:
782:
769:
102:
7390:History of gravitational theory
6358:. popsci.com. 13 January 2016.
5836:Asada, Hideki (20 March 2008).
5545:Feynman lectures on gravitation
5460:Sleator, Daniel (6 June 1996).
5313:The European Physical Journal H
5225:Journal of Mathematical Physics
5156:Teukolsky, Saul (1 June 2015).
5133:"The Reissner-Nordström metric"
4673:Lindley, David (12 July 2005).
4574:Brush, S. G. (1 January 1999).
4424:from the original on 6 May 2022
4414:"This Month in Physics History"
3731:from the original on 2 May 2022
3138:Le Sage's theory of gravitation
3127:Historical alternative theories
1120:In the seventh century CE, the
1078:History of gravitational theory
970:, which describes gravity as a
45:Law of Gravity (disambiguation)
27:Attraction of masses and energy
7696:Causal dynamical triangulation
7385:Poisson's equation for gravity
7080:(5th ed.). W.H. Freeman.
6716:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.241101
6667:10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.091102
6431:10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.161101
5872:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.02.006
5574:. Princeton University Press.
5195:10.1088/0264-9381/32/12/124006
5067:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-5AC5-F
4884:. Springer Nature America, Inc
4576:"Why was Relativity Accepted?"
4522:"Gravity and Warped Spacetime"
3133:Aristotelian theory of gravity
2839:Kitt Peak National Observatory
2634:and then confirmed in 1927 by
2337:partial differential equations
1317:Hooke's 1674 Gresham lecture,
1284:Newton's theory of gravitation
1:
7061:(6th ed.). Brooks/Cole.
6383:LIGO Scientific Collaboration
5165:Classical and Quantum Gravity
4972:University of Texas at Dallas
4857:. Science Daily. 25 July 2019
4713:hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
4055:Wallace, William A. (2018) .
3835:. In Alfred A. Howard (ed.).
3063:: Stars in galaxies follow a
2926:International System of Units
2796:to confirm the prediction of
2780:In 1959, American physicists
2678:Gravity and quantum mechanics
2569:linear differential equations
1199:wrote in 1551 that bodies in
1124:mathematician and astronomer
856:and 10 times weaker than the
405:Koopmanâvon Neumann mechanics
6381:Abbott, B. P.; et al. (
6155:Astronomy Picture of the Day
6150:"The Potsdam Gravity Potato"
5626:"Testing General Relativity"
4249:Gribbin & Gribbin (2017)
3998:Starr, S. Frederick (2015).
3756:. Hachette UK. p. 125.
3368:Equations for a falling body
3321:Gravity as an entropic force
3279:Tensorâvectorâscalar gravity
3148:Ritz's theory of gravitation
1187:notion that heavier objects
1021:(up to 10 seconds after the
940:general theory of relativity
902:is responsible for sublunar
473:Non-inertial reference frame
41:Gravitation (disambiguation)
7558:Infinite derivative gravity
7168:Encyclopedia of Mathematics
7150:Encyclopedia of Mathematics
6945:. London: William Collins.
6780:"JordanâBransâDicke Theory"
6729:Iorio, Lorenzo (May 2015).
6508:, astrowatch.com, 12/28/12.
6177:Precise Measurement of Mass
5058:10.1088/0264-9381/14/1A/010
4709:"Hafele-Keating Experiment"
4207:Gillispie, Charles Coulston
3943:Bose, Mainak Kumar (1988).
3910:. Oxford University Press.
3837:De Architectura libri decem
3795:. Hachette UK. p. xi.
3238:proposes a modification of
3232:modified Newtonian dynamics
3177:Modern alternative theories
3025:Anomalies and discrepancies
2862:observatory detected faint
2798:gravitational time dilation
2744:Tests of general relativity
2738:Tests of general relativity
2600:ReissnerâNordström solution
1704:Gravitational time dilation
1061:
852:, 10 times weaker than the
400:Appell's equation of motion
270:Inertial frame of reference
8116:
7746:Unified-field-theoric and
6971:(4th ed.), New York:
6899:10.4249/scholarpedia.31410
6815:10.4249/scholarpedia.31358
6778:Brans, C.H. (March 2014).
6215:"Curious About Astronomy?"
6115:. Routledge. p. 448.
5940:webarchive.library.unt.edu
5811:homepage.physics.uiowa.edu
5518:Cambridge University Press
5343:10.1140/epjh/e2017-80002-5
4804:. CRC Press. p. 131.
4646:Will, Clifford M. (2018).
3977:. Allen Lane. p. 29.
3628:(2nd ed.). Springer.
3119:
3065:distribution of velocities
3028:
2995:
2956:
2896:
2870:that occurred 1.5 billion
2741:
2681:
1824:MathissonâPapapetrouâDixon
1665:Pseudo-Riemannian manifold
1506:
1287:
1176:
1075:
56:The shapes of two massive
38:
29:
7889:JackiwâTeitelboim gravity
7668:Canonical quantum gravity
7663:Euclidean quantum gravity
7292:
6872:Milgrom, M. (June 2014).
6757:10.1142/S0218271815300153
6545:10.1007/s11434-012-5603-3
6322:10.1038/nature.2016.19361
6173:Boynton, Richard (2001).
5729:. John Wiley & Sons.
5725:Gravitation and cosmology
5662:; Davidson, C.R. (1920).
5417:The Astrophysical Journal
5407:Spyrou, N. (1 May 1975).
5038:Classical Quantum Gravity
4652:. Cambridge Univ. Press.
4551:. University of Alberta.
3949:. A. Mukherjee & Co.
3841:Ten Books on Architecture
3465:Krebs, Robert E. (1999).
3091:seems to be speeding up.
3089:expansion of the universe
2775:that year's solar eclipse
2640:expansion of the Universe
1343:De motu corporum in gyrum
1007:gravitational singularity
8090:Fundamental interactions
7765:Superfluid vacuum theory
7589:Nonsymmetric gravitation
7438:Post-Newtonian formalism
7211:Fundamental interactions
7163:"Gravitation, theory of"
6941:; Gribbin, Mary (2017).
6560:"GW170817 Press Release"
6524:Chinese Science Bulletin
5669:Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A
5276:"RELATIVISTIC COSMOLOGY"
4065:. pp. 119, 121â22.
3975:The Argumentative Indian
3886:22 December 2023 at the
3829:Vitruvius, Marcus Pollio
3328:superfluid vacuum theory
3079:have also been proposed.
3071:show a similar pattern.
3029:Not to be confused with
2920:value is defined by the
2709:fundamental interactions
2672:post-Newtonian expansion
2630:, discovered in 1922 by
2327:Einstein field equations
2321:Einstein field equations
1829:HamiltonâJacobiâEinstein
1809:Einstein field equations
1632:Mathematical formulation
563:Rotating reference frame
395:HamiltonâJacobi equation
32:Gravity (disambiguation)
7930:Mechanical explanations
7799:Heterotic string theory
7755:Noncommutative geometry
7674:WheelerâDeWitt equation
7400:General relativity (GR)
7380:Gauss's law for gravity
7354:Theories of gravitation
7246:Electroweak interaction
6694:Physical Review Letters
6655:Physical Review Letters
6399:Physical Review Letters
5032:Ehlers, Jurgen (1997).
4825:Stephani, Hans (2003).
4798:Hassani, Sadri (2010).
3610:McGraw-Hill Dict (1989)
3530:"Birth of the Universe"
3407:Newton's laws of motion
3392:Gravitational potential
3386:Gauss's law for gravity
3247:self-creation cosmology
2941:Gravitational radiation
2883:
2550:An illustration of the
2291:Einstein proposed that
1017:, developed during the
917:multicellular organisms
842:fundamental interaction
504:Newton's laws of motion
364:Newton's laws of motion
7771:Logarithmic BEC vacuum
7716:Rainbow gravity theory
7594:Scalarâtensor theories
7368:Newtonian gravity (NG)
6989:Hooke, Robert (1679).
6504:8 January 2013 at the
5784:10.1098/rsnr.2020.0040
5691:10.1098/rsta.1920.0009
5595:Randall, Lisa (2005).
4580:Physics in Perspective
3201:quantum field theories
3191:(1967), a proposal by
3056:
2970:Nobel Prize in Physics
2954:
2912:
2894:
2761:
2577:Schwarzschild solution
2555:
2537:
2485:
2465:
2404:
2269:developed a theory of
1699:Gravitational redshift
1592:
1462:gravitational constant
1422:
1333:
1315:
1232:Delft tower experiment
1224:Giambattista Benedetti
1169:
1064:§ Earth's gravity
1009:, along with ordinary
980:inversely proportional
531:Simple harmonic motion
444:Euler's laws of motion
238:D'Alembert's principle
121:
61:
7848:Twistor string theory
7827:Type II string theory
7820:Bosonic string theory
7760:Semiclassical gravity
7725:Unified-field-theoric
7510:Poincaré gauge theory
7307:Philosophy of physics
7076:Tipler, Paul (2004).
5487:einstein.stanford.edu
4940:. 15 September 2021.
4908:University of Warwick
4675:"The Weight of Light"
4600:10.1007/s000160050015
3973:Sen, Amartya (2005).
3398:Gravitational biology
3332:collective excitation
3142:Georges-Louis Le Sage
3084:Accelerated expansion
3042:
3016:In October 2017, the
2948:
2910:
2891:
2771:gravitational lensing
2755:
2581:spherically symmetric
2549:
2538:
2486:
2466:
2449:cosmological constant
2405:
2282:equivalence principle
1987:WeylâLewisâPapapetrou
1942:KerrâNewmanâde Sitter
1762:EinsteinâRosen bridge
1694:Gravitational lensing
1650:Equivalence principle
1593:
1423:
1327:
1179:Scientific revolution
1173:Scientific revolution
1166:Leaning Tower of Pisa
1163:
854:electromagnetic force
840: 'weight') is a
385:Hamiltonian mechanics
203:Statistical mechanics
122:
55:
18:Gravitational physics
7915:Aristotelian physics
7884:GaussâBonnet gravity
7834:Little string theory
7813:Type 0 string theory
7806:Type I string theory
7681:Loop quantum gravity
7608:Scalarâtensorâvector
7581:Tensorâvectorâscalar
7536:Gauge theory gravity
7494:Theory of everything
5676:(571â581): 291â333.
3946:Late classical India
3535:University of Oregon
3253:Loop quantum gravity
3116:Alternative theories
2705:quantum field theory
2618:KerrâNewman solution
2565:elementary functions
2552:Schwarzschild metric
2499:
2475:
2455:
2441:stressâenergy tensor
2343:
1917:EinsteinâRosen waves
1643:Fundamental concepts
1532:
1367:
1043:theory of everything
911:and influencing the
608:Angular acceleration
600:Rotational frequency
380:Lagrangian mechanics
373:Analytical mechanics
129:Second law of motion
82:
30:For other uses, see
7732:KaluzaâKlein theory
7297:Glossary of physics
7272:Hypothetical forces
7124:The Washington Post
6890:2014SchpJ...931410M
6843:1974IJTP...10..363H
6806:2014Schpj...931358B
6536:2013ChSBu..58..474T
6422:2017PhRvL.119p1101A
6387:Virgo Collaboration
6251:. 13 October 1993.
6195:on 27 February 2007
6186:Sawe Paper No. 3147
6059:Stanford University
6002:. 24 January 2014.
5984:Extract of page 106
5864:2008PhLB..661...78A
5682:1920RSPTA.220..291D
5429:1975ApJ...197..725S
5335:2017EPJH...42..431O
5237:1965JMP.....6..918N
5187:2015CQGra..32l4006T
5108:. 13 October 2021.
5050:1997CQGra..14A.119E
4882:Scientific American
4592:1999PhP.....1..184B
4457:1986Natur.320...39N
3577:(10 October 2022).
3240:Newton's second law
3195:according to which
3164:KaluzaâKlein theory
2965:HulseâTaylor binary
2864:gravitational waves
2809:time delay of light
2792:in which they used
2758:total solar eclipse
2632:Alexander Friedmann
1871:KaluzaâKlein theory
1757:Minkowski spacetime
1709:Gravitational waves
1278:the Earth's gravity
1211:, Francesco Beato,
862:subatomic particles
460:Harmonic oscillator
438:Equations of motion
73:Classical mechanics
67:Part of a series on
7977:Gravitational wave
7860:Generalisations /
7748:quantum-mechanical
7656:Quantum-mechanical
7469:general relativity
7443:Linearized gravity
7231:Strong interaction
6851:10.1007/BF01807638
6564:LIGO Lab â Caltech
6389:) (October 2017).
6219:Cornell University
5965:Subal Kar (2022).
5549:. Addison-Wesley.
3661:Culture and Cosmos
3584:The New York Times
3380:Atmospheric escape
3362:Artificial gravity
3197:general relativity
3183:BransâDicke theory
3057:
3013:in February 2013.
2959:Gravitational wave
2955:
2913:
2895:
2835:gravitational lens
2762:
2660:binary star system
2556:
2533:
2481:
2461:
2400:
2271:general relativity
2200:Physics portal
1972:OppenheimerâSnyder
1912:ReissnerâNordström
1804:Linearized gravity
1752:Spacetime diagrams
1655:Special relativity
1588:
1517:General relativity
1503:General relativity
1418:
1334:
1170:
993:Current models of
850:strong interaction
776:Physics portal
390:Routhian mechanics
265:Frame of reference
117:
62:
7990:
7989:
7961:Theory of impetus
7897:
7896:
7869:Liouville gravity
7613:Conformal gravity
7541:Composite gravity
7531:Bimetric theories
7461:
7460:
7320:
7319:
7109:978-0-7167-0344-0
7087:978-0-7167-0809-4
7068:978-0-534-40842-8
7047:978-0-471-32057-9
6952:978-0-00-822059-4
6122:978-1-134-97751-2
5978:978-1-000-55926-2
5842:Physics Letters B
5608:978-0-06-053108-9
5581:978-0-691-01019-9
5556:978-0-201-62734-3
5245:10.1063/1.1704351
5158:"The Kerr metric"
4836:978-0-521-46136-8
4743:Discover Magazine
4547:Dmitri Pogosyan.
4325:978-0-3078-0105-0
4072:978-1-351-15959-3
3984:978-0-7139-9687-6
3892:Walter de Gruyter
3802:978-0-19-815248-4
3763:978-1-78022-198-4
3635:978-3-211-33544-4
3484:978-0-313-30226-8
3316:Conformal gravity
3306:Olivier Minazzoli
3199:might arise from
3185:of gravity (1961)
3007:were released in
2934:centrifugal force
2868:black hole merger
2694:quantum mechanics
2531:
2484:{\displaystyle c}
2464:{\displaystyle G}
2286:Newtonian physics
2250:
2249:
1883:
1882:
1769:
1768:
1497:Urbain Le Verrier
1413:
1195:Dominican priest
1109:center of gravity
1058:centrifugal force
1039:quantum mechanics
866:macroscopic scale
826:
825:
573:Centrifugal force
568:Centripetal force
524:Euler's equations
509:Relative velocity
285:Moment of inertia
115:
89:
16:(Redirected from
8107:
8067:
8066:
8065:
8055:
8054:
8053:
8043:
8042:
8041:
8031:
8030:
8019:
8018:
8017:
8007:
8006:
7998:
7945:
7943:Entropic gravity
7938:
7862:extensions of GR
7850:
7836:
7829:
7822:
7815:
7808:
7801:
7794:
7787:
7773:
7690:
7683:
7676:
7637:Geometrodynamics
7626:
7602:
7583:
7576:
7525:
7518:
7474:
7365:
7347:
7340:
7333:
7324:
7302:Particle physics
7256:electromagnetism
7251:weak interaction
7204:
7197:
7190:
7181:
7176:
7158:
7128:
7113:
7102:. W.H. Freeman.
7091:
7072:
7051:
7032:
6997:
6985:
6964:
6925:
6924:
6922:
6910:
6904:
6903:
6901:
6869:
6863:
6862:
6826:
6820:
6819:
6817:
6799:
6775:
6769:
6768:
6750:
6726:
6720:
6719:
6709:
6685:
6679:
6678:
6646:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6635:
6624:science.nasa.gov
6616:
6610:
6609:
6607:
6605:
6586:
6580:
6579:
6577:
6575:
6556:
6550:
6549:
6547:
6530:(4â5): 474â477.
6515:
6509:
6496:
6490:
6489:
6487:
6485:
6465:
6459:
6458:
6456:
6454:
6448:
6433:
6415:
6395:
6378:
6372:
6371:
6369:
6367:
6352:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6341:
6305:
6299:
6298:
6296:
6294:
6274:
6268:
6267:
6262:
6260:
6249:Nobel Foundation
6241:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6230:
6221:. Archived from
6211:
6205:
6204:
6202:
6200:
6194:
6183:
6170:
6164:
6163:
6145:
6139:
6138:
6136:
6134:
6106:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6095:
6084:LIGO Lab Caltech
6076:
6070:
6069:
6067:
6056:
6048:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6037:
6022:
6016:
6015:
6013:
6011:
5992:
5986:
5982:
5962:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5951:
5932:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5921:
5902:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5891:
5857:
5833:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5822:
5803:
5797:
5796:
5786:
5776:
5752:
5746:
5740:
5728:
5719:Weinberg, Steven
5715:
5709:
5707:
5705:
5703:
5693:
5652:
5646:
5645:
5643:
5641:
5622:
5613:
5612:
5592:
5586:
5585:
5570:Zee, A. (2003).
5567:
5561:
5560:
5548:
5538:
5532:
5531:
5509:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5498:
5479:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5468:
5457:
5451:
5450:
5440:
5404:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5373:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5362:
5328:
5304:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5293:
5287:
5280:
5271:
5265:
5264:
5220:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5180:
5162:
5153:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5137:
5128:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5117:
5098:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5069:
5029:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5018:
5012:
5005:
4997:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4980:
4969:
4963:Ishak, Mustafa.
4960:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4930:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4919:
4900:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4889:
4873:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4847:
4841:
4840:
4822:
4816:
4815:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4765:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4735:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4670:
4664:
4663:
4643:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4465:10.1038/320039a0
4440:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4393:
4386:
4378:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4302:
4296:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4258:
4252:
4246:
4240:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4203:
4197:
4193:Two New Sciences
4185:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4061:. Abingdon, UK:
4052:
4041:
4040:
4022:
4016:
4015:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3969:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3901:
3895:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3710:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3658:
3652:Cappi, Alberto.
3649:
3643:
3642:
3626:Physical Geodesy
3621:
3612:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3571:
3565:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3472:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3436:
3403:
3302:Pressuron theory
3288:Chameleon theory
3283:Jacob Bekenstein
3272:(NGT) (1994) by
3236:Mordehai Milgrom
3219:Horndeski theory
3152:Ann. Chem. Phys.
3061:Extra-fast stars
3047:) and observed (
3010:Science Bulletin
2998:Speed of gravity
2992:Speed of gravity
2918:standard gravity
2899:Gravity of Earth
2855:results in 2011.
2813:Irwin I. Shapiro
2773:of light during
2767:Arthur Eddington
2656:two-body problem
2636:Georges LemaĂźtre
2542:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2520:
2509:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2446:
2438:
2427:
2416:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2395:
2377:
2376:
2358:
2357:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2202:
2198:
2197:
1982:van Stockum dust
1967:RobertsonâWalker
1793:
1683:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1574:
1566:
1565:
1547:
1546:
1527:
1513:
1493:John Couch Adams
1470:
1468:
1459:
1453:
1449:
1440:
1431:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1391:
1390:
1380:
1228:specific gravity
1209:Benedetto Varchi
1134:to describe it.
1067:
1035:virtual particle
995:particle physics
896:physical objects
890:, gravity gives
858:weak interaction
818:
811:
804:
791:
786:
785:
778:
774:
773:
679:Johann Bernoulli
674:Daniel Bernoulli
595:Tangential speed
499:
475:
450:Fictitious force
445:
297:Mechanical power
287:
228:Angular momentum
126:
124:
123:
118:
116:
114:
106:
105:
96:
91:
90:
64:
21:
8115:
8114:
8110:
8109:
8108:
8106:
8105:
8104:
8075:
8074:
8073:
8063:
8061:
8051:
8049:
8039:
8037:
8025:
8015:
8013:
8001:
7993:
7991:
7986:
7965:
7941:
7934:
7905:
7903:
7893:
7874:Lovelock theory
7861:
7855:
7846:
7832:
7825:
7818:
7811:
7804:
7797:
7790:
7783:
7769:
7747:
7741:
7720:
7686:
7679:
7672:
7651:
7642:Induced gravity
7622:
7618:Scalar theories
7598:
7579:
7572:
7563:Massive gravity
7523:Teleparallelism
7521:
7516:EinsteinâCartan
7514:
7498:
7489:Quantum gravity
7468:
7467:Alternatives to
7457:
7423:Exact solutions
7394:
7356:
7351:
7321:
7316:
7288:
7267:
7223:Physical forces
7217:
7208:
7161:
7143:
7135:
7116:
7110:
7094:
7088:
7075:
7069:
7054:
7048:
7035:
7021:
7008:
7005:
7003:Further reading
7000:
6988:
6983:
6967:
6953:
6937:
6933:
6928:
6912:
6911:
6907:
6871:
6870:
6866:
6837:(10): 363â384.
6828:
6827:
6823:
6777:
6776:
6772:
6728:
6727:
6723:
6687:
6686:
6682:
6648:
6647:
6643:
6633:
6631:
6618:
6617:
6613:
6603:
6601:
6588:
6587:
6583:
6573:
6571:
6558:
6557:
6553:
6517:
6516:
6512:
6506:Wayback Machine
6497:
6493:
6483:
6481:
6467:
6466:
6462:
6452:
6450:
6446:
6393:
6380:
6379:
6375:
6365:
6363:
6354:
6353:
6349:
6339:
6337:
6307:
6306:
6302:
6292:
6290:
6276:
6275:
6271:
6258:
6256:
6243:
6242:
6238:
6228:
6226:
6225:on 28 July 2013
6213:
6212:
6208:
6198:
6196:
6192:
6181:
6172:
6171:
6167:
6147:
6146:
6142:
6132:
6130:
6123:
6108:
6107:
6103:
6093:
6091:
6078:
6077:
6073:
6065:
6054:
6050:
6049:
6045:
6035:
6033:
6024:
6023:
6019:
6009:
6007:
5994:
5993:
5989:
5979:
5964:
5963:
5959:
5949:
5947:
5934:
5933:
5929:
5919:
5917:
5910:www.science.org
5904:
5903:
5899:
5889:
5887:
5835:
5834:
5830:
5820:
5818:
5805:
5804:
5800:
5754:
5753:
5749:
5744:
5737:
5717:
5716:
5712:
5701:
5699:
5660:Eddington, A.S.
5654:
5653:
5649:
5639:
5637:
5624:
5623:
5616:
5609:
5594:
5593:
5589:
5582:
5569:
5568:
5564:
5557:
5540:
5539:
5535:
5528:
5511:
5510:
5506:
5496:
5494:
5481:
5480:
5476:
5466:
5464:
5459:
5458:
5454:
5406:
5405:
5401:
5391:
5389:
5376:Siegel, Ethan.
5375:
5374:
5370:
5360:
5358:
5306:
5305:
5301:
5291:
5289:
5285:
5278:
5273:
5272:
5268:
5222:
5221:
5217:
5209:
5160:
5155:
5154:
5150:
5142:
5135:
5130:
5129:
5125:
5115:
5113:
5100:
5099:
5095:
5085:
5083:
5044:(1A): 122â123.
5031:
5030:
5026:
5016:
5014:
5010:
5003:
4999:
4998:
4994:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4967:
4962:
4961:
4957:
4947:
4945:
4932:
4931:
4927:
4917:
4915:
4902:
4901:
4897:
4887:
4885:
4875:
4874:
4870:
4860:
4858:
4849:
4848:
4844:
4837:
4824:
4823:
4819:
4812:
4797:
4796:
4792:
4782:
4780:
4773:www.science.org
4767:
4766:
4762:
4752:
4750:
4737:
4736:
4732:
4722:
4720:
4707:
4706:
4702:
4692:
4690:
4672:
4671:
4667:
4660:
4645:
4644:
4635:
4625:
4623:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4558:
4556:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4531:
4529:
4528:on 21 June 2011
4520:
4519:
4515:
4505:
4503:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4451:(6057): 39â41.
4442:
4441:
4437:
4427:
4425:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4384:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4365:
4363:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4335:
4333:
4326:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4283:
4279:
4262:Stewart, Dugald
4260:
4259:
4255:
4247:
4243:
4235:J.L. Heilbron,
4234:
4230:
4223:
4205:
4204:
4200:
4186:
4182:
4172:
4170:
4163:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4082:
4080:
4073:
4054:
4053:
4044:
4037:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4012:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3985:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3956:
3954:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3927:
3925:
3918:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3888:Wayback Machine
3864:
3860:
3850:
3848:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3812:
3810:
3803:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3773:
3771:
3764:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3734:
3732:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3667:
3656:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3636:
3623:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3604:
3594:
3592:
3575:Overbye, Dennis
3573:
3572:
3568:
3564:of the Universe
3545:
3543:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3512:
3510:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3485:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3449:
3447:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3401:
3374:Escape velocity
3351:
3342:Massive gravity
3234:(MOND) (1981),
3193:Andrei Sakharov
3189:Induced gravity
3179:
3129:
3124:
3118:
3109:Pioneer anomaly
3107:maneuvers. The
3069:galaxy clusters
3034:
3031:Gravity anomaly
3027:
3000:
2994:
2961:
2943:
2901:
2886:
2884:Earth's gravity
2881:
2853:Gravity Probe B
2746:
2740:
2732:quantum gravity
2724:classical limit
2690:
2688:Quantum gravity
2682:Main articles:
2680:
2648:static universe
2591:with a central
2560:exact solutions
2521:
2510:
2497:
2496:
2495:. The constant
2473:
2472:
2453:
2452:
2444:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2422:
2419:Einstein tensor
2415:
2411:
2384:
2365:
2346:
2341:
2340:
2329:
2309:
2307:Modern research
2267:Albert Einstein
2246:
2205:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2183:
2007:
2006:
1997:
1996:
1952:LemaĂźtreâTolman
1897:
1896:
1885:
1884:
1876:Quantum gravity
1863:Advanced theory
1790:
1789:
1788:
1771:
1770:
1719:Geodetic effect
1680:
1679:
1670:
1669:
1645:
1644:
1628:
1598:
1575:
1554:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1511:
1505:
1466:
1464:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1433:
1429:
1403:
1392:
1382:
1381:
1365:
1364:
1296:
1288:Main articles:
1286:
1244:Galileo Galilei
1197:Domingo de Soto
1181:
1175:
1151:heavenly bodies
1137:In the ancient
1114:De architectura
1107:discovered the
1085:
1080:
1074:
1055:
1051:
999:quantum gravity
944:Albert Einstein
822:
781:
768:
767:
760:
759:
758:
633:
625:
624:
604:
558:Circular motion
552:
542:
541:
540:
497:
467:
464:
443:
422:
414:
413:
410:
409:
367:
357:
349:
348:
347:
306:
302:Mechanical work
295:
279:
217:
209:
208:
207:
162:
154:
131:
107:
97:
80:
79:
48:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8113:
8111:
8103:
8102:
8100:Empirical laws
8097:
8092:
8087:
8077:
8076:
8072:
8071:
8059:
8047:
8035:
8023:
8011:
7988:
7987:
7985:
7984:
7979:
7973:
7971:
7970:Related topics
7967:
7966:
7964:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7947:
7946:
7939:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7911:
7909:
7899:
7898:
7895:
7894:
7892:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7865:
7863:
7857:
7856:
7854:
7853:
7852:
7851:
7842:Twistor theory
7839:
7838:
7837:
7830:
7823:
7816:
7809:
7802:
7795:
7788:
7776:
7775:
7774:
7762:
7757:
7751:
7749:
7743:
7742:
7740:
7739:
7734:
7728:
7726:
7722:
7721:
7719:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7692:
7691:
7684:
7677:
7665:
7659:
7657:
7653:
7652:
7650:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7628:
7627:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7604:
7603:
7591:
7586:
7585:
7584:
7577:
7565:
7560:
7555:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7527:
7526:
7519:
7506:
7504:
7500:
7499:
7497:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7480:
7478:
7471:
7463:
7462:
7459:
7458:
7456:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7404:
7402:
7396:
7395:
7393:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7371:
7369:
7362:
7358:
7357:
7352:
7350:
7349:
7342:
7335:
7327:
7318:
7317:
7315:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7293:
7290:
7289:
7287:
7286:
7281:
7275:
7273:
7269:
7268:
7266:
7265:
7260:
7259:
7258:
7253:
7243:
7242:
7241:
7236:
7227:
7225:
7219:
7218:
7209:
7207:
7206:
7199:
7192:
7184:
7178:
7177:
7159:
7141:
7134:
7133:External links
7131:
7130:
7129:
7114:
7108:
7096:Thorne, Kip S.
7092:
7086:
7073:
7067:
7052:
7046:
7033:
7019:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6998:
6986:
6981:
6965:
6951:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6926:
6905:
6864:
6821:
6770:
6741:(6): 1530015.
6721:
6700:(24): 241101.
6680:
6641:
6611:
6594:NobelPrize.org
6581:
6551:
6510:
6491:
6460:
6406:(16): 161101.
6373:
6347:
6300:
6269:
6236:
6206:
6165:
6140:
6121:
6101:
6071:
6043:
6017:
5987:
5977:
5957:
5927:
5897:
5848:(2â3): 78â81.
5828:
5798:
5767:(1): 155â180.
5747:
5742:
5735:
5710:
5647:
5630:NASA Blueshift
5614:
5607:
5587:
5580:
5562:
5555:
5533:
5526:
5504:
5474:
5452:
5438:10.1086/153562
5399:
5368:
5299:
5266:
5231:(6): 918â919.
5215:
5171:(12): 124006.
5148:
5123:
5093:
5024:
5006:. p. 36.
4992:
4955:
4925:
4895:
4868:
4842:
4835:
4817:
4810:
4790:
4760:
4730:
4700:
4665:
4658:
4633:
4586:(2): 184â214.
4566:
4539:
4513:
4486:
4435:
4405:
4373:
4343:
4324:
4297:
4277:
4253:
4241:
4228:
4221:
4198:
4180:
4161:
4141:
4112:10.1086/349706
4106:(2): 259â262.
4090:
4071:
4042:
4035:
4017:
4010:
3990:
3983:
3964:
3935:
3916:
3896:
3858:
3820:
3801:
3781:
3762:
3742:
3699:10.1086/709138
3693:(2): 217â238.
3673:
3644:
3634:
3613:
3602:
3566:
3562:very beginning
3520:
3503:hubblesite.org
3490:
3483:
3457:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3419:Weightlessness
3416:
3410:
3404:
3395:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3365:
3359:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3339:
3324:
3318:
3313:
3299:
3296:Amanda Weltman
3285:
3276:
3267:
3265:Abhay Ashtekar
3250:
3243:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3186:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3155:
3145:
3135:
3128:
3125:
3120:Main article:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3105:gravity assist
3096:
3080:
3026:
3023:
2996:Main article:
2993:
2990:
2957:Main article:
2942:
2939:
2897:Main article:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2856:
2849:Frame dragging
2846:
2831:
2816:
2805:
2778:
2742:Main article:
2739:
2736:
2679:
2676:
2652:
2651:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2604:event horizons
2596:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2493:speed of light
2480:
2460:
2435:
2424:
2413:
2399:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2328:
2325:
2313:modern physics
2308:
2305:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2203:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2008:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1855:Post-Newtonian
1852:
1847:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1798:
1797:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1746:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1714:Frame-dragging
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1689:Kepler problem
1681:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1610:
1608:
1600:
1599:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1528:
1520:
1519:
1504:
1501:
1485:Alexis Bouvard
1469:10 mâ
kgâ
s
1446:
1437:
1432:is the force,
1417:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1302:published his
1285:
1282:
1252:air resistance
1217:Giovan Bellaso
1177:Main article:
1174:
1171:
1084:
1081:
1076:Main article:
1073:
1070:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1031:quantum vacuum
990:between them.
942:, proposed by
900:Moon's gravity
824:
823:
821:
820:
813:
806:
798:
795:
794:
793:
792:
779:
762:
761:
757:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
635:
634:
631:
630:
627:
626:
623:
622:
603:
602:
597:
592:
587:
585:Coriolis force
582:
581:
580:
570:
565:
560:
554:
553:
548:
547:
544:
543:
539:
538:
533:
528:
527:
526:
521:
511:
506:
501:
494:
483:
482:
481:
476:
463:
462:
457:
452:
447:
440:
435:
430:
424:
423:
420:
419:
416:
415:
412:
411:
408:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
376:
370:
368:
361:
358:
355:
354:
351:
350:
346:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
304:
299:
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288:
277:
272:
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219:
218:
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214:
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195:
190:
185:
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163:
160:
159:
156:
155:
153:
152:
147:
142:
136:
133:
132:
127:
113:
110:
104:
100:
94:
76:
75:
69:
68:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8112:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8082:
8080:
8070:
8060:
8058:
8048:
8046:
8036:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8022:
8012:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7996:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7974:
7972:
7968:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7944:
7940:
7937:
7936:FatioâLe Sage
7933:
7932:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7912:
7910:
7908:
7902:Pre-Newtonian
7900:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7866:
7864:
7858:
7849:
7845:
7844:
7843:
7840:
7835:
7831:
7828:
7824:
7821:
7817:
7814:
7810:
7807:
7803:
7800:
7796:
7793:
7789:
7786:
7782:
7781:
7780:
7779:String theory
7777:
7772:
7768:
7767:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7752:
7750:
7744:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7729:
7727:
7723:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7689:
7685:
7682:
7678:
7675:
7671:
7670:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7660:
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7654:
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7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7625:
7621:
7620:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7601:
7597:
7596:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7582:
7578:
7575:
7571:
7570:
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7564:
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7559:
7556:
7554:
7552:
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7534:
7532:
7529:
7524:
7520:
7517:
7513:
7512:
7511:
7508:
7507:
7505:
7501:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7481:
7479:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7464:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7448:ADM formalism
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7405:
7403:
7401:
7397:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7372:
7370:
7366:
7363:
7359:
7355:
7348:
7343:
7341:
7336:
7334:
7329:
7328:
7325:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7294:
7291:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7276:
7274:
7270:
7264:
7261:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7248:
7247:
7244:
7240:
7237:
7234:
7233:
7232:
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7226:
7224:
7220:
7216:
7212:
7205:
7200:
7198:
7193:
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7186:
7185:
7182:
7174:
7170:
7169:
7164:
7160:
7156:
7152:
7151:
7146:
7145:"Gravitation"
7142:
7140:
7137:
7136:
7132:
7126:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7111:
7105:
7101:
7097:
7093:
7089:
7083:
7079:
7074:
7070:
7064:
7060:
7059:
7053:
7049:
7043:
7039:
7034:
7030:
7026:
7022:
7020:9780520088160
7016:
7012:
7007:
7006:
7002:
6995:
6994:
6987:
6984:
6982:0-07-045270-9
6978:
6974:
6970:
6966:
6962:
6958:
6954:
6948:
6944:
6940:
6939:Gribbin, John
6936:
6935:
6930:
6921:
6916:
6909:
6906:
6900:
6895:
6891:
6887:
6883:
6879:
6875:
6868:
6865:
6860:
6856:
6852:
6848:
6844:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6825:
6822:
6816:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6798:
6797:gr-qc/0207039
6793:
6789:
6785:
6781:
6774:
6771:
6766:
6762:
6758:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6740:
6736:
6732:
6725:
6722:
6717:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6699:
6695:
6691:
6684:
6681:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6661:(9): 091102.
6660:
6656:
6652:
6645:
6642:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6615:
6612:
6599:
6595:
6591:
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6582:
6569:
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6533:
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6514:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6500:
6495:
6492:
6479:
6475:
6471:
6464:
6461:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6400:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6377:
6374:
6361:
6357:
6351:
6348:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6304:
6301:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6273:
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6266:
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6220:
6216:
6210:
6207:
6191:
6187:
6180:
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6156:
6151:
6144:
6141:
6128:
6124:
6118:
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6089:
6085:
6081:
6075:
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6064:
6060:
6053:
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6021:
6018:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5991:
5988:
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5974:
5970:
5969:
5961:
5958:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5931:
5928:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5901:
5898:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5856:
5851:
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5843:
5839:
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5829:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5802:
5799:
5794:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5751:
5748:
5738:
5736:9780471925675
5732:
5727:
5726:
5720:
5714:
5711:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5670:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5651:
5648:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5621:
5619:
5615:
5610:
5604:
5600:
5599:
5591:
5588:
5583:
5577:
5573:
5566:
5563:
5558:
5552:
5547:
5546:
5537:
5534:
5529:
5527:9781108655705
5523:
5520:. p. 6.
5519:
5515:
5508:
5505:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5478:
5475:
5463:
5456:
5453:
5448:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5412:
5403:
5400:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5372:
5369:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
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5327:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5303:
5300:
5284:
5277:
5270:
5267:
5262:
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5230:
5226:
5219:
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5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5179:
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5170:
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5141:
5134:
5127:
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5111:
5107:
5103:
5097:
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4909:
4905:
4899:
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4811:9781439808504
4807:
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4659:9781107117440
4655:
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4423:
4419:
4415:
4409:
4406:
4390:
4383:
4377:
4374:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4347:
4344:
4331:
4327:
4321:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4307:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4281:
4278:
4273:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4257:
4254:
4251:, p. 57.
4250:
4245:
4242:
4238:
4232:
4229:
4224:
4222:0-691-02350-6
4218:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4202:
4199:
4195:
4194:
4189:
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4181:
4168:
4164:
4162:9780674971660
4158:
4154:
4153:
4145:
4142:
4137:
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4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4094:
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4078:
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4068:
4064:
4060:
4059:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4038:
4036:9780415124119
4032:
4028:
4021:
4018:
4013:
4011:9780691165851
4007:
4003:
4002:
3994:
3991:
3986:
3980:
3976:
3968:
3965:
3952:
3948:
3947:
3939:
3936:
3923:
3919:
3917:9780199792689
3913:
3909:
3908:
3900:
3897:
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3859:
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3808:
3804:
3798:
3794:
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3769:
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3746:
3743:
3730:
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3709:
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3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3677:
3674:
3666:
3662:
3655:
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3645:
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3637:
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3627:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3606:
3603:
3590:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3552:â discusses "
3541:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3524:
3521:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3491:
3486:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3470:
3461:
3458:
3445:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3426:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3310:Aurélien Hees
3307:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3292:Justin Khoury
3289:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3257:Carlo Rovelli
3254:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3207:String theory
3205:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3100:Flyby anomaly
3097:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2971:
2966:
2960:
2952:
2947:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2890:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2858:In 2015, the
2857:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2790:an experiment
2787:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2728:Planck length
2725:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2685:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2611:Kerr solution
2608:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2494:
2478:
2458:
2450:
2442:
2431:
2430:metric tensor
2420:
2397:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2338:
2334:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2231:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2214:
2204:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2117:Chandrasekhar
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2032:Schwarzschild
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2001:
2000:
1993:
1992:HartleâThorne
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1902:Schwarzschild
1900:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1853:
1851:
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1846:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
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1812:
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1801:
1800:
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1794:
1784:
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1780:
1775:
1774:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1724:Event horizon
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1686:
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1684:
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1633:
1630:
1625:
1622:
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1617:
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1612:
1611:
1609:
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1583:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1567:
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1555:
1548:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1463:
1458:
1445:
1436:
1415:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1339:
1338:Edmond Halley
1331:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1306:
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1145:intellectual
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1131:gurutvÄkaráčŁaáč
1127:
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1090:
1083:Ancient world
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964:event horizon
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926:caused it to
925:
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46:
42:
37:
33:
19:
8095:Acceleration
8069:Solar System
7904:theories and
7737:Supergravity
7550:
7546:
7408:Introduction
7353:
7284:Quintessence
7262:
7166:
7148:
7122:
7099:
7077:
7057:
7038:Physics v. 1
7037:
7010:
6991:
6968:
6942:
6908:
6884:(6): 31410.
6881:
6878:Scholarpedia
6877:
6867:
6834:
6830:
6824:
6790:(4): 31358.
6787:
6784:Scholarpedia
6783:
6773:
6738:
6734:
6724:
6697:
6693:
6683:
6658:
6654:
6644:
6632:. Retrieved
6623:
6614:
6602:. Retrieved
6593:
6584:
6572:. Retrieved
6563:
6554:
6527:
6523:
6513:
6494:
6482:. Retrieved
6474:the Guardian
6473:
6463:
6453:28 September
6451:. Retrieved
6403:
6397:
6376:
6364:. Retrieved
6350:
6338:. Retrieved
6313:
6303:
6291:. Retrieved
6283:the Guardian
6282:
6272:
6264:
6257:. Retrieved
6239:
6227:. Retrieved
6223:the original
6218:
6209:
6197:. Retrieved
6190:the original
6185:
6176:
6168:
6153:
6143:
6131:. Retrieved
6111:
6104:
6092:. Retrieved
6083:
6074:
6058:
6046:
6034:. Retrieved
6028:. Nasa.gov.
6020:
6008:. Retrieved
5999:
5990:
5967:
5960:
5948:. Retrieved
5939:
5930:
5918:. Retrieved
5909:
5900:
5888:. Retrieved
5845:
5841:
5831:
5819:. Retrieved
5810:
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5750:
5724:
5713:
5700:. Retrieved
5673:
5667:
5650:
5638:. Retrieved
5629:
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5590:
5571:
5565:
5544:
5536:
5513:
5507:
5495:. Retrieved
5486:
5477:
5465:. Retrieved
5455:
5420:
5416:
5410:
5402:
5390:. Retrieved
5381:
5371:
5359:. Retrieved
5316:
5312:
5302:
5290:. Retrieved
5274:Pettini, M.
5269:
5228:
5224:
5218:
5168:
5164:
5151:
5126:
5114:. Retrieved
5105:
5096:
5084:. Retrieved
5041:
5037:
5027:
5015:. Retrieved
4995:
4983:. Retrieved
4971:
4958:
4946:. Retrieved
4937:
4928:
4916:. Retrieved
4907:
4898:
4886:. Retrieved
4881:
4871:
4859:. Retrieved
4855:Science News
4854:
4845:
4826:
4820:
4800:
4793:
4781:. Retrieved
4772:
4763:
4751:. Retrieved
4742:
4733:
4721:. Retrieved
4712:
4703:
4691:. Retrieved
4682:
4678:
4668:
4648:
4624:. Retrieved
4583:
4579:
4569:
4557:. Retrieved
4542:
4530:. Retrieved
4526:the original
4516:
4504:. Retrieved
4489:
4448:
4444:
4438:
4426:. Retrieved
4417:
4408:
4396:. Retrieved
4376:
4364:. Retrieved
4355:
4346:
4334:. Retrieved
4314:
4300:
4288:
4285:Hooke (1679)
4280:
4266:
4256:
4244:
4236:
4231:
4211:
4201:
4191:
4183:
4171:. Retrieved
4151:
4144:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4081:. Retrieved
4057:
4026:
4020:
4000:
3993:
3974:
3967:
3955:. Retrieved
3945:
3938:
3926:. Retrieved
3906:
3899:
3879:
3872:
3866:
3861:
3849:. Retrieved
3840:
3836:
3823:
3811:. Retrieved
3791:
3784:
3772:. Retrieved
3752:
3745:
3733:. Retrieved
3690:
3686:
3676:
3660:
3647:
3639:
3625:
3605:
3593:. Retrieved
3582:
3569:
3546:24 September
3544:. Retrieved
3533:
3523:
3511:. Retrieved
3502:
3493:
3468:
3460:
3450:11 September
3448:. Retrieved
3434:
3356:Anti-gravity
3225:Supergravity
3213:Æ(R) gravity
3209:(late 1960s)
3151:
3098:
3082:
3060:
3048:
3044:
3035:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2982:Neutron star
2974:
2962:
2930:
2924:, under the
2914:
2902:
2782:Robert Pound
2747:
2702:
2691:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2644:Edwin Hubble
2625:cosmological
2557:
2330:
2310:
2301:
2290:
2275:
2251:
2177:
2137:Raychaudhuri
1606:Introduction
1475:
1473:
1456:
1443:
1434:
1363:
1358:
1352:
1341:
1335:
1330:Isaac Newton
1318:
1316:
1311:
1305:Micrographia
1303:
1300:Robert Hooke
1297:
1260:
1256:surface area
1240:Simon Stevin
1221:
1185:Aristotelian
1182:
1136:
1129:
1119:
1113:
1102:
1086:
1052:
1027:false vacuum
1019:Planck epoch
1003:supergravity
992:
976:proportional
937:
921:
909:gravitropism
886:
837:
829:
828:In physics,
827:
618: /
614: /
612:displacement
610: /
471: /
433:Displacement
371:
362:
356:Formulations
343:Virtual work
283: /
223:Acceleration
216:Fundamentals
49:
36:
8057:Outer space
8045:Spaceflight
7706:Causal sets
7600:BransâDicke
7418:Mathematics
7279:Fifth force
7263:Gravitation
7235:fundamental
7100:Gravitation
6973:McGraw-Hill
6366:12 February
6340:11 February
6314:Nature News
6293:11 February
6259:22 December
6229:22 December
6199:22 December
5656:Dyson, F.W.
5423:: 725â743.
4418:www.aps.org
4310:Druyan, Ann
4306:Sagan, Carl
4173:16 December
3708:2066/219256
3554:Planck time
3274:John Moffat
3093:Dark energy
3073:Dark matter
3053:dark matter
3004:Earth tides
2872:light-years
2593:singularity
2152:van Stockum
2082:Oppenheimer
1937:KerrâNewman
1729:Singularity
1332:(1642â1727)
1139:Middle East
1126:Brahmagupta
1054:Gravitation
1049:Definitions
913:circulation
880:, and even
754:von Neumann
421:Core topics
8079:Categories
7920:CGHS model
7907:toy models
6993:discourses
6574:24 October
6413:1710.05832
6133:22 October
5774:2010.13744
5326:1701.07261
4559:14 October
4532:16 October
4362:. May 2024
3595:10 October
3558:Planck era
3427:References
3336:superfluid
3304:(2013) by
3290:(2004) by
3261:Lee Smolin
3255:(1988) by
2986:black hole
2828:Cygnus X-1
2802:redshifted
2794:gamma rays
2788:performed
2786:Glen Rebka
2589:black hole
2262:arcseconds
2258:perihelion
2005:Scientists
1837:Formalisms
1785:Formalisms
1734:Black hole
1660:World line
1507:See also:
1238:physicist
1213:Luca Ghini
1155:Al-Khazini
1105:Archimedes
960:black hole
932:form stars
898:, and the
832:(from
689:d'Alembert
669:Maupertuis
632:Scientists
514:Rigid body
188:Kinematics
8021:Astronomy
7925:RST model
7711:DGP model
7688:Spin foam
7632:Whitehead
7624:Nordström
7553:) gravity
7503:Classical
7477:Paradigms
7428:Resources
7173:EMS Press
7155:EMS Press
7029:313895715
6961:966239842
6920:1105.5632
6859:122346086
6765:0218-2718
6748:1412.7673
6707:1204.2507
6675:0031-9007
6484:3 October
6330:182916902
5880:118365884
5855:0710.0477
5793:225075861
5745:= 1.75"."
5447:0004-637X
5351:119461771
5319:(3): 41.
5261:122962090
5253:0022-2488
5203:119219499
5178:1410.2130
5106:Big Think
5076:250804865
4938:Big Think
4888:11 August
4861:11 August
4608:1422-6944
4473:0028-0836
4293:page 2, 3
4136:144883728
4120:0021-1753
4063:Routledge
3928:29 August
3725:219925047
3717:0021-1753
3560:" at the
3513:7 October
3203:of matter
2972:in 1993.
2879:Specifics
2756:The 1919
2720:gravitons
2515:π
2503:κ
2393:ν
2390:μ
2382:κ
2374:ν
2371:μ
2363:Λ
2355:ν
2352:μ
2317:solutions
2297:geodesics
2293:spacetime
2278:curvature
2097:Robertson
2062:Friedmann
2057:Eddington
2047:Nordström
2037:de Sitter
1894:Solutions
1819:Geodesics
1814:Friedmann
1796:Equations
1782:Equations
1743:Spacetime
1678:Phenomena
1584:ν
1581:μ
1572:κ
1563:ν
1560:μ
1552:Λ
1544:ν
1541:μ
1476:Principia
1474:Newton's
1298:In 1657,
1205:Dominican
1201:free fall
1147:Al-Biruni
1093:Aristotle
952:spacetime
948:curvature
734:Liouville
616:frequency
536:Vibration
253:potential
178:Continuum
173:Celestial
150:Textbooks
7982:Graviton
7792:F-theory
7785:M-theory
7361:Standard
7312:Universe
7239:residual
6975:, 1989,
6634:19 March
6628:Archived
6604:19 March
6598:Archived
6568:Archived
6502:Archived
6478:Archived
6444:Archived
6440:29099225
6360:Archived
6334:Archived
6287:Archived
6253:Archived
6127:Archived
6088:Archived
6063:Archived
6030:Archived
6004:Archived
5944:Archived
5914:Archived
5884:Archived
5815:Archived
5721:(1972).
5696:Archived
5634:Archived
5601:. Ecco.
5497:1 August
5491:Archived
5386:Archived
5355:Archived
5283:Archived
5207:Archived
5140:Archived
5110:Archived
5080:Archived
5008:Archived
4976:Archived
4942:Archived
4912:Archived
4777:Archived
4747:Archived
4717:Archived
4687:Archived
4620:Archived
4616:51825180
4553:Archived
4500:Archived
4422:Archived
4389:Archived
4336:5 August
4330:Archived
4312:(1997).
4264:(1816).
4209:(1960).
4190:(1638),
4167:Archived
4083:4 August
4077:Archived
3951:Archived
3922:Archived
3884:Archived
3871:"); see
3868:enérgeia
3851:10 April
3845:Archived
3831:(1914).
3813:10 April
3807:Archived
3774:10 April
3768:Archived
3729:Archived
3665:Archived
3589:Archived
3540:Archived
3507:Archived
3444:Archived
3349:See also
2843:YGKOW G1
2684:Graviton
2585:rotating
2213:Category
2077:LemaĂźtre
2042:Reissner
2027:Poincaré
2012:Einstein
1957:TaubâNUT
1922:Wormhole
1906:interior
1619:Timeline
1274:Riccioli
1270:Grimaldi
1248:inclines
1098:Plutarch
988:distance
956:geodesic
928:coalesce
924:universe
888:On Earth
878:galaxies
838:gravitas
789:Category
714:Hamilton
699:Lagrange
694:Clairaut
659:Horrocks
620:velocity
590:Pendulum
578:reactive
550:Rotation
519:dynamics
469:Inertial
455:Friction
338:Velocity
313:Momentum
193:Kinetics
183:Dynamics
161:Branches
145:Timeline
58:galaxies
8085:Gravity
8009:Physics
7995:Portals
7413:History
7215:physics
7175:, 2001
7157:, 2001
6931:Sources
6886:Bibcode
6839:Bibcode
6802:Bibcode
6532:Bibcode
6418:Bibcode
6036:23 July
5860:Bibcode
5678:Bibcode
5425:Bibcode
5331:Bibcode
5233:Bibcode
5183:Bibcode
5046:Bibcode
4679:Physics
4588:Bibcode
4481:4325839
4453:Bibcode
4188:Galileo
3957:28 July
3556:" and "
3528:Staff.
3326:In the
3230:In the
2893:second.
2717:virtual
2713:photons
2491:is the
2447:is the
2439:is the
2428:is the
2417:is the
2319:to the
2254:Mercury
2132:Hawking
2127:Penrose
2102:Bardeen
2092:Wheeler
2022:Hilbert
2017:Lorentz
1977:pp-wave
1614:History
1481:Neptune
1460:is the
1340:titled
1267:Jesuits
1236:Flemish
1193:Spanish
1143:Persian
1072:History
986:of the
982:to the
870:planets
830:gravity
749:Koopman
709:Poisson
704:Laplace
649:Huygens
644:Galileo
489: (
428:Damping
281:Inertia
275:Impulse
248:kinetic
198:Statics
168:Applied
140:History
7106:
7084:
7065:
7044:
7027:
7017:
6979:
6959:
6949:
6857:
6763:
6673:
6438:
6385:&
6328:
6119:
6094:30 May
6010:31 May
5975:
5950:30 May
5920:30 May
5890:29 May
5878:
5821:29 May
5791:
5733:
5702:1 July
5640:29 May
5605:
5578:
5553:
5524:
5467:23 May
5445:
5392:27 May
5382:Forbes
5361:29 May
5349:
5292:27 May
5259:
5251:
5201:
5116:26 May
5086:27 May
5074:
5017:26 May
4985:25 May
4948:24 May
4918:24 May
4833:
4808:
4783:22 May
4753:22 May
4723:22 May
4693:22 May
4656:
4626:22 May
4614:
4606:
4506:21 May
4479:
4471:
4445:Nature
4366:18 May
4322:
4308:&
4219:
4159:
4134:
4128:228543
4126:
4118:
4069:
4033:
4008:
3981:
3914:
3877:XVII,
3799:
3760:
3723:
3715:
3632:
3481:
3263:, and
3227:(1976)
3221:(1974)
3215:(1970)
3166:(1921)
3087:: The
2928:(SI).
2824:x-rays
2820:Cygnus
2698:quanta
2410:where
2335:of 10
2333:system
2211:
2178:others
2172:Thorne
2162:Newman
2142:Taylor
2122:Ehlers
2107:Walker
2072:Zwicky
1947:Kasner
1489:Uranus
1428:where
1263:square
1234:, the
1215:, and
1122:Indian
1089:Greece
984:square
892:weight
787:
739:Appell
724:Cauchy
719:Jacobi
664:Halley
654:Newton
639:Kepler
491:linear
487:Motion
333:Torque
308:Moment
243:Energy
233:Couple
8033:Stars
7574:AQUAL
7433:Tests
6915:arXiv
6855:S2CID
6792:arXiv
6743:arXiv
6702:arXiv
6447:(PDF)
6408:arXiv
6394:(PDF)
6326:S2CID
6193:(PDF)
6182:(PDF)
6066:(PDF)
6055:(PDF)
5876:S2CID
5850:arXiv
5789:S2CID
5769:arXiv
5409:"The
5347:S2CID
5321:arXiv
5286:(PDF)
5279:(PDF)
5257:S2CID
5210:(PDF)
5199:S2CID
5173:arXiv
5161:(PDF)
5143:(PDF)
5136:(PDF)
5072:S2CID
5011:(PDF)
5004:(PDF)
4979:(PDF)
4968:(PDF)
4612:S2CID
4477:S2CID
4428:6 May
4398:6 May
4392:(PDF)
4385:(PDF)
4315:Comet
4132:S2CID
4124:JSTOR
3839:[
3735:2 May
3721:S2CID
3668:(PDF)
3657:(PDF)
2874:away.
2147:Hulse
2087:Gödel
2067:Milne
1962:Milne
1927:Gödel
1624:Tests
1465:6.674
1062:(see
1023:birth
1011:space
1005:or a
972:force
904:tides
882:light
874:stars
836:
834:Latin
744:Gibbs
729:Routh
684:Euler
323:Speed
318:Space
260:Force
7104:ISBN
7082:ISBN
7063:ISBN
7042:ISBN
7025:OCLC
7015:ISBN
6977:ISBN
6957:OCLC
6947:ISBN
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