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Although Gray's Reef is more than 19 miles (31 km) beyond today's shoreline, and 60 to 70 feet (18 to 21 m) below the
Atlantic Ocean, it was once dry land and part of the mainland as recently as 8,000 years ago. Human occupation of this area dates back at least 13,250 years, and coincides with
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outcrops, submerged beneath 60 to 70 feet (18 to 21 m) of water, can be as tall as 2 to 3 m and are highly complex. These nooks and crannies provide plenty of places for invertebrates to latch on to and for fish to hide in. Together these animals form a dense tapestry of living creatures that in
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researchers Ervan G. Garrison, Sherri L. Littman, and Megan
Mitchell, looked at and reported on the Gray's Reef fossils and artifacts, including artifacts from a period of occupation by
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Silver Spring, MD: U.S. Department of
Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, NOAA Central Library, 2020.
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In: Pollock NW, ed. Diving for
Science 2009. Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences 28th Symposium. Dauphin Island, AL
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one of the most dramatic periods of climate change in recent earth history, toward the end of the Ice Age, in the
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places completely hides the rock. That gives the habitat of Gray's Reef its common name — a "live bottom".
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220:(57 km) sanctuary, there are both rocky ledges and sandy flat places. The reef's rocky
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295:"Underwater Paleontology: Recovery of a Prehistoric Whale Mandible Offshore Georgia"
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201:. The sanctuary, designated in January 1981, is located 19 miles (31 km) off
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https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1981-01-26/pdf/FR-1981-01-26.pdf
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is one of the largest near shore live-bottom reefs in the southeastern
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David G. Anderson, University of
Tennessee, Knoxville (June 8, 2017).
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Gray’s Reef
National Marine Sanctuary: Connectivity: Bibliography.
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have used the site to study invertebrate and vertebrate
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West
Atlanta Watershed Alliance Outdoor Activity Center
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496:Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park
1347:Autrey Mill Nature Preserve & Heritage Center
790:Sapelo Island National Estuarine Research Reserve
301:. Archived from the original on September 6, 2013
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183:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
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293:Noakes, SE; Garrison, EG; McFall, GB (2009).
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775:Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area
382:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
261:hunters dating back more than 10,000 years.
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785:Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary
402:Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary
195:Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary
19:Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary
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337:. GeorgiaFossils.com. Archived from
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28:IV (habitat/species management area)
1673:Protected areas established in 1981
780:Cumberland Island National Seashore
681:Cumberland Island National Seashore
236:as well as the effects of erosion.
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1432:Grand Bay Wetland Education Center
335:"The arrival of humans in Georgia"
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468:historic sites and military parks
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362:"Paleoindian Period: Overview"
228:Researchers from NOAA and the
211:U.S. National Marine Sanctuary
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711:Southern Nantahala Wilderness
92:Show map of the United States
1319:Roswell Recreation and Parks
1094:Hofwyl-Broadfield Plantation
1546:National Marine Sanctuaries
1502:Georgia Forestry Commission
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1402:Chattahoochee Nature Center
1362:Morningside Nature Preserve
1324:Seaborn Jones Memorial Park
277:42 FR 7942. Retrieved from
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1134:Pickett's Mill Battlefield
615:National Natural Landmarks
486:Martin Luther King Jr. NHP
466:National Historical Parks,
40:Sponges in Gray's Reef NMS
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1367:Phinizy Swamp Nature Park
666:Blood Mountain Wilderness
552:National wildlife refuges
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716:Tray Mountain Wilderness
706:Rich Mountain Wilderness
686:Ellicott Rock Wilderness
1467:Tidelands Nature Center
1213:Centennial Olympic Park
921:James H. "Sloppy" Floyd
701:Raven Cliffs Wilderness
400:Official NOAA website:
1417:Dunwoody Nature Center
1392:Birdsong Nature Center
1114:Lapham–Patterson House
726:Wild and scenic rivers
247:Late Pleistocene epoch
1427:Georgia Nature Center
1309:Okefenokee Swamp Park
1069:Dahlonega Gold Museum
767:Other protected areas
696:Okefenokee Wilderness
691:Mark Trail Wilderness
251:University of Georgia
230:University of Georgia
1304:Murphey Candler Park
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671:Brasstown Wilderness
542:Chattahoochee–Oconee
1577:Flower Garden Banks
1243:Stone Mountain Park
1139:Robert Toombs House
826:Black Rock Mountain
661:Big Frog Wilderness
501:Ocmulgee Mounds NHP
341:on November 9, 2018
179:Governing body
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67:Show map of Georgia
1587:Greater Farallones
1228:Len Foote Hike Inn
1124:Little White House
1119:Lebanon Plantation
1099:Jarrell Plantation
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1001:Standing Boy Creek
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565:Blackbeard Island
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936:Magnolia Springs
901:Hard Labor Creek
891:Georgia Veterans
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1338:Forests and
1197:Spirit Creek
966:Reed Bingham
851:Elijah Clark
784:
524:Fort Pulaski
366:. Retrieved
355:
343:. Retrieved
339:the original
328:
314:cite journal
303:. Retrieved
298:
273:
243:
234:paleontology
227:
215:
194:
193:
120:Savannah, GA
1627:Thunder Bay
1597:Mallows Bay
1582:Gray's Reef
1294:John Tanner
1279:Chehaw Park
1089:Fort Morris
605:Wolf Island
580:Harris Neck
368:November 9,
345:November 9,
259:Paleoindian
218:square-mile
171:Established
150: /
126:Coordinates
1647:Categories
1129:New Echota
906:High Falls
871:Fort Yargo
846:Don Carter
585:Okefenokee
570:Bond Swamp
560:Banks Lake
305:2013-05-07
265:References
1260:and other
1258:municipal
1187:Hightower
1052:and sites
941:Mistletoe
916:Jack Hill
222:sandstone
1192:Paulding
1149:Wormsloe
981:Seminole
595:Savannah
590:Piedmont
378:cite web
213:System.
102:Location
1602:Monitor
1256:County,
1167:Bartram
1159:Forests
1021:Tugaloo
896:Hamburg
575:Eufaula
457:Federal
449:Georgia
207:Georgia
138:80°55′W
135:31°25′N
106:Georgia
1177:Dawson
1026:Unicoi
600:Wassaw
1267:Parks
1206:Other
1036:Vogel
813:Parks
804:State
384:link
370:2018
347:2018
320:link
257:and
163:Area
447:of
110:USA
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376:{{
316:}}
312:{{
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108:,
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372:.
349:.
322:)
308:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
